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7/28/2019 Sustainable Housing CDR
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CRITICAL DESIGN REVIEW
SUSTAINABLE HOUSING
SOCIETY
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1. System Definition AndOverview
1.1 Mission Objective:-
The aim of our project is to try to build houses with materials which would
incur the least cost on nature and be sustainable for the longest duration possible.
We plan to make this result region specific i.e. try to use materials locally available
and not increase the load on some other part.
We aim to achieve this by:
Categorizing the buildings on the type of Materials Used.
Ascertain the materials used for each type of such Housing Topology.
Take one building from each topology and estimate volume of each material
used.
Divide the country into square grid points of 50km sides, and then join gridpoints according to similar climate to get roughly 30 climatic zones for the
country.
Build a table which gives us the information as to which material is
available in which zone.
1.2 Operational Objective:-
For each Housing Topology in each Climatic Zone, ascertain the closestzones from which the required materials can be obtained, thereby causing
the minimum load on nature and facilitating sustainable housing.
Then, calculate the Life Cycle Energy and CO2 Emission for each Housing
Topology in each Climatic Zone.
Seeing the above results, then we will decide if it the construction of that
Housing Topology is sustainable in that Climatic Zone.
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2. System Design
2.1 Design Requirements:-
2.1.1 Scope of the System :
Our aim is to make the system accurate enough to be used for every region
in our country.
We will be covering around 20-25 types of Housing Typologies existent. We will keep track of around 35-40 materials used in the construction of
these building typologies.
The result will be based on several factors such as availability of the
materials in the nearby regions.
Life Cycle Energy of the materials, CO2 emission caused among other
things.
2.1.2 Operational Requirements:
The housing topology given as input should be practically possible in the
given climatic zone.
Since our project pertains only to the country , the materials that are listed are
restricted to ones available.
The transportation facility for transporting the materials from one climatic
zone to another should be available .
The volume calculation of the houses are based on small scale constructions.
The materials that are not produced directly , the CO 2 emission needs to
approximated as exact data is not available.
Various sub-types of materials available are clubbed under certain major
categories for convenience.
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2.2.3 System Success Criteria:
The construction that should be given a green signal should be the ones
which are sustainable as well as viable .
The cost of construction should be kept in mind and should not exceed
limits.
The approximation of the CO2 emission and life cycle energy should be
utmost precision .
2.3 System Organization:-
As specified in the system structure, the system is divided into six sub systems:
1. List of all the buliding types:
Basically we need to find the materials being used for construction and also
classify the buildings on the basis of materials used and utility. Various kinds
of materials help in making different types of buildings with different
characteristic.
2. Each geographic zone categorized based on the climatic conditions there:
This sub-system is required to divide the country into major points which are
important from construction point of view and them enlist them according to
different climatic zones.
3. List of all the materials used for each of the buliding types:
Figuring out the list of materials necessary for building a particular typeof building. The types of building are provided to us by the other groups.
We are creating a list of materials for each of the type of building
classified on the basis of functionality and method of construction.
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4. The amount of each material required on an average for each building type:
Prior to construction and design of a building it is imperative that different
construction materials to be used be identified depending on the
housing typology used and their volumes or amount be calculated.
5. A table to map the geographic zones to the materials available in that zone:
In order to Build a table which gives us the information as to which material is
available in which zone for each Housing Topology in each Climatic
Zone, ascertain the closest zones from which the required materials can be
obtained,we needed some database management systems.
6. The final calculation of the feasibility of construction using the data from
the database and the amount of each material:
This sub-system tell us whether the given hosing topological building is
sustainable in a given climatic zone on or not based on the CO2 emission and
the life cycle energy.
2.3.1 System Flow Diagram:
(a). For each building typology, a list of required materials is prepared.
(b). The database contains data for each zone.(c). For each building type the required amount of material volume is
calculated.
(d). The availability of each material in a particular zone is stored in the
database.
(e). The required volume for each material concerning a particular building
type is calculated.
(f). Calculation of the feasibility requires data from the database.
(g). Calulation of the feasibility also requires information concerning the
amount of all the concerned materials required for construction.
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FLOW CHART TO SHOW MUTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
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3. Sub-System Details
Classification Of Buildings
Objectives Of The Subsystem:-
Our subsystem aims at finding the materials being used for construction and
it also involves classification of the buildings on the basis of materials used and
utility. Various kinds of materials help in making different types of buildings with
different characteristic. Some buildings are built in earthquake prone areas and
therefore materials and types of constructions are used so as to make it earthquake
resistant. Similarly depending upon the topology of the area, climate and other
non-human conditions different construction types and various kinds of materials
are used. The material used in the construction and the methods of construction arevital entities for Sustainable Housing.
