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SUSTAINABLE RURAL LIVELIHOOD
Report of Field Experience Training
84th FOCARS
Names of Scientist trainees
Dr. Karun Kumar Choudhary
Dr. Dibakar Mahanta
Dr. K. Lakshmi
Dr. P. Revathi
Mr. P. Nideesh
Ms. K. Thamilarasi
Period : 02nd September to 20th September, 2008
Centre : Annamalai university, Tamil Nadu
Village : Sakkangudi
District : Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu.
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
Hyderabad-500 407
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The field experience training (FET) was conducted in the village
„Sakkangudi‟ of Cudallore district in TamilNadu. The theme of the training
was (FET) „Sustainable Rural Livelihood‟. This training was organised for
newly recruited scientists of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
from diverse backgrounds.
The field experience training (FET) report is the compilation of all
aspects of agriculture related problems and rural livelihood that has been
studied in the “Sakkangudi” village as a part of the training. The study was
conducted with the active help and coordination of the department of
Agriculture Extension, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, TamilNadu.
The FET has been possible due to the active support and cooperation
from many quarters. We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. J. Vasantha
kumar, Head, Agricultural extension, Annamalai University for the overall
guidance and support provided for this study.
We shall ever remain grateful to our FET coordinators at Annamalai
University Dr. Thiyagarajan,, Professor, Agricultural extension and
Dr.Kanaga Sabapathi, Professor, Agricultural extension for their ever
helpful nature and constant guidance during the entire course of the
training. We thank our monitoring faculty member Dr. G.R. Rama Krishna
Murthy, for his valuable suggestions in the collection of data and final
analysis
We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude
towards all the villagers of Sakkangudi and the key informants for their kind
help in providing necessary information and heartfelt co–operation for
successful completion of our survey.
We will be always thankful to Dr. S.M. Ilyas, Director, NAARM, FET
Coordinators Dr. K.M. Reddy, Dr. V.K.J. Rao, Dr. Sandhya Shenoy and
Dr. S.K. Nanda, our Course coordinators Dr. R. Kalpana Sastry, Dr. R.V.S.
Rao and other faculty members, NAARM, Hyderabad for their kind help and
cooperation financially as well as for providing this opportunity.
Annamalainagar, Annamalainagar Group
20-09-2008
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FET work done certificate
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CONTENTS
S. No. Title Page No.
1 Introduction 5
1.1 Objectives of FET 5
1.2 Information about the team 6
1.3 Methodology for Survey 6
2 Geographical Area Profile 7
2.1 Basic Information 7
2.2 Transect Walk 8
3.1 Mobility Pattern 9
3.2 Time line 9
3.3 Cropping Area Trend 10
3.4 Paddy MSP trend 10
3.5 Labour availability trend 10
3.6 Seasonal Calendar 10
4 Social Map 11
4.1 Community Distribution 11
4.2 Neighbourhood of Village 11
4.3 Social institutions 11
4.4 Government Institutions 11
4.5 Social Groups 12
4.6 Cooperation 12
4.7 Competitive Information 12
4.8 Conflict Information 13
4.9 Social Interaction 13
4.10 Social evils 13
5 Bio-resource flow 13
5.1 Existing Bio-resource flow 13
5.2 Viable new Bio-resource flow 14
6 Livelihood Analysis 16
6.1 Wealth Ranking 16
6.2 Income and expenditure pattern 16
6.3 Matrix Ranking 18
7 ITKs of Sakkangudi 19
8 Problem Identification 20
8.1 Action Plan 21
9 Industrial Visits 23-31
10 Annexures 32-55
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1. Introduction
In the new millennium too man is facing the crucial challenge of
ensuring food supplies and sustainability in agricultural development. The
task of meeting the needs of the present generation without eroding the
ecological assets for the future generations is receiving top priority by
environmental planners.
About 70% of the world‟s poor live in rural areas. Rural people are not
only isolated from economic opportunities but also tend to have less access
to social services such as health, sanitation and education. For example, it is
estimated that around 1 billion rural households in developing countries lack
access to safe water supplies.
The new livelihoods approaches are attempting to address these
problems by delinking the concepts „rural‟ and „agricultural‟ and widening the
scope of rural development activity. Sustainable Rural Livelihood has
emerged as an alternative way of conceptualizing poverty alleviation,
including its context, objectives and priorities. It focuses on one of the most
fundamental aspects of life: the ability of people to support themselves, both
now and into the future. Sustainable Rural Livelihood does so in a manner
that views livelihoods within both micro- and macro-contexts, spanning both
physical and social environments at the local to the global levels. The
approach is rooted in research on agro-ecology and natural resource
management. They see sustainable poverty reduction as achievable only if
external support works with people in a way that is congruent with their
existing livelihood strategies and ability to adapt.
1.1. Objectives of FET
1. To provide an opportunity to Scientist-trainees to interact with the
farming community and gain insight into their livelihood.
2. To study socio-economic implications and consequences of
technologies, products and processes
3. To inculcate culture of teamwork and multi-disciplinary perspective
among scientist-trainees.
6
1.2. Information about the team:
The teams consist of six newly recruited ARS scientists of 84th
FOCARS. The details of them are as follows
1. Dr. Karun Kumar Choudhary (Soil Science-Soil Physics)
2. Dr. Dibakar Mahanta (Agronomy)
3. Dr. K. Lakshmi (Biotechnology-Plant science)
4. Dr. P. Revathi (Plant Breeding and Genetics)
5. Mr. P. Nideesh (Soil Science-Pedology)
6. Ms. K. Thamilarasi (Biotechnology-Agricultural Science)
1.3. Methodology adopted for survey:
In the present survey, different tools of Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) technique are used. PRA tools facilitate collection and analysis of
information by and for community members. Social maps, mobility map, time
line, time trend, agro ecological map, Bio-resource flow, problem solution
tree etc are some of the PRA techniques used in the present study.
Because it is a collaborative process, PRA actively empowers marginalized
communities, de-emphasizes hierarchies, and helps to identify resource
needs and sustainable use systems. Each of the tools provided in this
manual is based on PRA.
PRA methods serve multiple purposes. They provide information to
outsiders who wish to understand how the community uses and manages its
resources and they provide information for the collective community to
evaluate its resource management practices. Triangulation is required to be
done after each PRA exercise in order to assess the data collected and also
to find out the missing information. This will help to make plans for the next
step. The practical problems associated with the use of PRA techniques
were also identified by this study. This will give ideas on improving the
existing methodologies. The information collected through the PRA
techniques about the village are discussed in detail in the corresponding
sections of this report.
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2. Geographical Area Profile
2.1. Basic information of Sakkangudi village
For the study of sustainable rural livelihood, a village named
sakkangudi was selected. This village is situated 11 km away from
chidambaram, it belongs to the keerapalayam block, chidambaram taluk and
cuddalore district. The total geographical area of the village is 251.46 ha out
of which 193.15 ha are cultivatable. (Annexure I)
The total population of the village is 1757 residing in 517 households.
Male: Female ratio is 1000:1100, implying that there is no female infanticide.
