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“Suspicious increases in Reserves”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_reserves
Some of these sudden increases may be tied to OPEC decision to tie productionQuotas to reserves.
Value Proposition for Coal Transformation
EIA projections on energy sources
http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/forecasting.html
Excerpts from Talk by Rob Swain at IIN alternative E conf.
28 Sept. 2005http://www.indianainnovation.com/events/2005/energy.asp
Bioenergy – Goals (Indiana)• Total Ethanol Production 200 million gallons
by 2007 (<10% of national cap.)
• Total BioDiesel Production of 40 million gallons by 2007
• 10% biofuels usage by 2010 and 20% by 2025– 40 E-85 pumps by 1/2007
• Secure Federal Funding for Advanced Bio Energy Research (Discovery Park – Energy)
2004 EthanolProduction Facilities
In Aug. 2006 there were 101 plants producing 4.9Billion
gallons: www.ksgrains.com/ethanol/useth.html
Sites for Ethanol Energy budget
• http://www.futurepundit.com/archives/002722.html
• http://www.ethanol.org/documents/NetEnergyBalanceissuebrief_000.pdf
• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS416-Patzek-Web.pdf
• http://petroleum.berkeley.edu/papers/patzek/CRPS-BiomassPaper.pdf• http://www.hubbertpeak.com/pimentel/bioscience/conservation/conservation.pdf
• http://hubbert.mines.edu/news/Pimentel_98-2.pdf
• http://www.biodiesel.org/
• http://www.biodiesel.com/
• http://www.dancingrabbit.org/biodiesel/
Bio-Diesel Websites
Key Conclusions…State of Indiana Agriculture
– Indiana must quickly enter the biofuels game given its explosion and our natural advantages.
US Ethanol Plants US Biodiesel Plants
Next Steps - Cont’d
• Create a showcase, pilot community that runs from biorenewable resources to demonstrate the broader benefits of these fuels beyond agriculture. BIO-TOWN USA
• Ensure that alternative energies can be sold competitively for use throughout the State’s existing power grid.
BIO-TOWN USA• Reynolds IN
– Opportunities:• Energy Production locally & homegrown• Cleaner Environment• Solution to waste management• Potential to grow Indiana Agriculture• Economic development locally and
statewide
BIOTOWN, USA
• Short Term Goals:– Install E85 ethanol pumps locally
– Provide opportunity for local residents to convert vehicles to flex fuel vehicles. General Motors is providing support to this.
– B-20 biodiesel to be made available locally
BIOTOWN, USA• Long Term Expectations:
– To completely meet all the energy needs of Reynolds via bio-renewable resources including:
• Electric• Natural Gas Replacement• Vehicle fuels
– Using environmentally friendly technologies to convert animal and human waste into biogas i.e.
ENERGY!
CostsDry Grind Ethanol Facilities
Currently grind corn and ferment to ethanol cost about $ 1.05 / gal capacity
(100 million gal per year)
Petroleum Refinery (rough ballpark estimate)
$2.5 billion / 150,000 barrels/ day
calculates to about $ 1 / gal capacity
Challenges
Utilize biomass materials from a wide range of sources:
CellulosicsFiberCorn
Apply biotechnology and nanotechnology todevelop bio-catalytic conversion routes
YeastsFixed bed catalystsEnzymes
Discovery Activities1. advanced pretreatments
to enhance the digestibility/reactivity of the fiber component(cellulose and hemicellulose) of DG,
2. enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated celluloses to produce fermentable sugars, remove part or all of the
cellulose and hemicellulose, increase feed value of residual solids,
3. ferment hexose and pentoses using genetically engineered yeaststo ethanol and their transformation to other biobased products,
4. Bio-catalysts to make diesel from soybeans, sugars from biomass convert alcohol and soybean oil to diesel
5. Separations technology energy efficient recovery form water of different bio-products
6. comprehensive economic analysis of the processes, technologies, and markets, incorporating uncertainty in key technological and market parameters.
Ethanol Energetics
Is there a net energy gain?
