Survival Wilderness Medicine Course USMC

7/25/2019 Survival Wilderness Medicine Course USMC

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U.S. MARINE CORPS

MOUNTAIN WARFARE TRAINING CENTER

BRIDGEPORT, CA.

WILDERNESS MEDICINE COURSE

2002



UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

Mountain Warfare Training Center Bridgeport, California 93517-5001

WILDERNESS MEDICINE COURSE

STUDENT HANDBOOK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAP TITLE

1 MOUNTAN !A"#T$

% NUT&TON

3 W'(#&N#!! )AT#NT A!!#!!M#NT

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5 +#AT &#'AT#( NU&#!

. COMBAT CA!UA'T$ CA&#

7 BU&N MANA#M#NT

/ +$)OT+#&MA &#WA&MN

9 !UBM#&!ON NC(#NT!10 W'(#&N#!! O&T+O)#(C NU&#!

11 T&#ATM#NT O" &#)T'# AN( ANT+&O)O( #N#NOMATON

1% CO'( NU&#!

13 'AN( NAATON

1* !#A&C+ AN( &#!CU#

15 T&A#

1. )&##NT# M#(CN# WAT#& )U&"CATON

A))#N(2 A !U&A' T#C+NU#!

A1 &#U&#M#NT! "O& !U&A'

A% !U&A' 4T

A3 !U&A' !NA'N

A* !U&A' !+#'T#&! AN( "&#!

A5 !U&A' NAATON

A. WAT#& )&OCU&#M#NT

A7 "O&AN ON )'ANT! AN( N!#CT!

A/ T&A)! AN( !NA&#!

A9 MOUNTAN W#AT+#&

TOC



TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)

A))#N(2 B !W"T WAT#& &#!CU#

B1 &#!CU# )+'O!O)+$ "O& !W"TWAT#& &#!CU# T#AM!

B% )#&!ONA' AN( T#AM #U)M#NT

B3 !W"TWAT#& T#&MNO'O$ AN( ($NAMC!

B* COMMUNCATON!

B5 T+&OW BA! AN( "OOT #NTAN'#M#NT!

B. (#"#N!# !WMMN AN( "#&&$ AN'#

B7 "##T - W#T &#!CU#! AN( C - !)N# &O''!

B/ BOAT! AN( BOAT +AN('N

B9 &O)# !$!T#M! AN( BOAT ANC+O&!

B10 #+C'# &#!CU#!

B11 !T&#AM C&O!!N

A))#N(C#! C

C1 &O)# MANA#M#NT

C% NOM#NC'ATU&# AN( CA&# O" MOUNTAN##&N #U)M#NT

C3 BA'ANC# C'MBNC* NATU&A' AN( A&T"CA' ANC+O&!

C5 !T +A&N#!!

C. #!TAB'!+M#NT O" &A))#' )ONT! AN( &A))#''N

C7 TO) &O)N

C/ MOUNTAN CA!UA'T$ #ACUATON!

C9 ON# &O)# B&(#

C10 !UMM#& MOUNTAN WA&"+TN 'OA( &#U&#M#NT!





FMST.07.18

0!0"!0"

STUDENT HANDOUT

MOUNTAIN SAFETY (SUMMER)

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: #i$en a unit in a %ilderne&& en$iron'ent andne(e&&ar) e*uip'ent and &upplie&, appl) t+e prin(iple& of 'ountain &afet) to pre$ent deat+ or inur) per t+e referen(e. FMST.07.18

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Wit+out t+e aid of referen(e& and gi$en t+ea(ron)' /B SF M24/, li&t in %riting t+e 1" prin(iple& of 'ountain &afet), ina((ordan(e %it+ t+e referen(e&. FMST.07.18a

OUTLINE

1. PLANNING AND PREPARATION : FMST.07.18a & in an) 'ilitar) operation, planning and preparation (on&titute t+e e)& to &u((e&&. T+e follo%ing prin(iple& %ill +elpt+e leader (ondu(t a &afe and effi(ient operation in an) t)pe of 'ountainou& en$iron'ent.We find t+i& prin(iple in t+e a(ron)' /B SF M24/. 2e'e'6er t+e e), t+in a6out %+at ea(+ letter 'ean& and appl) t+i& in an) t)pe of en$iron'ent.

B - Be a%are of t+e group& a6ilit).

- $aluate terrain and %eat+er (on&tantl).

S - Sta) a& a group.

- ppre(iate ti'e re*uire'ent&.

F - Find &+elter 6efore &tor'& if re*uired.

- at plent) and drin lot& of li*uid&.

M - Maintain proper (lot+ing and e*uip'ent.

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- & lo(al& a6out (ondition&.

2 - 2e'e'6er to eep (al' and t+in.

- n&i&t on e'ergen() ration& and it&.

4 - 4e$er forget a((ident pro(edure&.

- nerg) i& &a$ed %+en %ar' and dr).

a. Be %are of t+e #roup& 6ilit). t i& e&&ential t+at t+e leader e$aluate& t+e indi$iduala6ilitie& of +i& 'en and u&e& t+i& a& t+e 6a&i& for +i& planning. n +i& e$aluation, t+e leader 'u&t in(lude t+e group& o$erall p+)&i(al (onditioning, and t+e (on&ideration of (+ange in(li'ate and +o% long t+e unit +a& +ad to a((li'atie.

1 Mental attitude of )our group. & 'orale +ig+ :o% 'u(+ ta(ti(al training +a& t+e group+ad in a parti(ular t)pe of terrain

" Te(+ni(al a&pe(t of )our group. :a$e t+e) 6een on &i&, &no%&+oe&, et(.

3 ndi$idual &ill&. t t+i& point, )ou 'u&t (+oo&e %+o i& 'o&t profi(ient at t+e indi$idual&ill& t+at %ill 6e re*uired for )our 'i&&ion, na$igation te(+ni*ue&, &e(urit), (all for fire,rope in&tallation&, tra( plan&, 6i$oua( &ite &ele(tion, &ioring, et(.

6. $aluate Terrain and Weat+er Con&tantl).

1 Terrain. ;uring t+e planning &tage& of )our 'i&&ion, t+e leader 'u&t a6&or6 a& 'u(+infor'ation a& po&&i6le on t+e &urrounding terrain and e) terrain feature& in$ol$ed in )our

area of operation. Con&ideration& to an) o6&ta(le& 'u&t 6e (learl) planned for. Will )ou need&u(+ t+ing& a& fi<ed rope&, rope 6ridge&, (li'6ing gear, et(

a Stre&& (areful 'o$e'ent in parti(ularl) dangerou& area&, &u(+ a& loo&e ro( and &teepterrain.

6 l%a)& no% )our po&ition. =no%ing %+ere )ou are on )our planned route i& i'portant.

" Weat+er. Mountain %eat+er (an 6e &e$ere and $aria6le. ;ra&ti( %eat+er (+ange& (an o((ur in t+e &pa(e of a fe% +our& %it+ t+e on&et of $iolent &tor'&, redu(ed $i&i6ilit), and e<tre'e(+ange&. n addition to o6taining (urrent %eat+er data, t+e leader 'u&t plan for t+e

une<pe(ted /%or&t (a&e/. ;uring an operation +e 'u&t diagno&e %eat+er &ign& (ontinuall) to 6e a6le to fore&ee po&&i6le %eat+er (+ange&.

a Con&tantl) e$aluate t+e (ondition&. >nder (ertain (ondition& it 'a) 6e ad$i&a6le toree$aluate )our (apa6ilitie&. ?u&+ing a+ead %it+ a (lo&ed 'ind (ould &pell di&a&ter for t+e'i&&ion and t+e unit.

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(. Sta) a& a #roup. ndi$idual& a(ting on t+eir o%n are at a great di&ad$antage in t+i&en$iron'ent.

1 #i$e t+e unit ade*uate re&t +alt& 6a&ed upon t+e terrain and ele$ation, p+)&i(al a6ilitie& of t+e unit, (o'6at load and 'i&&ion re*uire'ent&.

" 2e'e'6er to u&e t+e 6udd) &)&te' in )our group.

3 Maintain a &tead) pa(e &o t+at it %ill allo% a((o'pli&+'ent of t+e 'i&&ion%+en all 'e'6er& of t+e unit rea(+ t+e o6e(ti$e area.

d. ppre(iate Ti'e 2e*uire'ent&. ffi(ient u&e of a$aila6le ti'e i& $ital. T+e leader 'u&t 'ae an a((urate e&ti'ate of t+e ti'e re*uired for +i& operation 6a&ed onterrain, %eat+er, unit &ie, a6ilitie&, and on t+e ene') &ituation. T+i& e&ti'ate 'u&ttae into a((ount t+e po&&i6ilit) of une<pe(ted e'ergen(ie& and allo% &uffi(ientlee%a) to 'ae unplanned 6i$oua(& in &e$ere (ondition&.

1 Ti'e-;i&tan(e For'ula T;F. T+i& for'ula i& de&igned to 6e a guideline and&+ould not 6e (on&idered a& t+e e<a(t a'ount of ti'e re*uired for )our 'o$e'ent. Furt+er'ore, t+i& for'ula i& for u&e in ideal (ondition&@

3 '!'p+ A 1 +our for e$er) 300 'eter& a&(ent and!or A 1 +our for e$er) 800 'eter& de&(ent.

NOTE: T+e T;F i& 'ade for troop& on foot in t+e &u''erti'e or troop&on &i& in t+e %interti'e. f on foot in deep &no%, 'ultipl) t+e total ti'e 6) ".0.

1-



" 2oute ?lanning. 2oute (ard& are not to 6e u&ed in pla(e of an o$erla), 6ut a& a toolto 6e u&ed in route planning. $erla)&!2oute (ard& &+ould (ontain t+e follo%inginfor'ation at t+e 'ini'u'@

>nit ;e&ignation@

>nit Co''ander. 4u'6er of per&onnel.n(lu&i$e date& and ti'e& of 'o$e'ent.#rid (oordinate& of ea(+ (+e(point and 6i$oua(.Map referen(e&.i'ut+ and di&tan(e& for ea(+ leg.le$ation gain!lo&& per leg.;e&(ription of t+e ground.T and T;.

ROUTE CARD

>4T.;.

>4TCMM4;2

4>MB2 F?2S44D

;T 4;TM

M?2F24C

D# EM ;ST #2; T T; DT4 ;SC2?T4

3 & in an) 'ilitar) operation, route planning and e<e(ution are of $ital i'portan(e. ?rior todeparture, t+e unit (o''ander 'u&t &u6'it a route (ard or patrol o$erla) to +i& +ig+er +ead*uarter& and eep& a dupli(ate (op) for +i'&elf. T+i& preplanned route &+ould 6efollo%ed a& (lo&el) a& po&&i6le, taing into a((ount (+ange& 6a&ed on t+e ta(ti(al &ituation.n non-ta(ti(al &ituation&, t+e preplanned route &+ould 6e follo%ed to redu(e &ear(+ andre&(ue ti'e in an e'ergen() &ituation.

e. Find S+elter 6efore Stor'& if re*uired. >nder (ertain (ondition&, in(le'ent %eat+er (an pro$ide ta(ti(al ad$antage& to t+e t+ining unit (o''ander, 6ut 6) t+e &a'e toen it (anredu(e t+e effi(ien() of a unit to nil if an in(orre(t e$aluation of t+e &ituation i& 'ade.

1-



1 Bi$oua(. f t+e group de(i&ion i& to 6i$oua(, t+en it& $ital t+at %e no% t+e prin(iple& for an unplanned 6i$oua(.

a >nplanned 6i$oua(. T+e prin(iple& and te(+ni*ue& di&(u&&ed +ere appl) 6ot+ tounplanned and tolerated 6i$oua(&. n an) &ur$i$al &ituation, e&pe(iall) in a

'ountainou& en$iron'ent, t+e 'o&t i''ediate danger i& fro' e<po&ure to t+eele'ent&. Being lo&t %ill not dire(tl) ill an indi$idual. Star$ation tae& ti'e, 6ut+)pot+er'ia (an 'anife&t it&elf in a 'atter of +our& re&ulting in deat+. d+ering tot+e follo%ing prin(iple& %ill gi$e an indi$idual t+e 6e&t (+an(e to &pend a relati$el)&afe 6i$oua( %it+ t+e pro&pe(t of (ontinued effort to%ard 'i&&ion a((o'pli&+'ent.