Requirement Analysis and Options Considered:-
Our requirement analysis includes understanding what are all the types of
material that can be used in construction of buildings and understanding which
material is fire resistant, which has higher tensile strength, which is stronger,
harder, lighter, electrically sound, sound proof, long-lasting, corrosion-less, which
can withstand high pressure of air and water(like in case of sky-scrapers we needto understand what kind of material should be used which could withstand the high
atmospheric pressures and strong winds, we also need to check the structural
design of the building as at higher altitudes the high pressure and windy nature
could cause problems). Depending on these types of materials that can be used,
construction of buildings is divided into various categories.
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Characteristics Of The Subsystem:-
Our subsystem will characterize various buildings on three major criteria -
1. Functional Utility2. Construction Methods
3. Materials Used
Details of Further Sub-levels:-
Buildings can be characterized on many criteria. We will primarily be focusing on
three of these-
1. Functional Utility -
There are uncountable numbers of utilities of a building. We are
broadly mentioning a few of these with proper examples. Functionalities can
differ from building to building but it is of utmost importance that the safety
and durability of all such buildings is assured. On the basis of functionality,
buildings can be classified as-
Agricultural buildings
Stable, Storm cellar, Tide mill, Root cellar, Hayloft, Farmhouse
Commercial buildings
Bank, Bar and Casino, Coffee house, Convention center, Forum, Gas
station, Grocery Store, Hotel, Office building, Restaurant, Supermarket,
Warehouse
Residential Buildings
Apartment block, Asylum, Condominium, Dormitory, Duplex, House
Educational buildings
Gymnasium, School and University, Museum and Theater
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Government buildings
Capitol, City hall, Consulate, Courthouse, Embassy, Fire station, Palace,
Parliament, Police station, Post office, Prison
Industrial buildings
Brewery, Factory, Foundry, Mining, Power plant, Refinery, Mill, Oil Rig
Military buildings
Barracks, Bunker, Blockhouse, Castle, Citadel, City gate, Defensive wall,
Fort, Fortification, Tower
Parking and storageBoathouse, Carport, Garage, Hangar of aircraft or spacecraft, Storage silo
Religious buildings
Church, Basilica, Cathedral, Chapel, Oratory, Martyrium, Mosque,
Mihrab, Surau, Imambargah, Monastery, Mithraeum, Fire Temple,
Pyramid, Shrine, Synagogue, Temple, Pagoda, Gurdwara
Transit stations
Airport terminal, Bus station, Ferry slip, Metro (subway, underground)
station, Taxi station, Train station, Signal box
Other
Aqueduct, Bakery, Bookstore or bookshop, Community hall, Department
store, Eatery, Folly, Hospital, Hut, Low-energy buildings, Plant nursery,
Stadium, Marina, Triumphal arch, Sport Club, etc
2. Construction Methods
Classification is based on the following building elements
Structural frame
Exterior bearing walls
Interior bearing walls,
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Exterior nonbearing walls and partitions,
Interior nonbearing walls and partitions,
Floor construction including supporting beams and joists,
Roof construction including supporting beams and joists.Fire-Resistance Rating is the other factor in determining construction class.
Fire-Resistance rating typically means the duration for which a passive fire
protection system can withstand a standard fire resistance test.
There are two major sources identifying the construction types: International
Building Code (IBC) and Insurance Services Office (ISO). ISO is traditionally
what insurance companies use to denote type; however, IBC is what Architects and
Builders use.
ISO:
1. Class 1: Frame- Buildings with exterior walls, floors, and roofs of
combustible construction or buildings with exterior walls of
noncombustible or slow-burning construction with combustible floors and
roofs.
o Masonry veneer is thin layers of brick, stone, or stucco, used for
appearance purposes rather than structural support.
o Metal Clad is a building with a metal exterior wall may not look like
frame construction, but when the metal skin is attached to wood studs
and joists, ISO classifies the building as frame.2. Class 2: Joisted Masonry- Buildings with exterior walls of masonry or fire-
resistive construction rated for not less than one hour and with combustible
floors and roofs.