The village is dominated by vanniyar caste and 180 households of SC/ST
are also present. The SC households are present in the outskirts of the
village towards south and a few settlement of ST population are present at
the entrance of the village. (Annexure II)
As our theme of study was sustainable rural livelihood we planned to
concentrate on the livelihood of the below poverty line families. From the
information collected from the farmer as well as the wealth ranking of the
families from the BDO office, we came to know that the SC and the ST
families were below the poverty line. Therefore, further studies were carried
out for the livelihood of the BPL families. The livelihood of majority of the
BPL families is agricultural labour and a few families do agriculture as their
livelihood. Paddy and sugarcane are the major crops cultivated in the village.
But the BPL families cultivated only paddy to satisfy their domestic demand.
There is a nursery & primary school, which is an English medium
school; the children of the BPL families are not seen in this school. There is
a middle school and an anganwadi were the children from BPL families are
educated. The overall literacy rate of the village is 60% but it is 45% for the
BPL families. The source of irrigation for the crops was according to season.
Both the BPL and APL families irrigated their Kharif crops through bore wells
and the late Kharif season crops were irrigated through canal.
The village has good infrastructures like pakka roads for
transportation and very frequent bus facilities. There were sixty three bore
wells, three water tanks and twenty three hand pumps and two public
telephone booths. These facilities were not restricted for the BPL family
members, but there were one water pump and six hand pumps, which were
8
situated in their own, settlement area, which was their preference of choice.
All the APL family members were having mobile phones, but the a very few
BPL families were able to have mobile phones. (Annexure III)
The paddy varieties cultivated by the BPL families in Kharif are
Adthisai ponni, IR50, Tk9 and in late kharif are Co43, BPT1010, Ponmani, IR
38. BPL family members were interested in growing trees, which would be
useful for their own fire wood purposes, like Prosopis juliflora & Acacia
nilotica. Rearing livestock also was one of their livelihood option. They had
150 cows, 15 buffalos, 500 goats and 170 poultry. Even though it was not
their only option of livelihood, it contributed to an extent to their livelihood.
BPL families were interested in rearing cow, poultry and more goats without
much effort. The pest and diseases, which the paddy growers of the BPL
families faced, was yellow stem borer and brown plant hopper. Amaranthus,
which was grown locally nearby their houses, was their food along with rice.
2.2. Transect Walk
The following Problems of BPL families were identified during the
transect walk conducted.
Monoculturing of paddy crop
Inadequate feed availability for livestock maintenance
Lack of crop insurance
Stem borer and BPH infection in paddy fields
Lack of kitchen garden
Opportunities for the BPL families:
Labour work under NREGS
Custom hiring
Duckery
Fish farming in the natural existing ponds
The agro ecosystem map depicts the settlement area of the BPL families
along with the areas near by where they go for labour work such as
sugarcane fields, NREGS and paddy fields to earn their livelihoods
9
3. Farmer’s Profile
3.1. Mobility pattern of the village
Sakkangudi village is located in such a way to access all the facilities
with in a 10 Km distance. Only primary school is located in Sakkangudi
village and for higher secondary education they travel to Sethyathoppu and
Chidambaram which is 10 km and 11 km far respectively. The villagers
belonging to the BPL category send their children to Sethyathoppu town for
high school and the villagers of APL category could afford to send to
Chidambaram for school and college purposes. The farmers travel to
Chidambaram and Sethiyathoppu for the purchase of raw materials and
selling the produce. A NGO named “Hand in hand” is located at Buvanagiri
which trains the Self-help groups located in Sakkangudi village. The
panchayat office and the office of the Agriculture officer are located in
Keerapalayam. (Annexure IV)
Government Hospital is located at Orathur which is situated 2kms
away from Sakkangudi and the people belonging to the BPL category mostly
use this facility while the people above the poverty line prefer to visit private
hospitals at Chidambaram. Villagers use bus as only mode of transport. The
BDO office and agricultural office is located at Keerapalayam. The M.R.K
sugar factory is located at Sethyathoppu which gets sugarcane from
Sakkangudi sugarcane farmers.
3.2. Time Line
The time line is an exhibit of key events within a particular historical
period. There were many technological introductions in the Sakkangudi
village during past 50 years. The one affected the BPL families were the
introduction of paddy harvester, NREG scheme and the mechanical weeder.
The paddy harvester and the mechanical weeder negatively affected the
BPL families by reducing the employment opportunities while the centrally
sponsored scheme - National Rural Employment Guarantee scheme
assured the BPL farmers of 100 days of employment during the lean season
of the agriculture production. The big farmers who employed these BPL
farmers complained that these agricultural laborers were of high demand
due to the NREG scheme . (AnnexureV)
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3.3. Cropping Area Trend
The area under sugarcane crop is showing a decreasing trend and it
is mostly replaced by the paddy crop. These changes in the cropping choice
have affected the BPL families. The sugarcane is a crop which needs more
labour compared to the paddy crop and this choice by the employers have
affected the BPL families in providing comparatively less of employment
opportunities. (AnnexureVI)
3.4. Paddy MSP trend
Paddy minimum support price has increased dramatically to 1050
rupees/quintal in the last year 2007-08 compared to minimum support price
of 645 rupees in the year 2006-2007. This supported most of the BPL
farmers who grow paddy as a major crop in their small land holdings of half
acre. (Annexure VI)
3.5. Labour Availability Trend
Labour problem became severe especially after the introduction of
NREGS-National Rural Employment guarantee scheme in the year of 2005
in sakkangudi village. There was 80 per cent agricultural labour availability
before this NREG scheme got introduced then this drastically reduced to 40
per cent after NREG scheme. (Annexure VII)
3.6. Seasonal calendar
The important agricultural operations carried out during the different
periods of the year by the villagers have been studied and has come out with
the calendar of operations performed. This is called as the seasonal
calendar and is given in the Annexure VIII.
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4. Social map:
4.1. Community / Caste distribution:
The social map (Annexure IX) indicates that there is mainly three castes
residing in the village which are SC, ST and Vanniyar. SC caste mainly resides in
the south and south west of the village while ST resides in the north outskirt of
the village. Economic analysis reveals that Most of the SC and ST are below
poverty line.
4.2. Neighborhood of village: This village is surrounded by three neighbouring
villages
1. Puliyagudi in south east
2. Sethyatoppu in north west
3. Vadayarajapuram in north east.
4.3. Social institutions: This village have five temples, two are in SC locality,
one in ST locality, and two in Vanniyar locations. Although the temples are
accessible by all caste but they used to prefer the temples which are located
nearer.
.
4.4. Government institution: The village is having panchayat as government
institution, which is situated in north of the village. Smt. Shakuntala is the
sarpanch of the village panchayat. Village panchayat is responsible for the
development of roads, supply of drinking water and availability of basic facilities
in the village like electricity, irrigation, sanitation, cleanliness, employment and
educational services.
The village is having one post office, which besides providing services
related to delivery of post cards, greetings, EMS and others messages they
provide a reccuring deposit scheme which helps in mobilizing the saving of the
BPL families. It also provides postal life insurance scheme with a very low
premium which is very much beneficial for BPL families.
