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Sustainable Management of Groundwater Connected to Surface Water system
Masaki HayashiDepartment of Geoscience, University of Calgary
Extent of Suficial Sands and Gravels
EdmontonSome of these are good groundwater resources.
Calgary
Red Deer
g
Many are connected to surface water bodies.→ Consideration of GW-
SW interaction.
Maathuis and Thorleifson (2000, Sask. Res. Council Rep.)
2
Groundwater Feeding Surface Water
Springs on river bankHeadwater spring
GW-dependent ecosystemWinter et al. (1998. USGS Circ. 1139)
Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange by Bank Storage
4
Winter et al. (1998. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/)
3
Bank Filtration Induced by Pumping
Thur River, SwitzerlandMunicipal water supplies use bank-filtrated groundwater.
5http://www.cces.ethz.ch/projects/nature/Record/sites
upland
Schematic River Cross Section and Major Pathways of Water and Nutrients
riparian zone
hyporheic zone
A
B C
D
6
Hayashi and Rosenberry (2002.Ground Water, 40: 309)
A: Groundwater flowB: Overland flowC: Litter fallD: Hyporheic exchange
4
“The region of saturated sediments beneath and beside the active channel and that contain some proportion of surface water that was part of the flow in the surface
Hyporheic Zone?Hypo = under and Rheo = flow
surface water that was part of the flow in the surface channel and went back underground and can mix with groundwater” - California Dept. of Water Resources
Examples of hyporheos
7Winter et al. (1998)Hancock et al. (2005. Hydrogeol. J., 13:98)
Hyporheos (e.g. benthic invertebrates) can travel 2-3 km away from the flow channel.
8Stanford (1998. Freshwater Biology, 40:402)
5
Hyporheic Exchange Mechanisms
Bedform-induced flow Meandering channel
5 cm
poolPool-riffle sequence
50 m
Hayashi and Rosenberry (2002. Ground Water, 40: 309)
10 m
riffle
pool
Laboratory Experiment on Bedform Effects
Penetration of white clayStream flow direction
Packman and Mackay (2003. Water Resources Res., 39:1097)
direction
10
6
Evidence of Hyporheic Flow based on Airborne Infra-Red Thermometry
Clackamas River, Oregon3pm 6am
11
30 m
Burkholder et al. (2008. Hydrological Processes, 22: 941)
Groundwater Flow SystemTwo fundamental rules that are generally true:1. Water table is a subdued replica of ground surface.2. Groundwater flows from high to low.
Marshak (2001. Earth: Portrait of a planet)
7
Groundwater Recharge and Discharge
dischargerecharge
10-100 km
∼100 m
Average Monthly Precipitation and “Potential Evaporation” in Calgary
Plants consume most of rain during summer.→ Snowmelt is the important source of GW.
50
100
150
ipita
tion
(mm
)po
ratio
n (m
m)
14
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May Jun
Jul
Aug Se
pO
ctN
ov Dec
prec
evap
8
Retention of Snowmelt Runoff in Depressions
- Frozen soil with high ice content is impermeable.- Blowing snow and snowmelt runoff fill up depressions.- Rapid groundwater recharge occurs after thawing.Rapid groundwater recharge occurs after thawing.
200 m200 m West Nose Creek WatershedWest Nose Creek Watershed
Depression-Focused GW Recharge
Precipitation (P) = 300-500 mm yr-1
Evaporation (E), potential = 700-800 mm yr-1
Snowmelt (S) → additional water input
P ≅ E
G 0
P + S > E
G 10 100 1
S
Snowmelt (S) → additional water input
G ≅ 0 G ≅ 10-100 mm yr-1
Area average G ≅ 1-10 mm yr-1
Hayashi et al (1998. J. Hydrol. 207:42-55)
9
Groundwater Sustains Creek Baseflow
heavy stormheavy storm baseflowbaseflow
2
m3 /s
)
storm flow
snow melt West Nose Creek near Calgary
0
1
3/15 4/4 4/24 5/14 6/3 6/23 7/13 8/2 8/22 9/11 10/1 10/21
flow
(m
baseflow
2011
Groundwater - Surface Water Interaction and Sustainable Water Management
Recharge - Discharge = Storage Change(groundwater level ↑↓)(groundwater level ↑↓)
discharge
recharge dominant
gdominant
10
500
Water Level in “Undisturbed” Prairie AquifersData from Saskatchewan Observation Well Network
498
499
507508509
wat
er le
vel (
m)
Duck Lake 13 m (surficial sand)
504505506507
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
w
Dalmeny 27 m (inter-till aquifer)
Long-Term Water Balance: Steady State
Recharge - Discharge ≈ 0
On a long-term average, recharge and discharge are balanced in “undisturbed” systems.
