1.1 Background to the study

Northern Region of Ghana is one of the poorest regions in the country. The Northern Region

contains the poorest extensive land, one where financial development has been hard to stimulate.

Normal destitution level in the Northern Region is 62 percent while the national rate is 18

percent (Ghana Population and Housing Census, 2010). There is still a wide difference of

national improvement between the North and the Southern piece of Ghana. The difficulties go

more profound than servile destitution. The circumstance there is not one of typical neediness

but rather a discriminatingly dubious presence. Low future, low education standard, high child

mortality rates and the high frequency of displacement particularly of the adolescent to different

parts of the nation, further dig in an endless loop of destitution in the Northern Region (Ceasar,

2002).

This circumstance is not inadvertent. The historical backdrop of a restrictive national

development design, which focused on the south to the drawback of the north, is specifically in

charge of the status, which was further exacerbated by lack of interest from governments since

independence (Ceasar, 2002). Northern Region was just profitable to the colonial powers as a

distribution center of shabby work. At the dawn of independence, the whole Northern Region

was referred to just as the Northern Territories and the north served as a subordinate from which

to tap modest work toward the south (Ceasar, 2002).

Until as of late, most Ghanaians thought of the Northern Region as a punishment to be posted to

work there. The Northern Region has been oppressed in the distribution of fundamental

prerequisites for advancement. Case in point the first optional school in the north was made in

1951 when others in the south were at that point 100 years of age (Wils, 2007). The

administration of the First Republic endeavored to incorporate the north by the arrangement of

free instruction and referring to there of a few commercial enterprises. These arrangements were

deserted by resulting governments, and now school fees keep numerous kids out of school,

adding to the unbalanced improvement. The unbalanced improvement of the nation has denied

the north of the chance of outfitting and misusing its rich human and material assets for the

headway of its kin and the country in general.

Tribal and ethnic clashes have also not helped matters. The Region has been transformed into the

most threatening area in the nation because of tribal disputes (numerous observers have referred

to social change and the tribal wars are at fault for the high occurrence of poverty in the north).

The spread of the tribal clashes undermines financial and social advancement of the area (Wils,

2007). Numerous natives of the north need capacities, including health care (numerous treatable

sicknesses kill a greater number of individuals in the north than whatever remains of the nation),

and access to essential infrastructure is lacking.

To manage the above difficulties, the government of Ghana is increasingly swinging to Non-

governmental Organizations (NGOs) as accomplices in meeting Northern Region advancement

needs. This extended role for NGOs has been joined by elevated desires of responsibility and

necessity for self evident confirmation that NGOs can essentially contribute to advancement. The

complimentary part that NGOs play in the social, political, financial and social advancement is

exceedingly refreshing. NGOs have been acknowledged as accomplices in financial

improvement. They prepare groups to take dynamic enthusiasm for the issues influencing them

to encourage improvement. According to Justa (2012) an NGO is an organization that is neither a

part of government nor ordinary revenue driven business. Typically set up by customary natives,

NGOs may be supported by governments, establishments, organizations, or private persons.

A non-government organization (NGO) is any non-benefit, intentional natives' gathering which

is composed on a nearby, national or global level (Anacleti 1993). Undertaking focused and

driven by individuals with a typical interest, NGOs perform a mixed bag of administration and

helpful capacities, convey native concerns to Governments. Some are composed around

particular issues, for example, human rights, environment or health. They give investigation and

ability, serve as early warning systems.

Many local NGOs can be found in Northern Region. They are into areas as; Agriculture, Health,

Education, Science and Technology, Research, women advancement, etc. The initiatives of these

local NGOs working in Northern Region have changed entire groups and have been recipient to

a considerable measure of the country occupants. Some local NGOs by the ideals of their

exercises have supplanted interminable wretchedness with a few grins to those neediness stricken

and very nearly overlooked gatherings of local inhabitants. Had it not been these social benefits

by local NGOs many women would have passed on during child birth; and for the various

boreholes in numerous provincial territories a great deal of rustic occupants would at present be

experiencing this preventable guinea worm malady. Also, because of some local NGOs a

considerable measure of people living in the Northern Region is presently enlightened about

their rights. However, not all these social benefits have stood the test of time, because of a lack

clear cut measure to sustain the benefits. This study examines factors associated with Sustaining

Local Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern

Region of Ghana.