For providing education, village is having following school one each:
Anganvadi School: pre-primary school
Primary school: 1-5 class
Middle school: 5-8 class
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This village is having educational facilities up to middle school, for further
higher studies the children have to go to Bhuvangiri and Chidambram.
This village is having a Primary agriculture co-operative bank (PACB)
which not only helps villagers in depositing their savings but also provides loans
to Self help groups (SHG), provides the inputs for agriculture like fertilizers, seed
etc. BPL family which are the members of the SHG thus can avail loans for
agricultural purposes at lower interest. PACB also provide crop loan to marginal
farmers based on the scale of finance with no collaterals up to Rs.50000.
There is also a milk co-operative society which helps BPL family in
providing feeds for their cattle and in turns purchase milk from them at
reasonable prices.
The fair price shop which is situated in the centre of the village help BPL
family in getting cereals, sugar and kerosene at marginal prices.
4.5. Social groups: This village has nine self help groups (SHG) formed by the
ladies of different castes, among them six is registered with the co-operative
bank. These registered SHG are Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Indra, Nila and
Mohan. These SHG consists of the female members of BPL families. Although
not all SHG are so active but few like Kurinji and Mullai used to take loan from
the co-operative bank for their members.
4.6. Cooperation: The villagers cooperate very well to each other in all the
aspects i.e. related to agriculture and social matter. They use to share their
knowledge among themselves for the betterment of village. Farmers develop
their own innovative ideas regarding agriculture and use to share with other
farmers also. There is mutual cooperation among farmers regarding agricultural
activities. The people of the village cooperates each other during marriages,
festivals, happiness and sorrow.
4.7. Competition information: There is very high competition among villagers
related to agricultural activities to get high productivity of good quality. This
competition is mostly seen among the farmers of high economic status.
13
4.8. Conflict information: There is very little conflict among villagers which is
mainly due to competition among villagers regarding agricultural activities. But
there is no conflict among them due to social and religious norms and activities.
4.9. Social interactions: The villagers interact among themselves during
festivals, marriages etc. they gather at social gathering places like farmers club,
chaupal, public places. They share their views, feelings, put their problems in
front of villagers and try to share them by discussing with each others.
4.10. Social evils: There is not much social evils present in the village except
drinking (70% of total population). Mostly males of BPL family drink local liquor
which may be due to the hard work they perform during day time.
A village body consisting of three members are selected for 5-6 years for
management of social problems. Panchayat president and members also assist
in tackling these problems.
5. Bio-resource flow
Recycling of biological resources, wastes and by products is known as
Bio-resource flow. It can improve farm natural resources and income of farmers.
Farmers give a wide range of reasons why they do not recycle. Cultural taboos
may inhibit the handling of manures. Manure and fertiliser may compete with
other domestic uses for manure, such as for fuel. Some farmers do not recycle
because it is not part of their tradition. Other farmers do not recycle because it is
not seen as modern or progressive farming. But perhaps the most common
reason given for not recycling materials like manure is that buying inputs is
quicker than recycling, which is time consuming and labour demanding. Simply,
the returns are either too uncertain or too modest. Clearly, in many cases,
recycling is not going to happen without help from agricultural scientist and
supportive agricultural policies.
5.1. Existing Bio-resources and their flow
There are some enterprises that are particularly good at promoting
recycling. The farmers in the village Sakkangudi are growing paddy (kharif and
rabi), sugarcane, black gram and green gram due to its favourable soil texture
14
(clay soil), mean annual temperature (320C) and mean annual rainfall (1050 mm,
mostly in North east monsoon). Rice straw is utilised as livestock feed. Grains
are consumed by human being and feed for poultry. The sugarcane trash and
black gram straw are feed to cattle. The excreta from cattle are used for biogas,
manure and fuel as dried cow dung cake (Annexure X). Manure to crops and tree
leaves to goat are typical examples of Bio-resource flows. Poor farmers rely
heavily on cattles and goats for their livelihood.
Fishery is another enterprise that perform ecological services. Fish
convert crop, livestock and household wastes into high quality protein and
nutrient rich pond mud. It acts as bio converters of waste on the farm. So it is one
of the most valuable enterprise for poor farmers having small land holdings to
earn good income.
Due to the abundant rainfall and high temperature, Cyperus textilis (mat
sedge), a sedge species is available in plenty in marshy and canal regions, which
is used in mat industry and is a good source of income for poor people. Coconuts
are grown in backyard and bunds in paddy field, which supplements substantially
for earning of BPL (below poverty line) farmers.
5.2. Viable new Bio-resource flow
This model provide a vehicle for farmers and researchers to exchange
technical ideas about how new flows and new enterprises can be integrated into
ongoing farming systems and how degraded natural resources might be
rehabilitated. Farmers learn how different enterprises and natural resource types
support and regenerate each other and how cash is saved when by-products are
used to substitute external inputs. (Annexure X)
In this particular village, rat population is very high and are creating havoc
to farmers. Both paddy and sugarcane are favourable crops for rat. So crop
diversification is required to manage the rat. Sesame will be one remunerative
alternative crop in this village because of high demand of sesame oil for pickle
industries in surrounding areas. The other crops like cowpea and banana can
also be grown economically to some extent. Vegetable cultivation can be more
profitable and pond mud is so rich that it can replace fertiliser completely in small
vegetable gardens. Use of jasmine garlands is very popular in this region. So
jasmine cultivation by poor farmers will be more profitable.
15
The general crop rotation followed in this village is paddy-paddy-black
gram. After these three crops, there is a slack period of two months (April and
May), when the field remains fallow. During this period green manure crop can
be grown, which will reduce the application of about 25 kg N per hectare and
some phosphorus. Bio fertilisers maintain the soil health and also they produce
some growth promoting substances. Phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB) and
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM), they together save around 20 kg P per
hectare. The other bio-fertilisers which can be inoculated in the field are
Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Azolla, BGA and Rhizobium. These help in reduction
of N fertiliser application. There are large density of neem trees found in the
village. So the use of neem oil as pesticide for its azadiractin content and neem
oil cake as manure is a viable profitable option for poor farmers and it will reduce
the cost of cultivation of crops.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a predominant weed in ponds
and canals of this village. So the compost of water hyacinth can be produced
with the use of kitchen waste, urinated soil and cow dung. (Annexure X).
Vermicompost can also be easily produced by the use of waste product , soil and
earth worm. It is estimated that these altogether can replace application of NPK
to reduce fertiliser costs by more than 50%. Fertiliser will still be needed, but to
supplement organic materials rather than replace them.
Ducks provide eggs and meat and their droppings are useful as manure
and feed for fish. They also eat snails and other organisms which can be pests in
paddy fields. Rice bran can be fed to ducks. This not only reduces the need for
pesticides, but also reduces feed cost. So duckery will increase the income of the
farmers. The soil of this village is highly fertile. The water is also available in
plenty through rainfall, canal, and bore well irrigation throughout the year. So the
grazing land for cattle and the cattle population in the village drastically reduced
in the last decade. So in these conditions, stall fed exotic breed of cows like
Jersey will be very much helpful to farmers which will relax the burden of grazing
land and will produce more milk.