11
Pumping Disturbs the Water Balance
Recharge - Discharge - Pumping = Storage Change
New Steady State with Pumping
Recharge - Discharge – Pumping ≈ 0
Significant reduction in discharge.
Pumping is still smaller than recharge.
12
Summary of Pumping Effects
No pumping
Decreasing storage
“Capture” of baseflow
Long-Term Effects of Groundwater ExtractionKansas Example
Ogallala Aquifer
1961
Sophocleous (2000. J. Hydrol., 235: 27)
Major perennial streams in Kansas.
1994
13
150000
(m3 /y
r) production allocation
Long-term Effects of Groundwater ExtractionExample from Irricana, northeast of Calgary
0
50000
100000
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005pum
ping
rate
1000on
0
500
1000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
popu
latio
Eckfeldt (2008, B.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Calgary)
1160
1165
1170
er le
vel (
m)
Irricana, 61 m1 km from town water well
AENV Groundwater Observation Wells
1155
1160
86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10
wat
e
880
885
890
leve
l (m
)
Innisfail, 44 m5 m from town water well
870
875
880
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00
wat
er
Data by Carole Holt Oduro (Alberta Environment)
14
Well-Based Assessment of “Sustainable Yield”
pumpingDrawdown deeper for:- Larger pumping rate- Thinner aquifer
drawdown
100’ f k
- Lower permeability- Smaller porosity
Pumping test (2-48 hr)- Determine drawdown
Project drawdown for100’s of km
j20 years of pumping.Set the pumping rate (Q20) for permissible drawdown.
Only one well in the aquifer.
Water Yield Map for Rocky View County
West Nose West Nose CreekCreek
Calgary
CreekCreek
5-25 gpm1-5 gpm
15
New Paradigm of Groundwater EvaluationIntegrated Surface Water-Groundwater Model
runoff
rain/snow evaporation
runoff
Figure from: www.dhisoftware.com groundwater recharge/discharge
Hayashi et al (2010. Can. Water Resour. J., 35: 187)
Preliminary Groundwater Model for WNC
water level in aquifers (m)
Mathematical equations are solved, simulating recharge, storage, and discharge.
4 km
16
Spring in a Gravel Aquifer
water level in aquifers (m)
4 km
It contributes about half of total Creek flow.
NN
Watershed-Based Approach: West Nose Creek
West Nose Creek domestic well monitoringdomestic well monitoring
Private wells of 20 residents- Biweekly water level- Water quality sampling
CALGARY
10 km
q y p g- Water meter for water use
Grieef and Hayashi (2007.Can. Water Resour. J., 32: 303)
stream flow monitoringstream flow monitoring
Calgary
17
1180
1203
Water Level in Selected Monitoring WellsJan. 2005 – Aug. 2012
Elevation (m) above mean sea level
S4
S5
S2 S3
S7 W17
W21
W16W14
W18
M25 M26
W15 W9
W11
W7 W8
W24W10
W5
W6
W3
W1
W2W23
S1
S4
S5
S2 S3
S7 W17
W21
W16W14
W18
M25 M26
W15 W9
W11
W7 W8
W24W10
W5
W6
W3
W1
W2W23
S1
S4
S5
S2 S3
S7 W17
W21
W16W14
W18
M25 M26
W15 W9
W11
W7 W8
W24W10
W5
W6
W3
W1
W2W23
S1
S4
S5
S2 S3
S7 W17
W21
W16W14
W18
M25 M26
W15 W9
W11
W7 W8
W24W10
W5
W6
W3
W1
W2W23
S1
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1200
1201
1202
1221
1222
1223
S7 S6
W19
W20
W4W22
W12
W13
M27
S7 S6
W19
W20
W4W22
W12
W13
M27
S7 S6
W19
W20
W4W22
W12
W13
M27
S7 S6
W19
W20
W4W22
W12
W13
M27
Calgary
1175'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
1221
1281
1282
1283
'05 '06 '07 '08 '09 '10 '11 '12
Expansion to Rocky View CountyObservation by Well Owners
20 km
18
Community volunteers collect the data and report to the County
water witching water witching
water level measurementwater level measurement
water quality samplingwater quality sampling
Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Displayhttp://rockyview.geocens.ca
19
Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Display
Web-based Portal for Data Entry and Display
20
Take-Home Points1. Surface water and groundwater are connected,
and need to be treated as a single resource.
2. Sand and gravel provide good aquifers, and are2. Sand and gravel provide good aquifers, and are often connected to surface water bodies.
3. Sustainable groundwater management requires the watershed-based approach.
4. Long-term monitoring is essential.
Contact: [email protected] portal: http://rockyview.geocens.ca