Sustainable Energy in Kuwait – Challenges and Opportunitiesarabclimateinitiative.org/knowledge/sustainable_energy/ALi Ebraheem... · Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث1

UNDP Regional Consultation Meeting:“Climate Change Impacts in the Arab Region: Towards Sustainable Energy – Resources, Challenges and Opportunities

Sustainable Energy in Kuwait Sustainable Energy in Kuwait ––Challenges and OpportunitiesChallenges and Opportunities

6th of October 2010

Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain

Ali Ali EbraheemEbraheem HajiahHajiahBuilding & Energy Technologies Dept.Building & Energy Technologies Dept.


Presentation OutlineEnergy Resources: Conventional and Renewable.Kuwait Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuel.Suitability and Potential of Renewable EnergyTechnologies for Kuwait.Proposed Programs of the National Energy Center for Research and Applications. Challenges.Solutions.

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاث

23

2

66

27

36

86

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FOSSIL FUEL Petroleum Coal Natural Gas HydroelectricPower

Nuclear ElectricPower

Geothermal, Solar,Wind, Biomass

and Waste Energy Information Administration: International Energy Annual 2006

Table Posted: December 31, 2008

% O

F TO

TAL

ENER

GY

World Consumption of Primary Energy


Conventional Energy Resources

Coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear, hydro are the major energy resources.

Availability of fossil fuel is limited. It is expected to last for about a 100 years.

Fossil fuels, generate yearly over 21 billion tons of carbon dioxide, a green house gas.

Need to conserve fossil fuels and promote alternatives


Key Strategies to Conserve Fossil Fuels Worldwide

Improve energy efficiency of processes and equipment consuming fossil fuels such as powerplants, transportation etc.

Implement energy conservation programs.

Maximize use of hydro power and build more nuclear power plants.

Use Renewable Energy (RE) Resources.


SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAITPeak Power Demand During 1992-2006

Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait

y = 0.0987x

R 2 = 0.9905

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

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6000

7000

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9000

10000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Year

MW

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

160%

180%

Perc

ent I

ncre

ase

re: 1

992

MW

Percent Increase

Linear (Percent Increase)


Monthly Peak Demand During 2004-2006

Monthly Electrical Peak Demand for Kuwait During 2004-2006

0

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2000

3000

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5000

6000

7000

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9000

10000

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Month

Peak

Dea

mn

200420052006


Peak Day Power Demand-26 July 2006


SOME FACTS AND NUMBERS FOR KUWAITPeak Demand vs. Outdoor Temperature

Peak Demand as a Function of Maximum Temperature2005

y = 170.07x + 438.35R2 = 0.9658

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6000

7000

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Monthly Maximum Temperature (C)

Peak

Dem

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(M


Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – The demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW

The Challenge – Energy Outlook

Primary Energy Consumption Electrical Energy Consumption


Energy Facts for the State of Kuwait

Power plants in Kuwait consume over 55% of primary energy.

Fuel share in power plants is 84% for electricity and 16% for water.

Air-conditioning and lighting of buildings account for nearly 85% of peak electric power and 60% of annual electrical consumption.


KISR’s Early Initiatives to Conserve Fossil Fuels

In 1975, KISR initiated two major programs:

Renewable Energy Program

Energy Conservation Program


Energy Conservation Program for the State of Kuwait

Energy conservation program was launched in late 70s.

Major efforts have been directed towards air-conditioned buildings.

Energy Code for buildings was developed in 1983.


Major Achievements of KISR’s Energy Conservation Program

Energy Code of Practice for Air-conditioned Buildings.

Energy Audits and Peak Power Demand Reduction in Air-conditioned Buildings.

Ice and Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage Systems.

Optimization of Water Consumption in Cooling Towers.

District Cooling studies.


Energy Conservation Code of Practice

Applied by MEW since 1983 to all new and retrofitted Air-conditioned buildings.

Kuwait was the first Arab county to have applied this code.Code compliance has saved nearly US$10 billion till date, through:• Use of smaller air-conditioning units,• Reduction in power demand of air-conditioning units,• Reduction in electricity consumption of a/c units.