Paddy straw is abundantly available in this village due to two crops of
paddy per year. So, mushroom cultivation could be an alternative livelihood for
unemployed youth and farmers.
16
Taken together the direct and indirect effects of recycling can have
significant impacts on the ecological sustainability of the entire farming system.
Indirect effects include the integration of new enterprises that promote recycling
as well as the rehabilitation of natural resources that either result from recycling
or are necessary to enterprise integration. These low value flows will lead to the
production of high value products.
6. Livelihood analysis
A livelihood is the set of capabilities, assets and activities that furnish the
means for people to meet their basic needs and support their well being.
Livelihood seeks to fulfil both material and experiential needs. Livelihoods are not
simply a localised phenomenon, but connected by environmental, economic,
political and cultural processes to wider national, regional and global arenas. The
sustainability of a livelihood is ascertained by its sensitivity, hardiness and
resilience in the face of short and long term challenges.
6.1. Wealth ranking
On the basis of view of Sakkangudi village people, the total house holds of
the village is classified into two groups.
BPL (Below Poverty Line)
APL (Above poverty line)
Out of the total 517 families, 180 families come under BPL (35 %) and 337
are under APL (65 %) (Annexure XI)
6.2. Income and expenditure of BPL and APL
Among the BPL families, a large share of income come from daily wage
which is 67 % of the total income followed by livestock (16%), agriculture (11%)
and chain and rat trap making (6%). (Annexure XII)
Most of the BPL families are landless, so they live on wages. Very few
BPL families possess land, but the area is also very less. So they don‟t rely only
on agriculture as their livelihood option. It is also seen from AnnexureXV that
when the livelihood options are diversified in BPL families, they improve their
income.
17
The cultivated area under APL families is high and they get most of their
income from agriculture (76 %) followed by livestock (13%) and farm machinery
(4%) (AnnexureXII). The land in Sakkangudi is very fertile. So the farmers reap
very good crops and for this reason, the share of agriculture income is very high.
When the expenditure pattern is keenly observed, it is found that BPL
family spends 59% of their total expenditure in food only. It is followed by social
events (8%), cloth (6%) and education (6%) (Annexure XIII), but the expenditure
pattern of APL families is different from BPL families. The APL families spend
35% in agricultural activities followed by food (34%), cloth (6%), social events
(4%) and education (3%). If we keenly observe the expenditure in education
especially by the BPL families, it is proportionately higher than the APL families,
although the absolute amount is less. (Annexure XIII). It means that poor farmers
are aware of the value of education which is a good social indicator. Considering
the people‟s close connection to the land, their intense interest is not surprising.
In both BPL and APL families it plays second most important source of income
although getting enough fodder is a constant battle. Animals are considered an
extension of the household.
Festivals offer a reprieve from the harshness of life in Sakkangudi. They
allow people to eat without restriction, make purchases that are otherwise not
permitted and allow a momentary pardon from their usual stresses in their lives
specially by the poor farmers. Although large sum of money is required for the
festivals, the people seem to spend the money easily which we can see from the
high expenditure of families for social events. (Annexure XIV). Festival
celebration is not optional, but compulsory component of life in Sakkangudi.
The livelihood analysis provides some interesting details into the daily
lives of the people living in Sakkangudi. To conclude , the livelihood analysis
confirms life in the village , especially the BPL families are having much
difficulties. People both cling to traditional coping strategies and have evolved
innovative approaches to contend with their environment. Some participants in
our village seminar came forward of their own impetus and told us they found
discussions valuable and promised to follow some alternative livelihood like
mushroom cultivation, growing alternative crops, preparing vermicompost etc.
18
6.3. Matrix ranking for sustainable rural livelihood of Sakkangudi village
Matrix ranking is a system by which we can estimate the utility of the
technology by considering different parameters of farming systems. Here the
farmer himself assess different parameters from his experience.
We have taken three livelihood options for the matrix ranking considering
the poor people and three key informers are involved for this. The three alternate
livelihood options are
rat trap making
chain making
agriculture labourers
Among the three livelihood options, agriculture labourer is the ancient
occupation performed since so many generation back and continuing. They
used to work in the crop field like transplanting, sowing, weeding, harvesting,
puddling etc. Chain making occupation is most recently introduced into the
village. (Annexure XVI). The raw material for chains are supplied by merchants
from outside the village and the farmers have to join the beads to make a chain.
For this they will be paid on the basis of the number of chains made. Another
livelihood option is rat trapping. As the rat density in the crop field is very high
and they are causing havoc to the farmers, some farmers make rat traps for
selling to the farmers.
Income is the most important criteria to judge a livelihood option.
According to the key informers, rat trap making is providing more income
followed by agricultural labour. Chain making is the least income providing for the
farmers (Annexure XV)
On analysing these three occupations on the basis of sustainability, chain
making is the most sustainable livelihood option as it will not be affected by
season, weather, crop grown, drought, flood etc. But rat trap will be worst
affected when population of rat will be reduced or alternative crops are grown.
Agricultural labourer work will be available as crops are grown in field, but it will
be affected by season, weather, drought or flooding etc.
If skill factors are considered, rat trap making needs more skill because of
the accuracy required. So all people can not go for trap making. Least skill is
19
involved in doing agricultural labour work. So skill is the negative influence on
people to opt for the livelihood option.
Investment also creates negative influence because poor people do not
have financial capital. Among these occupations chain making does not need
any investment and other two need some investment. Considering all these
parameters chain making has been found to be the most viable livelihood option
for people.
7. Indigeneous Technical Knowledge of Sakkangudi Village
The people of Sakkangudi village widely use the leaves of nochi tree
(Vitex negundo) for resisting the storage pests of pulses. The most widely used
ITK is leaves of Thatha poodu (Tridax procumbens) for the treatment of wounds.
The farmers spray cow urine (diluted1:10) in the paddy field as top dressing.
They also treat the sugarcane setts with cow‟s urine for 5-8 hours before planting
to ensure better germination. Sugarcane setts are treated with cow dung slurry
before sowing which would help better germination and to prevent pest and
disease attack. Few families in the village manufacture rat traps using locally
available raw materials such as bamboo sticks, cycle spoke, cycle tyre tubes.
They either give these traps for rent or sell them which would fetch some money
for their livelihood. The rental charge is one rupee/trap/day. The selling price of
the trap is Rs.15/trap.
8. Problem identification
The four major problems identified through interactions with the respondents are
Rat problem
Labour problem
Lack of alternative livelihood options
Water becoming saline
Quantification of the problems was carried out from the ranks given by the
respondents (N=20) and by using standard formulae. (Annexure XVII)
20
The problem causal tree was drawn based on the available information
(Annexure XVIII). Based on the problem causal tree, the problems can be
distinguished into researchable problem, extension problem and developmental
problem.
Though, the rat problem seems to be a severe problem, the causes
are the mere lack of awareness of the few control measures like chemical and
physical and lack of community approach like cleaning the bunds and fields
during off season. Hence, this problem cannot be considered as a research
problem, rather it is an extension problem. Rest of them can be considered as
researchable problems. Lack of alternative livelihood to some extent is a
developmental problem too.