o brick
o concrete either reinforced or non-reinforced
o hollow concrete masonry units
o tile
o stone
3. Class 3: Light Noncombustible-
buildings with exterior walls, floors, and roofs of noncombustible or slow-
burning materials
building supports of noncombustible or slow-burning materials
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noncombustible or slow-burning roof decks on noncombustible or slow-
burning supports regardless of the type of insulation on the roof surface
4. Class 4: Masonry Noncombustible - buildings with exterior walls of masonry not less than four inches thick,
or
buildings with exterior walls of fire-resistive construction with a rating of
not less than one hour, and
noncombustible or slow-burning floors and roofs regardless of the type of
insulation on the roof surface
5. Class 5: Modified Fire Resistive -
buildings with exterior walls, floors, and roofs of masonry materials
described in the definition of fire resistive(Class 6) less thick than
required for fire-resistive structures but not less than four inches thick, or
fire-resistive materials with a fire-resistance rating less than two hours but
not less than one hour
Materials include:
o concrete
o plaster
o clay tile
o brick or other masonry units
o gypsum block
o gypsum wallboard
o mastic coatings
o mineral and fiberboard
o mineral wool
6. Class 6: Fire Resistive -
Walls:
http://www.isopropertyresources.com/Training-Education/Construction-Briefs/Class06-pg2.htmlhttp://www.isopropertyresources.com/Training-Education/Construction-Briefs/Class06-pg2.html7/28/2019 Sustainable Housing CDR
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o solid masonry, including reinforced concrete not less than four inches
thick
o hollow masonry not less than 12 inches thick
o hollow masonry less than 12 inches thick, but not less than eight inches
thick with a listed fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours
o assemblies with not less than a two-hour fire-resistance rating
Floors and roofs:
o reinforced concrete not less than four inches thick
o assemblies with not less than a two-hour fire-resistance rating
Structural metal supports:
o Horizontal and vertical load-bearing protected metal supports
including pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete units with not less
than a two-hour fire-resistance rating
IBC:
TYPE 1 and 2 Construction are those types of construction in which the
building elements are of noncombustible materials (i.e., concrete and steel)
TYPE 3 Construction is that type of construction in which the exterior
walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior building elements are
of any material permitted by this code. Fire-retardant-treated wood framingshall be permitted within exterior wall assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.
TYPE 4 Construction is that type of construction (Heavy Timber, HT) in
which the exterior walls are of noncombustible materials and the interior
building elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces.
Fire-retardant-treated wood framing shall be permitted within exterior wall
assemblies with a 2-hour rating or less.
TYPE 5 Construction is that type of construction in which the structural
elements, exterior walls and interior walls are of any material permitted by
code. (Most One and Two Family Dwellings in Blount County are of thistype of construction).
A = Protected - Protected means that all structural members of a building or
structure has an additional fire rated coating or cover by means of sheetrock, spray
on, or other approved method. This additional fire rated coating or cover extends
the fire resistance rating of structural members at least 1 hour.
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B = Unprotected Unprotected means that all structural members of a building or
structure has no additional fire rated coating or cover. Exposed members are only
fire resistant according to their natural ability and characteristics.
Sprinkled A building or structure is fully protected by a complete fire sprinkler
system.Un-sprinkled A building or structure that is not protected by a fire sprinkler
system.
3. Materials Used
On the basis of materials used in construction, a building can be classified as -
1. Mud Building
2. Clay Building
3. Rock/Stone Structures
4. Thatch House
5. Brush House
6. Igloo
7. Wood House
8. Bamboo House
9. Brick Buildings
10. Concrete Buildings
11. Metal Frame Buildings
12. Glass House
13. Plastic Houses
14. Fabric Tent/House
15. Foam Hut
16. Marble Buildings
17. Tiled House
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Conflicts:-
Our basic job is to characterize the buildings on the basis of materials and
utilities. There are numerous different kinds of materials being used forconstruction purpose but here we cant list out all the materials as our domain of
working has some limitations as listing out all the possible materials for
construction may take much longer time and may need more hands to work. For
example, if we consider bamboo as one of the materials used but if we look into its
sub categories then we will have to mention around a hundred types of bamboo
which grow in different parts of the world. Also for metals, there are several types
of metals available in different parts of world. But iron is the main metal being
used in different types of construction.
Another main conflict is that the total list of materials used in construction of
any building may contain materials which do not reside in our list. This conflict
need not be handled in this project as it would require us to go into minute details
of sub-divisions of material based on various chemical and physical properties.
Solution:-
The only solution to this is to go as deep as possible into the minute details of each
material and categorizing each based on its chemical and physical properties. So,
instead of just listing the substantial materials being used we should rather go for a
list possibly including each and every materials used for construction purpose i.e.
from nail to concrete, which cannot be done here. Moreover, since the technology
keeps improving with time and new methods and materials of constructions are
found by analyzing certain new cases that pop up, this conflict is very difficult to
be kept up to date and solved.
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Ascertain The Materials
Requirements Of The Subsystem:-
These are the requirement of this subsystem from other sub-systems
1. Categorizing The Buildings:
This subsystem is responsible for finding out hte concise list of building
types.
The building types can be on the basis of this construction methods, the
materials used or their functionality.
Based on the list of buliding types, the materials used for each type of
building will be determined.