1. Mae &+elter. T+e re*uire'ent& for e<pedient &+elter& and t+e 6uilding pro(edure&%ill 6e (o$ered in anot+er &e(tion. T+e 6a&i( re*uire'ent for prote(tion fro' t+eele'ent& i& e&&ential.

". =eep %ar'. T+e retention of 6od) +eat i& of $ital i'portan(e an) a(tion in %+i(+ 6od) +eat i& lo&t &+ould 6e a$oided. T+e follo%ing point& &+ould 6e (on&idered@

a. de*uate &+elter.

6. n&ulation fro' t+e ground u&ing 6ran(+e&, a ru(&a(, et(.

(. Wear e<tra (lot+ing.

d. >&e e<tra e*uip'ent for in&ulation.

e. ?rodu(e e<ternal +eat %+ile tr)ing to (on&er$e fuel for future u&e.

3. =eep dr). Being %et (au&e& t+e lo&& of 6od) +eat " ti'e& fa&ter t+an %+en dr).de*uate prote(tion fro' t+e ele'ent& i& of pri'e i'portan(e to pre$ent t+e on&etof +)pot+er'ia.

f. at ?roperl) and ;rin ?lent) of Fluid&

1 Food. T+e +u'an 6od) (an 6e (o'pared to a furna(e, %+i(+ run& on food to produ(e energ) %ar't+. B) planning t+e (on&u'ption of food to &uit t+e &pe(ifi(&ituation, ade*uate nutrition and e<tra %ar't+ (an 6e &upplied.

" Water. T+e intae of ade*uate a'ount& of %ater %ill 'aintain t+e 6od) in proper %oring order. ;anger fro' de+)dration i& a& +ig+ in 'ountain region& a& in +otdr) area&. Do&& of li*uid& i& ea&il) &een and felt in +ot (li'ate& %+erea& in t+e

1-



'ountain&, t+e lo&& of 6od) fluid& i& 'u(+ le&& noti(ea6le. :ig+ %ater intae, atlea&t G *uart& per da) %+en in 6i$oua(, 8 *uart& per da) %+en a(ti$e, %ill +elp to pre$ent de+)dration.

g. Maintain ?roper Clot+ing and *uip'ent

1 Clot+ing

a ur (lot+ing +a& to perfor' an i'portant fun(tion in our 'i&&iont+erefore, %+en (+oo&ing our (lot+ing %e +a$e to tae into a((ount&o'e e&&ential re*uire'ent&.

1. ?rote(tion again&t %ind and rain.

". Da)ered and ea&il) adu&ta6le.

3. Dig+t%eig+t and dura6le.

6 To +elp u& re'e'6er +o% to 'aintain and %ear our (lot+ing, %e u&e t+ea(ron)', /CD;/.

C - =eep (lot+ing Clean.

- $oid $er+eating.

D - Wear (lot+ing loo&e and in Da)er&.

; - =eep (lot+ing ;r).

NOTE: n t+e 'ountain& a 'an &+ould ne$er 6e &eparated fro' +i& gear. :ere are&o'e 6a&i( and e&&ential ite'& t+at &+ould 6e (on&idered during )our planning&tage.

" 2e*uired e*uip'ent@

a da)pa( &+ould al%a)& 6e (arried per &*uad and one Marine &+ould (arr) a(o'6at load.

6 Map and (o'pa&&. $er) indi$idual in a leader&+ip po&ition and +i& a&&i&tant&+ould (arr) a 'ap and (o'pa&&. T+e 'ap& &+ould 6e %eat+erproofed ande<tra 'ap& &+ould 6e di&tri6uted t+roug+out t+e unit.

( 2epair it. T+i& it &+ould in(lude t+o&e ite'& ne(e&&ar) to do e'ergen() repair&on )our e*uip'ent.

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d Sur$i$al =it. l%a)& (arried on )our per&on. T+e (ontent& of a &ur$i$al it %ill 6e (o$ered in anot+er period of in&tru(tion dealing &pe(ifi(all) %it+ &ur$i$alit&.

+. & Do(al& 6out Condition&. n often-o$erlooed &our(e of infor'ation i&t+e indigenou& population of an area. Do(al %eat+er pattern&, ro(&lide area&,%atering point&, and nor'al route& (an all 6e o6tained 6) (areful *ue&tioning.T+e leader 'u&t o6tain (urrent infor'ation of t+e a(tual (ondition& along +i&intended route. f parti(ular i'portan(e are re(ent pre(ipitation and ene')&ig+ting&.

i. 2e'e'6er to =eep Cal' and T+in.

1 'ergen() &ituation. :a$ing re(ognied t+at )ou are lo&t and t+at an e'ergen() &ituatione<i&t&, t+e follo%ing prin(iple& &+ould 6e follo%ed@

a =eep (al' and do not pani(. t t+i& point )ou 'u&t 'ae e$er) effort to (on&er$e 6od) +eat and energ).

6 T+in. W+en an indi$idual i& (old, tired, +ungr) or frig+tened +e 'u&t for(e +i'&elf toorganie +i& t+oug+t& into a logi(al &e*uen(e.

( T+e group 'u&t tr) to +elp it&elf 6) eit+er finding t+e %a) 6a( to &afet) or 6) preparing&+elter& and pro(uring food.

d 6o$e all el&e, t+e group 'u&t a(t a& a tig+t-nit unit. n e'ergen() &ituation&, indi$idualdi&&en&ion (an (au&e a total lo&& of (ontrol and unit &trengt+.

" f t+e de(i&ion i& rea(+ed t+at t+e group &+ould &ee it& %a) 6a( to &afet), &e$eral po&&i6ilitie& e<i&t. n 'o&t &ituation&, t+e &afe&t approa(+ %ill 6e to retra(e t+e route to t+ela&t no%n point and (ontinue fro' t+ere. T+e ot+er (our&e of a(tion i& to get a group(on&en&u& on t+e pre&ent lo(ation and &end out a &'all &ear(+ part) to lo(ate a no%n point.T+i& part) 'u&t en&ure t+at t+e) 'ar t+eir trail ade*uatel) to return to t+e group. f allatte'pt& at finding a %a) 6a( to no%n terrain fail&, a definite &ur$i$al &ituation e<i&t& anda(tion& di&(u&&ed later in t+i& &e(tion 'u&t 6e in&tituted.

. n&i&t on 'ergen() 2ation& and =it&. Hu&t lie %+at %a& (o$ered in t+e S>MM2 M>4T4 W2F#:T4# D; 2I>2M4TS (la&&, &ur$i$al ration& and

a &ur$i$al it &+ould al%a)& 6e (arried.

. 4e$er Forget ((ident!'ergen() ?ro(edure&.

1 Cau&e& of a((ident&. T+e general pro(edure& u&ed to +andle a((ident& differ little in t+i&en$iron'ent, 6ut &e$eral di&tin(t point& &+ould 6e ept in 'ind. T+e 'o&t fre*uent (au&e& of a((ident& are a& follo%&@

1-



a $ere&ti'ation of p+)&i(al and te(+ni(al a6ilitie&.

6 Carele&&ne&&.

( #eneral la( of o6&er$ation of one& &urrounding&.

d Da( of no%ledge and e<perien(e 6) leader&.

e T+e failure to a(t a& a group.

f >ndere&ti'ation of ti'e re*uire'ent& to 'o$e t+roug+ 'ountainou& terrain andundere&ti'ation of t+e terrain it&elf.

" ?re$enti$e 'ea&ure&. T+e onl) trul) effe(ti$e pre$enti$e 'ea&ure& for t+e a6o$e lie in t+eedu(ation and e<perien(e of leader& at all le$el&. Too often, leader& &it 6) %at(+ing duringtraining and a& a re&ult +a$e no (on(ept of t+e re*uire'ent& in$ol$ed in t+e 'ountainou&en$iron'ent. nl) 6) a(ti$e in$ol$e'ent (an a leader gain t+e no%ledge and e<perien(eneeded to effe(ti$el) lead in t+i& en$iron'ent.

3 #eneral pro(edure& for +andling an a((ident. T+e&e re*uire onl) a good do&e of (o''on &en&e a& outlined 6elo%.

a ?erfor' 6a&i( fir&t aid.

6 ?rote(t t+e patient fro' t+e ele'ent& to in(lude in&ulation on top and 6otto'.

( $a(uate if ne(e&&ar).

d Send for +elp if re*uired. f po&&i6le, ne$er &end a 'an for +elp alone.

e Send t+e follo%ing infor'ation regarding t+e a((ident@

1. Ti'e of a((ident.

". 4ature and lo(ation of a((ident.

3. 4u'6er inured.

. Be&t approa(+ route to a((ident &(ene.

f one 'an of a t%o-'an tea' i& inured, t+e inured 'an 'u&t 6e gi$en all a$aila6le aid prior to going for +elp. f t+e inured 'an i& un(on&(iou&, +e &+ould 6e pla(ed in alla$aila6le (lot+ing and &leeping gear and an(+ored if on &teep terrain. note e<plaining t+e(ir(u'&tan(e&, and rea&&uring +i', &+ould 6e left in a (on&pi(uou& &pot. T+i& note 'u&t al&o(ontain t+e follo%ing infor'ation@

1-



a W+en )ou e<pe(t to return.

6 W+ere )ou %ent.

( W+at )ou did 6efore )ou left 'edi(ation, et(..

5 nternational di&tre&& &ignal %+i&tle@

a Si< &+ort 6la&t& in 1 'inute fro' per&on re*ue&ting +elp.

6 T+e return &ignal i& t+ree 6la&t& in 1 'inute fro' t+e re&pondent.

G t+er 'et+od& if +elp i& re*uired@

a 2ed p)rote(+ni(&.

6 SS, ... --- . . ..

( JMa)da)/ 6) $oi(e (o''uni(ation&.

l. nerg) i& &a$ed %+en %ar' and ;r). Wit+ t+e pre$iou& 11 prin(iple& in 'ind t+i& one&+ould fall rig+t into pla(e. Sa$e )our +eat and energ) 6) follo%ing t+e&e &tep&@

1 ;re&& properl).

" at properl).

3 ;rin properl).

n&ure &+elter 'eet& (riteria.

5 ?rodu(e e<ternal +eat fire&, &to$e, e<tra (lot+ing, et(. to &a$e 6od) +eat and energ) for future u&e.

G ;ont lo&e 6od) +eat 6) getting %et.

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Mountain Warfare Training CenterBridgeport, California 93517-5001

FMST.07.01

03/0/0!

STUDENT HANDOUT

NUTRITION

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: "i#en a unit in a $ountainou% en#iron$ent, andt&e ne'e%%ar( e)uip$ent and %upplie%, appl( t&e prin'iple% of nutrition in a $ountainou%en#iron$ent to pre#ent deat& or in*ur( per t&e referen'e. +FMST.07.01

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

+1 Wit&out t&e aid of referen'e% and fro$ a gi#en li%t, '&oo%e t&e 'orre't 'alori' intaeneeded per da( in a $ountainou% en#iron$ent, in a''ordan'e it& t&e referen'e%.+FMST.07.01a

+! Wit&out t&e aid of referen'e% and fro$ a gi#en li%t, '&oo%e &i'& t(pe of diet in'rea%e%(our toleran'e to 'old, in a''ordan'e it& t&e referen'e%. +FMST.07.01

+3 Wit&out t&e aid of referen'e% and fro$ a gi#en li%t, '&oo%e one of t&e pre#enti#e $ea%ure%of e'e%%i#e ater lo%% in a $ountainou% terrain, in a''ordan'e it& t&e referen'e%.+FMST.07.01'

OUTLINE.

1. STARVATION FACTORS . Fa'tor% t&at 'o$ine to re%ult in 2ear Star#ation during$ilitar( operation% in an( $ountainou% en#iron$ent

a. 4iffi'ult( in 'arr(ing %uffi'ient food.

. a' of ti$e for preparing $eal% and e#erage%.

'. o%% of appetite and lo food palatailit( re%ulting fro$ &(poia/&(pot&er$ia.

d. Fat intoleran'e re%ulting fro$ altered $etaoli%$.

