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Sustainability of Bioenergy
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq
Director, Centre for Energy StudiesProfessor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
[email protected]://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
Keynote Presentation
International Conference on Green Energy and Technology (ICGET)
Aug. 24-26, 2013, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, JAPAN
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 1 / 17
Outline
1 Bioenergy Sources & Status
2 Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability
Conversion Technologies
Assessment of Potentials
Sustainability Criterion
3 Biofuels in Heat Engines
Vegetable Oils
Biogas in Diesel Engines
Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 2 / 17
Bioenergy Sources & Status
Bioenergy: is renewable energy from biomass1.
Biomass: is produced by green plants converting sunlight into plant
material through photosynthesis and includes all land- and
water-based vegetation, as well as all organic wastes2.
Sustainability: Process of managing global system, which includes
environmental, social and economic subsystems, in which the needs of
the present are met without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs3.
1ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.2P. McKendry (2002). ‘Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass’. In: Bioresource
Technology 83.1, pp. 37 –46.3ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 3 / 17
Bioenergy Sources & Status
Bioenergy: is renewable energy from biomass1.
Biomass: is produced by green plants converting sunlight into plant
material through photosynthesis and includes all land- and
water-based vegetation, as well as all organic wastes2.
Sustainability: Process of managing global system, which includes
environmental, social and economic subsystems, in which the needs of
the present are met without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs3.
1ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.2P. McKendry (2002). ‘Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass’. In: Bioresource
Technology 83.1, pp. 37 –46.3ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 3 / 17
Bioenergy Sources & Status
Bioenergy: is renewable energy from biomass1.
Biomass: is produced by green plants converting sunlight into plant
material through photosynthesis and includes all land- and
water-based vegetation, as well as all organic wastes2.
Sustainability: Process of managing global system, which includes
environmental, social and economic subsystems, in which the needs of
the present are met without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs3.
1ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.2P. McKendry (2002). ‘Energy production from biomass (part 1): overview of biomass’. In: Bioresource
Technology 83.1, pp. 37 –46.3ISO (2012). ISO/CD 13065: Sustainablity Criteria for bioenergy. Tech. rep. ISO.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 3 / 17
Bioenergy Sources & Status
Bioenergy in World Primary Energy Mix4
Bioenergy ∼ 10% of primary energy mix.
Developing countries ∼ 22%, developed countries ∼ 3%.4Bioenergy - A Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source (2009). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.
International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 4 / 17
Bioenergy Sources & Status
Share of Biomass Sources in Primary Bioenergy Mix5
5Bioenergy - A Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source (2009). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 5 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Conversion Technologies
Key Bioenergy Conversion Routes6
6G. Boyle (2012). Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. Renewable Energy: Power for a SustainableFuture. OUP Oxford.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 6 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Conversion Technologies
Development status of the main technologies to upgrade biomass and/or to
convert it into heat and/or power7.
7Technology Roadmap: Bioenergy for Heat and Power (2012). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 7 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Conversion Technologies
Development status of the main technologies to produce biofuels for transport
from biomass8.8Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transport (2011). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.
International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 8 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Assessment of Potentials
Key Relationships to Assess Bioenergy Potentials9
9Bioenergy - A Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source (2009). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 9 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Assessment of Potentials
Standard methodology to compare bioenergy and fossil fuel energy systems10.
10Bioenergy - A Sustainable and Reliable Energy Source (2010). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06.International Energy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 10 / 17
Bioenergy Conversion & Sustainability Sustainability Criterion
Key Factors of Biofuel and Bioenergy Production11
11Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transport (2011). Tech. rep. IEA Bioenergy: ExCo: 2009:06. InternationalEnergy Agency.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 11 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Vegetable Oils
Vegetable Oils as Diesel Engine Fuel
High viscosity & low volatility of vegetable oils ⇒ not suitable as
straight diesel fuel12.
High viscosity can be reduced by:
blending with kerosene13.
preheating using exhaust gas14.
Engine performance with straight vegetable oil is similar to diesel
fuelling.
12M. Z. Haq (1995). ‘Study of the Properties of Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel’. MA thesis.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
13Ibid.14A. M. Morshed (2008). ‘Sesame Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines in Bangladesh’. MA thesis.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 12 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Vegetable Oils
Vegetable Oils as Diesel Engine Fuel
High viscosity & low volatility of vegetable oils ⇒ not suitable as
straight diesel fuel12.
High viscosity can be reduced by:
blending with kerosene13.
preheating using exhaust gas14.
Engine performance with straight vegetable oil is similar to diesel
fuelling.
12M. Z. Haq (1995). ‘Study of the Properties of Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel’. MA thesis.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
13Ibid.14A. M. Morshed (2008). ‘Sesame Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines in Bangladesh’. MA thesis.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 12 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Vegetable Oils
Vegetable Oils as Diesel Engine Fuel
High viscosity & low volatility of vegetable oils ⇒ not suitable as
straight diesel fuel12.
High viscosity can be reduced by:
blending with kerosene13.
preheating using exhaust gas14.
Engine performance with straight vegetable oil is similar to diesel
fuelling.
