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Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Policies and Measures: Policies and Measures: Putting development first in a Putting development first in a
carbon-constrained world.carbon-constrained world.
COP11December 5, 2005
Rob BradleyClimate and Energy ProgramWorld Resources Institute
Authors•Navroz K. Dubash, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, India•José Roberto Moreira, University of São Paulo, Brazil•Stanford Mwakasonda, Energy Research Centre, South Africa•Wei-Shiuen Ng, WRI
Acknowledgements
Funding providersCanadian International Development AgencyGovernment of Norway, Government of the Netherlands
•Luiz Augusto Horta Nogueira, Itajubá Federal University, Brazil•Virginia Parente, University of São Paulo, Brazil•Jonathan Pershing, WRI•Lee Schipper, WRI•Harald Winkler, Energy Research Centre, South Africa
1. Why some developing countries must be engaged in mitigation activity if we are to avoid catastrophic climate change.
2. Developing countries face urgent and legitimate development priorities that make climate change a low political priority.
3. SD-PAMs as a means of reconciling these facts.4. Examples studied in Growing in the Greenhouse.5. Placing SD-PAMs in a climate agreement – why and
how?
Growing in the Greenhouse
Top 25 GHG emitters, 2000
0
5
10
15
20
25U
SA
Ch
ina
EU
25
Ru
ssia
Ind
ia
Ja
pa
n
Ge
rma
ny
Bra
zil
Ca
na
da
UK
Ita
ly
S. K
ore
a
Ukra
ine
Me
xic
o
Fra
nce
Ind
on
esia
Au
str
alia
Ira
n
S. A
fric
a
Sp
ain
Po
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
S. A
rab
ia
Arg
en
tin
a
Pa
kis
tan
Per
cen
t G
lob
al G
HG
Em
issi
on
s
Emissions from six gases
Source: WRI, CAIT
The development challenge
Population without access to electricity, selected countries
The development challenge
Motor vehicles per 1000 people, selected countries
A commitment to implement a policy or measure – not based on GHG emissions.•Driven by host country development needs.•Large-scale policies and measures, not projects.•Development path chosen results in significantly lower emissions.•Declared and registered under the international climate framework.
What is an SD-PAM?
“Parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development.” “policies and measures to protect the climate system . . . should be integrated with national development programmes.” UNFCCC, Art. 3.4.
The SD-PAMs approach aims to create a formal mechanism to recognize developing country efforts in this regard, and to assist them.
SD-PAMs implement UNFCCC principles
Looking at real-world examples
BrazilBiofuels for transportReducing the economic impact of oil imports and supporting the rural economy
ChinaInnovative transport approachesPromoting mobility while avoiding urban infrastructure and oil supply constraints
South AfricaCarbon capture and storageFinding ways to reduce the impact of coal in developing countries
IndiaRenewable energy in rural electrificationProviding electricity faster and safer to 500 million people
An SD-PAM already implemented! Driven by foreign exchange concerns – has saved $100 billion in external debt.Saves an estimated 26 Mt CO2 per year.Some 20 other countries could benefit from same approach.
Brazil – ethanol for transport
India’s rural electrification: 500-600 million people without electricity.Three supply scenarios:
–Grid First–Diesel First–Renewables First
Three levels of rural electricity demand.
India – options for rural electrification
Approaches are evaluated by India’s national criteria.Grid First offers little hope of meeting electrification goals.Diesel First raises significant oil import concerns.Renewables First brings benefits but at significant capital cost – can international policy help?
India – a wider potential role for renewable energy
Qualitative assessment of the scenarios
CO2 emissions under the scenarios
India – a wider potential role for renewable energy
CO2 emissions under the scenarios
Many developing countries remain dependent on coal.Carbon capture and storage offers the potential to use coal and cut emissions.However, CCS presents few sustainable development benefits apart from climate protection – perhaps even harm.Important potential for CCS in South Africa, but SD-PAMs is not appropriate. More direct carbon-based finance will be necessary.
South Africa – carbon capture and storage
Recognition. Many developing countries are implementing policies that bring major climate benefits. This fact needs wider recognition, which will in turn strengthen DC hands within climate negotiations.Learning. Many countries, developed and developing, share challenges and can learn from each others’ experiences.Integration. Aligning climate policy more closely with development interests engages important stakeholder and decision-makers.Support. Combining development and climate policy enables and promotes wider international support for both sets of goals. This includes the steering of larger sources of finance than are likely to be available for climate change actions alone.
Why include an SD-PAM in an international agreement?
How would SD-PAMs work?
Pledging•Single pledge•Mutual pledge•Harmonized pledge
Registry•Maintained by international body (e.g. UNFCCC Sec.)•Public information makes contribution clear.•Helps with learning, recognition and better mutual understanding of national priorities.
Reporting and review•Reporting potentially easier than national communications.•Facilitative review.
The varied nature of SD-PAMs makes a pledge-based approach the most likely format for their implementation. These can take several forms:Single pledge. A country pledges an SD-PAM based on its national circumstances.Mutual pledge. Two or more countries make pledges, perhaps including a pledge of support from a donor or partner country. The pledge to fully implement the SD-PAM on each country is dependent on the fulfillment of the other country pledges.Harmonized pledge. A group of countries pledge to undertake the same action. Potentially interesting among groups of major trading partners, to reduce competitiveness concerns.Mutual and harmonized pledging imply significant international negotiation.
How would SD-PAMs work? Part 1
