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WTERT@
BEC
Dr. Vijay G. HabbuReliance Industries Ltd.
18th January, 2018
1
SUSTAINABILITY OF PLASTICS:
STRATEGY THOUGHTS FOR INDIA
.
Growth in Global Plastics Production
Source: The New Plastics Economy, Rethinking the future of plastics, WEF.
3
311 MT(2014)
15 MT(1964)
Global Flows of “Packaging” Plastics
Source: The New Plastics Economy, Rethinking the future of plastics, WEF, 2016
4% Process Losses
8% Cascaded Recycling
2% Closed-loop recycling
98% Virgin Feedstock
40% Landfilled78 Million
Tonnes(Annual Prodution)
32% leakage
14% collected for Recycling
4
1 Closed-loop recycling: Recycling of plastics into the same or similar-quality application
2 Cascaded recycling: Recycling of plastics into other, lower-value applications
Source: Project Mainstream analysis – for details please refer to the extended version of the report
available on the website of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation: www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org
14% Incineration and/or Energy Recovery
Forecast of Plastics World in a Business-As-Usual Scenario
Source: The New Plastics Economy, Rethinking the future of plastics, WEF, Davos, Jan 2016. 5
311 MT 1124 MT
1 : 5 > 1 : 1
6% 20%
1% 15%
PLASTICS’ SHARE OF CARBON BUDGET*
PLASTICS’ SHARE OF GLOBAL OIL
CONSUMPTION*
RATIO OF PLASTICS TO FISH IN THE OCEAN
(BY WEIGHT)
PLASTICS’ PRODUCTION
Marine Litter: Microplastics/Microfibres
6
• Marine debris originating from plastics (mainly packaging)
• Increasing concern about microplastics in marine environments and on shorelines coming from:
- microbeads, pellets, abrasion…..,
- also fibres (PET, PA, PE, PP, acrylic, etc.)
• Originate mainly from washed clothes, waste fishing nets, ropes, nonwovens…
• Microplastics/microfibers can physical affect marine species or enter the food chain
Changing economies
All stakeholders need to move from the wasteful linear economy towards Circular Economy8
11
1. Industry-led or reduce demand
2. Green Engineering, Circular Economy
3. Reusable items, Sharing/Collaborative Economy
4. Context-sensitive Solid Waste management Infrastructure (Collect, Capture, Contain)
5. Litter Capture and Clean-up
Mitigation Strategies
Jambeck, J.R., et al. , Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean,
Science, (2015) 347, p. 768-771.
14
PLASTICS: Production, Waste & Waste treatment - EU, 2011
• Plastics production in the EU27, Norway and Switzerland in 2011
Vs
• Amount of post-consumer wasteof plastics
Vs
• Share of different waste-management modes
16
Sustainability pillar Stakeholder Involved
REDUCE Industry Govt
REUSE Industry Govt Citizens & NGOs
RETRIEVE Industry Govt Citizens & NGOs R&D
· RECYCLE Industry Govt R&D
· RECOVER Industry Govt R&D
REDESIGN Govt R&D
Sustainability assurance : Overview
17
RETRIEVE• Product design
(size, shape, thickness, identification)
RECYCLE-CASCADE• Product chemistry, especially for multicomponent plastics
RECYCLE-CLOSED LOOP• Product chemistry, especially for multicomponent plastics
RECOVER• Develop platforms for bio-fuels, bio-refineries • Develop technologies for benign incineration
MATERIAL RECOVERY
REDESIGN• Develop manufacturing technologies that integrate Product design & product chemistry to allow the 4Rs • Develop newer routes to making municipal dumps benign (e.g. enzymes) • Develop newer routes to making marine leaks benign (e.g. bacteria)
GENERAL• Develop newer routes to reducing stress on landfills
Sustainability assurance : Role of R&D institutes
Raw MaterialAcquisition
Ma terialProcessing
Manufacture& Assembly
Use &Service
Re tirement& Recovery
TreatmentDisposal
open-looprecycle
reuse
remanufacture
closed-loop recycle
M, E
W W W W W
M, E M, E M, E M, EM, E
W
M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distributionW = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution
