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www.waterfootprint.org
Sustainability Through Water
Footprint Assessment
Ruth Mathews
Executive Director / Water Footprint Network
Water Currents Policy Series
Water Research Commission
Pretoria, South Africa
28 June 2013
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Water Footprint Network
Mission: Promoting sustainable, equitable and efficient water use
through the advancement of the water footprint concept in public and
private sector water use and management policy.
Strategic Pillars:
Building Knowledge: tools, databases, research, applications
Building Competency: training, quality assurance, technical assistance
Building Community: partner programmes, linking to other initiatives
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What is the water footprint?
The ‘water footprint’ is a measure of human’s appropriation of freshwater resources.
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
► Water footprint is a measurement of the volume of water consumed
(evaporated or otherwise not returned) or assimilation capacity used.
► The water footprint is a geographically & temporally explicit indicator.
► The water footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at both direct
& indirect water use of a consumer or producer.
► A water footprint can be calculated for a process, a product, a
consumer, group of consumers (e.g. municipality, province, state or
nation) or a producer (e.g. a private enterprise, public organization).
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Water footprint components
Green water footprint
► volume of rainwater evaporated
or incorporated into product
Blue water footprint
► volume of surface or
groundwater evaporated or
incorporated into product, lost
return flow
Grey water footprint
► volume of water needed to
assimilate pollutants
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Water footprint along a supply chain
Feed crop
cultivation
Indirect
water
footprint
Direct water
footprint
Livestock
farming
Direct water
footprint
Indirect
water
footprint
Food
processor
Direct water
footprint
Indirect
water
footprint
Retailer
Direct water
footprint
Indirect
water
footprint
Consumer
Direct water
footprint
Virtual water flow through the supply chain
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Water footprint components
Direct water footprint Indirect water footprint
Green water footprint Green water footprint
Blue water footprint Blue water footprint
Grey water footprint Grey water footprint
Wate
r
consum
ptio
n
Wate
r
pollu
tion
Return flow
Water withdrawal
The traditional
statistics
on water use
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add product water footprints
of all products produced
Water footprint of a group of
consumers
Water footprint of a group of
producers (e.g. a sector)
Water footprint within a
geographically delineated
area
Water footprint of a
producer (business,
company)
Product water footprints
Process water footprints
Water footprint of consumer
add product water footprints
of all products consumed
add process water footprints of all
processes in a production system of a product
add process water
footprints
of all processes
occurring within
the area
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
Coherence in water footprint accounts
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Water Footprint Assessment is a framework for
improving the sustainability, efficiency and equitability
of water use:
• How much water is being consumed or polluted?
• Is environmental sustainability, economic efficiency
and social equitability criteria being met?
• What strategic actions will improve the
sustainability, efficiency and equitability of water
use?
Water Footprint Assessment
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Water Footprint Assessment
Water
footprint
sustainability
assessment
Water
footprint
accounting
Water footprint
response
formulation
Setting goals
and scope
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4
[Hoekstra et al., 2011]
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Water Footprint Assessment can take two forms:
• Production assessment: products, processes,
facilities, companies
• Geographic assessment: catchments, river basins,
nations
Water Footprint Assessment
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Water Footprint Assessment: Phase 4 – Response Formulation
Improve
performance in value
chain
Understand local
watershed context
Watershed &
collective action
Improve operational
performance
Direct Water Footprint:
Within the fence efficiency improvements
Sustainability Assessment:
Are sustainability criteria violated?
Indirect Water Footprint:
Addressing water risk in value chain
Sustainable Water Strategy:
Water footprint reduction targets & action plan
Wate
r S
tew
ard
sh
ip M
atu
rity
Pro
gre
ss
ion
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Tata – IFC Corporate Water Sustainability
Components
Direct Water Footprint
Indirect Water Footprint
Sustainability Assessment
Response Strategy Formulation
Estimation of supply chain water
footprint
local watershed sustainability and best practices for efficiency
Identification of response strategies for reducing water
footprint/ enhancing sustainability
Calculation of operational water
footprint
Company Coverage
Tata Steel Jamshedpur
Tata Power Trombay Jojobera
Tata Motors Sanand
Pune Jamshedpur
Lucknow Pantnagar
Tata Chemicals Babrala Haldia
Mithapur
• Direct WF by process • Indirect WF • Facility WF • Product WF (blue) • Company WF (partial)
Components
Blue WF
Grey WF Green
WF
Water Footprint Assessment (WFA) Stages
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
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Tata Steel
Water Footprint
Assessment
TSL Average Monthly Direct Facility WF
TSL Average Monthly Process Blue WF
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
Tata Steel
Water Footprint
Assessment
FY 2012 and FY 2013 Average Monthly Grey WF Pollutant Comparison
TSS Grey WF by Process Oil and Grease Grey WF by Process
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
Tata Steel
Water Footprint
Assessment
TSL Indirect Blue WF of Coal and Iron Ore
TSL Indirect vs. Direct Blue WF
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
Tata Steel
Water Footprint
Assessment
TSL-Generated Blue WF Sustainability Assessment: Natural Runoff (No Dam) Flow Regime
TSL Cost Curve
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
Tata Chemicals
Water Footprint
IFC, Tata, WFN, 2013
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UK Environment Agency SENET Area
Water Footprint Assessment
- Objectives
. carry out WFA on the catchment scale for
SENET to benefit water resources regulators
with the developed tools and outcomes.
. understand where/how the industrial,
agricultural and domestic sectors use water
within SENET; establish where the pressures
are mounting for public and business use
and environment…
- Scope WFA for Lee Catchment, Colne Catchment
North London Catchment and RBI Catchment
at the level of sub-catchment for each of 35
APS; current conditions and future climate
change scenarios
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Bangladesh Partnership for Cleaner Textile
Buyers’ Engagement
Development of decision support system, capacity
building
Application of buyer wet
processing WFA
Factory Engagement
Support to factories on
Cleaner Production and WF reduction
Investment facilitation for water efficient technologies
Multi-stakeholder Engagement
Development of a Textile
Sustainability Platform for
awareness building
WFA for Clusters: public – private
dialogue
Component 1 Component 3 Component 2
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Water Footprint Assessment: Conclusions
Water Footprint Assessment is a common language which
enables us to:
• Understand the geographic allocation of water resources
for industry, agriculture and domestic water supply
• Evaluate the efficiency of water use: consumption &
pollution
• Determine the sustainability of water use: e.g. water
scarcity and water pollution levels
• Identify the most strategic actions to improve the
sustainability, efficiency and equitability of water use
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Global Water Footprint Standard
The Water Footprint
Assessment Manual
Published by Earthscan, 2011
Freely downloadable from:
www.waterfootprint.org
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Water Footprint Assessment Tool
http://www.waterfootprint.org/tool/home/
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Ruth Mathews
Water Footprint Network
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