The solutions for the identified problems are proposed using the
expertise of the group members, which is given in a solution tree (Annexure XIX).
The problem-solution tree of the BPL families for the SRL is given in (Annexure
XX). There are 2 major problems for the BPL community of the Sakkangudi
village. The first and foremost being the lack of alternative livelihood options and
the next important one is the low income from paddy. Since, few BPL families
cultivate paddy for food purpose the low yield from paddy is directly affecting
their food availability.
The population of livestock is less among BPL people, the reason
being the lack of non grazing land. Hence we have suggested going for
cultivation of the fodder trees and the high-yielding forage crops so that they can
get more fodder from less land area without adversely affecting the food grain
yield. The second major reason being the lack of cottage industries in the village
which is due to the inefficient SHGs (Self Help Groups). The other reasons are
lack of knowledge on allied enterprises and proper utilization of the available
resources. These are again rooting to the lack of extension activities and lack of
training by the concerned authorities.
The reasons for the less income from paddy are because of the BPH
(brown plant hopper) infestation, rat problem and water becoming saline. As
already discussed, rat problem is purely extension problem. The reasons for BPH
infestation in the sambha season are the favourable weather conditions and
21
resurgence of kuruvai pests in sambha season. Hence the control measures
could be proper spacing (10 x 15 cm), alternative wetting and drying and leaving
alley spacing which would obstruct the movement of the pests. Besides, these
direct and immediate problems, there is an indirect as well as an emerging
problem, which is the initiation of the salinity of the water because of the mixing
of the sea water with the river water around 15 km away from village. The
augmentative measures could be the construction of regulatory bunds at a place
where the river water mixes with the sea water and the sub-surface tile drainage
system.
8.1. Action plan
Based on the problem-solution tree, we have proposed few research
projects which would improve the livelihood of the BPL families either directly or
indirectly. The two projects are for the use of available resources in the village.
The third project is for solving the labour problem and the fourth is for salinity
problem. (Annexure XXI)
The ponds and other water bodies in the village and nearby areas are
severely infested with water hyacinth, which can be used to generate compost
(wealth from waste). The proposed project is aimed in developing the suitable
methodologies to prepare compost and deciphering the nutrient composition of
the compost and its further value addition with other available biofertilizers and
organic amendments. The long term objective would be to provide alternative
livelihood option for rural poor because it would not require much investment to
start compost manufacturing unit with water hyacinth but at the same time
yielding a good remuneration for them.
The second project is also for productive utilization of the water hyacinth
which aimed in standardization of the technologies for the production of biogas
from water hyacinth. This would provide alternative source of fuel for BPL
families and indirectly improve their standard of living.
The third project would be to develop low cost farm machineries suitable
for the area under study which would be affordable by the large farmers or rural
22
poor youths through bank loans etc. which would in turn give income through
custom hiring. The project is directly aimed for reducing the labour problem and
indirectly providing the livelihood option for BPL families.
The last project is for the management of the soil salinity which would
assess the soil salinity status and develop management strategies to combat
developing salinity. It would involve the construction of sub-surface tile drainage
and regulatory bunds. This project may indirectly bring the employment
opportunities for landless labourers and can be considered as a developmental
solution rather the researchable solution.
23
INDUSTRIAL
VISITS
Industries Visited
1) BSP Fish Farm, Puttur
2) Mat Industry, Puttur
3) Cashew Processing Unit, Panrutty
4) Yamini food Products, Panrutty
5) VVB Modern Mill, Panrutty
6) Sugarcane factory, Nellikkuppam
24
BSP fish farm
The farm has an area of around 0.5 acres. The owner of the farm is an advocate.
He stopped his practice and involved fully in the fish farming business. He started this
business in the year 1990. At that time, flooding occurred in this area and thus he thought
of the fish farming. The farm is about 5 feet below the road level.
The farm name is BSP fish farm. [(Bhaskaran (the owner), Shanthi (his wife) and
Pratheesh (son)].Seed fish for farming is obtained from Madras and Tanjore. Now the
farm is converted to the seed farm. Seven varieties of fishes are cultivated in the farm.
They are Katla, Rohu, Mrigal, Silver carp, Grass carp and common carp. Katla is surface
feeder. Rohu is column feeder and Mrigal is bottom feeder. The feed for the fish is a
mixture of rice bran and ground nut oil cake in the ratio of 1:3. He has undergone 10 days
training course in the fisheries farming.
The fencing for the farm is given by fodder crops. Tree plants like badam and
gulmohar are also grown in the farm boudary. Amla, jack, citrus, casuarinas, teak,
eucalyptus, timber tree etc are also grown in the farm.
Financial outlay of the farm
Starting investment of this farming was Rs. 10000. In the beginning, income from the
farm was only Rs.1000 / year, which has increased to the level of Rs. 2 lakhs per annum
now.
Income distribution
Fish culture – Rs. 15000
Paddy culture – Rs. 10000
Seed farm – Rs. 50000
Coconut – Rs. 24000 (40 coconut trees * 200 nuts/year = 8000nuts * Rs. 3 / nut=
Rs.24000)
Banana, vegetables and Nursery = Rs. 1 lakh / annum
Total = Rs. 2 lakhs
25
Integrated fish farming
In the farm, 5 tire integrated fish farming is practised. A four tire structure is
prepared for this purpose and is kept over the fish pond. In the pond fish and duckery is
grown. In the bottom layer of the structure broiler chicken or turkey is grown. In the
middle part, rabbits are grown. In the top part, japan kadai / dove birds are grown. Over
the roof, vegetables (gourd vines) are grown. In this system, income is diversified and the
feed cost for the fish is reduced by 75 %. (Annexure XXII)
A piggery unit also exists there in the farm. But due to the non availability of pig
seedlings, it is stopped now. In the piggery unit, a bio gas plant is also attached for
producing the bio gas from the pig dung. The gas slurry from this plant is directly applied
to the fish pond for manuring (Annexure XXIII)
Space utilisation is optimum in this farm. This is clearly evident from the farm
outlay. The owner of the farm is planning to start an ornamental fish farm in the
unutilised portion of the land in the farm. It is a 20 lakh project in an area of around 2500
square feet.
Consultancy services: - Around 20000 SHG groups are getting consultancy service from
this farm. M.S Swaminathan research foundation, college students and MPEDA are also
getting technical advice from this farm.
.
26
YAMINI FOOD PRODUCTS, PANRUTTY
It was started in the year 1978 as a small business at home and started selling
pickles in small packets in 1984 and started the first showroom for food products in India
in 1991. Presently, it has grown up to a level with the markets all over 18 districts in
tamilnadu for pickles, food powders and side dishes. The specialty of their produce
includes the products of medicinal values, like pirandai and vallarai.
There are fifteen labourers working in this firm, whose salary ranges from
Rs.2000-4000 and 3 salesmen are there in a pay scale of Rs.6000/month. The firm owns 3
vans for 3 salesmen. Pouches of Rs.1 are used for marketing. Garlic pickle is the most
famous produce of this unit.