Revised code was applied since March 2010.


Energy Audits and Peak Power DemandReduction in Air-conditioned Buildings

Building YearEnergy Saving

(%)

Peak Power Reduction

(%)Kuwait Port Authority 1996 30 20KISR Main Building 2000 21 20MEW and MPW buildings 2004 20 38Public Authority for Civil Identifications 2004 12 5

Al-Fanar Shopping Mall 2004 8 15

Smart Operation Strategies in Eight Government Buildings 2007 - 40


(1) Ministry of Health (2) Chamber of Commerce (3) Justice Palace (4) Public Institution for Social Securities (5) Liberation Tower (6) Ministries Complex(7) Public Authority of Youth and Sports (8) State Audit Bureau

Peak Power Reduction in 2007


Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital


Renewable Energy ProgramSolar Energy (1975-1988)

Power Generation: 100 kW solar thermal power plant using parabolic dish collectors and toluene turbine.


100 KW Solar Thermal Power Station


– Large size Prototype Solar Pond System.– Commissioned in 1988 .– 16 Multi-stage Desalination System.– Generated and stored hot water at 90o C.

Solar Water Desalination


Solar Cooling– Small and medium size systems (5-40 RT).– Flat plate solar collectors and vapor absorption

chiller. – Last installation was in 1986 in MOD building.


Solar House at KISRExperimental laboratory for testing purposes of different solar systems including Solar Water Heating, Solar Cooling and PV.Housed within KISR for R&D.


Solar Water Heating:Flat plate solar collectors at the roof of KISR’s Main Building.


PV System at Kuwait English School (1984)Daily Electricity Load 80 kWhe.No. of PV modules 630. No. of batteries 110.Max. Electricity Production capacity 24.2 kWe

Batteries Storage Capacity 200 kWhe.


Renewable Energy Program

Wind Energy

8 weather stations were installed and wind data were collected for 3 yrs between 1985-88.

Wind speed were found to be low (4.5 m/s).


KISR’s Renewable Energy Program: Lessons Learned

Between 1975 and 1988, Kuwait invested heavily in solar energy applications. Solar systems were found to be not viable due to high initial cost, poor efficiency and high maintenance cost.Lower wind speeds in the country did not encourage wind power generation.By 1988, in line with the worldwide approach, RE Program at KISR was discontinued, and the Energy Conservation Program was given stronger thrust.


Renewable Energy Systems (RES): Current Status

Substantial technological advancement has led to bigger, cost-effective, more efficient and reliable systems.Both stand alone and grid connected RES are becoming cost-effective, due to considerable increase in fossil fuel prices.RES are being promoted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Worldwide capacity of RES is being raised by major industrialized nations.



• Availability of Higher Solar Radiation

Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait

5.66.0

2.7

4.34.7

3.6

5.5

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6.7

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Kuwait Egypt Germany Spain USA(California)

Japan UAE Morocco

Countries Around the World

Sola

r R

adia

tion

(kW

h/m

2/d)

Global horizontal for PhotovoltaicDirect normal for Thermal


Potential of Solar Power Generation in Kuwait

Compatibility of Power Availability with National Power Demand• Power demand in Kuwait is maximum during the summer

months and for sunshine hours. • Maximum power availability from solar systems is also

available during the same period.

Plenty of Barren LandKuwait has plenty of desert land that is not being used.

• An area of 5 km2 or 0.03% of Kuwait land area is adequate to generate 500 MW solar power.


• Due to climatic conditions and latitude, Solar Energy offers substantial opportunities:

• At Generation Side:• Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP)• Solar PV Power Plants

• At End-User Building Side . • Passive solar (building design & materials) • Solar Water Heating• Solar Cooling• BIPV

Suitable Solar Energy Applications for Kuwait


Current Applications of Solar PV Systems in Kuwait

Street lighting.Traffic lights in remote areas.Marine navigator.Cathode protection in oil fields.


Potential of Wind Power Generation in Kuwait

Areas West and South of Kuwait are more suitable for wind power generation. Al-Wafra and Al-Taweel are the best locations.Patterns for daily and seasonal wind power generation are inline with the national power demand. Thus, it can be used for meeting peak power demand. Cost of wind electricity generation for selected locations is less than 40 fils/kWh.


