“Suspense, laughter, violence, hope, heart, nudity, sex, happy endings. Mainly happy endings.” Griffin Mill (in Robert Altman’s The Player, on what a movie needs to make money).

Cinema’s Power to Persuade Movies are a form of

entertainment They are also a business (show

business) they are also a form of

persuasion Movies reach large numbers of

people potential for mass influence

Movies are told in a narrative form stories possess an aura of

believability

Cinematic influence People may not expect to be persuaded

during a movie“willing suspension of disbelief”

Film may persuade intentionally.Michael Moore’s filmsInconvenient TruthBrokeback Mountain

Film may persuade unintentionally.JunoSuperbad

Movies and social modeling

Movie characters model risky behaviors. Smoking

○ Smoking rates in cinema are disproportionately higher than for the public at large (Omidvari, et al., 2005).

Alcohol abuse○ Movies frequently depict underage drinking

and driving. Unsafe sex

○ 98% of movies with sex scenes make no mention of safe sex (Gunasekera & Chapman, 2005).

Violence○ Gratuituous violence is commonplace on the

Big Screen.

Social modeling: thank youfor smoking

Smoking rates in cinema are disproportionately higher than for the public at large (Omidvari, et al 2005).

Over the past six years more than half of the movies geared toward children feature characters smoking. In more than a quarter of the movies, actors light up cigars (AMA, 2008).

Teenagers are significantly more likely to start smoking if they watch movies featuring stars who smoke cigarettes (Dalton, 2003)

89% of smoking is initiated during adolescence (Johnston, O’Malley, & Bachman, 1996)

http://www.screenit.com/search_movies.html

Movies and risky behavior More negative social modeling Unsafe sex:

○ 98% of movies with sex scenes make no mention of safe sex (Gunasekera & Chapman, 2005):.

Drug and alcohol use:○ Movies with cannabis (8%) and

other non-injected illicit drugs (7%) were less common than those with alcohol intoxication (32%) and tobacco use (68%)

Buckling up:○ seat belt usage in movies is quite

low, typically between 10-30% (Jacobsen, Kreuter, Luke, & Caburnay The national average is closer to 70%.

Positive social modeling occurs too

Finding Nemo normalizes disabilities○ Nemo has an underdeveloped

“lucky” fin○ Nemo’s father suffers from post

traumatic stress syndrome○ Dory has short-term memory loss○ Bruce the shark is in a 12 step

program○ A squid has incontinence (cannot

retain its ink)

More positive modeling Blindside demonstrated interracial compassion, caring Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner tackled the subject of

racial integration. Milk chronicled a leader of the gay rights movement. Tomb Raider, the Terminator films, Resident Evil, and

other films portray smart, tough, empowered female protagonists.

Cinema and social changeFilms often advance cultural awareness and social change

Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner

Easy Rider

Thelma & Louise

Brokeback Mountain

Influential Movies It Happened One Night (1934) The Seven Year Itch (1955) Easy Rider (1965) Saturday Night Fever (1977) Annie Hall (1977) American Gigolo (1980) Flashdance (1983) Boyz in the Hood (1991) Pulp Fiction (1994)

How movies persuade: stealth advertising Product placement- the practice of inserting

brand name items into the movie scenes is commonplace

brandchannel.com (lists placements in movies) Types of placement

Visual Spoken Usage

Apple has placed products in more than 1,500 TV shows.

Apple is just as popular on the big screen, showing up in hits from "You've Got Mail" to "How to Lose a Guy in 10 days.""

Films are carefully crafted, detailed works of art

How movies persuade: Promoting viewer identification

Stories in films overlaps with viewers’ own experience, so they can relate to the message in the movie

viewers identify closely with characters who face a crisis or adversity example: Movies like Rudy and Seabiscuit

champion the little guy.

Viewer identificationRocky, Rudy, Slumdog Millionaire

championed the underdog.Napolean Dynamite, Pretty in Pink,

Superbad, championed social outcasts.

