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Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
SUSY breaking, hybrid N = 1/2 theories, andthe nature of *.inos
Daniel BusbridgeSupervised by: Valya Khoze and Steve Abel
Institute for Particle Physics PhenomenologyDurham University
Young Theorists’ Forum 2011, Durham
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Outline
1 ConceptsWhat is SUSY?Irreducible representations of N = 1 SUSY
2 Spontaneous����SUSYThe Sad TruthGeneric Features
3 Dirac *.inosDirac vs. Majorana FermionsParameter space limitationsR−symmetry
4 MRSSMHiggs Sector
5 Optional extras
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
What is SUSY?
SUSY is a space-time (ST) symmetry
Q|Fermion〉 = |Boson〉Q|Boson〉 = |Fermion〉
}Qs generate a ST symmetry
{Q,Q†} = P ⇐⇒ [θQ, θ†Q†] = θθ†P
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Irreducible representations ofN = 1 SUSY
An Introduction to Superspace
x −→ (x , θ, θ†)
s(x) −→ S(x , θ, θ†)
Φ = φ+ θψ + θ2F + . . .
V = θθ†A + θ†2θλ+ θ2θ†2D + . . .
Wα = λα + θαD + . . .
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
The Sad Truth
Evidence
Degeneracy in (s)particle mass spectrum not observed
P2
uu cc ttdd ss bbννee
ee ννμμ
μμ ννττ
ττ
γγgg
ZZWW
HH
Quarks Leptons
Higgs
Force Particles
Standard Particles6= P2
~uu cc ttdd ss bbννee
ee ννμμ
μμ ννττ
ττ
γγgg
ZZWW
HH
Squarks Sleptons
Higgsino
SUSY Force Particles
SUSY Particles
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
If SUSY is realized, it is broken at low energies
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
Properties
Theory is SUSY but scalar potential V admits����SUSY vacua
Q|vacuum〉 6= 0⇐⇒ V (vacuum) > 0
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE SUSYΦ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE SUSY
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE ���SUSYΦ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE ���SUSY
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
Recipe
U(1) VSF spurion 〈Wα〉 = θαDGauge-singlet χSF spurion 〈X〉 = θ2F
How does this work?
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
The Standard Model Higgs Mechanism
Λ > ΛEWSB
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE
−L ⊃ ydQLφdRφ
QL dR
yd
Λ < ΛEWSBφ −→ (0, ν + H)
Φ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE
−L ⊃ ydν︸︷︷︸md
dLdR dL dR
md
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
The Standard Model Higgs Mechanism
Λ > ΛEWSB
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE
−L ⊃ ydQLφdRφ
QL dR
yd
Λ < ΛEWSBφ −→ (0, ν + H)
Φ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE
−L ⊃ ydν︸︷︷︸md
dLdR dL dR
md
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
SUSY Breaking in Wess-Zumino Model
Λ > Λ���SUSY
L =
∫d2θM ijΦiΦj + Y ijk ΦiΦjΦk︸ ︷︷ ︸
W (Φi )
+ h.c. +
∫d2θd2θ† Φ∗iΦi︸ ︷︷ ︸
K (Φ∗i ,Φi )
⊃ −M ij (φiFj + ψiψj)− Y ijkφiφjFk + h.c. + F ∗iFi
Φ
VHΦL
SUSY
φi Fj
M ij
ψi ψj
M ij Fk
φi φj
Y ijk
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
SUSY Breaking in Wess-Zumino Model
Λ > Λ���SUSY
L =
∫d2θM ijΦiΦj + Y ijk ΦiΦjΦk︸ ︷︷ ︸
W (Φi )
+ h.c. +
∫d2θd2θ† Φ∗iΦi︸ ︷︷ ︸
K (Φ∗i ,Φi )
⊃ −M∗ikMkjφ∗iφj −M ijψiψj
Φ
VHΦL
SUSY
φjφ∗i
M∗ikMkj
ψi ψj
M ij
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
SUSY Breaking in Wess-Zumino Model
Λ > Λ���SUSY
L =
∫d2θ
(MΦ2 + Y Φ2X
)+ h.c. +
∫d2θd2θ†Φ∗Φ