2!. PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECT TO COLD STRESS .



a. Man6% adaptation to 'old i% e%%entiall( e&a#ioral. S&elter% and 'lot&ing are utilied to pro#ide a $i'ro-en#iron$ent, &i'& ill allo %ur#i#al. Bod( 'o$po%ition ad*u%t$ent%%u'& a% in'rea%e% in od( eig&t and fat are al%o ea$ple% of t&e od(6% adaptation to t&e'old. T&e inter $ont&% lend t&e$%el#e% to greater period% of ina'ti#it(, leading to t&e%e

'&ange%.

. 8n t&e Falland War, 'on%tipation a% a $a*or 'on'ern. 4e&(dration a% found to e t&e'ulprit in t&e $a*orit( of 'a%e%, ut diet &ad a %ignifi'ant role a% ell. M:6% are lo infier, 'ontaining le%% t&an 10 gra$%. Man need% at lea%t 31 gra$% of fier per da( to ea%e pa%%age of %tool. Con%tipation 'an e a deilitating 'ondition, affe'ting o#erall unitreadine%%.

+1 o fier diet% 'an lead to di#erti'ulo%i%, di#erti'uliti% and 8rritale Boel S(ndro$e+8BS. 8BS flare-up% tend to o''ur during up%etting %ituation% and e$otional %tre%%.:du'ate (our troop% on t&e i$portan'e of fier, e%pe'iall( in a 'old eat&er en#iron$ent.

+! Fier i% %upplied ( food% deri#ed fro$ plant%. T&e e%t %our'e% are

+a W&ole grain 'ereal%.

+ W&ole &eat read%.

+' Fre%& and dried fruit%.

NOTE ;egetale% al%o &elp pre#ent 'on%tipation, ut t&e fier fro$ &ole grain 'ereal%and &ole &eat read i% $ore effe'ti#e t&an #egetale%.

3. CALORIC REQUIREMENTS . +FMST.07.01a e'o$$ended 'alori' intae +2a#alMedi'al Co$$and 8n%tru'tion 10110.1 for troop% operating in a 'old eat&er en#iron$enti% <,500 'alorie% per da(.

a. :nerg( :penditure. Militar( operation% in a 'old eat&er en#iron$ent u%uall( in#ol#e%trenuou% a'ti#it(. Waling on %no epend% roug&l( ti'e t&e energ( t&at aling on&ard ground doe%. 8f troop% are unfa$iliar it& per%onal o#er-%no $oilit( e)uip$ent,i.e. %no%&oe% and %i%, aard $o#e$ent and t&u% a%ted energ( ill re%ult.

+1 T&e &ea#( 'lot&ing ne'e%%ar( for fun'tioning in t&e 'old in'rea%e% energ(

ependiture% ( 5-15=. >ou ill &a#e t&e opportunit( to eperien'e t&i% effe't in t&eup'o$ing field e#olution.

+! ?roperl( 'lot&ed, eperien'ed indi#idual% %&ould &a#e negligile &eat lo%% fro$ radiation,'ondu'tion, and 'on#e'tion. @oe#er, lo%%e% a%%o'iated it& re%piration and e#aporation'an e %ignifi'ant.

!-



+3 8n inten%e 'old, parti'ularl( it& &ig& ind%, &eat lo%% to t&e en#iron$ent $a( eine#itale.

<. NUTRITION IN A HIGH ALTITUDE ENVIRONMENT . A diet &ig& in'aro&(drate% and &ig& in fat i% t&e $o%t enefi'ial, &ile a &ig& protein diet i% generall(

t&e lea%t de%irale.

a. T&e $ared eig&t lo%% %een in indi#idual% at &ig& altitude i% largel( due to in'rea%ed$etaoli' de$and% and anoreia %e'ondar( to &(poia. Total 'alori' intae 'o$$onl( doe%not $eet energ( de$and%.

. Altered $etaoli' pro'e%%e% t&at &a#e een reported at &ig& altitude in'lude dela(edga%tri' e$pt(ing, inte%tinal $ala%orption and de'rea%ed ga%tri' en($e %e'retion.

5. BEST DIET FOR COLD WEATHER . +FMST.07.01

a. @ig& 'aro&(drate and &ig& fat food% %&ould e in'luded rat&er t&an &ig& protein food%.

. S$all $eal% +%na'% %pa'ed at ti$e inter#al% of to &our% or le%% %&ould e 'on%u$edrat&er t&an t&e u%ual t&ree $eal%-a-da(.

'. 4uring a t(pi'al eig&t-&our da( of 'old epo%ure, t&ree &ig&-fat +un%aturated fat $eal% pro#iding 0= of t&e da(6% 'alorie%, 'oupled it& to nor$all( %'&eduled $eal% +reafa%tand dinner %&ould pro#ide good 'old toleran'e.

. BASIC CONSTITUENTS OF FOOD . T&e t&ree a%i' 'on%tituent% of foodare 'aro&(drate%, fat% and protein%.

a. Caro&(drate%. Al%o non a% t&e )ui' energ( food% t&at pro#ide energ( to produ'e&eat it& t&e (produ't% of 'aron dioide and ater &en oidied ( t&e od(.

+1 Caro&(drate% are pre%ent in food $ainl( a% %ugar% and %tar'&e% and are roen don duringdige%tion into %i$ple %ugar% t&at are 'on#erted into glu'o%e.

+! Caro&(drate% are %tored a% gl('ogen in t&e li#er and $u%'le% and 'an e roen don)ui'l( into glu'o%e to pro#ide a rapid %our'e of energ(. @oe#er, t&e%e %tore% are not largeand are $aredl( depleted ( fa%ting for a% little a% !< &our%.

+3 :ating a &ig& 'aro&(drate diet for %e#eral da(% ill doule one6% gl('ogen %tore% and

'an in'rea%e enduran'e ( up to t&ree ti$e% 'o$pared to t&e ordinar( alan'ed diet.

+< T&e $ain 'aro&(drate food %our'e% are CAB@>4AT: SDC:S

!-



+a Fruit%.

+ ;egetale%.

+' Cereal%.

+d Sugar.

. Fat% 8n t&e od(, fat %er#e% a% t&e $ain %torage for$ of energ(. ne gra$ of fat &a% t&ee)ui#alent of 9.3 Cal/g$ a% oppo%ed to <.1 Cal/g$ for 'aro&(drate% and protein%. T&e(al%o produ'e energ(, &eat, C! and @!0.

+1 8n 'a%e% of %tar#ation, od( fat tend% to e roen don into a'idi' 'o$pound%. 8f t&e%e'o$pound% a''u$ulate in t&e lood fa%ter t&an t&e( 'an e urned, t&e( 'au%e t&e od(ti%%ue% and lood to e'o$e e'e%%i#el( a'idi' +a'ido%i%.

+! 4uring rief p&(%i'al a'ti#it(, energ( i% deri#ed e)uall( fro$ fat and 'aro&(drate%, ut a%t&e duration of t&e a'ti#it( lengt&en%, t&e per'ent of energ( %upplied ( fat in'rea%e% a%'aro&(drate energ( i% )ui'l( depleted.

+a Fat %our'e% FAT SDC:S

1. Butter.

!. ard.

3. Cooing oil.

<. Ma(onnai%e.

5. 8'e 'rea$.

+< Fat i% al%o found in le%%er a$ount% in

+a 4air( produ't%. +d 2ut%.

+ Meat. +e ;egetale%.

+' :gg%. +f Cereal%.'. ?rotein% ?rotein i% a reparati#e food of 'o$pli'ated $ole'ule% 'o$po%ed of '&ain% of a$ino

a'id%.

+1 T&e protein %tru'ture i% $ade up of !5 different a$ino a'id%. :le#en of t&e%e arei$portant for grot& &ile eig&t are e%%ential for nor$al ti%%ue $aintenan'e.

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+! Co$$on protein food %our'e% are ?T:82 SDC:S

+a :gg%.

+ 4air( produ't%.

+' Meat.

+d ?oultr(.

+e Fi%&.

+f egu$e% +pea% and ean%, nut% and 'ereal% it& ani$al produ't%, e%pe'iall( egg%, eing etter %our'e% of 'o$plete protein.

+3 A pure protein diet $a( 'au%e fatalitie% in 3- ee% fro$ rait %tar#ation. T&i% refer%to t&o%e &o &a#e tried to li#e on relati#el( fat-free rait $eat onl(. Fat $u%t e a partof a nor$al diet.

7. PERCENTAGE OF FATS, PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES IN A SUMMER

MOUNTAINOUS ENVIRONMENT.

a. e)uire$ent%

+1 !0= ?rotein.

+! 35= Fat%.

+3 <5= Caro&(drate%.

. W&en troop% $o#e to &ig&er altitude% and/or are doing %trenuou% a'ti#it(, 'aro&(drate%%&ould definitel( e in'rea%ed to at lea%t 70 - 0= of energ( intae. +:perien'ed$ountaineer% find 'aro&(drate% $ore palatale at altitude.

. VITAMINS . ;ita$in% are e%%ential to t&e $etaoli' fun'tioning of t&e od( and aree#en $ore i$portant in a 'old eat&er en#iron$ent e'au%e of an in'rea%e in $etaoli%$and %tre%%. Be'au%e t&e od( 'annot $ae #ita$in%, t&e( are %upplied in t&e food e'on%u$e. A dail( $ulti#ita$in talet %upple$ent i% re'o$$ended in a 'old eat&er en#iron$ent, ut $ega do%e% +$ore t&an 10 ti$e% t&e 4A $a( e &ar$ful.

a. Water-%olule #ita$in% are not %tored in t&e od( and need to e 'on%u$ed dail(. T&e(are not %tale to 'ooing and oidation.

+1 B 'o$ple, 2ia'in, ?antot&eni' a'id, Biotin, C&oline, Foli' A'id and C.+2ote ;ita$in C fa'ilitate% a%orption of iron fro$ food.

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. Fat-%olule #ita$in% 'an e %tored in t&e od( and are $ore %tale to 'ooing andoidation.

+1 A, 4, : and E.

9. FOODS THAT MAKE YOU FEEL WARM .

a. @ot Be#erage%. 8n'rea%e% perip&eral #a%odilatation.

. Ade)uate 4ietar( 8ron. Mild iron defi'ien'( in'rea%e% '&illing, t&u% de'rea%ing 'oldtoleran'e.

'. Fat in t&e 4iet. Fat %lo% ga%tri' e$pt(ing and ane'dotal e#iden'e %ugge%t% le%% '&illingand $ore re%tful %leep at nig&t.

d. Caro&(drate%. Eeep% energ( le#el% up. Tired i% a%%o'iated it& Cold.

e. Spi'e%. ed pepper +Taa%'o %au'e and $ono%odiu$ gluta$ate in'rea%e perip&eral#a%odilatation, &ile 'ap%i'u$ and 'ap%ai'in, &i'& are found in Ca(enne, produ'e% t&e%a$e re%ult &en applied eternall( to t&e feet.

f. Water. 4e&(dration lead% to let&arg(, &i'& tend% to redu'e food intae re%ulting in le%%&eat produ'tion.

10. INCREASING COLD TOLERANCE .

a. Fre)uent Feeding%. A &ig& 'aro&(drate diet i% %uperior to a &ig& protein diet in in'rea%ingtoleran'e to 'old.

+1 4iet% defi'ient in ot& 'alorie% and protein redu'e p&(%i'al or 'apa'it( in t&e 'old. T&e pro#i%ion of ot& 'o$ponent% i% re)uired to $aintain or 'apa'it(.

11. HIGH FAT DIETS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FROSTBITE.

a. @ig& fat diet% 'on%u$ed at fre)uent +! &our inter#al%, $aintain od( te$perature% etter t&an &ig& 'aro&(drate diet%, ut not if nor$al +< &our inter#al% are o%er#ed eteen$eal%.

. Fat enri'&ed diet% lead to a propen%it( toard in'rea%ed arterial t&ro$o%i% and in'rea%ed

platelet aggregation, &i'& tran%late% into in'rea%ed potential for t&ro$o%i%.'. Fro%tite in*urie% are a%%o'iated it& di%ruption of t&e $i'ro'ir'ulation, progre%%i#e $i'ro

#a%'ular t&ro$o%i%, alteration of platelet fun'tion, and firin depo%ition in affe'ted area%.

d. T&erefore, diet% &ig& in +%aturated fat $a( predi%po%e to fro%tite.

