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Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology in Taiwan
Speaker: Dr. Chao-Lung Hwang
2013.4.25
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Curriculum Vitae
oPh.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(UIUC), U.S.A.
Green Concrete, Concrete Science and Technology, High Performance Concrete, Lightweight Material R&D, Lightweight Concrete, Heavy weight Concrete, Engineering Material Science, Construction Technology, New Construction Method, Construction Automation.
Research area
Education
Professor Chao-Lung HwangvProfessor and Chair, Department of Construction Engineering, Taiwan Tech, TaiwanvDirector of SUS-CON Research Center
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Contents
Conductive Concrete
Participant of FP 7_ SUS-CON
Introduction
Sustainable Concrete Design
Sustainable Concrete Design and Its Application in Taiwan
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Research
• 362 journal papers
• 7 books
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Global Warming
Extreme Climate
Snow Disaster
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Conductive concrete is produced by adding electrically conductive components to a regular concrete mix to attain stable electrical conductivity.
Roadway deicing
Electrical grounding
Radiant heating
Rebar cathodic protection
Structural health monitoring
Electromagnetic wave shielding
1
2
3
4
5
6
Conductive concrete
http://www.conductive-concrete.unomaha.edu/background.php
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2012, Europe, Japan and the Chinese mainland, the snow frozen, increase traffic disasters.
According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the the maximum snow Aomori Suantang region up to 439 cm.
Blizzard raging in Europe, the French people freeze to death, traffic chaos, southwest England, more than 500 people once trapped in the road.
2012 in Northwest China and North China because of the heavy snow blocking the road, the South is slippery or icy roads is estimated that there are 51 transportation highway affected.
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2011, the United
States, China snow
frozen, causing
traffic disruption.
China Railway also can not
travel due to the snow.
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Electrical conductivity of concrete mixtureConductive aggregates
Conductive materials
Improving the electrical conductivity of concrete mixture
Iron ore Slag
Steel shaving, coke breeze, steel or carbon fibers
Conductive concrete
Steel Fibers1.5% by volume
Steel shavings25% by volume
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Power W = IV = I2 R
Resistance R = ρ L / A
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線性區 :電壓和電流的關係是線性,電熱累積較低
操作區 :電壓和電流為非線性關係,電功較大,升溫速率增加
飽和區 :電壓太高,打破了電容產生類似短路現象,不適合使用。飽
和區可以減少電壓來控制加熱速率
Operational
(V)
Saturated
(V)
C.Y Tuan ,“ Conductive Concrete Overlay for Bridge Deck Deicing: Mixture Proportioning , Optimization , and Properties ”, ACI Materials Journal,2000.March,pp.172-181
Saturated
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45 MPa (6500 psi)
3634 MPa (527 ksi)
< ACI-209 by 20~30%
500~1000 W-cm
Material Testing -
ASTM and AASHTO
Specifications
4.6 MPa (670 psi)
312 cycles, no failure
0.004~0.007 cm3/sec
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Freeze-thaw Resistance
Shrinkage
Permeability
Electrical Resistivity
Conductive concrete
by Christopher Y. Tuan, Ph.D., P.E.Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering
University of Nebraska – LincolnPeter Kiewit Institute
Omaha, Nebraska
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“It has been used for centuries. But now,…, concrete is ready for a high-tech upgrade.”
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Durability evaluation • I-480 Patch_ under traffic load and freeze-thaw action . • Poured on December 4 and opened to traffic on December 6, 1999.
Test section (21 ft ×12 ft ×3.5 in.) on I-480 Missouri River Bridge using the conductive concrete mix.
Conductive concrete
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Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Conductive concreteDurability Test (I-480 Patch) Evaluation: No fiber exposure or cracking in 2 years
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Anti-icing: the overlay was
preheated 2 to 6 hours before snow accumulation and heated during the
storms.
Deicing: the overlay was heated only
during the storms after snow
accumulation.