1.2 Problem statement

In recent times, there has been a proliferation of local NGOs in the northern region of Ghana

which is attributable to the development deficit in the region. It is scarcely possible to determine

the real number of NGOs, however reports gauge that they are more than 5000, running from

grassroots group based associations to local NGOs (IEA, 2013). Most are devoted to the

alleviation of poverty, through projects in health, education, income generation etc. However the

sustainability of these projects or benefits has not been verified. Regardless of the expanding

social interventions of NGOs, sustainability of their benefits is still not addressed (Nyamugasira

1998). It is contended that the responsibility for intercessions is ransacked by inadequate

inclusion of the local people in execution, monitoring and managing the benefits (Anacleti

1993). As a result, the social interventions breakdown, when the local NGO pulls out its support.

Ownership is exceptionally essential, on the grounds that it builds the shots of action

accomplishment, as well as enhancing the chance of project success when the local NGO

withdraws (Drazen 2002).

In a haste to reduce the plight of people living in Northern Ghana, most local NGOs concentrate

on securing funds to increase social interventions in the community. They forget that they have a

duty to sustain the existing social benefits and thus pay little attention on the sustainability of the

project. Prioritization of the financial aspect of local NGOs in neglect of ensuring the long term

success of the project has resulted in the non function ability of many of such social benefits

introduced. As Wils (2007) puts it NGOs are presented with a dilemma as to concentrate on the

existing social interventions or expand on the social intervention.

In addition, there is has been insufficient research on how benefits of local NGOs can be

sustained and thusly less lessons can be drawn from endeavors outfitted towards tending to the

issue. It is to a great extent recorded that local NGO social interventions focusing on the poor are

disconnected from the aggregate fabric of the group, less possessed and taken as outsider by

them (Nyamugasira 1998). It is critical hence to see how local NGOs and the community work

towards sustaining social benefits.

1.3 Research Question

The following research questions will be set for the study;

1. What are the key internal factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental

Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana?

2. What are the key external factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental

Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana?

3. What are the benefits that have been registered by Local NGOs at community level?

4. What are the strategies are employed by local NGOs and community groups to ensure benefits

are sustained?

5. What indicators are used by NGOs and beneficiaries to regard a particular benefit sustainable?

6. What challenges are encountered in ensuring benefit-sustainability at community level?

1.4 Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to examine factors associated with Sustaining Local Non

Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of

Ghana

Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study are;

1. To investigate key internal factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental

Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana

2. To investigate key external factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental

Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana

3. To find out benefits that has been registered by Local NGOs at community level

4. To examine strategies are employed by local NGOs and community groups to ensure benefits

are sustained

5. To identify and analyse indicators are used by NGOs and beneficiaries to regard a particular

benefit sustainable

6. To find out challenges/tensions encountered in ensuring benefit-sustainability at community

level

1.5 Delimitation of the Study

The study was confined to the Northern Region of Ghana to take into account top to bottom

examination. It was additionally conducted on three districts in the region. This was a result of

the researchers familiarity of the districts and furthermore because of monetary and logistical

requirements.

1.6 Significance of the study

The study is significant in the following ways;

1. Sustainability of local NGO-benefits is key to mitigating miserable destitution in developing

countries; however endeavors to address this test stay useless. There-fore, reporting

methodologies utilized towards tending to this issue is fundamental to lay grounds whereupon

further reflection into the theme can be made.

2. Also literature supporting rural development has concentrated on NGO financial related

viewpoints: Insufficient examination has been done on how local NGO-benefits can be sustained

beyond the NGOs existence. This examination will consequently supplement the existing

literature about the subject, and plans to offer lessons to development performers pondering the

issue.

3. The study will provide lessons to existing LNGOs and rising ones on how they could

guarantee the sustainability of their social benefits. It will provide recommendations that when

implemented will ensure that their social intervention stand the test of time.

1.7 Organization of the Study

The study will be organized into five chapters as follows:

Chapter 1 discusses the background of the study and it projects the research problem, objectives

of the study, research questions, scope of the study and significance of the study.

Chapter 2 will provide a review of related literature on the study. The chapter will present

theoretical backing underpinning the study and empirical evidence of similar studies across the

world.

Chapter 3 will describe the methodology that will be used for the study. The methodology will

describe the data collection method, analysis techniques and statistics that will be used for the

study.

Chapter 4 will present the analyses of data collected in accordance with the objectives set for the

study.

Chapter 5 is the final chapter and it will focus on the summary of the study, research

conclusions, limitations of the research, and provide recommendations based on the findings of

the study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical framework

Stakeholder Theory

Stakeholder Theory posits that the operations of an organization ought to be custom-made

towards the interest of various stakeholders, including vested parties connected to social, natural

and moral contemplations (Freeman et al., 2004). The stakeholder theory recommends that

"organizations and society are related and subsequently the organization fills a more extensive

social need than its obligations to stakeholders" (Kiel & Nicholson, 2003). Mitchell et al (1997)

sets that stakeholders can be recognized by ownership of the accompanying; (1) energy to impact

the organization, (2) the authenticity of relationship with the organization, and (3) the criticalness

of their claim in the organization.

