SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A 90% CO 2 REDUCTION IN

SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGSSUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE

TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS

EUROHEAT & POWER CONFERENCE BRUSSELS - 5 JUNE 2008

JOAN SABATÉ / CHRISTOPH PETERS

SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS

Increase of CO2-emissions in Spain 1990 - 2008

Crisis what crisis ?


Resources: Materials – Energy - Water

Density

Multi-functionality

Transport

Energy Demand, Generation & Distribution


1. Use of low environmental impact

materials with minimum embodied energy for their production, reuse, recycling or disposal.

2. Reduction of the building’s energy demand by means of architectural design and special attention to the composition of the building’s envelope.

3. Use of energy efficient systems for HVAC and lighting and introduction of a Building Management System

Sustainable building design criteriaPrimary3,8%

Industry34,9%

Transport38,1%

Residential12,8%

Service14,2%

final energy consumption in 2003 in Catalonia: 15,2 millions tep

4. Use of natural resources,

including rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse, RES.


Police Station, Tarragona Micro-trigeneration


Catalan Blood and Tissue Bank, Barcelona

Aquifer ground water cooling – open loop


60 social housing apartments, Tossa de Mar Geothermal heat pump – closed loop


96 social housing apartments, Barcelona District energy


96 social housing apartments, Barcelona

• Urban solid waste incineration, (vapour 30 t/h)

• Gas boiler backup (vapour 30 t/h)

• Vapour/water heat exchangers (4x 5,000kW)

• Absorption chillers (4x 4,500 kW)

• Sea water heat exchangers (4x 12,000 kW)

• Compression chillers (3x 4,000 kW)

• Cold water storage tank (5,000 m3)


Installation scheme, District energy network Barcelona


Absorption chiller, District energy network Barcelona


District energy network Barcelona


0

20.000

40.000

60.000

80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Año

kW

Potencia calor kW Potencia frio kW

District energy network Barcelona, installed capacity 2004 - 2011


Reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional individual solutions: 51%

72%

5%

23%

Vapor TERSA Gas Electricidad

82%

18%

Vapor TERSA Gas

Heat, 2010

Cold, 2010


Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at

Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia


Study of the possibilities of reduction of CO2-emissions and its application to a 60 apartment social housing project at

Tossa de Mar, Costa Brava, Catalonia


Sabaté Associats Balmes 439 1r 1ª T +34 932 531 269 e-mail: [email protected]

Arquitectura i sostenibilitat 08022 Barcelona F +34 932 531 646 web: www.saas.cat





Methodology: analysis of the overall energy consumption and associated emissions over an expected 50 year building’s lifecycle

• Reference building that fulfils minimum requirements of the actual Spanish and Catalan building regulations (CTE / DEE)

• Project building with reduced CO2 emissions

• respecting two premises:

• to focus on building technologies well known regionally

• not to exceed the overall construction costs by more than 5% compared to a conventional new building in Catalonia


Methodology: Evaluation of the overall performance of the buildings during a life-cycle of 50 years:

• Production and transport of materials

• Construction process

• Operation of the building

• Deconstruction process

• Reuse and recycling

•

Source image: Sieglinde Fuller

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA


Sabaté Associats Balmes 439 1r 1ª T +34 932 531 269 e-mail: [email protected]

Arquitectura i sostenibilitat 08022 Barcelona F +34 932 531 646 web: www.saas.cat

Example façades - Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions


Example roofs - Analysis of 8 alternative systems: Cost, weight, embodied energy, associated emissions

For each kind of roof the necessary isolation was used to achieve similar thermal transmittances (U-value between 0,23 and 0,30 W/m2·K).