Experiments were conducted in five snowstorms during the winters of 1998 - 2000 under two scenarios:
Deicing and Anti-icing Experiments: Heating Performance
Conductive concrete
Designed by Guild Design Inc.Deicing 1998
Deicing 1999
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Deicing 2000
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The inlay consists of 52 individual 1.2m 4.1m (4 ft 14 ft) conductive concrete labs.
The bridge has a 36 m (117 ft) long and 8.5 m (28 ft) wide conductive concrete inlay.
Roca Spur Bridge is a three-span slab bridge with a 45.70m (150 ft) long and 11m (36 ft) wide concrete deck.
Located about 15 miles south of Lincoln, Nebraska, on Highway 77 South.
Roca Spur Bridge
Conductive concreteImplementation Project - Roca Spur Bridge
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Conductive concreteRoca Spur Bridge, Nebraska, US
Junction boxes
Power cords and thermocouple wire in PVC conduit
Angle iron for electrodes
Slurry grout to prevent de-bonding
Finishing Surface Angle iron electrode - Close-up
Power cord electrode connection
Deicing controller system
Deicing system in operation
http://www.conductive-concrete.unomaha.edu/background.php
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Conductive concreteHeated Deck of Roca Spur Bridge
Storm DateSnow depth(in.)
Air temp.*
(oF)
Wind speed(mph)
Energy(kW-hr)
Unit Cost($/ft2)
Power Density (W/ft2)
Dec 8-9, ‘03 6.5 20.7 16.2 2,023 0.050 40.04
Jan 25-26, ‘04 10.1 14.9 14.4 2,885 0.070 30.74
Feb 1-2, ‘04 5.7 14.4 11.1 2,700 0.066 26.57
Feb 4-6, ‘04 7.8 19.2 11.5 3,797 0.093 35.94
Jan 2-5, ‘05 8.5 15.6 14.3 3,128 0.076 33.01
Feb 6-8, ‘05 4.6 17.3 12.7 3,327 0.081 32.25
Mar 18-21, ‘06 9.9 32.5 16.2 2,786 0.068 29.97
Jan 13-14, ‘07 3.3 10.9 22.0 2,366 0.058 18.83
Jan 20-21, ‘07 6.0 24.8 17.5 2,573 0.063 30.21
Feb 12-13, ‘07 3.8 17.6 16.0 2,653 0.065 33.48
Summary of Performance Data of Roca Spur Bridge Heated Deck
Avg deck temp
Ambient temp
February 5-7, 2008
The deicingsystem performed exceedingly well
February 6, 2008
On the average, the energy cost for the heated deck was about $250 during a major winter storm, which typically would last for three days.
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The Yichun, Heilongjiang project
Gutter 50 cmWidth
PS board
4 Deicing Panels
變壓器
Conductive concrete
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Harbin emerging industrial technology service platform—Driveway Warming Project
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Indoor electric warm Panel
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The Comparison of de-icing Board and system ($)
De-icing Method Initial CostAnnual Operation
CostEnergy
ConsumptionAdvantages and disadvantages
Auto hot water spray
$ 600,000/set
$ 12,000 --------- Difficult to repair
Electric heating $ 54/m2 $ 4.8/m2 323-430 w/m2 disabled
Hot water pipe $ 161/m2 $ 250/storm 473 w/m2Affect the original
structure, not easy to repair
Gas pipe heating $ 378/m2 $ 2.1/m2 ---------Affect the original
structure, difficult to repair
deicing board $ 635/m2 $ 0.81/m2/storm 350 w/m2Strengthen the
original structureEasy maintenance
De-icing Salt ---- $ 20,000 ------ Sequelae of severe
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Green Construction Materials from Waste materials
Dr. Chao-Lung HwangLight Weight Aggregate
Sediment Of Reservoir
Sewage Sludge
Municipal Waste
Incinerator Fly Ash
Patent Machine
Cold bonding method
Sintering method
27/34
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Green Concrete—Sustainable concrete design
Durability
DurabilityEconomy
Ecology
Safety
SafetySafety
EconomyWorkability
Workability
Traditional concrete High-performance concrete
Self-consolidating concrete
Sustainable concrete
Sustainable concrete should have the feature of safety, durability, workability, economy and ecology
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Objectives( 1/5)
Green Design :1. Use less cement2. Use pozzolanic material3. Recycle concrete 4. Improve concrete Life5. Development new technology
CO2 carbohydrate become
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Objectives( 2/5)
uThe manufacture of one ton of Portland cement will increase 0.85 ton CO2.