Stakeholder Theory perceives that different groups have some manifestation of contact or

connection with the organization and are influenced by the organizations's choice making.

Freeman et al (2004) pointed out that the thought of worth creation and exchange is personally

joined with the thought of making quality for stakeholders. Leaders of the organizations

perspective of the stakeholder’s position in the organization impacts administrative conduct. Be

that as it may, Freeman et al (2004) was of the perspective that heads of organizations ought to

attempt to make however much esteem for stakeholders as could be expected by determining

existing clashes among them so that the stakeholders don't leave the organization to its destiny.

Carver and Oliver (2002) investigated stakeholders view on non financial performance. For

example a few stakeholders may look for advantages, "for example, the fulfillment of a specific

standard or providing a specific social benefit. This infers that stakeholders have 'non value

stakes' which obliges organizations to create and keep up all stakeholder connections, and not of

only one stakeholder. This proposes the requirement for reassessing execution assessment.

As indicated by Sundaram and Inkpen (2004), the object of stakeholder quality expansion

matters on the grounds that it prompts choices that upgrade results for all stakeholders. Backers

of the stakeholder theory contend that partner esteem boost will prompt seizure of worth from

non-stakeholders to stakeholders. Be that as it may, Freeman et al (2004) attention on two

fundamental inquiries: 'what is the reason for the association?' and 'what obligation does

administration have to the stakeholders of the organization? They set that both these inquiries are

interrelated and heads of organizations must create connections and propel their stakeholders.

The stakeholder theory is one of the preferred theories that will underpin the study, because the

sustainability of the social benefit initiatives of NGOs cannot be achieved without the

collaboration of all stakeholders that matter. Stakeholders must be involved right from the

implementation of the project so that they may see themselves as part owners of the benefit. This

will ensure that the stakeholders vest their energy in sustaining the project.

Stewardship Theory

Stewardship Theory suggests that agents are trustworthy and good stewards of the resources

entrusted to them, which makes monitoring unnecessary (Davis, 1997). Donaldson and Davis

(1991) reports that “organizational role-holders are conceived as being motivated by a need to

achieve, to gain intrinsic satisfaction through successfully performing inherently challenging

work, to exercise responsibility and authority, and thereby to gain recognition from peers and

bosses”.

As stewards, they are likely to achieve owner’s objective. Davis (1997) asserted that “stewards

derive a greater utility from satisfying organizational goals than through self-serving behavior”.

Stewardship theory suggests that stewards should be given autonomy based on trust, which

minimizes the cost of monitoring and controlling behaviour of the stewards. Stewardship theory

considers that administrator’s decisions are also influenced by nonfinancial motives, such as

need for achievement and recognition, the intrinsic satisfaction of successful performance, plus

respect for authority and the work ethic hence that drives them to succeed. Davis (1997)

suggests that administrators identify with the organization and it leads to personalization of

success or failure of the organization. Organizations that depend on donor funding for example

NGOs will want to put to use judicious use of the funds so that they can access further funds in

future

Daily, Dalton, and Cannella, (2003) argue that organizations are also interested in protecting

their reputation as expert decision makers and therefore would not want to take bad decisions

which will affect their reputation. As a result, these organizations operate in a manner that

maximizes performance. Stewardship theory suggests that the effective control held by

administrators empowers them to maximize organizational performance.

Stewardship Theory is another Theory that is linked to this study because as stewards entrusted

with funds (NGOs), the expectation is that they will use the funds efficiently. They are expected

to initiate and sustain social benefit programmes introduced by them. The sustenance of such

projects will be the basis for securing additional funding for similar projects in future.

2.2 Factors that affect the sustainability of social benefit by LNGOs

Doppelt (2003) posit that since the mid-1980s, there had been gigantic improvement of "social

interventions by LNGOs around the world. In spite of the expanded exercises of these LNGOs,

their advancement towards sustainability had been moderate. In his pursuit to discover why so

few organizations had effectively received viable manageability measures, Doppelt (2003)

thought of seven key" sustainability mistakes". He was persuaded that any LNGO that would

observe these goofs would be making the first stride in making a sustainable endeavor. Doppelt

(2003) recorded the seven goofs as follows:

Mistake One: Patriarchal imagining that prompts a misguided feeling of security. As per Doppelt

(2003), LNGOs that battle to embrace a more manageable way perpetually utilize a patriarcal

ways to deal with administration. In this respects, workers do just what administration orders,

and the associations entirely akes after government command. To Doppelt (2003), this makes

renouncement of moral obligation.