How movies persuade: exporting American culture and values American movies export Western

cultures and values around the globe Movies are one of America’s

three leading exports Negative side- foreign audiences are

not too thrilled with the emphasis on materialism, sex, and violence in the movies.

Positive side- movies can embrace values such as freedom, equality, and human rights

Fashions, hairstyles, lifestyles are often imitated› Leg warmers› Platform shoes› Stirrup pants› Daisy Duke shorts

Movies are vehicles for advertising

Exporting American culture Exporting American culture and valuesand values

Exporting Cultural Values

Western movies promote positive values. democracy equality freedom justice

Western movies promote negative values. materialism promiscuity violence

Movies and violence Movies often serve as guides for

social behavior viewers often act out, model,

imitate what they see on screen Research on violence in video games,

television, movies, and the Internet found that those exposed to movie violence demonstrated more pro-violence attitudes (Funk, Baldacci, Pasold, & Baumgardner, 2004).

26 per cent of adults still have "residual anxiety" many years after viewing horror movies in childhood.

Movies and violence

Hollywood routinely recruits teenagers and children (some as young as nine) to evaluate its story concepts, commercials, theatrical trailers and rough cuts—even for R-rated movies.

The FTC studied 44 restricted films meant for adults, and discovered that 80 per cent were targeted to children under 17.

Cultural and Gender Stereotypes

Hollywood frequently typecasts minorities, cultural groups, and women, overweight people, the elderly, and other groups into limited roles

Legally Blonde perpetuates the “dumb blonde” stereotype

Shallow Hal gives people permission to make fun of fat people

Jackie Chan fills the image of the martial artist who is sexually/romantically awkward

Arab American community refers to the “Three Bs” syndrome. Arabs in movies and on TV are:

bombers

belly dancers

billionaires.

Sexism in cinema? Heavy male actors

Jack Black Jason AlexanderTom ArnoldJames GandolfiniRicky GervaisJohn GoodmanJonah HillPhillip Seymour HoffmanKevin JamesSeth Rogan (now slimmer)Steve SchirripaGeorge Wendt

Heavy female actresses› Kathy Bates› Nikki Blonsky› Judi Dench› Kathy Kinney› Queen Latifah› Mo’nique› Gabourey Sidibe

Granted, there may be others, but chubby sidekicks don’t count. The double standard is for leading roles.

Hollywood blazes a path Oscar winning actor,Morgan Freeman,

brings a sense of authority, dignity, and gravitas to the roles he plays.

He played the role of president of the United States in the movie Deep Impact (1998) and the role of god in God Almighty (2003).

Is it possible he made the idea of an African American president more “thinkable”?

Dennis Haysbert and D.B. Woodside also played the Commander in Chief in the Fox TV series 24.

Can Obama’s election be seen as a case of “life imitates art”?

Cultivation Theory Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy

exposure to movies and TV may cultivate attitudes more consistent with the media version of reality than with reality itself.

“Heavy” viewers have a more distorted view of the world than “Light” viewers Heavy viewers develop a view of a

“mean, scary world” Movies and TV provide biased,

stereotyped depictions of reality, which can distort the beliefs of heavy viewers

Based on a true story? Plotlines and details may be “loosely

based,” or may be based on false assertions

Amityville Horror: “The truth …was finally revealed when Butch DeFeo's lawyer, William Weber, admitted that he, along with the Lutzes, created this horror story over many bottles of wine.” (www.snopes.com)

Texas Chain Saw Massacre: “there was no real family of cannibalistic chainsaw murderers slaughtering people in Texas, nor any actual series of chainsaw-related killings.” (www.snopes.com)

Documentaries

Bowling for Columbine: documentary or “mock-umentary”?

Supersize Me: documentary or “shock-umentary”?

Beware of docu-dramas Time compression Composite characters Re-shot footage (example, reaction shots

filmed at a different time)

Resistance to Cinematic Persuasion

Do not let your guard down Realize “it’s only a movie”

not real life Be aware of product

placements Assume the director will opt

for a good narrative over accuracy

Be informative and seek knowledge