uIn 2005, Taiwan annual cement consumption is about 15 million tons that equals to 12.75 million tons CO2 emission.
( 1) Environmental Friendly- All waste materials
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Objectives( 3/5)
Materials Process Health Long life
u Cement for Concrete is just like Meat for Mankind to achieve Health and Long Life!
( 2) Healthy Concrete – No Crack!
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Objectives( 4/5)
u The Effect of Paste Content on Plastic Shrinkage Crack and Durability.
Improper Curing
Cement Paste
Ambient Condition
Leaching Efflorescence
Inferior Factor
AccelerationCorrosion
Fresh Stage Harden Stage
Durability
WindTemperatureEvaporation
( 3) Durable Concrete - Sustainable
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Objectives( 5/5)( 4) User Friendly From 0 to 270 mm slump just as desired.
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Chemistry effect( pozzolanic reaction )
Physics effect( filler )
Construction application
pozzolanic material
Fly ash
Slag
Silica fume
pozzolanic material
→+
+H-S/A-CH-S/A-NH-S/A-K
H CHNHKH
S/A
Two effects of pozzolanic material s :
Densified mixture design method
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AggregateAggregate
Aggregate
Binder(Paste or Mortar) Coating thickness
(t)
Vp=Vv+S × t
Void= Vv
• DMDA is the durability design concept to achieve minimum water and cement content by applying fly ash to fill the void between aggregates and cement paste to attain “the least void”.
40/34
Densified mixture design method
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Aggregate
Filling with Sand
Filling with Fly ash
Sand
Fly ash
1750
1770
1790
1810
1830
1850
35 40 45 50 55 60 65
UW=1829 (kg/m^3)
Uni
t Wei
ght (
kg/m
3)
Sand/(Sand+Aggregate) (%)
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
5 10 15 20 25
UW=2123 (kg/m^3)U
nit W
eigh
t (kg
/m3)
Fly ash/(Fly ash+Sand+Aggregate) (%)
Densified mixture design method
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Hwang-Fuller's Densified mixture design Algorithm:
v Porosity , pastev Water and cementv Use pozzolanic material and
superplasticizer
0.1 1 100
20
40
60
80
100
h=0.45
h=0.40
h=0.333
h=0.55
h=0.50
P=(d/D)h
Pass
ing
Rat
io (%
)
Partical Dimension (mm)
21~
31=
= h
DdP
h
,
d : size ;D :
Dmax。
Densified mixture design method
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Applications of sustainable concrete in Taiwan
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Far Eastern Center Taipei
6000psi concrete
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Landmark of Southern Taiwan- Kaohsiung T&C Tower (HPC)
T&C Tower
v85 stories, height 368 M vSteel box filled in HPC, B2F→60F v56D Designed strength fc’= 8000 psivSlump= 250±20mmvUsing w/b instead of w/c
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Chung Tai Chan Monasteryn HFDMDA method:
u Lower voids to reduce the paste amount
u Less cement and less water content
u Use pozzolans and SP
21~
31=
= h
DdP
h
,
Where P : Content of aggregate smaller than size d particle ; d : Individual sieve size ; D : Nominal maximum size of aggregate
0.1 1 100
20
40
60
80
100
h=0.45
h=0.40
h=0.333
h=0.55
h=0.50
P=(d/D)h
Pas
sin
g R
atio
(%
)
Partical Dimension (mm)
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Designed by Guild Design Inc.
Marine HPC- Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium
Anti-corrosion concrete for structure contact with water.