Mistake Two: A "storehouse" way to deal with Environmental and Social- Monetary issues. In

most organization, diverse capacities, for example, ecological and work relations, are generally

appointed to separate units. Administrators see supportability up 'til now another extraordinary

program and don't see how it influences every single other unit, along these lines business as

usual is propagated.

Mistake Three: With no reasonable vision of supportability, LNGOs attempting to receive a

maintainable way usually need clarity about what they are endeavoring to accomplish. Without

an unmistakable vision, these associations regularly expect that being in consistence with the law

is the sole reason for their approaches. Anyway consistence is a back ward situated vision

concentrated on what not to do. Anyway sustainability is a forward – looking vision that

energizes individuals and evokes their full backing.

Mistake Four: Confusion over cause and impact. The predominant mental models held by most

Executives lead them to concentrate on the side effects and not on the genuine wellsprings of

sustainability challenge.

Mistake Five: Lack of information. Individuals require a huge sum of clear and effortlessly

comprehended data. Most LNGOs neglect to convey viably about the requirement for and the

reason, methodologies and expected results of their social benefits.

Mistake Six: Insufficient mechanisms for learning. At the point when workers are given

restricted chances to test new thoughts hardly any learning happens. LNGOs attempting to end

up sustainable seldom organization component that permit laborers to consistently test new

thoughts, extend their insight base and figure out how to succeed obstructions to change.

Mistake Seven: Failure to organize maintainability. A definitive achievement of a change

activity happens when maintainability – based considering, viewpoints and practices are

embedded in ordinary working methodology, strategies and society.

Doppelt (2003) contended that it is possible to stay away from or deal with these botches by

changing a mentality towards accomplishing sustainability, presenting transition groups,

evolving objectives by making a perfect vision and supportability standards, restructuring the

guidelines of engagement by receiving new procedures, moving data streams by resolutely

imparting the need, vision and procedures for achieving manageability, adjusting input circles by

promising and remunerating learning and advancement, lastly adjusting frameworks and

structures to supportability.

In their studies, Thomas and Thomas (2000) assembled the variables affecting social benefit

sustainability under these categories, specifically, (1) organization, (2) strategies (3)

administration, (4) authority. As indicated by Thomas and Thomas (2000) organizational

considers that can impact their sustainability may include: institution building, developing

authoritative values and creating independence. In their perspective, these will require the

foundation of believable governance, proper lawful system, institutional morals, and

transparency of authoritative issues.

Thomas and Thomas (2000) gave the components of sustainability supportability to include:

creating need related strategies; creating techniques reasonable inside available assets;

participation of all partners in creating vision, mission and goals; creating polices harmonious

with national arrangements. They accept these are conceivable if the organization initiates

participatory examination of requirements, develop procedures through investment of

stakeholders, incorporate all direct and aberrant partners in choice making, elucidate its

approaches what's more, plans and create quantifiable meaning of key exercises.

Under administration, Thomas and Thomas (2000) prominent the components affecting

maintainability to incorporate securing responsibility, effective authoritative frameworks and

staff administration frameworks. These they can do by enhancing straightforwardness through

communications, illuminating parts and obligations and establishment appraisals, securing

consensual decision– making and general checking, evading high staff turnover, organizing

vocation getting ready for staff and improving training in fitting abilities.

Authority variables which can impact maintainability incorporate the identity of the pioneer,

straightforwardness in interchanges, specialized abilities, inspiration of the initiative and

supervisory capacity (Thomas & Thomas, 2000).

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

As indicated by Aina (2004), research design gives a general system to the gathering of proper

data. It portrays how a study is led to boost control over elements that could meddle with the

sought result of a study (Cook & Campbell, 2009). A research design is consequently general

arrangement for acquiring responses to the exploration inquiries being examined (Polit & Beck,

2008). The motivation behind the study was to examine factors associated with Sustaining Local

Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of

Ghana. It tries to request perspectives and conclusions on how social benefits by Local NGOs

can be sustained and along these lines the propriety of the utilization of cross sectional study.

Cross-sectional studies as per Creswell (2008) may utilize surveys or organized meeting for

information accumulation with the perspective to summing up from a specimen to a populace. It

is described by the choice of a specimen from extensive or little populaces to get exact fact. It

accommodates an extensive examination of individuals' demeanor towards particular issues.