⊃ −M (φFφ + ψψ)− YφφFX + h.c. + |Fφ|2 + |FX |2
Φ
VHΦL
SUSY
φ Fφ
M
ψ ψ
M FX
φ φ
Y
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Generic Features
SUSY Breaking in Wess-Zumino Model
Λ < Λ���SUSY 〈X 〉 = θ2F
L =
∫d2θ
(MΦ2 + Y Φ2X
)+ h.c. +
∫d2θd2θ†Φ∗Φ
⊃ −Mψψ − (|M|2 ± |YFX |)|φ±|2
Φ
VHΦL
���SUSY
φ±φ∗±
|M|2 ± |YFX |
ψ ψ
M
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dirac vs. Majorana Fermions
Dirac and Majorana particles
=
†
=
†
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dirac vs. Majorana Fermions
Dirac and Majorana particles
=
†
=
†
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dirac vs. Majorana Fermions
Mass terms
Majorana mass
−LMajorana ⊃ MMΨMΨM = MM(ξξ + ξ†ξ†) ΨM =
(ξξ†
)Dirac mass
−LDirac ⊃ MDΨDΨD = MD(ξχ+ ξ†χ†) ΨD =
(ξχ†
)
−LMSSMsoft ⊃ M3 gg + M2 WW + M1 BB
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Parameter space limitations
Approximate SQCD β Functions
ddt
m2q ∼ m2
q + M2g
ddt
Mg ∼ Mg
MQ ΛSUSY Λ
m2q(Q) ∼ m2
q(M) + a m2q(M) + b M2
g (Q)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Parameter space limitations
The Forbidden Zone
105 GeV
<M<
MGUT
no high scale model
0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mgluino
msq
uark
1
1Jaeckel, J., Khoze, V. V., Plehn, T., & Richardson, P. (2011). Travels on the squark-gluino mass plane.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2072
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
What is R−symmetry?
{Q,Q†} = P
Invariant under
Q → eiRQθQ, Q† → Q†e−iRQθ, P → P
Choose RQ = −1
[Q,R] = Q [θ,R] = −θ[Q†,R] = −Q† [θ†,R] = θ†
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
R-charge of Gauginos
V = V † =⇒ RV = 0
V ⊃ θ†2θλ
Rθ = −Rθ† = 1 =⇒ Rλ = 1
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
Majorana Gaugino Masses
−LgauginoMajorana ⊃ MM(λλ+ λ†λ†)
λλU(1)R−−−→ e2iθλλ
Majorana gaugino masses violate U(1)R symmetry
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
Dirac Gaugino Masses
−LDirac ⊃ MD(λχ+ λ†χ†)
λχU(1)R−−−→ ei(1+Rχ)θλχ
Dirac gaugino masses can preserve U(1)R symmetry
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
The idea
U(1)R ←−−−−−−−−−−→ ����U(1)R
MM → 0 MM ∼ MDMMMD� 1
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
The Forbidden Zone
105 GeV
<M<
MGUT
no high scale model
0 500 1000 1500 2000 25000
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Mgluino
msq
uark
2
2Jaeckel, J., Khoze, V. V., Plehn, T., & Richardson, P. (2011). Travels on the squark-gluino mass plane.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2072
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
R−symmetry
Minimal Dirac Gauginos
Rχg = −1, Og ⊃ θχg , 〈W′α〉 = θαD
Names Superfield SU(3)C U(1)RRHGs Og Ad 0GFs W3α Ad 1
LDiracgluino =
∫d2θ
W′α
ΛTr[W3αOg
]⊃ −mDλ3χg
mD =DΛ
(1)
N = 2 vector multiplet (Og ,V3)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
MSSM Higgs
WMSSM = yuuQ · Hu + yd dQ · Hd + µHu · Hd + · · ·
Λ < ΛEWSB
Φ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE
H0u −→ νu + · · ·
H0d −→ νd + · · ·
L ⊃∫
d2θW (Φi) ⊃ −µHu · Hd
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
Dirac Higgsinos
Superfield SU(2)L U(1)Y U(1)R
Hu � 12 0
Rd � 12 2
Hd � −12 0
Ru � −12 2
WHiggs =(µu + λS
u S)
Hu · Ru + λTu Hu · TRu + (u ↔ d)
N = 2 Hypermultiplet (Hu,Rd )
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
Is R−symmetry useful?