Supply of raw materials:-Mango is dried and thus used for long time. Other raw
materials are in continuous supply throughout the year. Sodium benzoate is added as the
preservative.
Finanacial outlay: - Initial investment of the business was Rs.1500. The raw materials
are obtained from local market. Everyday expenditure is around Rs.7,000 and income is
Rs. 15,000 from the sales of about 200 kg pickles and 150 kg powders.
Mat Industry, Puttur
The mat industry in Puthur is meant for making mats out of the Cyperus textilis
using the mat making machines. Here the farmers will bring the bundles of cyperus to the
units. One bundle cost is around Rs. 500. From one bundle, about 16 mats can be
prepared. One mat costs around Rs.80. On an average 80 mats can be prepared in one
day. But mats with good design can be prepared only at the rate of 40 per day. But those
mats fetch higher rate of Rs 80 per mat.
The die for making colourful mats comes from Bombay. The yarns for weaving
the mats come from the Tanjore. The villagers find employment in these units. Thus it
has become a livelihood option for them. The farmers are also benefited because of the
abundant growth of cyperus in their field.
27
V.V.B. MODERN RICE MILL ,PANRUTTY
It was started in the year 1994-95, having machineries worth of 1.5 lakhs. Owner
of the mill is Mr. V.V. Bhaskaran. The owner has participated in the training programme
“Employment generation through food processing industries” conducted by the
department of Agricultural Economics in Annamalai University.
Finanacial outlay: The initial investment was Rs. 10 lakhs, out of that bank loan was 4
lakhs. Loan was taken from the State Bank of India. The raw materials are obtained
through the markets in Banrutti, Tiruvannamalai and N. Arcot. The cost of 75 kg bag is
Rs.580-Rs.630 and the transportation cost is Rs. 30/bag. Six gents and one lady is
involved in the working of the mill.
PROCESSING
The processing includes immersion for 12 hours and steam boiling for 2-3
minutes and drying in the yard for 2 days. The recovery would be 44-46 kg for new
paddy and 47-49 kg for old paddy from 75 kg parboiled rice and for raw rice it is 40 kg
for 75 kg.
Besides rice, around 10 kg bran would also be obtained and the bran are sold to
oil mills at the rate of Rs.4,600/tonne. The whole rice grains obtained after milling would
cost Rs. 16.50/kg and the broken grains would cost from Rs.12 to Rs.8/Kg according to
the size. The rice is sold under the brand name of Dhanalakshmi. The place of marketing
includes, Banrutti, Mayiladuthurai, Karaikal and Mayavaram. Everyday capacity is
around 80X75 bags.
Rice varieties: IR-20, ADT, Bapatla and chinnaponni
28
C.R. CASHEW EXPORTS AND IMPORTS, PANRUTTY
The cashew factory was started in the year 1978 by the owner Sri.
C.ramakrishnan. In the beginning, only 4 bags of raw material were processed. One bag
is around 80 kg. Now the capacity has been increased to 30 bags per day. Initial
investment for the farm was around four lakh rupees only. One kilogram of nuts is
obtained after processing of about 3 kilogram raw material.
All the machineries of the factory are bought from Vinayaka Industries,
Mangalore. There are boiling unit, crushing unit, roasting unit and oil extraction unit in
the factory.
PROCESSING OF NUTS
The nuts are boiled for 30 minutes in the boiling unit. After this nuts are broken
into two in the crushing unit. After this kernels are separated manually. Then they are
roasted in the roasting unit for 8 hours at 80oC. Then the outer cover is removed and the
kernels are cleaned.
GRADING OF KERNELS
There are 20 grades based on the size. Highest grade costs around Rs.350/kg and
lowest costs around Rs.50 / kg. Only the best grades are exported to the European
countries. They are W210, W240, W320, W450 and Scorched White.
Packing unit: The kernels are packed in thin containers. Nitrogen Hydrogen ratio is
maintained at around 1:5. Six months shelf life is ensured. For export, the standards
required are informed through the phone and is exported the corresponding grades.
The oil extracted from the kernel in the oil extraction unit is used for the paint industries.
In the exporting unit, the kernels are roasted again and packed.
Supply of raw materials :-The nuts from local plantations are available only for 3
months. The import from African countries like Ivory Coast, Nigeria and Kenya meets
the requirement for the balance 9 months.
29
E.I.D PARRY SUGAR FACTORY, NELLIKUPPAM
It is the first sugar sugarcane plant in India. It was started by Campbell in 1803.
EID is East India Distillery. There are four units in Tamil Nadu. Unit in Nellikkuppam
was started in the year 1845. In 1983 E.I.D PARRY was taken over by Murugappa
group.
This is an integrated sugar complex. It is the first to install the electrostatic 25
MW power generation unit. This is the first to export electricity for rural electrification.
Bio gas is also prepared. It also produces organic manure and alcohol. Recovery percent
is around 8.67 %. In Maharashtra, the recovery % is higher. But here only 9 % recovery
is obtained. It may be because of the nearness of sea.
Supply of raw material: The problem comes only in the peak summer season. But
R & D has developed varieties suitable so far. E.g. CO 92-012 & CO 99-004
There is collaboration with TNAU for recycling the water present in sugarcane for
its utilisation in processing of sugarcane.
Complete utilisation of the sugarcane plant
Leaves are used for producing manure. Fibre for producing press mud and
bagasse. Sugar ethanol production is also envisaged.
Recycling of treated effluents:
Bagasse is used for power generation and paper manufacture and carbon di oxide
is used for producing solid ice. Molasses is used for the production of alcohol.
Cane management system
E-commerce in rural India using the web based technology.
Minimising water consumption
1) Effective irrigation
2) Furrow irrigation with trash mulching
3) Desilting of percolation tanks
4) Rain water harvesting
30
Reduction of pollution
1) Green manuring
2) Lower requirement of N fertilisers
3) Vermi composting
4) Use of bio control agents to control pests
Losses in sugar processing -1.84 %
1) Loss in bagasse
2) Loss in molasses
3) Loss in filter cake
4) Unknown losses
Socio economic impact of the institute
1) Direct and indirect employment to farm workers
2) Village adoption
3) Adult literacy programme
4) Supply of inputs
5) Extension department promotes the idea of mechanisation in the farmers field.
Capacity of the unit
Crushing capacity is 5000 TCD (tonnes canes per day)
13.67 lakh tonn sugarcane crushed in 2007-08
Power generation is 24.5 MW
Distillation unit has the capacity of producing 45000 litre per day by the process called
bio still continuous fermentation.