Material flow of product component
19
LCA, an overall indicator of the eco-footprint
LCA = Materials+Energy+Water+Land usage vs Emissions+Wastage+Hazards
LCA : Calculation of Environmental Impact factors
20
1. Abiotic Depletion (ADP, Fossil and elements)
2. Human Toxicity (HTP) is mainly concerned with the Human Health aspect.
3. Global Warming Potential (GWP 100a including and excluding biogenic carbon)
4. Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Potential (SODP 40a)
5. Acidification Potential (AP)
6. Fresh Water Aquatic Eco Toxicity Potential (FAETP)
7. Eutrophication Potential (EP)
8. Marine Eco Toxicity Potential (MAETP)
9. Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP)
10. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)
11. Terrestrial Eco Toxicity Potential (TAETP 100a) indicates the environmental burdens impact values.
ISO-14040 NEEDS TO BE EXPANDED TO INCLUDE POSITIVE IMPACTS SUCH AS:
1. Sustainability Potential – Energy Recovery
2. Sustainability Potential – Material Recovery
Plastics Recycling Approaches
22
U.S. - EPA GoI - CPCB1° Primary recyclingPre-consumer industrial scrapTo form new packaging
Primary recyclingProcessing into products with similar characteristics to original product
2° Secondary recyclingPost-consumerPhysical reprocessing (grinding & melting)
Reformation
Secondary recyclingProcessing into products with different characteristics to original product
3° Tertiary recyclingPost-consumerChemical recycling to isolate componentsReprocessed for use in manufacture
Tertiary recyclingProduction of basic chemicals and fuels
Quaternary recyclingRetrieval of energy by burning/incineration
Recycling of Plastics - Global Regulations
EU
• EU 282/2008
• On recycled plastic materials and articles intended for food contact
• Regulation of 27 March 2008
USA
• USFDA
• Guidance for Industry: Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations
• Aug, 2006
JAPAN
• Recycling of Plastics Container & Packaging Recycling Law, 1995
• Consolidated (2006-06-15)
23
Recycling of Plastics, BIS - PCD 12:7
Indian Standards• IS 14534
‘Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste’
• IS 14535
‘Recycled plastics for the manufacturing of products –Designation’
24
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
MoE, F and CC
• Registration• EPR• Responsibilities of the ULB• Street vendors• Segregation & recycling as per
IS 14534:1998• Annual Reports by all
organized stakeholders
Recycling of Plastics - Indian Regulations
Recycling of Plastic Packaging : the India story
• Recycling of plastics - is a prime area for innovation and sustainability
• In India, ~3500 organized and ~4000 unorganized plastic recycling units.
• Most plastics (PET, PE, PVC, PP, PS) are recycled via mechanical route
• Recycling of plastics ~3.6 MnTPA, provides employment to ~ 1.6 million people (0.6 million directly, 1 million indirectly)
Sustainability Best Practices
Municipal Solid Waste – Indian cities
60,000 MT/day in 300 class I cities
• Wet compostable waste 38%
• Inert waste 49%
• Paper & Paperboard waste 6%
• Plastics waste 4%
25Paving our way towards a ‘Cleaner and Greener’ nation
PET – Sustainable Solutions for Waste Management
Recycled Polyester
Fibre (r-PSF)
Recycled Yarn r- PET T-shirtPET bottle scrap
Value chain for PET recycling already exists and country has enough capacity for recycling of PET
26PET gets converted into polyester textiles - a sterling ambassador of the circular economy
27
Plastics in Roads• The plastic can be shredded to the right size and
incorporated right into the tar.• The plastic melts and lends its qualities to the road. • The entire process is much more eco-friendly than plastic
being recycled since no toxic fumes are vented.
