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Microblogging During Two Natural Hazards Events: What Twitter May Contribute to Situational Awareness
ColoradoUniversity of
Colorado at Boulder
Sarah ViewegKate Starbird
Amanda L. HughesLeysia Palen
Social Media & Emergency
Facebook, Community Websites, Online Forums
2007 VT Shootings
2007 Southern California Fires
2008 NIU Shootings 2008 Sichuan
Earthquake
Situational Awareness
“All knowledge that is accessible and can be integrated into a coherent picture, when required, to assess and cope with a situation”
- Sarter & Woods, 1991
Studying Twitter
“Twitter space”
TweetTweet
TweetTweet
Tweet
Tweet
Tweet
Tweet
Tweet
Tweet
Tweet
TweetTweet
Tweet
Tweet
TweetTweet
Sample
Search Terms
RR Floods: March 8 – April 27Search Terms: red river, redriver
Returned: 13,153 tweets
OK Fires: April 8 – 13Search Terms: oklahoma, okfire, grass fire, grassfire
Returned: 6674 tweets
Unique Users
RR Floods: March 8 – April 27
Returned: 4983 unique Twitter users
OK Fires: April 8 – 13
Returned: 3852 unique Twitter users
Twitter User Tweet StreamUser Tweet Streams
Matches Search Terms
User Tweet Streams
But what are they talking about here?
User Tweet Streams
User Streams
RR FloodsReturned: 4,592,466 tweets
OK FiresReturned: 1,986,091 tweets
Threshold
Users with >3 tweets that include a keyword
On-topic: From MWCFD: Eastwood addition, a lot of damage. Part has power, part doesn't. Won't open it back up
Off-topic: My Horoscope for today: Your hard work always pays off -- although it might take longer than you want it to.
Local Individuals
Final Data Sets
RR Local Individual set:
19,162 tweets49 unique Twitter users
OK Local Individual set:
2779 tweets46 unique Twitter users
Geo-location Information
65mph winds in Newcastle Oklahoma - Turner Turnpike closed down because of low visibility
25th street past 40th ave in Fargo has been closed
Geo-Location Information
Differences between RR and OK
Wildfire vs. Flood
“Impact” vs. “Warning”
Location Referencing
Tweets that include information that use one place as a reference for another or the mention of a location via a landmark
We are on the western central edge of town, so we are a fair distance from any water for now.
Could see flames above the trees two miles away from my house
Markedness
The river is now over 40 feet and there has been a breach in the dike; neighborhood a few blocks south of us is evacuating.
The Sheyenne River went up 10 feet in 12 hours…
Implicature
Current Red River level in Grand Forks is 45.57 feet
More than 7 grass fires on going, house burns near Childress Tx
Guard will send helicopters to assist in #OKFires near Velma
Situational Updates
WarningPreparatory ActivityFire/Hazard LocationFlood LevelWeatherWindVisibility
Evacuation InformationVolunteer InformationAnimal ManagementDamage/Injury reportsRoad ConditionsAdvice - emergency - information space
Differences in Situational Updates
OK Fires higher in:
Fire Line/Emergency LocationWindEvacuation InfoDamage/Injury
RR Floods higher in:
Flood LevelPreparatory ActivityWeatherVolunteer Info
Tweets with Geo-location and Situational Update information are more likely to be re-tweeted
Re-Tweets
Situational Awareness Features
Bottom-up communication of information
Information people orient around
Possibility to collate information and get an idea of the “big picture”
Warning(hazards-focused)
Warning(hazards-focused)
Response to Warning
Response to Warning
Preparation (pre-warning)
Preparation (pre-warning)
personal
community
personal
community
EvacuationEvacuation ShelteringSheltering Animal Management
Animal Management
Damage & InjuryDamage & Injury
AdviceAdvice
preparation
possible exploitatio
n
info spac
e
Other Environmental
Conditions
Other Environmental
Conditions
weather
visibility
road
Hazards Location (pre-warning)
Hazards Location (pre-warning)
general
relative
precise
personal location
specific location
historical hazard
... ...
...
Personal:
@user It can start anywhere - a simple spark can burn down a whole neighborhood. I watered the yard and roof and hope for the best
Community:
Red in Fargo jumped a foot overnight now @34 and rising. Urgent call for sandbagging volunteers. Head to the Dome or call 476-4000
Response to Warning
Warning(hazards-focused)
Warning(hazards-focused)
Response to Warning
Response to Warning
Preparation (pre-warning)
Preparation (pre-warning)
personal
community
personal
community
EvacuationEvacuation ShelteringSheltering Animal Management
Animal Management
Damage & InjuryDamage & Injury
AdviceAdvice
preparation
possible exploitatio
n
info spac
e
Other Environmental
Conditions
Other Environmental
Conditions
weather
visibility
road
Hazards Location (pre-warning)
Hazards Location (pre-warning)
general
relative
precise
personal location
specific location
historical hazard
... ...
...
Precise:
At least a dozen houses have burned east of Lake Draper. Area includes land between SE 119 to SE 149 & Hiawassee & Anderson Rds
Relative:
We R on the edge of the city hre, but 20-30 miles from the fires
Hazards Location
Contribute to Situational Awareness
Why Does This Matter?
One way to tackle the problem of managing crises is to look at how people communicate about them
Primes us for thinking about how to extract information and shape behavior
Thank You!
Project EpicEmpowering the Public with Information in Crisishttp://epic.cs.colorado.edu/
Acknowledgements:
This work is supported by NSF IIS-0546315 and IIS-0910586