Designed 28D compressive strength fc’=5000psi
Slump= 250±20mm
Chloride penetration 1000 Coulomb≦
Cement Slag FA SF Sand CA-1 CA-2 Water SP290 57 128 0 825 560 380 152 9.8
Kg/m3
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101 stories, height 508 M.
Steel box filled in concrete, B5F→62F.
Designed 90D, fc’= 10000psi.
Apply JIS standard.
U-test, V-test, complete flow test.
Test till pouring Oct. 1999~Aug. 2000
SCC Landmark- Taipei Financial Center (Taiwan 101)
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Nanggang Transportation Station
Self consolidating concrete.Concrete strength of 4,000 psi and 5000 psi56,000 tons of CO2 reduced.An equivalent to 1,550,000 trees willow tree
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Self consolidating concreteConcrete strength up to 4,000 psi, 5000 psi10,948 tons of CO2 reduced.An equivalent to 295,892 trees willow tree
Wei-Wu-Ying Center for Arts and Culture
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Real Concrete Practice for the Reduction of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2)
Project name W/C W/B Pozzolan (%)
Cement consumption (kg/m3)
Divine and make haze material
consumption (kg/m3)
CO2 Reduction (ton/m3)
Toytal CO2 Reduction (ton) [Total concrete
amount ]
CO2 Rduction equivalent to trees
amount (pc) [Total concrete
amount ]
SCC of the Nanggang
Transportation Station
0.83 0.41 (280kgf/cm2) 50.0 200 200 0.1700 6,304
[37,080 m3] 170,378
[37,080 m3]
0.72 0.37 (350kgf/cm2) 48.8 230 220 0.1870 50,165
[268,260 m3] 1,355,812
[268,260 m3]
HPC of the 85 Tuntex Tower, Kaohsiung
0.45 0.34 24.6 355 116 0.0986 1,035 [10,500 m3]
27,973 [10,500 m3]
HPC of the marine Biological and
Aquariummu Museum 0.53 0.34 28.9 290 118 0.1003 8,485
[84,600 m3] 229,324
[84,600 m3]
HPC of The Taipei 101 Finacial
Center 0.42 0.28 29.1 380 172 0.1326 27,846
[210,000 m3] 752,595
[210,000 m3]
SCC of The Wei-Wu-Ying Center
for Art and Culture
0.83 0.41 50 200 200 0.1700 11,900
[Estimate 70,000 m3 ]
321,621 [Estimate 70,000 m3 ]
Note: 1 head of 50 centimeter in diameter trees are set up, can absorb about 37 kilograms of carbon dioxide to invite in one year by high metre of willowsing. [The materials are taken from the forest discipline of university of Taiwan The professor - wooden material, to firm environmental effect that stores of carbon dioxide ] forever Wang Song
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Heavy-Duty Railway Turnover Sleeper for CSC ( 12000 psi HPC)
•Replace Wooden Sleeper •Durability Design•Heavy-duty for Iron-water•High Quality with fc’ > 70MPa•High fr > 10 MPa
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2010 Heavy-Duty prestressed concrete sleepers successfully passed a six month trial operation.
In the paste:Wooden sleepers
Today:Heady-duty prestressed concreet sleepers
Trial operation
Heavy-Duty concretesleepers
New sleeper Concrete : 10,000
~17,000 psi
Heavy-Duty Railway Turnover Sleeper for CSC ( 12000 psi HPC)
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核廢料儲存桶
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2498.0
98.5
99.0
99.5
100.0
100.5
101.0
101.5
102.0
Wei
ght L
oss(
%)
Cycle
HIC-Sulfate attack
Sulfate attack High Integrity Concrete (HIC)
Steel fiber reinforced concrete : 17,000 psi
High Integrity Concrete(1/2)
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High Integrity Concrete(2/2)
1.5m
Drop test
45o 90o 180o
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Pervious concrete(1/6)• Pervious concrete material (PCM) is a concrete with many
larger pores through the concrete structure than in conventional one.