Cane command area
38176 acres (2001-02)
42770 acres (2008-09)
Variety
CO-86032 (70%)
Other varieties (30%)
CO 92-012 & CO 99-004 (varieties under multiplication)
31
Awards and certificates
ISO 9001 and ISO 140001 Certified
(ISO 14001 for environmental standards &ISO 9001 for quality)
State energy conservation award 2007
Pest management
1) Trichograma production in the R & D lab
2) Pheromone traps installed in 400 acres
3) Tetrastichus is also produced
Sugar processing
1) Crushing sugarcane to juice : five mills are used for extraction of juice from
sugarcane
2) Addition of lime and SO2 to the juice for removing the impurities
3) Boiling to thicken the juice in evaporators
4) Addition of SO2 in sulphitisation tank to bleach
5) Crystallisation of juice in vacuum to produce sugar
32
Annexure I - Village Map
33
Annexure II - Basic Information of the village
S.No Description Details
1 Total geographical area 251.46 ha
2 Total population 1757
3 Total number of households 517
4 Number of the BPL families 180
5 Male :Female 1000:1100
Agriculture
5 Total cultivated area 193.15 ha
6 Total irrigated area 183.74 ha
7 Total rainfed area 25.85 ha
8 Fallow land area 16.45 ha
Crops Cultivated
9 Cereals Paddy
10 Cash crop Sugar cane
11 Pulse crops Black gram, Green
gram
12 Vegetables Bhendi, Brinjal,
Drumstick, Chillies
EDUCATION FACILITIES
13 Nursery & primary school 1
14 Middle school 1
15 Anganwadi 1
16 Literacy rate 60 %
(BPL-45%)
34
Annexure III - Infrastructure facilities in the village
INFRASTRUCTURE
1 Source of irrigation Bore well 63
(Kuruvai season)
Canal (Samba
season)
2 Transportation Pakka roads
3 Water tanks 3 (BPL-1)
4 Hand pumps 23 (BPL-6)
5 Mini power pump 1
6 Computers 0
7 Mobile phones All APL families &
few BPL family
members
8 Public telephone booth 2
9 Coin box phones 9
10 Police station Orathur
11 Co-operative bank 1
12 Bio-gas 6 families
(BPL families Fire
wood)
13 Health care centres Nil
35
Annexure IV - Mobility Map
Sethyathoppu
Sugarcane factory,
School, Marketing
Sakkangudi
Keerapalayam
BDO office,
Agriculture Office
Chidambaram
Marketing
School, Colleges
Hospital
Buvanagiri
NGO
Fertilizer Shop
Orathur
Hospital
Police Station
10km
(Rs.3.50)
2 km ( Rs.2.50)
4 km
(Rs.2.50)
11 km
Rs.4
3 km
(Rs.2.50)
BPL APL
KI- Udhya Kumar
Palanivel
36
Annexure V – Time Line
S.No Particulars Year
1 Radio 1957
2 Electricity 1958
3 Fertilizer and Pesticides 1968
4 Tractor 1973
5 Drought 1978
6 Telephone 1980
7 Television 1985
8 Power tillers 1988
9 Paddy harvester 2002
10 NREG-Scheme 2005
11 Flooding 2005
12 Telephone Coin Box 2005
13 Drum seeding 2006
14 Organic farming 2007
15 System Rice intensification 2007
16 Direct seeding 2007
17 Mechanical weeding 2007
37
Annexure VI- Time trend
Paddy MSP
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2004-05 2006-07 2007-08year
Rs/Q Paddy MSP
Paddy MSP-Trend
KI- Jaya Balan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Paddy Sugarcane Blackgram
1998
2008
Cropping Area Trend
38
39
Annexure VII – Field Labour Trend
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
2001-2004 2005-2008
Field labours
40
Annexure VIII - Seasonal activity Chart
Enterprise Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
Paddy N T T,W,Fe Fe H H
N T,W,Fe Fe H H
Black gram H H S
Sugarcane P He,Fe W,Fe E,Fe CM H H,LP
Cattle FG,SF,HC,Mi,TBC
Goat FG,HC
Buffalo FG,SF,HC,Mi
Poultry Fd,EC
N- Nursery raising H- Harvesting
CM- Crop management S- Sowing
FG- Free Grazing
T- Transplanting
P- Sett planting
SF- Stall Feeding
W- Weeding
He- Herbicide application
Mi- Milking
Fd- Feeding
LP-Land preparation
EC- Egg collection
HC- Health care
Fe- Fertilizer application
E- Earthing up
TBC- Transportation through bullock-cart
Highlighted blocks – Represents peak period of Agricultural labour work
for BPL families.
41
Annexure IX – Social Map
SC
population
Fish pond
Community
Hall
Fair
Price
Shop
PACB
SOCIAL MAP:
SAKKANGUDIN
Grocery
Shop
Middle
School
Panchayat
Office
Aanganwadi
SHG
Post
Office
Pond
Amman
Temple
Amman
Temple
Kalimata
Temple
Murgan
Temple
Pond
Tea
Shop
Tea
Shop
Vanniyar
Caste Vanniyar
Caste
To Puliyagudi
Fish pond
Pond
Fish pondFish pond
Pond
Fish pond
Pond
Pond
Fish
pond
ST populationTo Orathur
and
Sethyathop
pu
SC
population
42
Annexure X – Bio-resource flow
Crop Cattle
Biogas
Home
Coconut
Trees
Fishery
Goats
Manure
Poultry
Cyperus textilisC. papyrus
Existing resource
Existing Flow
Proposed resource
Proposed Flow
Duckery
Neem cakes & oil
Biofertilizers
Proposed Crops
Water Hyacinth CompostVermicompost
Exotic breed
Green manuring
43
Annexure XI - Wealth Ranking of the families
55%
10%
35%
poor
Medium
Rich
44
Annexure XII – Income distribution
income of BPL
11%
16%
67%
6%
Agriculture
Livestock
w age
chain & rat trap making
income of APL
76%
13%
4%3% 2% 2%
Agriculture
Livestock
Farm machinery
job
fishery
Business
45
Annexure XIII – Expenditure Pattern
expenditure of BPL
58%
7%
7%2%
4%
8%
5%5% 4%
Food
Cloth
Education
Health
Entertainment
Social event
Agriculture
Livestock
Other
expenditure of APL34%
6%
3%
3%
2%
4%
35%
5% 3% 1%
2% 2%
Food
Cloth
Education
Health
Entertainment
Social event
Agriculture
Livestock
Other
fishery
business
farm machinery
46
2,0002,0001,0001,000entertainment entertainment
3,0003,0001,0001,000OthersOthers
4,0004,00020002000Social eventsSocial events
25002500500500healthhealth
3,0003,0001,5001,500educationeducation
5,0005,00015001500clothcloth
30,00030,00014,00014,000foodfood
APLAverageAPLAverage
expenditure expenditure ––APL APL
((RsRs.).)
Average Average
expenditure expenditure ––
BPL (BPL (RsRs.).)