For Eg. :
Stone
Building Lime
Gypsum
Glass
Ceramics
Steel
Aluminium
Cement
Concrete
Admixtures
Bitumen
Geotextile
Timber
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Plywood
Engineered Wood
Polymers and plastics
Mud
Ice Bamboo
Brick
Fabric
Marble
Rubber
Plaster of Paris
thatch
brush
foam
List of all materials that can be used List of different types of buildings
Categorised on the basis of functionality
Revised list of materials. Concise list of buildings
List of different types of buildings
categorised on the basis of constructionmethods. The materials used in each
Type of building is figured out
And given as output in this sub-system
the data from the above
subsystem is used for LCA andrest of the work.
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Objectives of Sub-System:-
1. Determining a list of all the possible materials that can be used in the
construction of a building.
2. Figuring out the list of materials necessary for building a particular type of
building.
Characteristics of Sub-System:-
Overall material/product selection criteria:
Resource efficiency
Indoor air quality
Energy efficiency
Water conservation
Affordability
The sub-system will examine each building type for determining the list ofmaterials used for it.
Only the materials used in the construction purpose solely will be considered, not
the ones used inside the buildings for other purposes.
Details Of Further Sub-Levels:-
Prepare the complete list of materials that can be used for any constructionpurpose.
Based on each bulding type, prepare a corresponding list of materials used in
the construction of that building.
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The different types of materials are grouped into categories and while
evaluating, the most suitable among the sub group will be considered. For
example:- All the types of glasses.
The materials used for inside furnishing should not be taken into account.
A threshold volume can be decided which will indicate that which materials
should be counted and which should be neglected. the materials used for
inside furnishing should not be taken into account.
Unmanageable Challenges:-
There are many different types of material and we cannot evaluate taking allthe different types into consideration.
The materials used in a very low volume are neglected. so the calculations is
not that accurate as it should be.
Manageable Challenges:-
There are many materials used in a building but are used in a very low
volume so it is tough to decide that which materials can be neglected.
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Calculation Of Volume Of Materials
Objective Of The Subsystem:-
Prior to construction and design of a building it is imperative that different
construction materials to be used be identified depending on the housing typology
used and their volumes or amount be calculated.
The correct type of material is required to be identified correctly depending
on the typology, landscape, climate and other environmental conditions before
considering the amount of material to be used.The volume of material required is necessary to be calculated so as to avoid
wastage of material due to deterioration due to weather and climatic conditions and
even to get the right amount at right time for financial and transportation
convenience. For instance if less amount of material is insufficient amount of
material is bought, then it would increase financial pressure due to transportation
which simultaneously increases pressure on nature/environment .
Moreover some material are volatile and chemically reactive(which can
cause great harm to nature) and therefore have to be bought at the right time when
its usage is substantial.
Requirement Of The Sub-System:-
Determination of volumes of different construction materials require the
knowledge of different construction materials that shall be used in the construction
of the building. The architect plan or the layout plan of the building to be
constructed would also be needed to calculate the volume of a wall, a room, an
apartment and thus the entire building. Knowing the volume of (say a wall) would
enable us calculate the quantity/volume of the different materials needed to
construct that wall.
The subsystem makes use of the information provided by the housing
topology subsystem so as to determine the construction materials to be used
in the construction of a particular building in a specific region.
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Housing topology subsystem provides the information of the construction
types that can be viable in that particular area of that topology. And
depending on this construction type the type of material is identified and its
volume and other calculations are done.
Whenever we have a choice between two or more material which can beused to do the same construction work in that topology then the more easily
available material is given higher priority.
Characteristics Of The Subsystem:-
The only sole work of this subsystem is to calculate the volume of the
construction materials required for constructing a building from a particular
topology.
APPROACH FOLLOWED:
The approach followed is simple. We first compute the volume of a wall,
determine the construction materials to be used in that wall, estimate the size or
volume of a unit material and then accordingly compute the total volume of that
material needed for that wall. We then proceed in this manner taking into account
all the possible structures (the floors, the walls, and the roof for each and every
room) until the volume for a particular material is determined for the whole
building.
For example we first calculated the number of bricks required constructing a
wall of a given dimension with the help of a software then we calculated the total
volume of the bricks with the formula -
V=l*b*h*(number of bricks)
We also know the volume of the wall then the volume of the mud/cement is
calculated by subtracting the volume of bricks from the total volume of the wall.