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CAUTION! A &ig&-fat diet i% i$portant in a &ig&-altitude, 'old-eat&er en#iron$ent.T&e enefit% a%%o'iated it& t&e &ig&-energ( %our'e 'alled Fat far outeig& t&e ri%% of arterio%'lero%i% fro$ t&e diet it%elf. A &ig&-fat diet i% appropriate in t&i% %pe'ifi'en#iron$ent during t&e ti$e fra$e of 'old, &ig&-altitude epo%ure. 8n garri%on, at %eale#el, a &ig& fat diet %&ould e a#oided in order to $aintain a &ealt&( life%t(le.

1!. IRON DEFICIENCY AND THERMOREGULATION .

a. 8ron defi'ien'( re%ult% in 9= le%% &eat produ'tion.

. Con%u$ing onl( 1/3 of t&e 4A for iron re%ult% in a !9= greater &eat lo%% during 'oldepo%ure. T&e furna'e i% going, ut t&e indo% are open i% a p&ra%e t&at &elp% de%'riet&i% effe't.

'. 8ron a%orption i% in'rea%ed ( 'on%u$ing iron ri'& food%

+1 ean $eat.

+! ?oultr(.

+3 Beet%.

+< Bean%.

+5 "reen leaf( #egetale%.

+ Fi%&.

+7 ;ita$in C.

d. Botto$ line, 82 i$pro#e% t&e od(6% re%pon%e to 'old.

13. WATER REQUIREMENTS.

a. n a#erage, ater $ae% up aout 0= of t&e one6% entire od( eig&t. T&e a#erage%edentar( per%on e'rete% aout !.7 )uart% of ater ea'& da(. f t&i% total, 1.3 )uart% arelo%t in t&e urine, 1.1 )uart% t&roug& t&e %in and lung% and 10 oun'e% in t&e %tool.

. At &ig& altitude, and during %trenuou% eer'i%e, t&e a$ount of ater lo%t t&roug& t&e %in

and lung% due to t&e 'old, dr( air in'rea%e% greatl(.'. Cold eat&er de'rea%e% t&e %en%e of t&ir%t, &i'& $a( lead to a %tate of '&roni', $ild

de&(dration. At te$perature% elo freeing and at ele#ation% ao#e t&e %no line, t&ela' of li)uid ater and t&e ti$e and effort re)uired to $elt %no 'o$pound t&e prole$.

d. ?re#ention of e'e%%i#e ater lo%% +FMST.07.01'

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+1 For'e fluid%. 4rin - )uart% of ater dail(.

+! %er#e for dar urine and ot&er %($pto$% of de&(dration. +@eada'&e,nau%ea/#o$iting, diine%%, 'on%tipation, et'.

+3 i$it 'affeine to 1-! 'up% per da(.

+< 4o not rel( on t&ir%t a% an indi'ator of &(dration %tatu%.

NOTE :ating %no or i'e ill 'au%e etre$e infla$$ation of t&e $u'ou% $e$rane% of t&e $out& after to da(%. War$ 'anteen% of ater pla'ed in (our %leeping ag ill gi#e (ouater to drin in t&e $orning. T&e( ill initiall( a't a% &ot ater ottle%. +?la'e t&e$uprig&t, a% t&e( tend to lea ...eep ag dr(.

e. @ealt& ?role$% A%%o'iated it& :'e%%i#e Water o%%

+1 4e&(dration.

+! Con%tipation.

+3 @(pot&er$ia.

+< Fro%tite.

+5 @eat :&au%tion.

f. T&e i$portan'e of &(dration i% e%%ential &ile in a 'old eat&er en#iron$ent. 8f t&e%e

guideline% are folloed t&en 'o$pli'ation% ari%ing fro$ poor &(dration %&ould e pre#ented.

1<. SPECIAL PURPOSE MILITARY RATIONS .

AT82 A??8CAT82ation, Cold Weat&er, CW. Cold eat&er operation% &ere eig&t and

freeing are a prole$.

M: Supple$ent ?a'et. Cold eat&er 'alorie %upple$ent% for t&e M:.

ation, ig&t Weig&t, W. ong range patrol%, re'onnai%%an'e, and a%%ault.

2utrition Su%tain$ent Module, 2SM. Calorie den%e food, ar ration for $i%%ion la%ting3-5 da(% &ere %oldier $u%t 'arr( &i% on food.

!-



Fa$il( of perational ation%, F. Modular ration% t&at allo an opti$u$ $i of $eal% for ta'ti'al operation% under all 'li$ati''ondition%.

15. FIELD STRIPPING OF MRE'S .

a. Tip% on &o to 'on%er#e %pa'e and eig&t

+1 e$o#e t&e entire 'ontent% fro$ t&e pla%ti' rapper.

+! e$o#e t&e 'ardoard, and all $aterial% t&at (ou ill not u%e.

+3 Be %ure to pla'e t&e toilet paper and ot&er $aterial% fro$ t&e a''e%%or( pa' eit&er a' in(our po'et or into t&e ron pa'aging.

+< Carefull( repa' t&e %tripped $eal a' into t&e rapper and %eal it& tape.

+5 >our $eal ill e &alf it% original %ie and to-t&ird% it% original eig&t.

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WILDERNESS PATIENT ASSESSMENT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:


OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION .

TRIAGE .

3



CPR: URBAN vs. WILDERNESS SPECIFICS .



PATIENT ASSESSMENT





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PATIENT PACKAGING AND EVACUATION .



UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSMountain Warfare Training Center Bridgeport, California 93517-5001

FMST.07.13

03/30/0

STUDENT HANDOUT

HIGH - ALTITUDE ILLNESSES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: !i"en a #i$ulated %a#ualt&, in a 'ig' altitude(ilderne## en"iron$ent, treat 'ig' altitude 'ealt' pro)le$#, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#.*FMST.07.13+


*1+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e definition of a%ute $ountain#i%ne##, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13a+

*+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e four $ain $e%'ani#$# of a%ute$ountain #i%ne##, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13)+

*3+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e $o#t %o$$on and pro$inent#&$pto$ of a%ute $ountain #i%ne##, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13%+

*+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e field $anage$ent of a%ute$ountain #i%ne##, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13d+

*5+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e #e"en 'ig' altitude 'ealt' pre"enti"e $ea#ure#, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13e+

*+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e %orre%t definition of 'ig' altitude%ere)ral ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13f+

*7+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e pat'op'&#iolog& of 'ig' altitude%ere)ral ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *WMC..g+

4*+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t fi"e of t'e #&$pto$# of 'ig' altitude%ere)ral ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13'+



*9+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e field $anage$ent of 'ig' altitude%ere)ral ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13i+

*10+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e %orre%t definition of 'ig'

altitude pul$onar& ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13+

*11+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'ree of t'e nine #&$pto$#of 'ig' altitude pul$onar& ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13+

*1+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t t'e field $anage$ent of 'ig' altitude pul$onar& ede$a, in a%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13l+

*13+ Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e#, #ele%t fro$ a gi"en li#t %'oo#e t'e $o#t i$portanttreat$ent for )ot' 'ig' altitude %ere)ral ede$a and 'ig' altitude pul$onar& ede$a, ina%%ordan%e (it' t'e referen%e#. *FMST.07.13$+

OUTLINE

1. ACCLIMATIZATION .

a. Su%%e##ful a%%li$atiation depend# on t'ree fa%tor#2

*1+ egree of '&po4i% #tre## *i.e. altitude+

*+ ate of on#et of '&po4i% #tre## *i.e. a#%ent rate+

*3+ 6ndi"idual '&#iolog& *i.e. geneti% differen%e# )et(een indi"idual#+

). '&#iologi% C'ange#2

*1+ e#pirator& - 8&po4i% entilator& e#pon#e *8+

- 8&po)ari% '&po4ia- Trigger# %arotid )od&- Central re#pirator& %enter #ti$ulated- entilator& rate in%rea#e#

8 %an )e $ea#ured2

- :8ig': lead# to #u%%e##ful a%%li$atiation and #uperior perfor$an%e.- :;o(: tend# to )e found in "i%ti$# of altitude illne##e#.- 8 %an )e influen%ed )& depre##ant# *<T=8+ and #ti$ulant#. *%affeine+, and proge#terone.

- May )e negati"el& influen%ed )& p'&#i%al %onditioning.

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*+ e#pirator& > Fa#t re#pon#e2 $inute# to 'our#

- 8 lead# to in%rea#ed entilator& rate.

- 6n%rea#ed "entilation# :)lo(# off? C0.@- ;o( C0 le"el# &ield a re#pirator& alalo#i# and ri#ing p8.- <le"ation of p8 feed# )a% to depre## t'e %entral re#pirator& %enter.- Ao furt'er i$$ediate ri#e in "entilator& rate *a )rae i# pla%ed on an&furt'er in%rea#e in re#piration.+

*3+ enal > Slo(er re#pon#e2 idne&# re#pond o"er t'e ne4t - 'our#2

- idne&# re#pond to alalo#i# )& indu%ing a )i%ar)onate diure#i#.- 8 #lo(l& de%line# - )rae on %entral re#pirator& %enter ea#e#.- e#pirator& rate graduall& ri#e# o"er - 7 da&# to ne( )a#eline.

- Final re#pirator& rate i# altitude dependent.

*+ Cardio"a#%ular - %'ange# are a re#ult of in%rea#ed #&$pat'eti% tone *due to '&po4ia+.

- 6n%rea#ed2 Blood re##ure, "enou# tone and Cardia% output *in%rea#ed 'eartrate and %ontra%tilit&.+- Stroe olu$e de%line# in fir#t 1 - 3 da&# due to )i%ar)onate diure#i#.- ;eft "entri%ular pre##ure# are nor$al, u#uall& t'erefore, (edge pre##ure# areu#uall& nor$al.

*5+ ul$onar& Cir%ulation - %riti%al in under#tanding t'e pat'op'&#iolog& of 8D<.

- D#%ent re#ult# in glo)al 8&po4i% ul$onar& a#o%on#tri%tion.- <le"ated ul$onar& Drter& re##ure *D+ o%%ur#.- <4ertion at altitude (or#en# t'i# ul$onar& 8&perten#ion.- a$age to pul$onar& "a#%ular endot'eliu$ leading to lea& %apillarie#.

*+ Cere)ral Cir%ulation - %riti%al in under#tanding pat'op'&#iolog& of 8DC<

- 8&po4ia -----------a#odilatation- 8&po%apnia ----------a#o%on#tri%tion- 8&po4ia i# t'e do$inant influen%e and "a#odilatation re#ult#.- =n a"erage, Cere)ral Blood Flo( *CBF+ in%rea#e# 0-0E on a#%ent to

1.000ft.

*7+ 8e$opoieti% e#pon#e

- <r&t'ropoietin le"el# in%rea#e (it'in 'our# of a#%ent.-



- Ae( i$$ature ed Blood Cell# *BC+ #een (it'in da&#.- Ae( $ature BC?# pre#ent (it'in -10 da&#- BC $a## in%rea#e #een o"er (ee# to $ont'# *altitude dependent+.- <arl& %'ange# due to 'e$o%on%entration.- ol&%&t'e$ia i# a potential danger > t'i# %an lead to a %ondition no(n a# CMS,

or C'roni% Mountain #i%ne##.

*+ Mu#%le Ti##ue

- 6ntra$u#%ular %apillar& and $ito%'ondrial den#it& in%rea#e# after t'ree (ee#e4po#ure to altitude.

*9+ Sleep attern

- Stage 1 in%rea#e, Stage unaffe%ted- Stage 3 de%rea#e#- apid <&e Mo"e$ent *<M+ de%rea#e#- Drou#al# in%rea#e- eriodi% Breat'ing *C'e&ne-Stoe#+.