EnterpriseEnterprise
Annexure XIV - Other average annual family expenditure of
Sakkangudi village
47
Annexure XV – economic viability of different livelihood options
1,50,000+1,00,0001,50,000+1,00,000
1,50,000+75,0001,50,000+75,000
1,25,000+75,0001,25,000+75,000
1,30,000+45,0001,30,000+45,000
1,50,0001,50,000
75,000+25,00075,000+25,000
22,000+10,000 +8,00022,000+10,000 +8,000
20,000 +15,00020,000 +15,000
20,000+12,00020,000+12,000
25,000+15,00025,000+15,000
16,000 +14,00016,000 +14,000
25,00025,000
Annual Income (Annual Income (RsRs))
50,000 + 50,000 + --
50,000 + 25,00050,000 + 25,000
40,000 + 60,00040,000 + 60,000
50,000 + 15,00050,000 + 15,000
52,00052,000
26,000 + 7,00026,000 + 7,000
5,000+ 5,000+ -- + 3,000+ 3,000
-- + 5,000+ 5,000
5,000 + 5,000 + --
8,000+3,0008,000+3,000
--
--
ExpenditureExpenditure
--1515Live stock +wage +Agriculture Live stock +wage +Agriculture
1010--Agriculture +Govt. jobs Agriculture +Govt. jobs
1818--Agriculture + Farm machineryAgriculture + Farm machinery
1010--Agriculture + BusinessAgriculture + Business
66--fishery +Agriculture fishery +Agriculture
6363--AgricultureAgriculture
200200--Agriculture + Live stockAgriculture + Live stock
--2727Wage + AgricultureWage + Agriculture
--2525Live stock + WageLive stock + Wage
--33Agriculture +Rat TrapAgriculture +Rat Trap
--1818Wage +Chain making Wage +Chain making
--9292WageWage
APLAPLBPLBPLProfessionProfession
LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS
48
Annexure XVI- Matrix ranking of livelihood analysis-BPL
Indicators Rat Trap Chain
Making
Agri.Labourers
Income KI1 3(1) 1(3) 2(2)
KI2 3(1) 2(2) 1(3)
KI3 2(2) 1(3) 3(1)
8 4 6
Sustainability KI1 1(3) 3(1) 2(2)
KI2 1(3) 2(2) 3(1)
KI3 1(3) 3(1) 2(2)
3 8 7
Skill KI1 1(3) 2(2) 3(1)
KI2 1(3) 3(1) 2(2)
KI3 1(3) 2(2) 3(1)
3 7 8
Investment KI1 2(2) 3(1) 1(3)
KI2 1((3) 3(1) 2(2)
KI3 2(2) 3(1) 1(3)
5 9 4
19 28 25
49
Annexure XVII - Quantification of the problems identified
35%
62.5%
81.25%
93.75%
Total
RBQ
28.95
180
115.8
193
Area/No.
Affected
1013.25
11250
9408.75
18093.75
VMV
3
6
6
16
Total
loss
(lakhs)
3,039.75
67,500
56,452.5
2,89,500
VBI
-12.5%18.75%50%Labour
problem
--18.75%75%Rat problem
15%20%--
Water
salinity
problem
10%5%7.5%40%
Lack of
alternative
livelihood
RBQ for ranks
Problems
1 2 3 4
RBQ: Rank Based Quotient, VMV: Village magnitude value, VBI: Value based
index
50
Annexure XVIII - Problem tree of the Village
Less income
Lack of alternative livelihoodsLess income from paddy Less income from sugarcane Less awareness about
alternative crops
Less livestock
population
No awareness
about the use
of available
resources
No cottage
industries
Lack of knowledge on
allied enterprises
Rat
problemLabour
problem
Water
becoming
saline
BPH infestation
Favourable
weather
condition
Resurgence
during Kuruvai
Delay in
harvest
Less procurement
price
NREGSLabour
intensive
crop
Less
mechanizationFavourable
weather
condition
Improper
control
measures
Mixing of sea
water in riverImproper
communication
from the factory
Improper
government
policies
No grazing
land
Ineffective SHGs
Lack of trainingNo extension facility
Less number of
extension employees
Less standard of living
51
Annexure XIX – Solution tree of Village
More income
Availability of alternative
livelihoods
More income from paddy More income from sugarcane More awareness about
alternative crops
More livestock Awareness
about the use
of available
resources
cottage
industries
Knowledge on allied
enterprises like fishery,
mushroom cultivation
etc.
No Rat
problemNo Labour
problem
Reducing
water
salinity
No BPH infestation
1.Proper
spacing
2. Alternate
drying and
wetting
3. Alley
spacing
Timely
harvest
More
procurement
price
Seasonal
adjustment
of NREGS
activity
Alternative
cropsMechanization
through
custom hiring
Community
approach for
growing of
crops and field
maintenance
Control
measures
like
chemical,
physical
and
biological
1. Construction
of regulatory
bunds
2. Sub-surface
tile drainage
1. Staggered
planting
2. Establishment
of private sugar
factories
Proper
government
policies
Stall-fed
exotic breeds
Efficient SHGs
Training by
NGOs, banks,
AUs for allied
enterprises
More extension facility
Recruitment of more
extension employees
High standard of living
52
Annexure XX - Problem solution tree of BPL familes
Low standard of
living
Less income
Lack of
alternative
livelihoods
Less livestock
population
Lack of
awareness
about the use
of available
resources
No cottage
industries
Lack of knowledge
on allied enterprises
Rat
problem Water
becoming
saline
BPH infestation
Favourable
weather
condition
Resurgence
during Kuruvai Favourable
weather
condition
Improper
control
measures
Mixing of sea
water in river
No grazing
land
Ineffective SHGs
Lack of training
No extension facility
Less number of
extension employees
Training by
NGOs, banks,
AUs for allied
enterprises
Less income from paddy
1.Proper
spacing
2. Alternate
drying and
wetting
3. Alley
spacing
Availability of alternative
livelihoodsMore income from paddy
Control
measures
like
chemical,
physical
and
biological
Community
approach for
growing of
crops and field
maintenance
No Rat
problem
1. Construction
of regulatory
bunds
2. Sub-surface
tile drainage
More income
High standard of
living
More livestock
Awareness
about the use
of available
resourcesKnowledge on allied
enterprises like
fishery, mushroom
cultivation etc.
Stall-fed
exotic
breeds
Efficient
SHGsMore extension facility
Recruitment of more
extension employees
No BPH
infestation
Cottage
industries
Reducing
water
salinity
53
Farm mechanization
and management of
labour problem
45 lakhAssessment of existing farm
machineries for development of
suitable power tiller operated
machines and their evaluation
AU &
TNAU
Jan.2009
to
Dec.2011
Agriculture Engineer,
Agronomist
Project 3
Problem soil
management and
improved productivity
25 lakhAssessment of the soil salinity status
and development of management
practices for reducing soil salinity
AU &
TNAU
Jan.2009
to
Dec.2010
Soil Scientist,
Agriculture Engineer
Project 4
Alternative source of
fuel and improved
standard of living
10 lakhStandardization of the methodology
for bio gas preparation from water
hyacinth
AU,
NGO &
TNAU
Jan.2009
to
Dec.2010
Agriculture Engineer,
Soil Scientist
Project 2
Development of
alternative source of
livelihood.
30 lakhDevelopment of short duration viable
methodologies for making water
hyacinth compost and assessment of
nutrient status for further enrichment
AU &
TNAU
Jan.2009
to
Dec.2010
Agronomist,
Soil Scientist,
Microbiologist
Project 1
OutcomeCostHowWhereWhenWhoWhat
Annexure XXI- ACTION PLAN
54
Annexure XXII – Integrated Fish Farming in BSP Fish Farm
55
Annexure XXIII- Bio-resource flow - BSP farm
56
Attendance certificate of the Institute seminar held on 17-09-2008
57
58