Volume of cement/mud= Volume of wall volume of total bricks
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DETAILS OF THE APPROACH:
BuildingType
(LXBX
H)
MudHouse
(3X3X3)
Claybuilding
(3X3X3)
Rock StoneStructure(3X
3X3)
ThatchHouse
(3X3X3)
BrushHouse
(3X3X3)
Mud(m
^3)
1.06 2.3
Clay(m^
3)
2.56 0.2
Cement(
m^3)
0.5
Concret
e(m^3)
Glass(m
^3)
Tiles(m
^3)
Iron(m^
3)
0.7
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Wood(m
^3)
2 4.7 3.2
Steel(m
^3)
Bricks(
m^3)
2.9 1.4
Stone(m
^3)
8.9
Polymers and
Plastic
(m^3)
Ice(m^3
)
Bamboo
(m^3)
2.8
fabric(m^3)
Brush(m
^3)
0.5 0.8 2.4
POP(m^
3)
Foam(m
^3)
Clay
tiles(m^
3)
2.4
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Another example is constructing an Igloo.
As we know generally it is hemispherical in shape so radius and thickness of
the igloo is known and volume is calculated by the formula-
Volume= 2*pi*r*r*(thickness)
Mathematically volume of the gate can also be calculated.
Buildin
g Type
(LXBX
H)
Igloo
(radius
=
1.5 m)
Wood
House
(5X5X
5)
Bamboo
House
(5X5X5)
Brick
House
(3X3X3)
Concr
ete
Buildi
ng
(3X3X
3)
Metal
Frame
building
(3X3X3)
Mud(m^3)
Clay(m
^3)
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Cement
(m^3)
1.06 2.3 1.2
Concret
e(m^3)
1.9 1.3
Glass(
m^3)
0.09 0.2 0.3
Tiles(m
^3)
0.09 0.09
Iron(m
^3)
2.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.7
Wood(
m^3)
28.3 2.2 0.36
Steel(m
^3)
0.08 1.2
Bricks(
m^3)
2.9 2.1 1.6
Stone(m^3)
0.07
Polyme
rs and
Plastic
(m^3)
1.9 1.5 1.5 1.1
Ice(m^
3)
2.826
Bambo
o(m^3)
12.5
fabric(
m^3)
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Brush(
m^3)
0.9 0.9 0.9
POP(m
^3)
0.75 0.9
Foam(
m^3)
Clay
tiles(m
^3)
2.4 2.4
Another example is a Bamboo house.
According to the design(as desired by the user) particular mathematical
formula for that design can be derived and according to that volume can be
calculated, here the design seems to be some thing like a cuboid so volume
(excluding gate and extended roof) comes out to be length*breadth*height.
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Another one is a Foam House
Buildin
g Type(LXBX
H)
Glass
House(3X3X3)
Plastic
House(3X3X3)
Fabric
TentHouse
(2X2X3)
Foam
House(Radius
=1.5m)
Tiled
House(3X3X
3)
Marble
Building(3X3X5)
Mud(m
^3)
Clay(m^3)
Cement
(m^3)
1.06 0.5
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Concret
e(m^3)
Glass(
m^3)
1.3 0.1 0.05
Tiles(m
^3)
0.09
Iron(m
^3)
0.6 0.4 1.3
Wood(
m^3)
0.12 2.2
Steel(m
^3)
0.2
Bricks(
m^3)
2.9
Stone(
m^3)
0.17 8.9
Polymers and
Plastic
(m^3)
0.6 2.7 0.08 1.5
Ice(m^
3)
Bambo
o(m^3)
fabric(
m^3)
0.03 0.07
Brush(
m^3)
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POP(m
^3)
0.37 0.9
Foam(
m^3)
2.83
Clay
tiles(m
^3)
2.4
Manageable Challenges:-
Problem:
It may not be possible to determine the exact quantity or volume of various
construction materials say cement, clay etc. Only an estimate may be made.
Solutions:
To be on the safer side the quantity of such materials ordered should be
greater than the estimated quantity to take care of any surplus needs.
But the more appropriate and mathematical way is subtracting the
volume of others materials used for constructing from the total volume
of the building calculated.
Unmanageable Challenges:-
The current implementation, though the best, still has several issues.
The first concerns determination of volumes of different construction
materials to be used in circular shaped structures or structures having a
non linear shape. An example being a dome shaped building.
Computation of volumes is always ambiguous and only a fair estimate
may be made at best.
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Unwarranted environmental conditions like untimely rain may render
some or whole of the material/s unsuitable to be used for construction
purposes.
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Divide The Country Into Climatic Zones
Requirements Of The Subsystem:-
The following are the requirements of this subsystem from the other subsystems.
A detailed list of all the construction materials to be used in the
construction of a building. This list is provided by the subsystem which isassigned with the task of ascertaining the materials to be used in a
buildings construction.
The materials to be used are decided taking into consideration the type of
building most suited to the topography of the region.
The system requires the rainfall and temperature distribution data of the
country for the division into different climatic zones.
We require the distance between different climatic zones. For this we
calculate the distance between major cities of each climatic zone.
Objectives Of The Subsystem:-
The climatic condition of a region give us an insight into what kind of
materials can be found in this region , what are the natural resources abundantly
available in the region , what would be the kind of houses that people would preferthe most.