6n%rea#ed re#pirator& rate lead# to re#pirator& alalo#i# <le"ated p8 depre##e# %entral re#pirator& %enter Dpnea

0 #aturation de%line#, C0 le"el# ri#e Carotid )od& #ti$ulated entilator& rate ri#e#

*10+Su$$ar&2 '&#iologi% %'ange# #een at altitude re#ult fro$ t'e )od&?# re#pon#e# to'&po )ari% '&po4ia. 6t 'a# )een #pe%ulated t'at $an (ould )e li$ited to an 000-foot

ele"ation li$it (it'out #upple$ental o4&gen if not for t'e a%%li$atiation pro%e##. D#Me##ner and 8ae)ler de$on#trated on Mt. <"ere#t, t'e pro%e## of a%%li$atiationena)le# $an to e4plore t'e entire planet.

. ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS (AMS) .

a. efinition - DMS i# an a%ute, #elf-li$iting illne##, ('i%' re#ult# ('en an una%%li$atiedindi"idual a#%end# rapidl& to 'ig' altitude. *FMST.07.13a+

*1+ 6t i# rare )elo( ,000 feet )ut (ill o%%ur in appro4i$atel& E of per#on# rapidl&e4po#ed to altitude# greater t'an 10,000 feet in ele"ation.

*+ Dero)i% fitne## i# no predi%tor for ri# of DMS (it' e4po#ure to altitude. T'ere i##o$e e"iden%e t'at prior aero)i% fitne## lead# to in%rea#ed DMS in%iden%e, $o#tliel& due to e4%e##i"el& rapid a#%ent or o"er-e4ertion at altitude. <lite at'lete# $a&al#o )e at in%rea#ed ri# due to depre##ed %ardio"a#%ular and entilator& re#pon#e# toe4ertion.

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*3+ rior a#%ent# to altitude (it'out #&$pto$# of DMS are no guarantee again#t 'a"ing#&$pto$# of DMS (it' future a#%ent#. 8o(e"er, t'o#e (it' pa#t DMS are at anin%rea#ed ri# of DMS (it' repeat e4po#ure to 'ig' altitude. !enerall&, t'ere i# no%orrelation )et(een t'e #e"erit& of t'e illne## and in%rea#ing altitude#. T'e in%iden%ei# #lig'tl& in%rea#ed in &ounger per#on#.

*+ T'ere i# #till $u%' (e do not no( a)out altitude-indu%ed p'&#iologi% %'ange#.Current e4planation# in t'e literature %enter around geneti% differen%e# in '&po4i%"entilator& re#pon#e and "a#%ular endot'eliu$ relea#e of infla$$ator& $ediator# and Aitri% =4ide.

). at'op'&#iolog& of DMS2 T'e p'&#iologi% %'ange# a##o%iated (it' t'e #&$pto$%o$ple4 no(n a# DMS are lined to2 *FMST.07.13)+.

*1+ oor "entilator& re#pon#e2 Dn indi"idual?# 8&po4i% entilator& e#pon#e *8+di%tate# 'o( (ell 'e/#'e (ill re#pond to t'e '&po)ari% '&po4ia of altitude. T'o#e (it'a )ri# 8 (ill do (ell, ('erea# t'o#e (it' a )lunted re#pon#e tend to #uffer t'e#&$pto$# of DMS. D poor "entilator& re#pon#e lead# to '&po4ia and '&per%apnia*ele"ated C0 le"el#+. T'e#e t(o %o$)ine to aug$ent %ere)ral )lood flo( )&indu%ing %ere)ral "a#odilatation.

*+ Fluid retention2 T'e in%rea#ed #&$pat'eti% tone a##o%iated (it' '&po)ari% '&po4iae4plain# $an& of t'e %'ange# #een in t'e renal #&#te$ at altitude. ;o( enal BloodFlo(, in%rea#ed anti-diureti% 'or$one#, lo( !lo$erular Filtration ate#, andde%rea#ed Grine =utput all %ontri)ute to a Aet Fluid !ain. T'i# retained fluidredi#tri)ute# (it'in t'e )od&?# fluid #pa%e#. D# a re#ult, intra"a%ular and e4tra"a#%ular fluid #'ift# o%%ur, e#pe%iall& in t'e )rain, lung, and perip'eral inter#titial ti##ue#.

*3+ 6n%rea#ed 6ntra-%ranial re##ure2 6n%rea#ed %ere)ral )lood flo( %oupled (it' CASinfla$$ation re#ulting in in%rea#ed "a#%ular per$ea)ilit& lead# to in%rea#edintra-%ranial pre##ure and a##o%iated #&$pto$#.

*+ Dltered ul$onar& Me%'ani%#. =n a#%ent to altitude, t'ere i# an in%rea#e ine4tra"a#%ular lung (ater. T'i# i# t'oug't to )e $ediated, in part, )& a p'eno$enonno(n a# '&po4i% pul$onar& "a#o%on#tri%tion. Blood "e##el# in t'e lung# %on#tri%t('en t'e& are e4po#ed to lo( o4&gen le"el#, t'i# glo)al "a#o%on#tri%tion lead# toin%rea#ed rig't-#ided 'eart pre##ure#. T'e re#ult of in%rea#ed rig't-#ided 'eart pre##ure# %au#e# fluid to lea fro$ t'e "a#%ular #pa%e into t'e al"eoli, ('i%' re#ult# in

i$paired ga# e4%'ange. T'i# 'a# )een de$on#trated "ia ul$onar& Fun%tion Te#ting )ron%'oal"eolar la"age, rig't #ided-'eart %at'eteriation and arterial )lood ga#anal&#i# #'o(ing de%rea#ed ital Capa%it&, de%rea#ed ea <4pirator& Flo(#, pul$onar& e4udate# ri%' in protein# and 6n%rea#ed Dl"eolar-Drterial o4&gen!radient#. =ne #tud& #'o(ed a 5E in%rea#e in e#ti$ated lung $a##. 6t i# notun%o$$on to 'ear %ra%le# in all lung field# ('en au#%ultating a#&$pto$ati%indi"idual#. T'e pre#en%e of intra-al"eolar fluid in'i)it# t'e diffu#ion of o4&gen

-



a%ro## t'e al"eolar $e$)rane, t'ere)& redu%ing o4&genation a%ro## t'e pul$onar&%apillar& $e$)rane.

Sign# and S&$pto$# of DMS. S&$pto$# tend to o%%ur (it'in t'e fir#t 1- 3 da&# of e4po#ure to altitude. S&$pto$# #'ould re#ol"e #pontaneou#l& (it'in 15 - 'our#, if

a#%ent i# arre#ted. T'e t'ree $o#t pro$inent #&$pto$# are 8eada%'e, Aau#ea ando$iting. *FMST.07.13%+ Dlt'oug' non#pe%ifi%, 'eada%'e $u#t )e pre#ent to $ae adiagno#i# of DMS. 95E of DMS "i%ti$# (ill %o$plain of one or $ore of t'e#e t'ree.=t'er %o$$on %o$plaint# in%lude diine##, anore4ia, dro(#ine##, $alai#e, (eane##,and in#o$nia. 6t i# po##i)le t'at finding# of d&#pnea on e4ertion and $ental #tatu#%'ange# along (it' ata4i% gait $a& a%%o$pan& t'e %la##i% DMS #ign# and #&$pto$#.T'e#e are %lear indi%ation# for de#%ent, a# t'e#e are t'e 'all$ar #ign# of progre##ion to8DC< and t'e de"elop$ent of 8D<. Dgain, 'eada%'e i# t'e $o#t %o$$on and pro$inent #&$pto$ of DMS. T'e ;ae ;oui#e Con#en#u# %riteria (a# %reated to gi"e%lini%ian# for$al guidan%e in diagno#ing DMS. T'e %riteria reHuire t'e pre#en%e of 'eada%'e plu# one or $ore #&$pto$# fro$ t'e a)o"e li#t. *i.e. nau#ea, "o$iting,anore4ia, in#o$nia, diine##, fatigue, and d&#pnea on e4ertion.+

%. Field Manage$ent *FMST.07.13d+

*1+ Stop an& furt'er a#%ent. ;ig't dut&. Ao to)a%%o.

*+ S&$pto$ati% Treat$ent. Mild analge#i%# #u%' a# D#pirin or T&lenol for t'e 'eada%'e,Co$paine or 'energan for nau#ea/"o$iting.

*3+ =t'er Med#2 D%etaola$ide *ia$o4+, e4a$et'a#one *e%adron+, and o4&gen. T'eeffe%t# of ia$o4 and e%adron are additi"e ('en u#ed toget'er and are a "er&effe%ti"e $ean# for treating DMS.

*+ 8&per"entilate2 6t i# unreali#ti% to tr& to %on#%iou#l& %ontrol one?# re#pirator& rate o"er an& appre%ia)le period of ti$e. 6t i# nearl& i$po##i)le to $aintain %on#%iou#'&per"entilation ('ile fun%tioning in t'e field.

*5+ e#%end. 6f none of t'e#e $et'od# 'elp, t'en indi"idual# #'ould de#%end 1,000-3,000feet. T'i# (ill u#uall& re#ult in $ared relief of #&$pto$#. Mo#t %a#e#, 'o(e"er,i$pro"e in 1- da&# (it' #&$pto$ati% treat$ent.

*+ D;; DT6<ATS W6T8 DMS MGST B< <D;GDT< F= 8D< DA 8DC<.

8=WI- Field #o)riet& te#t.- Mini-$ental #tatu# e4a$.- Du#%ultation of lung field#.

d. re"enti"e Mea#ure#2 *FMST.07.13e+

-



*1+ T'e )e#t approa%' to 'ig'-altitude tra"el i# #taged, gradual a#%ent, ('en $o"ing ataltitude# greater t'an 3000 $eter#. !radual a#%ent $ean# no fa#ter t'an 3000 ft/da&up to 1,000 and no greater t'an 1,000 ft/da& o"er 1,000 ft.

*+ D"oid an& al%o'ol and/or #edati"e# during t'e fir#t t(o nig't#.

*3+ Maintain adeHuate fluid intae.

*+ Wor 'ig' - Sleep lo(.

*5+ 8ig' Car)o'&drate iet *appro4i$atel& 70E of diet+.

*+ D"oid o"ere4ertion, )ut re$e$)er t'at $ild e4er%i#e a##i#t# a%%li$atiation.

*7+ Ao #$oing.

*+ 'ar$a%ologi%al option#2 re"ention of DMS i# po##i)le (it' D%etaola$ide*ia$o4+. 6t dra$ati%all& lo(er# t'e in%iden%e of DMS ('en taen prop'&la%ti%all&.T'e u#ual do#e i# 15 $g = B6 #tarting - 'our# )efore a#%ent and #'ould )e%ontinued for 3- da&# after t'e #tart of t'e $i##ion. 6t i# al#o effe%ti"e ('en u#ed a# atreat$ent e#pe%iall& ('en %o$)ined (it' e%adron. 6n indi"idual# (it'%ontraindi%ation# or allergie# to ia$o4 u#e e%adron *do#ed =/6M/6 $g J+.

3. HIGH ALTITUDE CEREBRAL EDEMA (HACE).

a. efinition. 8DC< i# a 'ig'-altitude illne## %'ara%teried )& #(elling of t'e )rain.

*FMST.07.13f+

*1+ 8DC< %an o%%ur a# lo( a# ,000 feet, )ut t&pi%all& o%%ur# at $ore t'an1,000 feet.

*+ 8DC<, %on#idered )& $o#t, to )e a progre##ion of DMS, o%%ur# a# a failure to'eed t'e (arning# of DMS #ign# and #&$pto$# and %ontinue a#%ent.

). at'op'&#iolog&. 6n%rea#ed %ere)ral )lood flo( along (it' t'e fluid #'ift# $entioneda)o"e lead to "a#ogeni% ede$a *lea& )lood "e##el#+ in#ide t'e %onfined #pa%e of t'e

#ull. 6t i# al#o t'oug't t'at infla$$ation pla&# a e& role in t'e de"elop$ent of 8DC< and o%%ur# a# follo(#. 8&po4ia trigger# t'e relea#e of infla$$ator& $ediator#

*liel& Tran#for$ing !ro(t' Fa%tor Beta, T!F- and a#%ular <ndot'elial !ro(t'Fa%tor, <!F.+ T'e#e $ediator# %au#e in%rea#ed "a#%ular per$ea)ilit& t'at re#ult influid a%%u$ulation (it'in t'e )rain > ede$a and in%rea#ed intra%ranial pre##ure.=n%e t'i# pre##ure near# arterial pre##ure, %ere)ral )lood flo( (ill )e i$paired.<"entuall&, intra-%ranial pre##ure (ill ri#e furt'er (it' a %on%o$itant in%rea#e in t'e

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ri# of )rain 'erniation leading to $ared alteration# in $ental #tatu#, ata4ia and e"en%ranial ner"e pal#ie#. 6n%rea#ed CSF produ%tion furt'er %o$pound# t'e pro)le$.*FMST.07.13g+

%. ifferential iagno#i#2 =t'er illne##e# are po##i)le in indi"idual# a#%ending to

altitude. Kour differential #'ould in%lude t'e follo(ing ('en neurologi% defi%it# arein"ol"ed2

*1+ Cere)ro"a#%ular #pa#$ and Tran#ient 6#%'e$i% Dtta%#.