Plastone Blocks• Made from a mixture of waste plastic and stones/granite
waste/ceramic waste• Withstands more pressure and resist water percolation• Many advantages over conventional blocks of cement
Prof. R. Vasudevan,
Dean, Department of Chemistry,
Thiagarajar College of Engineering.
Plastics Waste in Road-making: The Indian Story
The “Plastic Man” of India
GoI has now mandated the use of 20% plastics-waste in road construction
28
CHALLENGES1) Need for smaller packages/affordable servings
• sachets, pouches for shampoos, gutkhas, etc.2) Lack of civic sense
• Littering3) Pilferage of public conveniences
Probably nowhere else in the world
Peculiarities in India
So, India will have to find its own solutions for waste management
POSITIVES1) The entrenched habit of revalorizing (earning-out, reusing)
(e.g. newspapers, old clothes ,,,, anything)
Different types of packaging material
29
Example Retrievability Recyclability Availability Allowed?
RIGID PACKAGING
Single PlasticPET water bottles,
Saline bottles BIS, FSSAI, IP, PWM, WHO
Multi-component(Mix of paper, plastic, metal)
Tetrapak Phase-out @
PWM
Non-Plastic Glass BIS
FLEXIBLE PACKAGING
Single Plastic (thick)>50 micron
Blood Bags, Hi-quality Carry Bags PWM
Single Plastic (thin)<50 micron
Carry bags Ban @ PWM
Multicomponent &Multilayer
Gutkha pouches, Shampoo sachets
Phase-out @ PWM
Sustainability innovations – utilizing the USPs of Polymers
Unique Tools to design properties in
polymers:
• Transition temperatures
• Morphology
• Rheology
• Molecular weight
Light-weighting, strength, etc.
e.g. learn from UHMWPE, DUHMWPE
Non-chemical routes
30
Development of new features
• Bio-degradable
• Oxo-degradable
• Bio-compostable
• Enzyme-interacting
Chemical routes
Novel collection methods
• At-source
collection/segregation
methodologies
Bacterium that eats PETIdeonella sakaiensis
201-F6, Kyoto Univ,
11 May 2016
Y. Kimura, K. Oda, et al.
- Science 351, 1196-1199 (2016)
- Science 353, 759-c (2016)
Material Management
Remedies cannot come overnight, but journey for remedies should begin
Need to have a comprehensive understanding of Sustainability issues• Biopolymers (oil-depletion vs land blocking)
• Oxodegradation (formation of micro-plastics)
• Biodegradability (disintegration vs elemental transformation)
• Biocompositing (land blocking)
else, will merely be shifting the problem
Collaborative efforts needed• industry, social scientists, product designers, microbiologists
Research should not be “what can be done” but it should be “what needs to be done”
31
Polymer R&D and Academicians must lead
Let us move from ‘individual poles of excellence’ to “joining the grid for Sustainability”
Road blocks to growth of Polymer industry
34
PILs in various states • High courts • Supreme Courts• NGT• 21 cases, primarily filed by NGOs
Governmental restrictions/bans • Maharashtra (PET bottles for liquor packaging)• Chhattisgarh (short-life PVC)• Karnataka (Poly bags)• Uttarakhand (ban on plastic bottles in the hills)
Ignorance about polymers/plastics allows fears to grow
Ill-informed premises• Confusion between various plastics• Leaching/Toxicity• Ignorance on recycling• Urge for “bans”
Genuine issues:• Littering-related• Micro-plastics• Recycling of Multi-component materials• Quick fix solutions (e.g. oxo-degradable
Materials of convenience should not become materials of nuisance
36
• Growing population, growing consumption needs to be matched with growing responsibility
New-age materials will need new discipline/governance
Used-material is not waste – it is a raw material
Societal Outlook should be :
R&D / Academicians/Environmentalists MUST LEAD to equilibriate