This sub system provides information of different construction materials
found in various climatic zones found across the country. With the help of this
information we determine whether a particular material is found in the region in
which the building is being constructed. If not, it provides us with the minimum
distance i.e. the nearest location from which that material can be brought from.
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Characteristics Of The Subsystem:-
To facilitate the process of ascertaining the minimum distance from which aparticular construction material can be procured from, we
Divide the entire country into different climatic zones
For referring to each climatic zone, we choose a few major cities in each one
of them.
The physical division into various grids allows us to determine the nearest
available location of a particular material.
While the division on the basis of climate allows us to determine which material
can be found in a particular location.
Further Details:-
The basic purpose of dividing the country on the basis of climate is to
determine the availability of materials in different locations, hence, we
primarily consider those parameters that affect the growth or existence of
different materials.
So we use the following climatic variables to do the division.
Rainfall
Temperature
Humidity
Solar Radiation
These factors affect the growth and existence of natural materials like
bamboo, wood, sand etc. The physical geography or topography of a region
also plays an important role in this regard. For example a particular kind of
rock can be found only on hilly regions and some kind of soil is specific toGangetic plains. So all this is taken into account while making this division.
The country has been divided into basically 20 climatic zones on the basis of
the above mentioned parameters average rainfall, temperature, humidity and
solar radiation covering the climate types of the entire country. This has been
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shown by taking the example of 50 odd cities which lie in either of the
climatic zones.
To make the physical division, we choose a unit of suitable length so as to
have sufficient number of grid points to cover the entire country. We alsochoose this length keeping in mind that there should be sufficient number of
grid points in each climatic zone.
We refer the rainfall and temperature distribution map of India (attached
below) to divide the country into different climatic zones. We classify a
region as a different climatic region if it has distinctly different temperature
and rainfall parameters.
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION MAP
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TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION MAP
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Unmanageable Challenges:-
The division of the country on the basis of climatic factors
may not be able to give a very clear idea about the availability of certain artificialmaterials like paint and wires. For these materials we refer the exact data.
Also in certain cases when the nearest location of
availability of materials is in another climatic zone physically but very close to the
required location, the system does not give the required output.
Relation With Other Subsystems:-
The housing topology subsystem provides details of the housing style most
suited in a particular region considering various climatic factors. This
subsystem makes use of the above assessed details and determines whether
the construction materials needed for that specific housing topology are
present within that particular climatic sub-region.
Another subsystem which deals with calculating the minimum distance
where the material can be transported from, in case a construction material is
not available within that subsystem makes use of the information provided
by our subsystem, whether the material is present in that region or not.
The subsystem which concerns itself with calculating the life cycle of a
construction material makes use of various factors such as transportation
head which makes use of the data garnered by our subsystem.
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TABLES
Requirements Of The Subsystem:-
The various requirements taken up by our sub-system from the other sub-systems
are:
1. List of all the building types:
This sub-system is responsible for listing out the various types of buildings
based on certain criteria:
This provides us with the various types of buildings based on
functionality,construction type and materials used or we may say depending
upon the topology of the area, climate and other non-human conditions
different construction types and various kinds of materials are used.
Our sub-sytem takes up the data from this sub-system i.e buildings based on
material.
2. Each geographic zone categorized based on the climatic conditions there:
This sub-system provides us with the information about the division of the
country into grids or the important cities .
This sub-system also provides us with the classification of the different cities
into different climatic zones.
Our sub-system utilises these two data sets and stores them accordingly.
3. List of all the materials used for each of the building types:
Figuring out the list of materials necessary for building a particular type of
building.
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Accumulating all the types of materials for all the different types of
buildings which is stored by our sub-system accordingly.
4. The amount of each material required on an average for each building type:
This provides the list of the different types of materials that would be
required for the construction of the buliding.
This also provides the complete data of the amount of material that would be
required for each types of buliding classsified on the basis of materials.
5. The final calculation of the feasibility of construction using the data from
the database and the amount of each material required:
This sub system provides the life cycle energy of a building and the CO 2emission of each buliding which has been picked for the calculation of the
amount of material.
This information is required for us to be displayed and display the fissibility.
Objectives Of The Subsystem:-
The major objectives of our subsystem are:-
To Build and maintain a table which gives us the information as to
which material is available in which zone.
To Build and maintain a table which gives us the information as to
which zone comes under which climatic conditions.
To Build and maintain a table which gives us the information as to
which material is used in which building typology.
We will take the user query which gives typology and location as an
input and tell the user whether the building is feasible or not.
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To build a proper user friendly interface in which the user can easily
check if a building is feasible or not.