Dangerous ∆L = ∆B = 1 operators forbidden
Proton decay through QLQLQLLL,URURDRER forbidden
Majorana Neutrino mass HuHuLLLL allowed3
3Kribs, G., Poppitz, E., & Weiner, N. (2008). Flavor in supersymmetry withan extended R symmetry. Physical Review D, 78(5) 055010
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
Summary of MRSSM
All *.inos are Dirac
Higgs and Gauge sector form N = 2 representations
Gauginos much heavier than squarks possible
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
Outlook
High-scale completion? Gauge mediation?4
Q∗Q∗
Q
ψ
F D
g χg
Create a consistent effective theory at the high scale
Identify important phenomenology using simplified models
4Benakli, K., & Goodsell, M. D. (2008). Dirac Gauginos in GGM.arXiv:0811.4409
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Higgs Sector
Thanks
Thanks for listening!
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Where to Break SupersymmetryHidden sectors
mediation
mechanism
SUSY breakingorigin
(hidden sector)
MSSM(visible sector)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
How to Communicate �����SUSYTree-level?
Supertrace Theorem:
tree level communication+
renormalizable couplings
SUSY partner lighterthan SM counterpart
Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated����SUSY
Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated����SUSY (GMSB)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
How to Communicate �����SUSYTree-level?
Supertrace Theorem:
tree level communication+
renormalizable couplings
SUSY partner lighterthan SM counterpart
Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated����SUSY
Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated����SUSY (GMSB)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
How to Communicate �����SUSYTree-level?
Supertrace Theorem:
tree level communication+
renormalizable couplings
SUSY partner lighterthan SM counterpart
Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated����SUSY
Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated����SUSY (GMSB)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Particle Content and Superpotential
blank
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Messenger mass spectrum
Messenger mass spectrum
m2
φ, φ M2 ± F 2
ψ, ψ M2
SUSY is broken!
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Messenger mass spectrum
Messenger mass spectrum
m2
φ, φ M2 ± F 2
ψ, ψ M2
SUSY is broken!
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Soft Mass GenerationMajorana Gaugino masses at one-loop
φ φ
ψψ
F
M
W, B, g W, B, g
Ma ∝ αaΛ Λ =FM
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Soft Mass GenerationSquark/Slepton masses at two-loop
m2sq, sl ∝ Λ2
∑a
α2a Λ =
FM
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemQuick Higgs revision
Standard Model Higgs potential
V (H) ∼ µ2|H|2 + λ|H|4
Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV)
〈H〉 =√−µ2/2λ ∼ 174 GeV
Implies a Higgs mass
m2H = −µ2 ∼ 100 GeV
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemHiggs self-energy at one-loop
−L ⊂ λ|s|2|H|2 + gHf f s = scalarsf = fermionss
s
H H ∼ −λsm2S ln
(Λ
mS
)
H H
s
∼ λsΛ2
f
f
H H ∼ −λ2f Λ2
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemUV cut-off at one-loop
At one-loop
m2H −→ m2
H + Λ2
(∑scalars
λs −∑
fermions
g2f
)−∑
scalars
λsm2s ln(
Λ
ms
)Natural Higgs mass
Λ ∼ mPl =⇒ mnat ∼ mPl
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemDim-reg at one-loop
At one-loop
m2H −→ m2
H −∑
scalars
λsm2s ln(µ
ms
)
mH sensitive to heaviest particles Higgs couples to!Why is mH so small?
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemSome two loop Higgs self-energy processes
−L ⊂ mF FF F = fermionsF
H H
∼ g4(
Λ2 + m2F ln
(Λ
mF
))F
H H
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Solving the Higgs Hierarchy ProblemYou saved us... thanks supersymmetry!