• Grid-Connected 5kW wind turbine

• Operating for nine months

• Mini wind farm of 5 turbines will be installed soon

• Integrated power solution for remote application is under exploration in partnership with private sector

Wind Energy at KISR


Preliminary Economic Viability of Solar and Wind Power Generation in Kuwait

54.753.3

32.6

38.8

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Conventional for fuel priceof $90/bbl

PV-Poly crystalline CPS-Parabolic trough Wind power in selectedlocations

Power Geneation Systems

Ele

ctri

city

Gen

erat

ion

Cos

t (Fi

ls/k

Wh)

Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research الـــعــــلــمــــيـــةمـــعـــهــــد الـكــــويـــت لـــألبـــحــــاثStrategy Workshop.ppt

Develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait

Reduce demand

Supply optimisation and

diversification

Minimise energy use in transport

Energy Efficient Building Technologies

Innovative and Alternative Energy

Optimal Supply from Generation, Distribution & Transmission

Energy Efficient Industrial Technologies

Optimal National Energy Management

Reduced Fuel Use in Transport

Solution Areas Grand ChallengeProgram Framework

One of Kuwait’s primary challenges is to develop solutions for sustainable energy supply and demand for Kuwait – peak power demand is forecasted to exceed capacity. Available electric power capacity in 2009 is 11,000 MW – the demand in 2020 is forecasted to be 22,000 MW.


The Solution Tree for EnergyEnergy Demand Reduction (Applied Research)

Solution

Reduce demand for

power

Applied research –

energy performance of buildings

Building envelope

Systems (HVAC)

Systems (Lighting)

Systems (appliances)

Systems (electro-mechanical)

Selection, labelling, enforcement of

technologyDevelop / adapt new

technologiesIntegration of renewable

energy systems (per building)

Installation guidelinesOperation and maintenance

Design methodsMaterial selection and

labelling



District cooling and thermal energy storage

Systems (renewable)


Energy Supply

Solution

Supply optimisation

and diversification

Innovative and

alternative energy

sources

Nuclear (policy)

Renewables – solar (PV, CSP)

Renewables – wind

Renewables –geothermal

Renewables – biomass

Gather data

Explore and select (pre-feasibility)

Develop and prototype

Commission, install and operate

Evaluate and optimise

Grid connection and distribution

Hybrid systems



Fuel cells

Clean fuel


Technical Challenges

• Verification of available resources• Daily and seasonal variations• Reliability of RE systems under harsh

weather conditions• Lack of smart electrical grid• Lack of adequate codes and

standards


Economic Challenges

• Higher capital cost.• Competition from conventional energy

sources. • Lack of short and long term planning • Lack of clear Public-Private

partnership • Lack of financing options for RE

projects.


Social Challenges

• Inadequate workforce skills and training.

• Poor public perception of RE system appearance.

• Fear of change and transformation• Lack of information transfer and

consumer awareness.


• Essential need to launch Energy Efficiency Programs for all types of Buildings.

• Clear role of Private sector to conduct Energy Auditing of buildings according to a TOR resulted from R&D work.

• A Comprehensive energy resource assessment is essential.

• Systematic R&D, demonstration, testing and evaluation of the different RE technologies under Kuwait conditions is required.

Solutions


• A clear energy strategic plan is needed with a target (such as RE will represent 2% of total electricity generated in Kuwait by 2020).

• Strengthening the cooperation with the International institutions (GEF, UNDP, UNEP, EU,…etc.) to enable bridging the cost / market gaps.

• Training and capacity building.

• Create a National Energy Center for Research, Development and Applications.

Solutions, continued


Thank youAli Ebraheem Hajiah, Ph.D.

Building and Energy Technologies DepartmentKuwait Institute for Scientific Research

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Documents

Sustainable Energy in Kuwait – Challenges and Opportunitiesarabclimateinitiative.org/knowledge/sustainable_energy/ALi Ebraheem... · Ice Storage Systems in Al-Sabah Hospital