Details Of Further Sub-Levels:-
1. Information regarding Various Housing Topologies.
Table name: bldg_material
The data in this table which will tell us the materials required for various
housing topologies. Based on this data we can check if the area in which the user is
building if feasible or not using the following two tables.
This table will contain the follwing attributes:
Building Topology : This attribute can contain the following values :
'Bamboo House'
'Brick Buildings'
'Brush House''
'Clay Building'
'Concrete Buildings' 'Fabric Tent/House'
'Foam Hut'
'Glass House'
'Igloo'
'Marble Buildings'
'Metal Frame Buildings'
'Mud Building'
'Plastic Houses'
'Rock/Stone Sructure'
'Thatch House'
'Tiled House'
'Wood House'
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Material : This attribute contains the list of the materials that each
building topology will require for the construction and would be
picked from a list that would be pre-populated.
2. Information regarding Material Available in Various Zones:
Table name: material_zone
This will contain the information regarding all the materials available in the
local region of each grid block. Using this data we will check whether the material
is available or not. If the material is not available, then we will identify the nearestzone which contains the needed material.
This table will contain the following attributes:
Materials: This attribute contains the list of possible materials that are
available in the various zones that have been identified earlier.
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Cl_zone: This attribute lists the various climatic zones that have been
identified by the other sub-system earlier.
3. Distribution of Climatic Zones Across the Country:
Table name: location_zone
This will contain all the data corresponding to each and every climatic zone.
It will tell us which grid block falls in which climatic zone. In order to measure the
nearest distance between 2 climatic zones this data would be required.
This table will contain the follwing attributes:
City: This attribute contains the list of pre-populated cities that havebeen identified geographically.
Zone: This attribute lists the zones identified earlier. Cities fall under
zones.
4. Distance between the different climatic zones :
Table name: distance
This table stores the distances between any two climatic zones. This table is
useful for carrying out calculations. Calculations regarding the transportation cost
of materials involved distance between two climatic zones. Further, it is also useful
for the life cycle energy and CO2 emission calculation.
5. Query input view:
This view file will build a form through which input could be taken.
Input consists if the location in which the building is to be constructed and thetopology of the building that the user wished to build.
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6. Output view:
This view file will give as an output whether the building is feasible in
the given location or not.
7. Life cycle energy emission view file:
This file would show the life cycle energy calculated by the
controllers.
8. CO2 emission view file:
This file would display the CO2 emission associated with the building.This is a calculation done in a seperate controller function which takes many
inputs.
9. Listing all the materials used in a building topology:
Controller name:building_materials
Inputs:building topology
Output:list of materials required.
10. Finding whether a material is available locally:
Controller name:material_availability
Inputs:List of materials,zone
Output:available or not.
11. Calculation of life cycle energy:
Controller name:LIFE_CYCLE
Inputs:distance table,list of materials required
Output:life cycle energy of each material.
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12. Calculation of CO2 emission:
Controller name:CO2_emission
Inputs:specific energy cost and density of each material.
Output:CO2 emission level
Manageable Challenges:-
Maintaining data tables and integrating them in an appropriate manner is
itself a challenge. The major challenge with the interface is that it should be such
that a user can easily use it and the database should also be accessible with this
interface.
Another challenge is associated with measuring the distance of two points.
Some proper implementation has to be done in order to measure distance between
two points.
Unmanageable Challenges:-
The data associated with this application is such that the calculations might
sometimes be different from actual value. Although web2py has friendly user
interface and manages the database efficiently, but it is a bit slow compared to
other interfaces. Sometimes the query which the user might want to access could
be answered by using the data available. For an example if the user enters a small
town as a location, there is a probability that the database table does not contain the
location(although we might have the data for the location but we wont be able to
recognize the location).
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Life Cycle Energy &Carbon Dioxide Emission
Requirements Of The Subsystem:-
These are the requirements of this sub-system from other sub-systems:
1. List Of Materials For Each Housing Topology:
To calculate the Life Cycle Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emission, we will
need the exact list of all the major materials used for any Housing Topology given
as a input.
2. Volume Of Each Material Used:
The Life Cycle Energy and Carbon Dioxide Emission will vary with
increasing amount of volume of that material used. Hence, the volume of eachmaterial used will be needed.
3. Closest Climatic Zone Where Material Is Available:
The calculations for Life Cycle Energy and Carbon Dioxide will require that
we know, for each material, the closest climatic zone where it is available, after the
climatic zone given as the input.
4. Distance Between The Climatic Zones:
We shall need the approximate distance between each climatic zone because
the Carbon Dioxide Emission and Life Cycle Energy will vary with varying
distance between the given climatic zone and the one the material is available in.
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Objectives Of The Subsystem:-
Calculate Life Cycle Energy:
Life Cycle Energy is analyzed by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).
This analysis includes energy upstream, transportation and production phases.