Roof systems (values per m2 of functional unit) Cost (€) Weight (kg) Energy (MJ) Emissions (kgCO2) Green flat roof (I) 100.13 386.75 1027.76 137.33 Green flat roof (II) 88.74 372.53 1098.23 157.64 Inverted transitable flat roof (Terrazzo fin ish) 98.49 396.62 977.56 122.71 Inverted flat roof (PVC - recycled gravel) 54.44 350.81 615.49 84.68 Inverted flat roof (EPDM - recycled gravel) 51.61 350.15 606.87 83.48 Inverted flat roof (Bitumen - recycled gravel) 55.28 353.29 677.77 93.74 Conventional flat roof (Recycled g ravel) 46.31 352.76 616.34 84.67 Conventional flat roof (cork - recycled gravel) 49.06 361.69 35.73 44.60


Reference building Project building % reduction

Weight 2,167 kg/m2 1,573 kg/m2 27.41 %

Energy 5,834 MJ/m2 4,419 MJ/m2 24.25 %Emissions 555 Kg CO2/m2 412 Kg CO2/m2 25.77 %

143 kg CO2/m2

412 kg CO2/m2

Embodied energy in the materials:

Savings of 143 kg CO2/m2 gross floor area, equivalent to 26 % of the emissions of the reference building

Use of recycled sands and gravel in foundations and roofs

Prefabricated concrete structure

Insulation of mineral wool

Wooden window frames and solar protections

Wooden pathway for apartment access

Linoleum flooring


For any further CO2-reduction concerning the building materials, special attention must be given to reducing underground built

volume (parking areas) and using light weight structures.

The four materials with major impact (steel, concrete, cement and laminated steel) represent almost half of the CO2 – emissions.

Project building

Materials with more than 5% CO2 - emissions

Material KgCO2/m2 Concentration according to functional units

Steel 89.79 21.80% 44% Foundations and protection walls, 49% Structures

Concrete 42.84 10.40% 100% Structures

Cement 42.17 10.24% 72% Foundations, 16% Structures, 7% Roofs and façades

Laminated steel 23.92 5.81% 100% Structures

Total 198.72 48.25%


Reduction of 34 % of the energy demand by design

• Optimization of block’s orientation and shape

• Fixed solar protections - balconies

• Increase of insulation and use of wooden carpentry

• Use of thermal inertia of roof slabs and ceilings

ECOTECT, LIDER, TRNSYS

N15°

30°

45°

60°

75°

90°

105°

120°

135°

150°

165°180°

195°

210°

225°

240°

255°

270°

285°

300°

315°

330°

345°

10°

20°

30°

40°

50°

60°

70°

80°

012345

6

7

8

9

10

11121314

15

16

17

18

19

20

1st J an

1st Feb

1st Mar

1st Apr

1st May

1st J un1st J ul

1st Aug

1st Sep

1st Oct

1st Nov

1st Dec

Stereographic Diagram Location: 41.9°, 2.8° Obj 467 Orientation: -140.0°, 0.0° Sun P osition: 170.2°, 34.4° HSA: -49.8° VSA: 46.7°

T ime: 12:30 Date: 15th Feb (46) Dotted lines: J uly-December.


Highly efficient energy systems

Reduction of 72% of energy consumption for HVAC and DHW

Centralized production and storage of heat and cold.

• Solar thermal installation (SF DHW 50%)

• Geothermal heat pumps(70% of the peak power, meeting 90% of the demand)

• Auxiliary gas boilers

Energy consumption CO2-emissions Energy use Reference Project Red. Reference Project Red.

kWh/m² kWh/m² % KgCO2/m² KgCO2/m² %

Space conditioning and DHW 81.40 22.50 72% 16.28 4.50 72% Cooking 11.67 11.67 0 2.33 2.33 0 Electric appliances 12.71 12.71 0 2.54 2.54 0 Lighting 6.85 2.06 70% 1.37 0.41 70%

Total 112.63 48.94 57% 22.52 9.78 57%


Reduction of CO2 emissions during the building’s lifecycle: 40 % !

