Surya Evs Project

8/3/2019 Surya Evs Project

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Radiation is a process in which energeticparticles or

energy or waves travel through a medium or space. There

are two distinct types of radiation; ionizingand non-

ionizing. The word radiation is commonly used in

reference to ionizing radiation only (i.e., having sufficient

energy to ionize an atom), but it may also refer to non-ionizing radiation (e.g., radio waves orvisible light). The

energy radiates (i.e., travels outward in straight lines in all

directions) from its source. This geometry naturally leads

to a system ofmeasurements and physical units that are

equally applicable to all types of radiation. Both ionizing

and non-ionizing radiation can be harmful to organismsand can result in changes to the natural environment. The

unit used to measure radiation dosage is the rem, which

stands for roentgen equivalent in man. It represents the

amount of radiation needed to produce a particular amount

of damage to living tissue. The total dose of rems

determines how much harm a person suffers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy


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Ionizing radiation

Radiation with sufficiently high energycan ionizeatoms. Most often, this occurs

when an electron is stripped (or 'knockedout') from an electron shell, which leavesthe atom with a net positive charge.Because cells and more importantly theDNA can be damaged, this ionization canresult in an increased chance ofcancer.

Roughly speaking photons and particleswith energies above a few electron volts(eV) are ionizing. Alpha particles,beta particles, gamma rays, X-rayradiation, and neutrons may all carry

energy high enough to ionize atoms. This

energy is usually higher than about twoelectron volts (eV).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_rayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_rayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy


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NON-IONIZINGRADIATION

The energy of non-ionizing radiation

is less and instead of producingcharged ions when passing throughmatter, the electromagneticradiation has only sufficient energyto change the rotational, vibrationalor electronic valence configurationsof molecules and atoms. The effect

of non-ionizing forms of radiation onliving tissue has only recently beenstudied. Nevertheless, differentbiological effects are observed for

different types of non-ionizing


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Hiroshima andNagasaki

During the final stages ofWorld War IIin 1945, the United States conducted

twoatomic bombings against the citiesof Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan,the first on August 6, 1945 and the

second on August 9, 1945. These twoevents are the only use of

nuclear weapons in war to date.[2]

For six months before the atomicbombings, the United States intensely

fire-bombed67 Japanese cities.Together with the United Kingdom and

the Republic of China, the United

States called for a surrender of Japan inthe Potsdam Declaration on July 26,

1945. The Japanese governmentignored this ultimatum. By

executive order of President

Harry S. Truman, the U.S. dropped thenuclear weapon "Little Boy" on the city
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokusatsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Trumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshimahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Boyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Trumanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokusatsuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declarationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasakihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II


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Although a dose of just 25 rems causessome detectable changes in blood,doses to near 100 rems usually have no

immediate harmful effects. Dosesabove 100 rems cause the first signs ofradiation sickness including:

Nausea

Vomiting

Headache


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In time, for survivors, diseases such as leukemia (cancerof the blood), lung cancer, thyroid cancer, breast cancer,and cancers of other organs can appear due to theradiation received.Exposure to high levels of radiationcan cause acute radiation Doses of 300 rems or more

cause temporary hair loss, but also more significantinternal harm, including damage to nerve cells and thecells that line the digestive tract. Severe loss of whiteblood cells, which are the body's main defense againstinfection, makes radiation victims highly vulnerable todisease. Radiation also reduces production of bloodplatelets, which aid blood clotting, so victims of radiationsickness are also vulnerable to hemorrhaging. Half of allpeople exposed to 450 rems die, and doses of 800 remsor more are always fatal. Besides the symptomsmentioned above, these people also suffer from feverand diarrhea. As of yet, there is no effective treatment--so death occurs within two to fourteen days.syndrome,

or radiation poisoning, resulting in substantial damageto human body tissues, premature aging and possiblydeath. Prolonged exposure to lower levels is alsoassociated with increased risk of ill health.


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In MedicineRadiation and radioactive substances are used for diagnosis,treatment, and research. X-rays, for example, pass throughmuscles and other soft tissue but are stopped by densematerials. This property of X-rays enables doctors to find brokenbones and to locate cancers that might be growing in the body.Doctors also find certain diseases by injecting a radioactivesubstance and monitoring the radiation given off as thesubstance moves through the body. Radiation used for cancertreatment is called ionizing radiation because it forms ions in the

cells of the tissues it passes through as it dislodges electronsfrom atoms. This can kill cells or change genes so the cellscannot grow. Other forms of radiation such as radio waves,microwaves, and light waves are called non-ionizing. They don'thave as much energy and are not able to ionize cells.


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In Communication

All modern communication systems use forms ofelectromagnetic radiation. Variations in the intensity

of the radiation represent changes in the sound,pictures, or other information being transmitted.

In ScienceResearchers use radioactive atoms to determine

the age of materials that were once part of a living

organism. The age of such materials can beestimated by measuring the amount of radioactivecarbon they contain in a process calledradiocarbon dating. Environmental scientists useradioactive atoms known as tracer atoms toidentify the pathways taken by pollutants through

the environment.Radiation is used to determine the composition ofmaterials in a process calledneutron activation analysis. In this process,scientists bombard a sample of a substance withparticles called neutrons. Some of the atoms in the

sample absorb neutrons and become radioactive.The scientists can identify the elements in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_datinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating


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The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has cautioned people to protect themselvesagainst UV light 'whenever you can see your shadow'. Some of the common preventive

measures that need to be followed are:

Avoid overexposure to sunlight especially between 10 am to 4 pmwhen the UV rays are at their strongest.

If exposed to the sun, make sure to be adequately protected bywearing the appropriate clothing and protective covering like hats.

Make sure to protect your eyes from overexposure by wearingsuitable sunglasses. The strength of UV rays can vary from the time of

day or season. In certain countries one can check the local UV indexbefore going outdoors to protect against too much sun's UV radiation.

The Scale is reported from 1 to 15.
http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/UltraVioletRadiation-Prevention.htmhttp://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/UltraVioletRadiation-Prevention.htmhttp://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/UltraVioletRadiation-Prevention.htmhttp://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/UltraVioletRadiation-Prevention.htm


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In physics, radiation is aprocess in which energeticparticles or energy or waves

travel through a medium or

space. There are two distincttypes of radiation; ionizingandnon-ionizing. Theword radiation is commonlyused in reference to ionizing

radiation only (i.e., havingsufficient energy to ionize anatom), but it may also refer tonon-ionizing radiation (e.g.,radio waves or visible light). Theenergy radiates (i.e., travels

outward in straight lines in alldirections) from its source. Thisgeometry naturally leads to asystem ofmeasurements and physical units

that are equally applicable to allt es of radiation. Both ionizin
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_waveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics


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I would like to express my

gratitude towards my teacherfor giving me such aninteresting project to work

on.This has been a reallearning and informativeexperience.Through this

project I learnt the various


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