*+ Cere)ral "a#%ular t'ro$)oe$)oli% e"ent#.

*3+ 6ntra-%ranial 'e$orr'age *aneur&#$, DM+.

*3+ 8&pot'er$ia.

*+ Meningiti#

*5+ <n%ep'aliti#

*+ L8ango"er@

d. Sign# and S&$pto$#2

*1+ <arl& #ign# and #&$pto$# are t'o#e found in DMS. *i.e. 8/D, A+

*+ W'en t'e a)o"e (arning #ign# go un'eeded t'e true #ign# and #&$pto$# of 8DC< %an Hui%l& follo(2 *FMST.07.13'+

*a+ Dta4ia *lo## of $u#%le %oordination leading to diffi%ult& $aintaining )alan%e+, e#pe%iall& pro$inent in t'e "i%ti$?# gait.

*)+ Mental Statu# C'ange#, poor udge$ent, per#onalit& %'ange ('i%'$a& progre## to #tupor, %o$a and deat' relati"el& rapidl& (it'out proper treat$ent.

*%+ ;a##itude, %onfu#ion, 'allu%ination#, %on"ul#ion#, )e'a"iorala)erration#.

*d+ aral&#i# of one or $ore e4tre$itie# *#ee ifferential iagno#i#+.

*3+ T'e $o#t i$portant i$pedi$ent to earl& re%ognition of 8DC< i# it# in#idiou#on#et. <arl& #ign# and #&$pto$# freHuentl& go unre%ognied or are ignored )& patient#, a# (ell a# t'eir %o$panion#, ('o al#o $a& )e #uffering to #o$edegree fro$ t'e effe%t# of altitude.

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e. Field Treat$ent *FMST.07.13i+

*1+ <arl& re%ognition i# t'e <K. ;oo for Dta4ia and Mental Statu# C'ange#.

*+ Treat$ent #'ould )e i$$ediate #in%e fatalitie# %an o%%ur (it'in a fe( 'our#in #e"ere %a#e#.

*3+ =n%e diagno#ed, t'e patient #'ould )e pla%ed in t'e $o#t %o$forta)le po#ition po##i)le, de#%ent #'ould )e dire%ted i$$ediatel& and ad$ini#tration of 'ig'%on%entration = #'ould )e gi"en, in route, if a"aila)le.

*+ e%adron *earl&+, 10$g =/6M/6 follo(ed )& $g J. ia$o4 %an al#o )eu#ed 15-50 $g B6.

*5+ Con#ider diureti%# > u#e %arefull&.

*+ 6f lo## of %on#%iou#ne##, t'in air(a& $anage$ent and DBC?#.

*7+ Ca#e"a% to an ad"an%ed $edi%al fa%ilit& DSD

*+ D !a$o( Bag %an )e a life#a"er if de%ent i# not i$$ediatel& po##i)le.erfor$ - %o$pre##ion# per da& ea%' treat$ent #'ould la#t 0-0 $inute#.

NOTE: T'e !a$o( Bag i# a one-$an porta)le '&per)ari% %'a$)er. 6t (eig'# 1.5 l)#., i#operated )& a foot-pu$p, and i# $ade of n&lon (it' an airtig't ipper. Wit' t'e 8D< or 8DC< "i%ti$ in#ide, t'e )ag i# pre##uried (it' t'e foot-pu$p to an internal pre##ure of p#i.T'i# i# t'e eHui"alent to a 5000 - 000-foot de#%ent in regard# to t'e partial pre##ure of o4&gen

in#ide t'e )ag. Dir i# %ir%ulated (it'in t'e )ag "ia t'e foot-pu$p. T'i# %an )e a life-#a"ingre#our%e in t'e e"ent a "i%ti$ i# %aug't at altitude and %annot de#%end due to (eat'er or ot'er un%ontrolla)le "aria)le#.

f. re"ention

*1+ re"enti"e $ea#ure# are t'e #a$e a# t'o#e di#%u##ed for DMS.

*+ e%adron %an )e u#ed a# a prop'&la%ti% $edi%ation along (it' ia$o4, in%a#e# of una"oida)le rapid a#%ent to e4tre$e altitude. 8o(e"er one $u#t%ontinue t'i# regi$en, ('ile at altitude, or fa%e rapid on#et of #&$pto$# on%e

t'e $edi%ation i# #topped.

. HIGH ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA (HAPE).

a. efinition. 8D< i# a 'ig'-altitude illne## t'at i# %'ara%teried )& filling of t'e lung#(it' ede$a fluid. *FMST.07.13+

-



*1+ 8D< rarel& o%%ur# )elo( 1,000 feet.

*+ 8D< "i%ti$# in t'e pa#t (ere %o$$onl& de#%ri)ed, after autop#&, a# "i%ti$#of :pneu$onia: and :6nfla$$ation of t'e lung#:. Sin%e 190, $edi%al #%ien%e'a# 'ad t'e te%'nolog& to in"e#tigate t'e %o$ple4itie# of t'e p'&#iologi%al

%'ange# a##o%iated (it' '&po)ari% '&po4ia.

*3+ 6n%iden%e2 =%%ur# in 1- E of people )roug't rapidl& to 1,000ft.

*+ Co$$onl& o%%ur# (it'in - da&# of a#%ent.

*5+ i# for de"eloping 8D< re$ain t'e #a$e a# a)o"e2

*a+ ate of a#%ent*)+ Sleeping altitude*%+ ;e"el of e4ertion*d+ !ender *MNF+*f+ 6ndi"idual p'&#iolog&

). at'op'&#iolog& of 8D<2

*1+ 8&po4i% ul$onar& a#o%on#tri%tion

*a+ Aor$al part of t'e a%%li$atiation pro%e## *ele"ated D+.*)+ Ddapti"e at #ea le"el *i.e. lo)ar pneu$onia+.*%+ Maladapti"e at altitude *glo)al '&po4ia+.*d+ Tend# to )e une"en, leading to 'ig' pre##ure/'ig' flo( area.

*+ ="erperfu#ion

*a+ ;o%alied area# e4po#ed to 'ig' pre##ure and 'ig' flo(.*)+ S'earing for%e# and #tre## failure at t'e $i%ro"a#%ular le"el.*%+ <ndot'elial da$age to %apillarie# lead# to infla$$ator& re#pon#e and

in%rea#ed "a#%ular per$ea)ilit&.*d+ <le"ated '&dro#tati% pre##ure %o$)ined (it' in%rea#ed "a#%ular

per$ea)ilit& lead# to leaage of protein ri%' fluid# into t'e al"eoli andde%rea#ed o4&genation

*3+ Aitri% =4ide defi%ien%&

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6ndi"idual# prone to 8D< $a& 'a"e a defi%ien%& in t'e a$ount of Aitri% =4ide produ%ed in t'e "a#%ular endot'eliu$ re#ulting in $ore profound '&po4i% pul$onar& "a#o%on#tri%tion.

%. at'ologi% Finding# of 8D<2 o#t$orte$ #tudie# of "i%ti$# of 8D< 'a"e &ielded

#o$e intere#ting re#ult#2

*1+ !ro##l&, t'e lung# are %onge#ted and #(ollen, a# #een (it' ot'er %au#e# of pul$onar& ede$a. D"erage lung (eig't on autop#& i# - ti$e# nor$al.8i#tologi%all&, one #ee# pul$onar& ede$a (it' a protein ri%' e4udate fillingt'e al"eoli. 6t i# al#o %o$$on to find t'e al"eolar #pa%e# filled (it' '&aline$e$)rane#.

*+ T'e left 'eart i# %o$pletel& nor$al in appearan%e. 8o(e"er, t'e rig't"entri%le, rig't atriu$, and pul$onar& arterie# are di#tended and dilated.

*3+ !reater t'an 50E of 8D< "i%ti$# are found to 'a"e e"iden%e of 8DC<.

d. Sign# and S&$pto$#. T'e#e tend to o%%ur (it'in - da&# of arri"al at altitude.G#uall& t'e #&$pto$# of DMS are pre#ent )efore or o%%ur (it' t'e #&$pto$# of 8D<. *FMST.07.13+

*1+ <arl& #ign#2

*a+ r& %oug', freHuentl& o%%urring at nig't.

*)+ &#pnea on <4ertion *=<+, e#pe%iall& (it' a$)ulation up'ill.

*%+ Mild %'e#t pain - u#uall& per%ei"ed a# an a%'e )eneat' t'e #ternu$.

*d+ e%rea#ed (or perfor$an%e and in%rea#ed re%o"er& ti$e )et(eene"ent#.

*e+ erip'eral or Central C&ano#i#.

*+ ;ater #ign#2

*a+ &#pnea at e#t.

*)+ rodu%ti"e %oug' ('i%' &ield# large a$ount# of pin, frot'& #putu$.

*%+ apid pul#e and re#pirator& rate#.

*d+ Dudi)le %ra%le# on au#%ultation.

*e+ Me!a" #!a!$# %&a'e#, A!aa, ;o## of Con#%iou#ne##.

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*f+ CO finding#2

- ro$inent pul$onar& arterie#.- Aor$al 'eart #ie.

- at%'& infiltrate#.

<C8= finding#2

-Aon-%ardiogeni% pul$onar& ede$a -in%rea#ed D-Tri%u#pid regurgitation.-Aor$al left "entri%le-ro$inent pul$onar& arterie# -enlarged rig't atriu$-<nlarged rig't "entri%le.

NOTE: Cra%le# 'eard on lung e4a$, a# an i#olated finding i# A=T an indi%ation for de#%ent or ground# for t'e diagno#i# of 8D<. 6t i# %o$$on *up to 15E of %li$)er# on Mt. ainier+ tofind a#&$pto$ati% rale# in %li$)er# at altitude# of 10,000-1,000ft. Con%ern i# 'eig'tened('en %ra%le# o%%ur in %on#tellation (it' ot'er #ign# and #&$pto$#.

e. Field Treat$ent *FMST.07.13l+

*1+ T'e $o#t i$portant e$ergen%& %are $ea#ure i# i$$ediate de#%ent to a lo(er altitude, #in%e fatalitie# %an o%%ur (it'in -1 'our# in #e"ere %a#e#.

*a+ D de#%ent of at lea#t ,000-3,000 feet %an )e a definiti"e treat$ent if t'e %ondition i# %aug't earl& enoug'.

*+ T'e patient #'ould )e pla%ed in t'e $o#t %o$forta)le po#ition *u#uall& #itting+

and gi"en &'&-*"+, O * a.a"a/"e. 6t i# i$portant to $ini$ie a%ti"it&, a#e4ertion in%rea#e# pul$onar& arter& pre##ure#. e$e$)er o4&gen i# ;a#i4 for t'e lung#.

*3+ Medi%ation regi$en# in%lude2

*a+ Aifedipine *10$g = initiall& t'en 30$g S J1+ > %al%iu$ %'annel )lo%er - pul$onar& arter&/arteriole dilator. SP#u#tained relief.

*)+ ia$o4 and e%adron $a& )e appropriate regi$en#, depending on

&our $edi%ation a"aila)ilit&.

*%+ Morp'ine *5$g 6 initiall& de%rea#ed D+ a# a la#t re#ort.

*+ =4&gen i# al(a&# appropriate, 'o(e"er, it i# not al(a&# a"aila)le.

*5+ !a$o( Bag %an )e a life#a"er if de%ent i# not i$$ediatel& po##i)le.

-



f. re"ention Mea#ure#. re"enti"e $ea#ure# are t'e #a$e a# t'o#e di#%u##ed for DMS.