Phase of life cycle Reference Project Reduction Reference Project Reduction

MWh MWh % t CO2 t CO2 %

Materials 16.333 12.589 23% 5.590 4.226 24%

Construction 167 289 -73% 71 118 -66%

Use 23.388 10.162 57% 5.593 2.430 57%

Deconstruction 251 194 23% 86 65 24%

Total 40.139 23.234 42% 11.340 6.839 40%

Energy consumption CO2 emissions

5.590

4.226

5.593

2.430

71

118

86

65

0 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000

Reference

Project

tCO2

MATERIALS

CONSTRUCTION

DECONSTRUCTION

PROJECT

REFERENCE

CONSTRUCTION

OPERATION


“El primer pas” – “The first step”

Pavilion on Sustainability – Construmat 2007

Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge

Generalitat de Catalunya

PAuS – Plataforma Arquitectura i Sostenibilitat



CO2 emissions:

58,90 kg CO2/ m2

Lack of insulationHeat bridgesLack of solar protection

Reduced efficiency of HVAC, DHW, and lighting systems

Reduction %:

0 %

5,1

22,6

2,32,50,0

22,5

1,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Act

ual

DE

E /

CT

E

kgC

O2/

m2

SC

Actual housing stock



0.75 W/m2K \ transmittance316.28 Kg/m2 \ weight50.67 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions79.67 €/m2 \ cost






CO2 emissions:

52,70 kg CO2/ m2

Increase of thermal insulation

Incorporation of thermal

inertia Improved solar control

Improvement of the energy

efficiency of the HVAC

installations

Solar thermal installation for

DHW

Energy efficiency lighting

Water saving measures

Reduction %:

11%

5,1 5,1

22,6 22,6

2,3

2,3

2,5

2,51,4

0,0

0,0

16,3

22,5

1,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Act

ual

DE

E /

CT

E

kgC

O2/

m2

SC

Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE


Housing according to recent legislation, CTE / DEE




CO2 emissions:

32,20 kg CO2/ m2

Reduction %:

45 %

30% energy demand reduction compared to actual building code CTE by bioclimatic design and reduction of thermal transmittance

Highly energy efficient HVAC systems with COP > 4 or equivalent emissions

Rainwater harvesting and/or reuse of greywater

5,1 5,1

22,6

16,0

2,3

2,3

2,5

2,50,4

0,0

0,0

4,5

22,5

1,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Actu

al

45%

Energy efficient housing


Energy efficient housing




CO2 emissions:

15,30 kg CO2/ m2

Very energy efficient housing with low embodied energy

Reduction %:

74 %

5,11,5

22,6

4,1

2,3

2,3

2,5

2,50,4

0,0

0,0

3,8

22,5

1,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Actu

al

74%

Use of low environmental impact materials with preference to recycled or of organic origin: wood, etc.

Elimination of underground parking

Reduction of thermal transmittance: Façades, roofs U < 0,3 W/m2K, windows U < 1,7 W/m2K




0.30 W/m2K \ transmittance82.30 Kg/m2 \ weight-50.81 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions134.77 €/m2 \ cost


0.22 W/m2K \ transmittance159.87 Kg/m2 \ weight-39,76 kg CO2/m2 \ emissions188.89 €/m2 \ cost



CO2 emissions:

5,90 kg CO2/ m2

Factor 10

Reduction %:

90 %

5,11,5

22,6

4,1

2,3

0,7

2,5

2,00,4

0,0

-4,7

1,6

22,5

1,4

-10,0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Actu

al

90%

Increase of renewable energy sources: solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, biomass, biogas, etc.

Very highly efficient energy systems



Factor 10


CO2 emissions:

15,30 kg CO2/ m2

High energy efficient retrofitting

Reduction %:

74 %

Reduction of thermal transmittance, façades and roofs U < 0,3 W/m2K, windows U < 1,7 W/m2K Reduction of heat bridges

Improvement of solar protection

Incorporation of RES: photovoltaic, biomass, biogas, etc.