35% if ethanol produced from grain
50-60% if ethanol produced from grain and cellulosic biomass
Compare to 85% energy gain when liquid fuels derived from petroleum
Energetics
Study/yearCorn yield
Nitrogen fertilizer application rate
Inputs for nitrogen fertilizer
Corn ethanol conversion rate
Ethanol conversion process
Total1 energy use
Coproducts1 energy credits
Net1 energy value
bu/acre lb/acre Btu/lb gal/bu Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal Btu/gal
Pimentel (1991)
110 136.0 37,551 2.5073,687 (LHV)
131,017
21,500 -33,517
Keeney and DeLuca (1992)
119 135.0 37,958 2.5648,434 (LHV)
91,127 8,072 -8,431
Marland and Turhollow (1991)
119 127.0 31,135 2.5040,105 (HHV)
73,934 8,127 18,324
Morris and Ahmed (1992)
120 127.0 31,000 2.5546,297 (LHV)
75,297 24,950 25,653
Ho (1989) 90 NR NR NR57,000 (LHV)
90,000 10,000 -4,000
This study (1995)
122 124.5 22,159 2.5353,277 (HHV)
82,824 15,056 16,193
Average 113 129.9 31,961 NA NA NA NA 2,373
Notes:
http://www.ethanol-gec.org/corn_eth.htm
Alternative Fuels
E-n fuel economy
http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACEFuelEconomyStudy.pdf
E10AK denaturedWith iso-pentane &Bio-diesel
Ethanol vs. MTBE
http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol_mtbe.htm
Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether
Alternative Fuels
Flex fuel vehicles
http://www.e85fuel.com/e85101/FFVlist2007.pdf
•Last time we talked about E10, E20, E85 etc. and someone asked if all new cars were not able to use the latter. The website below lists the flex fuel vehicles that are available today. Clearly this is not the whole fleet!
•I have found some references indicating that all vehicles now sold must be compatible from a corrosion point of view, but there are additional requirements regarding ignition timing etc. that not all engines satisfy.
Opportunities
Apply biotechnology to bioprocessing
Small environmental footprint
Benefits agriculture
Creates jobs
Utilize biological materials as sources of renewable energy and biodegradable chemical building blocks
Contribute to energy security
Reduce increase of global warming gases
Discovery 3: Bio Energy
• Mike Ladisch, Nancy Ho, John Morgan, Miroslav Sedlak, Robin Ridgway, other members of LORRE, ?
• Clean fuels from corn and soybean waste products- goal is not fuel from food but fuel and food.
• Purdue has patented and licensed the best yeast strain for conversion of corn waste to ethanol.
Energy from Garbage
Energy from Garbage
Energy from land fills
Fire places/Wood Stoves
E.G. Skeptical about: BiogasDigesting tanks at Microgy , Inc.'s biogas plantprocess manure from about 10,000 cows into methane and compost. Output: 109scf of CH4/yrCredit: Microgy, Inc., Texas. (105 scf /yr.cow)•This is what the article says, it sounds high to me!•Article claims that the plant can be profitable at $4/kscf for methane, and that they make roughly $5M/yr with today’s price of $5-7/kscf.•Plant uses 8 digesters, each with a capacity of 916,000 gallons.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/project_brief_detail.cfm/pb_id=1160
•Biogas is typically a mix of CH4 and CO2, the precise ratio depends on the input feedstock, the process used, and purification steps taken at the end.•Raw biogas from simple anaerobic digesters working with cow manure is roughly 60% CH4 and 40%CO2. •The book suggests that a pound of manure produces roughly 1scf of biogas•It also suggest one cow can produce 6.2x106 Btu/yr (50 gal. gasoline equiv.) which is about 6200 scf of NG or 12400 scf of biogas/year.
Global wind patterns
http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/wwhlpr/hurricane_globalwinds.rxml?hret=/indexlist.rxml
Hurricane Interior
Atmospheric structure
http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
Average dT/dh = -6 K/kmThe region of weather!
T relatively constant, increasing toAbout 200K at the stratopause
T up to 1500 K due to intensesolar radiation
Chemical composition changes to bericher in lighter gases, gravitational stratification almost no H2O or ozone
http://www.mardiros.net/atmosphere/atmosphere_structure.html
10 ppm ozone at ~ 50 km compared to40 ppb ozone in the troposphere!
Temperature Inversion
http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_is_a_temperature_inversion.htm
In extreme casesthe temperature canactually increase withheight.
Temperature Inversion
http://daphne.palomar.edu/calenvironment/smog.htm