12M. Z. Haq (1995). ‘Study of the Properties of Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel’. MA thesis.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
13Ibid.14A. M. Morshed (2008). ‘Sesame Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines in Bangladesh’. MA thesis.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 12 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Vegetable Oils
Vegetable Oils as Diesel Engine Fuel
High viscosity & low volatility of vegetable oils ⇒ not suitable as
straight diesel fuel12.
High viscosity can be reduced by:
blending with kerosene13.
preheating using exhaust gas14.
Engine performance with straight vegetable oil is similar to diesel
fuelling.
12M. Z. Haq (1995). ‘Study of the Properties of Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel’. MA thesis.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
13Ibid.14A. M. Morshed (2008). ‘Sesame Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines in Bangladesh’. MA thesis.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 12 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Vegetable Oils
Vegetable Oils as Diesel Engine Fuel
High viscosity & low volatility of vegetable oils ⇒ not suitable as
straight diesel fuel12.
High viscosity can be reduced by:
blending with kerosene13.
preheating using exhaust gas14.
Engine performance with straight vegetable oil is similar to diesel
fuelling.
12M. Z. Haq (1995). ‘Study of the Properties of Vegetable Oil as an Alternative to Diesel Fuel’. MA thesis.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
13Ibid.14A. M. Morshed (2008). ‘Sesame Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines in Bangladesh’. MA thesis.
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 12 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Biogas in Diesel Engines
Indicated efficiencies of a Biogas Fuelled Diesel Engine15.
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.400
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Diesel Natural Gas (NG) Biogas : 70% NG + 30 % CO
2
Biogas : 50% NG + 50 % CO2
Pres
sure
(P/P 0)
Displacement volume (Litre)
Diesel Engine: 1483 cc, 2250 rpm
15M. Z. Haq, M. H. Rahman and Z. A. Bhutto (2003). ‘Performance Studies of a Biogas Fueled Diesel EngineOperating in a Dual Fuel Mode’. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering: ICOPE2003.3.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 13 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Estimated Energy Quantities of Some Fuels16
Fuel ys LHV Tad SE ED
(-) (MJ/kg-fuel) (K) (kJ/kg-mix) (kJ/m3-mix)
Iso-Octane 0.0624 44.7 2270 2873 3507
Methanol 0.1346 21.1 2219 2903 3424
Ethanol 0.1006 27.7 2235 2866 3466
Butanol 0.0825 33.8 2257 2878 3528
ys ≡ Stoichiometric fuel-air mass ratio
LHV ≡ Lower heating value
Tad ≡ Adiabatic flame temperature
SE ≡ Specific energy (energy per unit mass of mixture)
ED ≡ Exergy density (exergy per unit volume of mixture)
16M. Z. Haq and A. Morshed (2013). ‘Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of a Multi-Fueled SI Engine’. In: ASME2013 Power Conference (Power 2013). ASME.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 14 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Indicated efficiencies of a SI engine17
180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420 450 480 510 5400
10
20
30
40
50
Iso-Octane Methanol Ethanol Butanol
Pres
sure
(P/P
0)
Crank Angle (deg)
SI Engine: 583 cc,1000 rpm
Iso-octane Methanol Ethanol Butanol1000 rpm 33.9% 33.9% 33.9% 33.7%4000 rpm 35.5% 35.6% 35.5% 35.4%
17M. Z. Haq and A. Morshed (2013). ‘Energy and Exergy Based Analysis of a Multi-Fueled SI Engine’. In: ASME2013 Power Conference (Power 2013). ASME.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 15 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Observations
Further deployment of bioenergy, if carefully managed, could provide:
an even larger contribution to global primary energy supply;
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially
other environmental benefits;
improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting
imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass;
opportunities for economic and social development in rural
communities; and
scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems,
and making better use of resources.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 16 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Observations
Further deployment of bioenergy, if carefully managed, could provide:
an even larger contribution to global primary energy supply;
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially
other environmental benefits;
improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting
imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass;
opportunities for economic and social development in rural
communities; and
scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems,
and making better use of resources.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 16 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Observations
Further deployment of bioenergy, if carefully managed, could provide:
an even larger contribution to global primary energy supply;
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially
other environmental benefits;
improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting
imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass;
opportunities for economic and social development in rural
communities; and
scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems,
and making better use of resources.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 16 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Observations
Further deployment of bioenergy, if carefully managed, could provide:
an even larger contribution to global primary energy supply;
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially
other environmental benefits;
improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting
imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass;
opportunities for economic and social development in rural
communities; and
scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems,
and making better use of resources.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 16 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Observations
Further deployment of bioenergy, if carefully managed, could provide:
an even larger contribution to global primary energy supply;
significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially
other environmental benefits;
improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting
imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass;
opportunities for economic and social development in rural
communities; and
scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems,
and making better use of resources.
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 16 / 17
Biofuels in Heat Engines Alcohols as Spark Ignition Engine Fuel
Thanks A Lot
c© Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Bioenergy 24 August 2013 17 / 17