Moreover both quantitative and qualitative systems will be requisitioned for the study. The

quantitative technique served to give a significant picture of occasions and clarified respondents

conduct on the premise of information that was accumulated. The qualitative technique served to

clarify certain wonder that couldn't have been communicated or measured numerically. The

decision of utilization of both quantitative and qualitative systems was to guarantee that a more

exhaustive exploration configuration was utilized in order to learn more expand discoveries. As

per Saunders (1997), it is ideal to consolidate both quantitative and qualitative routines in light of

the fact that each of the two strategies has its own particular shortcoming so joining them will

help compliment the test in the utilization of only one.

3.2 Population

Kumekpor (2002) portrays population as "the unit of investigation". He further depicts it as the

genuine observational units utilized for a study. The populace is the gathering of enthusiasm to

the analyst, the gathering to whom the researcher wants to sum up the consequence of the study.

A population is the bigger gathering to which one plans to apply the aftereffects of the study

(Wallen, and Frankel, 2000). The population is the complete totality of all subjects (Polit and

Beck, 2008). The study population included all persons living in the Northern Region which is

estimated at 2,479,461 (Ghana Statistical Service, 2014).

3.3 Sample size and sampling technique

Sample size is the subset of the populace under study. As per Kumekpor (2002) sampling is a

procedure or system that permits an analyst to make surmising about a populace in view of the

way of the specimen.

A multi- stage inspecting methodology containing stratified sampling, and convenience sampling

will be utilized to choose the sample for the study. The researcher will utilize stratified

inspecting strategy as a part of selecting five districts in Northern Region. The Researcher will

use convenient sampling to choose respondents who had lived in the area for at least 2 years. It is

accepted that these respondents will be educated sources in the district and in this way will be fit

for giving the right responses to the inquiries. Fifty respondents from each of the five districts

will be chosen for the study conveying the sample size to 250.

3.4 Sources of data

The study will utilize both primary and secondary data. The primary data will be gathered from

the sample through the utilization of questionnaire and interview guide. The secondary data will

include diaries, articles and the internet.

3.5 Research Instrument

There are various techniques that are used in collecting data for research work. Some common

data collection methods are the questionnaire, interview and observation. Data collection

instruments allow systematic collection of data to ensure that they are reliable and can be

analyzed for study. The instrument for the data collection will be the use of questionnaire and

interview guide.

Both open-ended and closed-ended questions will be administered to the respondents. Close

ended questions will be used in situations where responses to a given questions is limited. In

cases where the responses to a question is unlimited and could not be adequately answered with

few words, or where the responses concerned qualitative and opinion related issues, open ended

questions will be used to capture the response.

In addition an interview guide will be developed to ask five (5) local NGOS in the Region how

they sustain social benefit projects. The aim of the interview will be to solicit qualitative data to

back the quantitative data that will be collected via the questionnaire

3.6 Questionnaire Administration

The questionnaire will be administered by the researcher and three research assistants. The

research assistants will be given training to equip them with data collection skills. On the field

care will be taken to prevent a participant from responding to a questionnaire more than once by

enquiring from the subject whether or not he or she has answered one already. Data collected

each day will be checked and cleaned before imputing into the SPSS software program.

3.7 Ethical Considerations

An introductory letter will be gotten and presented to respondents to guarantee them that the

study is implied for scholastic reason. They will be guaranteed of classifiedness of the data being

collected, right to withdraw from the study whenever. Anonymity will be guaranteed by not

asking for the names of respondents but instead the utilization of numbers (codes). The

respondents will be guaranteed of their assurance and the data gotten will not be presented to

others except for the researcher and the supervisor of the study.

3.8 Data Analysis

The addressed questionnaire will be edited and checked for irregularities. After that they will be

coded and broken down utilizing statistical package for service solutions (SPSS) version 20. This

will follow promptly by report writing. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics

(percentages, means, frequency etc) and multiple linear regression.

Table 1: Proposed data analysis of the objectives of the study

Objective StatisticsTo investigate key internal factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental Organisation social intervention benefits

Multiple Linear Regression

in the Northern Region of Ghana

To investigate key external factors associated with Sustainability Local Non- Governmental Organisation social intervention benefits in the Northern Region of Ghana

Multiple Linear Regression

To find out benefits that has been registered by Local NGOs at community level

Descriptive statistics (percentages)

To examine strategies are employed by local NGOs and community groups to ensure benefits are sustained

Descriptive statistics (percentages)

To identify and analyse indicators are used by NGOs and beneficiaries to regard a particular benefit sustainable

Descriptive Statistics (Means and standard deviation)

To find out challenges/tensions encountered in ensuring benefit-sustainability at community level

Descriptive statistics (percentages)

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