*1+ D%etaola$ide *ia$o4+ 'a# )een pro"en to )e #u%%e##ful in t'e pre"ention

of 8D<. 15 - 50 $g = )id 'elp# pre"ent 8D< in indi"idual# (it're%urrent epi#ode#.

*+ Aifedipine *30 $g SH1'+ - al#o effe%ti"e in indi"idual# (it' re%urrent8D<.

*3+ 6t #'ould )e noted t'at a 'i#tor& of 8D< i# A=T a %ontraindi%ation to t'eindi"idual parti%ipating in 'ig'-altitude a%ti"itie#. <a%' %a#e #'ould )ee"aluated indi"iduall&.

NOTE: Re0e0/e1 2e%e! # !&e 0+#! 03+1!a! !1ea!0e! *+1 /+!& HACE a2 HAPE.*FMST.07.13$+

5. SYSTEMIC EDEMA AT HIGH ALTITUDES .

=%%a#ionall&, %ertain indi"idual#, e#pe%iall& (o$en, (ill de"elop ede$a of t'e fa%e,'and#, and feet at altitude. T'i# ede$a u#uall& tend# to o%%ur in t'e a)#en%e of ot'er #&$pto$#. 6n #u#%epti)le per#on#, repeat epi#ode# are %o$$on. T'e ede$a goe# a(a&upon return to lo(er altitude. T'ere i# no need for de#%ent in t'e#e %a#e# )e%au#e t'e patient i# u#uall& a)le to tolerate t'e ede$a and %ontinue# to fun%tion (ell. 8o(e"er, t'e&#'ould )e e4a$ined %arefull& to rule out t'e pre#en%e of 8D< or 8DC<. iureti%# areu#uall& not (arranted. 6t i# al#o pro)a)l& rea#ona)le to re#tri%t #alt intae. T'e onl&indi%ation for de#%ent i# if t'e ede$a i# %au#ing fun%tional di#a)ilit&, i.e. ina)ilit& to donone?# )oot#, or fa%ial ede$a #e"ere enoug' to re#tri%t "i#ion.

. SICKLE CRISIS .

er#on# (it' #i%le %ell trait are at ri# for de"eloping #i%ling atta%# ('en e4po#ed to'&po4i% #tre##, a# $ig't o%%ur at 'ig' altitude#. 8o(e"er, #i%ling %an o%%ur at lo(er ele"ation#. 6ndi"idual# (it' Mediterranean fa$il& tie# #'ould )e %on#idered at ri# for 'a"ing #i%le %ell trait. T'e trait i# $ore liel& in )la% indi"idual# a# (ell. Dn& patient%o$plaining of ;eft Gpper Juadrant pain, S=B, and/or art'ralgia at altitude #'ould 'a"e#i%ling %ri#i# in%luded in t'e differential diagno#i# regardle## of ra%e. 6t 'a# )een no(nto o%%ur in ('ite fe$ale# a# (ell. 6t 'a# )een re%o$$ended )& #o$e t'at indi"idual# (it'

#i%le %ell trait #'ould )e re#tri%ted to an altitude of ,000 feet and )elo(. 8o(e"er, $oreli)eral re%o$$endation# e4i#t, #ugge#ting t'at t'e indi"idual and t'eir #&$pto$# di%tateulti$ate altitude.

7. ALTITUDE THROAT .

-



Dt 'ig'er altitude#, $out' )reat'ing i# often in%rea#ed during e4ertion. 6n'alation of t'i#%old, dr& air %an re#ult in dr&ing of t'e $u%ou# $e$)rane# in t'e t'roat and upper air(a&. T'i# %ondition re#pond# to 'u$idified air, #alt-(ater gargle# or loenge#. 6f e4udate or ede$a i# pre#ent, t'roat %ulture and/or anti)ioti%# $a& )e (arranted.

. HIGH ALTITUDE LATUS E5PULSION HAE) .

D#%ent to altitude %an re#ult in rapid e4pan#ion of inte#tinal ga#, due to t'e de%rea#ed pre##ure of altitude. T'i# produ%e# a)do$inal di#%o$fort and t'e pa##age of %oloni% ga#.T'i# %ondition i# not a##o%iated (it' #eriou# %on#eHuen%e# 'o(e"er, it $a& %reateten#ion a$ong#t tent-tea$ $e$)er#. Treat$ent %on#i#t# of oral ad$ini#tration of anti-flatulen%e #u%' a# #i$et'i%one, M&lanta 66, or !a"i#%on. no( and a"oid &our ga# produ%ing food#

9. HIGH ALTITUDE RETINAL HEMORRHAGE .

Gp to 0E of indi"idual# a#%ending to altitude# greater t'an 1,000 feet (ill de"elopa#&$pto$ati% retinal 'e$orr'age#. =n fundo#%opi% e4a$, t'ere (ill )e '&pere$ia of t'edi#% and dilation and tortuo#it& of t'e "e##el#. :Fla$e: 'e$orr'age# and :%otton (ool#pot#: %an )e #een on e4a$. T'e onl& indi%ation for de#%ent in an indi"idual (it' retinal'e$orr'age# i# lo## of "i#ual a%uit&. T'i# u#uall& re#ult# ('en a large 'e$orr'agein"ol"e# t'e $a%ular region of t'e retina. e$e$)er t'at Car)on Mono4ide poi#oning%an pre#ent (it' retinal 'e$orr'age a# (ell.

10. THROMBOEMBOLIC EVENTS .

T'ro$)oe$)oli% di#ea#e o%%ur# (it' in%rea#ed freHuen%& at 'ig'er altitude#. 6t i# )elie"ed t'at t'e %o$$on %ir%u$#tan%e# of "olu$e depletion due to de'&dration andol&%&t'e$ia due to altitude e4po#ure predi#po#e indi"idual# to %oagulopat'i% e"ent#. 6naddition, e4tended period# of ina%ti"it& due to Lgoing to ground@ during #tor$# %ontri)uteto t'i# predi#po#ition. T'ere doe# not #ee$ to )e an& dire%t influen%e of '&po)ari%'&po4ia on t'e )od&?# nor$al %oagulation #&#te$.

11. ACETAZOLAMIDE .

D%etaola$ide *ia$o4+ i# a Car)oni% Dn'&drate 6n'i)itor, ('i%' i# e#pe%iall& a%ti"e int'e )rain, t'e lung, and t'e idne&.

a. idne&2

*1+ Gptae of )i%ar)onate ion i# in'i)ited.

*+ Bi%ar)onate diure#i# i# indu%ed.

*3+ Meta)oli% a%ido#i# en#ue# (it'in one 'our of $edi%ation.

-



*+ SeHuen%e $i$i%# and a%%elerate# t'e natural a%%li$atiation pro%e##.

*5+ <n'an%ed 8 i# t'e end re#ult.

*+ iure#i# addre##e# pro)le$# a##o%iated (it' fluid retention.

). Brain2

*1+ ire%t effe%t# at t'e le"el of t'e Central e#pirator& Center.

*+ i$ini#'e# periodi% )reat'ing during #leep.

*3+ Fe(er epi#ode# of apnea and e4tre$e '&po4e$ia.

*+ CSF produ%tion i# in'i)ited and CSF a)#orption i# en'an%ed.

%. Side <ffe%t#2

*1+ ol&uria.

*+ Flatten# ta#te of %ar)onated )e"erage#.

*3+ erip'eral parae#t'e#ia#, $&opia, i$poten%e, nau#ea, and dro(#ine##.

*+ Contraindi%ated for Sulfa Dllergi% and !-defi%ient indi"idual# *re"er#i)le('en $edi%ation i# di#%ontinued.+

-





FMST.07.35

03/13/0

STUDENT HANDOUT

HEAT ILLNESSES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE! "i#en a $a%ualt& in a 'ilderne%% en#iron(ent,and ne$e%%ar& e)uip(ent and %upplie%, (anage $o((on *eat related in+urie% to pre#ent deat*or furt*er in+ur& per t*e referen$e FMST.07.35

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES!

1 Wit*out t*e aid of referen$e%, gi#en a li%t of *eat illne%%e% (at$* t*e definition to t*e$orre$t $ondition, in a$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.35a

Wit*out t*e aid of referen$e%, %ele$t fro( a gi#en li%t t*e $orre$t field treat(ent for*eat $ra(p%, in a$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.35

3 Wit*out t*e aid of referen$e%, %ele$t fro( a gi#en li%t t*e $orre$t field treat(ent for*eat e*au%tion, in a$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.35$

Wit*out t*e aid of referen$e%, %ele$t fro( a gi#en li%t t*e $orre$t field treat(ent for*eat %troe, in a$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.35d

1. CAUSES OF HEAT ILLNESSES. 2eat illne%% i% $au%ed & one of or a $o(ination of t*e follo'ing fa$tor%!

a. $e%%i#e en#iron(ental *eat and *u(idit&.

. Fault& *eat di%%ipation (e$*ani%(% 'it*in t*e od&.

$. Stre%%ed *eat di%%ipation (e$*ani%(%.

d. 4rolonged %trenuou% p*&%i$al a$ti#it& 'it* inade)uate fluid and ele$trol&te

repla$e(ent.

5



. THERMOREGULATION. T*e od& i% $on%tantl& ad+u%ting it%elf in order to (aintain it%opti(al te(perature. T*i% i% $alled t*er(oregulation. a%i$ p*&%i$% prin$iple applie%, in t*at*eat i% tran%ferred fro( a *ig*er to a lo'er te(perature. W*at t*i% (ean% i% t*at '*en t*een#iron(ental te(perature i% *ig*er t*an t*e %in te(perature, t*e od& gain% *eat, ut '*en t*een#iron(ental te(perature i% lo'er, t*e od& lo%e% *eat. % a re%ult, ele#ated en#iron(ental

te(perature add% to t*e *eat urden of t*e od& and $an interfere 'it* *eat di%%ipation.

a. 2eat Tran%fer Me$*ani%(%. 6eeping in (ind t*e ao#e prin$iple 'e 'illno' di%$u%% t*e four (et*od% of *eat tran%fer.

1 Condu$tion! T*i% i% *eat e$*ange et'een t'o %urfa$e% in dire$t $onta$t.n ea(ple 'ould e l&ing on a *ot or $old %urfa$e.

Con#e$tion! T*i% i% *eat e$*ange fro( a %urfa$e to a ga% or li)uid,u%uall& air or 'ater. T*e a(ount of *eat tran%ferred depend% on (an&#ariale%, %u$* a% den%it&, flo' rate and %urfa$e area epo%ed.

3 adiation! T*i% i% *eat tran%fer et'een t*e od& and it% %urrounding%.ll (atter eit*er a%or% *eat or e(it% t*er(al radiation. T*e %un e(it%*eat and t*e od& a%or% it. intere%ting fa$t i% t*at *ig*l& pig(ented%in '*ile prote$ti#e again%t 8 radiation a%or% aout 0: (ore *eatt*an lig*tl& pig(ented %in.

#aporation! T*i% i% t*e *eat flo' fro( t*e od& %urfa$e to t*een#iron(ent & %'eating.

. ;f t*e od& i% unale to (aintain t*er(al e)uiliriu( & radiation, $on#e$tion,and $ondu$tion and $ore te(perature ri%e%, %'eating (u%t o$$ur to per(it *eat

lo%% & #apori<ation of 'ater. Sin$e ga%tri$ e(pt&ing of 'ater i% aout 1=/*r and %'eat rate% $an e$eed 1=/*r, a *ealt*& diet along 'it* $on%tantrepleni%*(ent of 'ater lo%t i% i(perati#e to pre#ent illne%%.

3. PREDISPOSING FACTORS.

a. n underl&ing illne%% %u$* a% infe$tion.

. T*e te(perature and *u(idit& of pre#iou% da&% effe$t t*e lieli*ood of e$o(ing a *eat $a%ualt&.

$. Mo%t *eat illne%%e% o$$ur during t*e (orning *our%.

d. T*ir%t i% not an a$$urate indi$ation of *&dration> t*erefore &ou (u%t drin e#en '*en &ou don?t feel t*ir%t&.

e. 4eople u%uall& do not #oluntaril& drin a% (u$* 'ater a% t*e& lo%e.