The analysis of energy upstream phase is carried out using iterative computation,
while direct energy consumption and environmental emission, indirect energy
consumption and environmental emission are considered.
Calculate Carbon Dioxide Emission:
The Carbon Dioxide Emission refers to the Carbon Dioxide released into theatmosphere corresponding to the amount of energy spent in producing a particular
material.
Characteristics Of The Subsystem:-
1. This is the final subsystem of the project and it gives the final calculation with
regard to the set of Housing Topology and Climatic Zone given as input.
2. It gives, as the output, the calculated values of Life Cycle Energy and Carbon
Dioxide Emission, and declares if it is feasible to construct that building for
sustainable housing.
Details Of Further Sub-Levels:-
Life Cycle Energy:
LCA includes 3 phases: energy upstream phase, transportation phase, and
building materials production phase. LCA is quantification and analysis of the
input (energy consumption) and output (environmental emission) data in life cycle
of the production or its service system in the determinate scope, and involves mass
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data collecting and a lot of calculating. A LCA calculating program with a large
quantity of calculating and iteration function is made BESLCI(Building Energy
System Life Cycle Inventory). However, this program should be upgraded when
introducing new materials or new blocks. So the calculating procedure need to be
reprogrammed and the old database should be updated continuously when it isused.
According to the characteristics of energy production, it can be divided into
three categories. First, all of the energy is used as a process fuel, such as coal
which is completely combusted in power generation process. Second, energy is
partly used as a process fuel, and the remaining part is taken as the raw materials,
such as coal exploitation process. Some coal is used as fuel in combustion process
(producing emissions), and the remaining part is utilized as a raw material (not
producing emissions). Third, all of the energy having been dealt with is used as a
raw material, with no chemical reaction, such as natural gas compression and
liquefaction.
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Comprehensive energy refers to the overall energy consumption when
producing one unit product. Energy unit covers a various kinds of forms, so energy
is converted into standard coal when making energy statistics. Conversion
coefficient can be calculated with thermal equivalent. Life cycle energy
consumption of building materials in production phase is obtained by:
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Carbon Dioxide Emission:
Firstly, for calculating Carbon Dioxide Emission we will have a table with
Specific Energy Cost for each material which can come in input. Specific EnergyCost shall be in MJ/Kg. We shall use the density of each material to calculate the
Volumetric Energy Cost in GJ/m3 since we know the volume of each material used
in the Housing Topology and not the weight.
For every material using the volume used, we can find the total energy used
in producing that amount of that particular material. We can obtain the
corresponding value of Carbon Dioxide Emission. The global average for this
relation stands as 0.098 tCO2 = 1 GJ. This is the same as 1 MJ = 0.098 kgCO2 =
98 gCO2 or 1 kgCO2 = 10.204 MJ.
MaterialSpecific energy
cost (MJ/kg)
Density @ STP
(g/cm3)
Volumetric
energy
cost (GJ/m3)
Aluminium 220 2.7 590
Asphalt
concrete
2.4 2.3 5.5
Concrete 0.95 1.1 1.0
Copper 70 8.9 630
Glass 16 2.5 40
Plastic
(LDPE)80 0.92 74
Steel 35 7.8 270
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LDPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel7/28/2019 Sustainable Housing CDR
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4. System Threats
1. The system may not be able to account for the extra expenses that
sometimes need to be added like in cases of natural disasters, accidents ,
excess rain fall etc.
2. There are some cities which have been enlisted in the various climatic zones
that may be residing at the border of the country . But, we calculate the
availability of the material based on the distance .
3. There may be many materials that are not specifically not present in our list ,
but may be considered a part of one of the enlisted items.
4. We may be missing some of the products or by-products which also need to
be accounted during the calculation of the CO2 emission and life cycle
energy calculation.
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5. Self Assessement Of The DesignIn Meeting The System
Objectives
The system has been build in such a way that it will provide a very easy touse interface in which a person enters a location and the type of building
he/she wishes to build and the system returns whether that structure should
be brought up at that location or not based on sustainability and feasibility.
The system is designed in such a way that , this can be taken up in future and
made more precise and more detailed i.e this can be made a self-learning
system that keeps on improving itself gradually as it is feeded with more andmore data.
The data that has been used to estimate has been picked after a lot of search
and research although it has been assumed that the data that we have got
from the sources are correct and useable .
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6. Learnings From The System
Design
There should always be understanding between the various sub-systems, all
the sub-systems which rely on the others should specify there way of input
and way of output.
One should always be flexible with the model, because there are a lot of
things that need to be changed during course of implementation.
The scope of the system should be one thing which should be decided prior to
dividing the sub-systems.
One should keep in mind the future problems that may turn up and should
have an insight as to how the model would end up.