Highly energy efficient HVAC systems

5,1

22,6

2,0

2,3

2,3

2,5

2,50,4

0,0

0,0

4,5

22,5

1,4

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

Actu

al

reha

bilita

ció


5,11,5 1,5

22,6 22,6

16,0

4,1 4,12,0

22,5

16,3

4,5

3,8 1,64,5

2,3

2,32,32,5

5,1 5,1

2,3

0,7

2,3

2,0

2,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

0,40,4

0,4

0,4

1,4

1,4

-4,7

-10,0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

kg C

O2

/m2

Producció

Il·luminació

Electrodomèstics

Cuina

Climatització + ACS

E. Incorporada habitatge

E. Incorporada aparcament

400

500

600

700

800

Eu

ros

/ m

2

Cost

Act

ua

l ho

usi

ng

sto

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Ho

usin

ga

cco

rdin

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re-

cen

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gis

latio

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effi

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usin

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rod

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Re

hab

ilita

tion

with

en

erg

ye

ffici

en

cycr

iteri

a

kgC

O2

/ m2 ·

a

Production

Lighting

Electric appliances

Cooking

HVAC and DHW

Embodied energy housing

Embodied energy parking 5,1

1,5 1,5

22,6 22,6

16,0

4,1 4,12,0

22,5

16,3

4,5

3,8 1,64,5

2,3

2,32,32,5

5,1 5,1

2,3

0,7

2,3

2,0

2,5

2,5

2,5

2,5

0,40,4

0,4

0,4

1,4

1,4

-4,7

-10,0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

kg C

O2

/m2

Producció

Il·luminació

Electrodomèstics

Cuina

Climatització + ACS

E. Incorporada habitatge

E. Incorporada aparcament

400

500

600

700

800

Eu

ros

/ m

2

Cost

Act

ua

l ho

usi

ng

sto

ck

Ho

usin

ga

cco

rdin

gto

re-

cen

tle

gis

latio

nC

TE

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EE

En

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of

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rod

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Re

hab

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tion

with

en

erg

ye

ffici

en

cycr

iteri

a

kgC

O2

/ m2 ·

a

Production

Lighting

Electric appliances

Cooking

HVAC and DHW

Embodied energy housing

Embodied energy parking


Conclusions

A 50% reduction of CO2-emissions in social housing is absolutely feasible, using in Catalonia well established technology and with an additional cost of less than 5%

The life-cycle analysis is a necessary methodology to check the overall emissions of buildings as the embodied energy and CO2-emissions of materials are of significant importance

Any further effort for reduction of CO2-emissions in buildings must therefore consider lighter constructions and materials of less environmental impact.

90% reduction of CO2-emissions incorporating high efficiency equipment and use of renewable energies for thermal demand and electricity generation

To advance in this direction and increase sustainability in the housing sector it is necessary to widen existing building design concepts, technologies and administrative and legal approaches.


Balmes 439, 1r 1a

E 08022 Barcelona

T +34 932 531 269

F +34 932 531 646

www.saas.cat

Federico Pesl and Neus Ayza

Christoph Peters

Ana Moreno

Miquel Angel Sala, BOMA

Oriol Vidal

Susana Kamiya

architects in charge

responsible research

budget control

structures

installations

landscape

SaAS

Joan Sabaté and Horacio Espeche

60 apartment social housing project

authors

SaAS, SO

Joan Sabaté, Albert Cuchí

Jordina Vidal, Sergi Cantos, Fabian López and M. Á. Pascual

Albert Sagrera and Ana Moreno

study on reduction of CO2 emissions

directors

energy demand and consumption

embodied energy

www.saas.cat

Documents

SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE - TOWARDS A 90% CO2 REDUCTION IN MEDITERRANEAN BUILDINGS SUSTAINABLE URBAN ARCHITECTURE TOWARDS A 90% CO 2 REDUCTION IN