ψ/φ/A pairings+ λf = λ2
s etc.V (φ) well behaved
Unavoidable withsupersymmetry
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Gauge Coupling Unification
HΑ1L-1
HΑ2L-1
HΑ3L-1
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
10
20
30
40
50
602 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
10
20
30
40
50
60
Log10HQ�1 GeVL
Α-
1
Figure: RGE of α−1i in SM (dashed) and MSSM (solid)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dark Matter, Triggering EWSB
In R-parity conserving SUSY, LSP is DM candidate
Gauge Mediated���SUSY → GGravity Mediated���SUSY → χ0
1
Renormalization Group Evolution (RGE) triggers EWSB
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE
−→RGE
Φ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dark Matter, Triggering EWSB
In R-parity conserving SUSY, LSP is DM candidate
Gauge Mediated���SUSY → GGravity Mediated���SUSY → χ0
1
Renormalization Group Evolution (RGE) triggers EWSB
Φ
VHΦL
GAUGE
−→RGE
Φ
VHΦL
((((GAUGE
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dark Matter CandidateProton decay
General MSSM =⇒ rapid proton decay
s
u
p
u
d
u
}(π0,K0), (π+,K+)
Q
L (e+, µ+), (νe, νµ)
Forbid these interactions by imposing symmetries
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Dark Matter CandidateR−parity
Define a multiplicatively conserved quantum number PR
Let all (supersymmetric) particles have PR =(−)1ww�Interaction vertices contain even numbers of superpartnersForbids process mediating rapid proton decayThe lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP) is stable
Dark matter candidate!
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Flavour Changing Neutral Currents
µ−→ e−γ is highly constrained experimentally
eµγ
µ−
B
e−
W−γ
µ−
νµ ν e
e−
Forbid/suppress the additional loop processes from SUSY
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Pros and Cons
AdvantagesFlavour-blind communication automaticTheory is renormalizable
ProblemsHiggs ‘b’ term difficult to generateLSP is always gravitino
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Pros and Cons
AdvantagesFlavour-blind communication automaticTheory is renormalizable
ProblemsHiggs ‘b’ term difficult to generateLSP is always gravitino
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Flavour Universality
−LMSSMsoft ⊂
∑φ=Q,L,u,d,e
φ†m2φφ+
(uauQHu−dadQHd−
eaeLHd + h.c.)
Easiest way:Assume supersymmetry breaking is ‘universal’
(mi)jk = miδjk , i = (Q,L, u, d, e)
Assume that the (scalar)3 couplings are ∝ thecorresponding Yukawa couplings
ai ∝ yi , i = (u, d, e)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
ConsequencesWe find...
At any RG scale, the squark and slepton mass matrices appear
(m2φ
)ij≈
m2φ1
0 00 m2
φ10
0 0 m2φ3
ij
φ = (Q,L, u, d, e)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
How to Communicate �����SUSYTree-level?
For tree-level renormalizable couplings
STrM2 =∑
J
(−1)2J(2J + 1)M2J = 0,
ww�superpartner lighter than SM counterpart
Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated����SUSY
Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated����SUSY (GMSB)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
How to Communicate �����SUSYTree-level?
For tree-level renormalizable couplings
STrM2 =∑
J
(−1)2J(2J + 1)M2J = 0,
ww�superpartner lighter than SM counterpart
Non-renormalizable =⇒ Planck-Scale Mediated����SUSY
Non-tree-level =⇒ Gauge Mediated����SUSY (GMSB)
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Minimal ModelContent
Extra field contentSU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y
Φ 2 2 −13
Φ 2 2 +13
S 1 1 0
SuperpotentialW = λΦXΦ
X is goldstino superfield
〈X 〉 = M + θ2F
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
Minimal ModelContent
Extra field contentSU(3)C SU(2)L U(1)Y
Φ 2 2 −13
Φ 2 2 +13
S 1 1 0
SuperpotentialW = λΦXΦ
X is goldstino superfield
〈X 〉 = M + θ2F
Concepts Spontaneous��SUSY Dirac *.inos MRSSM Optional extras
MSSM Soft Lagrangian
The most general set of positive mass dimension terms whoobey SM symmetries but break SUSY are
LMSSMsoft =− 1
2
(M3 gg + M2 WW + M1 BB + c.c.
)−(
uauQHu − dadQHd − eaeLHd + c.c.)
− Q†m2QQ − L†m2
LL− um2u u† − dm2
d d† − em2
e e†
−m2Hu
H∗uHu −m2Hd
H∗dHd − (b HuHd + c.c),
and form the soft supersymmetry breaking Lagrangian density