• The mixture is designed by control coating thickness of binder and is a composition of cement, uniformly graded coarse aggregate, little or no sand and pozzolanic materials. Paste or
Mortar Coarse Aggregate
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• Application of pervious concrete:
Park
Sidewalk Roof
Parking lot
Pervious concrete(2/6)
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Mixture Proportion (Pervious Concrete):
The binder quantity of pervious concrete is also designed by using DMDA, and the coating thickness on aggregate and binder needed for pervious concrete are shown as:
tSVV Pm ⋅==
(
Where : :(m3), the total binder content of pervious concrete;:( ), the total surface area of aggregate of pervious concrete; :(mm), the coating thickness of pervious concrete.
S 32
mm
t
mP VV ,AggregateAggregate
Aggregate
Binder Coating thickness (t)
Void
Pervious concrete(3/6)
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1. Excavation 2. Laying soil 3. Land levelling
4. Laying nonwoven fabric
5. Binder mixing 6. Binder
Pervious concrete(4/6)-Learning by doing for training students
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7. Binder+Aggregate
8. PCM Mixing 9. PCM
10. Laying PCM 11. Rolling 12. PCM Pavement
Pervious concrete(5/6)-Learning by doing for training students
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The grass growing on PC pavement
Pervious concrete(6/6)-Learning by doing for training students
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Rice husk ash concrete(1/2)
Specific gravity Loss on ignition SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 P2O5 Na2O K2O
2.06 8.5 91 0.35 0.41 -- 0.81 1.21 0.98 0.08 3.21
Steam boiler
Black rice husk ash
Rice husk briquettes
Chemical composition
Properties of black rice husk ash used
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Rice husk ash concrete(2/2)
Rice husk ash concretes
RHA concretes: Charge passed < 2000 C
Control concrete: Charge passed = 2516 C
RHA concretes: “low” level CIP
Control concrete: “moderate” level CIP
ASTM C1202
Low
47 − 66 MPa (28
days)
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Cellular Concrete
Foam machine
CastingMolding
Foam machine
Foam
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Cellular Concrete
W/B Wc Wfa Wslag Ww Wfoam SP0.3 385.08 192.54 192.54 180.99 46.21 3.850.4 333.68 166.84 166.84 210.89 53.39 2.670.5 294.39 147.19 147.19 233.74 58.88 1.77
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SUStainable, innovative and energy-efficient CONcrete, based on the integration of all-waste materials (SUS-CON)
No Name Short name Country
1 Centro Di Progettazione, Design & Tecnologie DeiMateriali
Cetma Italy
2 Consorzio Per Lo Sviluppo E Il Trasferimento DiTecnologie E Per La Realizzazione Di Servizi NelSettoredel Recupero Edilizio
Tre Italy
3 National Technical University Of Athens NTUA Greece
4 S&b Industrial Minerals Mining Ouarrying IndustrialCommercial Touristshipping Technical Company Sa
S & B Greece
5 Centro Riciclo Vedelago S.R.L. Centro Riciclo Italy
6 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Tno
TNO Netherlands
7 Acciona Infraestructuras S.A. Accino Spain
8 Istanbul Beton Elemanlari Ve Hazirbeton Fabrikalari SanaiVe Ticaretas
Iston Turkey
9 Magnetti Building Spa Magneti Italy
10 VEOLIA ENVIRONMENTL SERVICES (UK) Ltd Veolia Italy
11 Centitvc - Centro De Nanotecnologia E Materiais TecnicosFuncionais E Inteligentes Associacao
CeNTI Portugal
12 Basf Construction Chemicals Gmbh BASF Germany
13 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology TBTC Taiwan
14 Tuv Italia Srl TUV Italy
15 Fraunhofer-gesellschaft Zur Foerderung DerAngewandten Forschung E.V
FhG Germany
16 Iridex-group-plastic Srl Iridex Romania
17 The Queen's University Of Belfast QUB United Kingdom
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