5-



f. ll per%on% in t*e *eat %*ould e $on%idered de*&drated, unle%% t*e& *a#e een for$ed to drin (ore t*an t*e& de%ired.

. PREVENTIVE MEASURES .

a. @rin A- )t% e#er& da& to repla$e fluid% lo%t & %'eating or fro( ot*er odil&fun$tion%.

. Con%u(ption of a %olute ri$* (eal or a fluid repla$e(ent e#erage aout *our% efore eer$i%e $an potentiall& $ountera$t t*e %'eat/%alt lo%%e%.

5. EARLY SIGNS OF HEAT RELATED ILLENSSES . C*ange% in $ogniti#efun$tion% appear to o$$ur fre)uentl& prior to t*e p*&%i$al %&(pto(% of *eat illne%%e%.;t i% t*erefore i(perati#e t*at (edi$al per%onnel and leader% 'at$* for $onfu%ion andi(paired ailit& to fun$tion or 'or in t*e (e(er% of t*eir group.

A. SPECIFIC HEAT RELATED ILLNESSES .

a. 2eat ;ndu$ed S&n$ope. FMST.07.35a T*i% e#ent i% $au%ed & t*e gra#itationaldi%pla$e(ent of lood into t*e leg% of an uprig*t and %tationar& per%on $o(ined'it* *e(od&na(i$ di%pla$e(ent of lood into perip*eral $ir$ulation to %upport*eat tran%fer at t*e od& %urfa$e.

1 4rodro(al %&(pto(%.

e%tle%%ne%% @ au%ea

B Sig*ing Da'ning

C @&%p*oria

Treat(ent.

T*e fainting i% u%uall& rief and re%pond% to *ori<ontal po%itioning.

B e%t in a $ool, %*aded area.

C Eral fluid%.

@ 4er%on% %*ould e $autioned again%t %tanding in *ot en#iron(ent% andad#i%ed to fle leg (u%$le% repeatedl& '*ile %tanding %till to en*an$e#enou% return and 'arned to %it or lie do'n if 'arning %ign% reappear.

. 2eat Cra(p%. T*e%e are painful %pa%(% of (u%$le%, $au%ed & %'eating re%ultingin e$e%%i#e lo%% of od& %alt. "enerall&, t*e %pa%(% in#ol#e #oluntar& %eletal

5-



(u%$le %u+e$ted to prior eertion. T*i% $an o$$ur e#en if a per%on i% repla$ing'ater lo%%, ut not %alt lo%%e%.

1 4re$ipitating Fa$tor%! Cra(p% are pre$eded & %e#eral *our% of %u%tained effort, $o(ining *ea#& %'eating in *ot %urrounding%, 'it*

t*e inge%tion of large #olu(e% of 'ater.

S&(pto(%! 4ainful (u%$le $ra(p% in t*e ar(%, leg%, and ado(en.

3 Treat(ent! FMST.07.35

e%t in a $ool, %*aded area.

B "entle (a%%age of affe$ted (u%$le% (a& relie#e %pa%(% or pla$et*e affe$ted (u%$le in a %tret$*.

C "enerall&, *eat $ra(p% re%pond )ui$l& to %alt %olution%.

1. 1/ to 1/ tea%poon of %alt in a )uart of 'ater %ip.

. ;n %e#ere $a%e% ; i%otoni$ %aline 0.9: aC=.

NOTE: Salt talet% are not re$o((ended due to t*e ga%tri$ irritation t*e& $au%e.

$. 2eat *au%tion. T*i% o$$ur% '*en od& %alt lo%%e% and de*&dration fro(%'eating are %o %e#ere t*at a per%on $an no longer (aintain ade)uate lood pre%%ure. ;t tend% to de#elop o#er %e#eral da&%, t*at pre%ent a(ple opportunit&ei%t% for ele$trol&te and 'ater i(alan$e% to o$$ur. So(e 0: of $a%e% are found

to al%o *a#e %o(e for( of ga%troenteriti%. dditionall&, A0: of *eat e*au%tion$a%ualtie% 'ill al%o *a#e %&(pto(% of *eat $ra(p%.

1 4role(% in re$ognition.

arl& %ign% (a& go unre$ogni<ed or e (i%taen for (alingering.

B 2eada$*e and #i%ual di%turan$e% (a& (i(i$ prodro(al of (igraine *eada$*e.

C @i<<ine%% and %&n$ope (a& lead to an e#aluation for arr&t*(ia.

@ C*ill%, te(perature, and %'eating (a& lead to an e#aluation for infe$tion.

ltered (ental %tatu% or ataia (a& lead to an e#aluation for Meningiti% or *ig* altitude (edi$al prole(.

. S&(pto(%!

5-



2eada$*e F @i<<ine%%

B Fatigue " 2&perirritailit&, niet&

C 4iloere$tion 2 C*ill%

@ au%ea/o(iting ; 2eat $ra(p%

4rofu%e %'eating

3. Clini$al Finding%!

Ta$*&$ardia @ 2&per#entilation

B 2&poten%ion S&n$ope

C Core te(perature (a& e nor(al or ele#ated. Spontaneou% $ooling(a& o$$ur, u%uall& 'it* profu%e %'eating. T*i% 'ill not *appen 'it*2eat %troe.

Treat(ent i% a%ed on %&(pto(% and fo$u%e% on redu$tion of od& te(peratureand re*&dration. FMST.07.35$

=a& do'n in a $ool, %*aded area.

B ;f od& te(perature i% ele#ated, lo'er & an& (ean% a#ailale.

C Sprinling 'it* 'ater and fanning.

@ ;$e ag% o#er %uperfi$ial great #e%%el% and fanning.

4eriodi$ to'eling of t*e %in rene'% t*e e#aporati#e pro$e%%.

F ;f patient i% alert, orall& re*&drate 'it* $ool 'ater or $o((er$iall&a#ailale re*&dration (iture. "oal i% = o#er 1%t *our%.

" ;f patient i% not alert, re*&drate #ia ; 'it* =.

2 i$ti( (u%t re%t and $ontinue to e re*&drated o#er net to 3A*our%.

d. 2eat%troe 2&pert*er(ia. G true (edi$al e(ergen$&G. T*i% i% a failure of t*e od&H% $ooling (e$*ani%(% t*at rid t*e od& of e$e%%i#e *eat uild-up. 4rior to1950 t*e (ortalit& rate 'a% 0 to 75:. =ong ter( %ur#i#al of #i$ti(% i% dire$tl&

5-



related to t*e %peed of effe$ti#e treat(ent (ea%ure%. Traditionall&, t*e diagno%i%

of 2eat%troe re)uired t*e follo'ing 3 %ign%! a $ore te(perature I 10F1C,altered (ental %tatu%, and $e%%ation of %'eating. lt*oug*, t*i% %&(pto( $o(pledoe% repre%ent full-lo'n 2eat%troe ad*eren$e to t*i% %tri$t $riteria (a& dela&$riti$al inter#ention%. 8nle%% an alternati#e etiolog& i% o#iou%, t*e pre#iou%l&

*ealt*& per%on '*o $ollap%e% after p*&%i$al eertion in *ot 'eat*er %*ould e$on%idered to *a#e eertional 2eat%troe. Treat for 2eat%troe '*ene#er &ou%u%pe$t it and al'a&% %u%pe$t it in t*e *eat.

1. S&(pto(%!

2eada$*e 2 @r& (out*

B S*ortne%% of reat* ; Core te(p I 10F 1C

C au%ea/ #o(iting J Weane%%/ di<<ine%%

@ =o' B4 6 2ot, red %in

Sin (a& e 'et or dr& = Ta$*&$ardia

F Con%tri$ted pupil% M Confu%ion, ggre%%ion, Co(ati#e

" Sei<ure% Co(a

. Clini$al Finding%.

CS! altered (ental %tatu%, agitation, ataia, deliriu(, *allu$ination%,$on#ul%ion%, %ei<ure%, $o(a, pupillar& $on%tri$tion.

B Cardio#a%$ular! *&poten%ion a late and o(inou% finding, %*o$,

%inu% ta$*&$ardia 'it* ST %eg(ent K T 'a#e anor(alitie%.

C 4ul(onar&! *&per#entilation, pul(onar& ede(a.

@ enal! a$ute renal failure, *e(aturia, p&uria, proteinuria, 8 $a%t%.

"a%trointe%tinal! nau%ea, #o(iting, L/- di%%e(inated intra#a%$ular $oagulation, *e(ate(e%i%, (elena.

F 2e(atologi$! WBC 0-30 t*ou%and, platelet%, $lotting fa$tor%.

"2epati$! in$rea%ed li#er fun$tion te%t%.

3. (ergen$& Treat(ent. FMST.07.35d

5-



apid redu$tion of od& $ore te(perature & an& (ean% a#ailale until

$ore te(perature i% 10F.

1 ;$e 'ater at* $ontro#er%ial. Cool 'ater at*.

3 4ouring or *o%ing $ool 'ater o#er #i$ti( and fanning. 4la$ing i$e ag% at ne$, ar(pit%, groin, fore*ead, $*e%tet$..

B Maintain BC?%.

C Monitor $ore te(perature.

@ ; a$$e%% infu%e% = or nor(al %aline 500$$/*r *r%. 'at$* for pul(onar& ede(a.

Control %ei<ure% 'it* #aliu(.

F Tran%port STT. Cool enroute.

5-





FMST.07.15

04010!STUDENT HANDOUT

COMBAT CASUALTY CARE

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE: "i#en a $i%ulated &a$ualt' in a $i%ulated &o%(aten#iron%ent, treat t)e &a$ualt' in a&&ordan&e *it) t)e referen&e$. +FMST.07.15


+1 Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e$, &)oo$e fro% a gi#en li$t t)e t)ree &orre&t p)a$e$ of &are of ta&ti&al &a$ualt' %anage%ent, in a&&ordan&e *it) t)e referen&e$. +FMST.07.15a

+! Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e$, gi#en a $i%ulated &a$ualt' and t)e ne&e$$ar' euip%ent,&ondu&t &o%(at &a$ualt' &are, in a&&ordan&e *it) t)e referen&e$. +FMST.07.15(

OUTLINE

1. Su%%ar' of Finding$ and e&o%%endation$.

a. /re-)o$pital &are of &o%(at &a$ualtie$ i$ di#ided into t)ree p)a$e$ +FMST.07.15a1. Care under Fire.!. Ta&ti&al Field Care

3. Co%(at Ca$ualt' #a&uation +C2S2C Care.

(. Suppre$$ion of )o$tile fire %a' tae te%porar' pre&eden&e o#er t)e rendering of &arein t)e Care under Fire p)a$e.

&. Cer#i&al $pine i%%o(iliation i$ not reuired for #i&ti%$ of penetrating )ead or ne& trau%a.

d. C/ $)ould not (e atte%pted on t)e (attlefield for #i&ti%$ of (la$t or penetratingtrau%a *)o )a#e no pul$e, re$piration$, or ot)er $ign$ of life.

e. T)e u$e of tourniuet$ i$ en&ouraged in t)e Care under Fire p)a$e. T)e tourniuet i$re%o#ed and (leeding &ontrolled *it) dire&t pre$$ure in $u($euent p)a$e$ *)enfea$i(le.

6



f. T)e na$op)ar'ngeal air*a' i$ t)e air*a' of fir$t &)oi&e for un&on$&iou$ patient$ untilt)e C2S2C p)a$e.

g. For patient$ *it) air*a' o($tru&tion in t)e Ta&ti&al Field Care p)a$e unrelie#ed (' ana$op)ar'neal air*a', t)e ne6t air*a' %aneu#er i$ &ri&ot)'roidoto%'.

). ndotra&)eal intu(ation i$ not t)e $tandard of &are until t)e C2S2C p)a$e.

i. #aluation of t)e lar'ngeal %a$ air*a' and t)e Co%(itu(e for u$e (' SF &orp$%enand %edi&$ i$ re&o%%ended.

8. /rogre$$i#e, $e#ere re$pirator' di$tre$$ in t)e $etting of unilateral (lunt or penetrating&)e$t trau%a on t)e (attlefield $)ould re$ult in a pre$u%pti#e diagno$i$ of ten$ion pneu%ot)ora6 and de&o%pre$$ion of t)at )e%it)ora6 *it) needle t)ora&o$to%'.

. C)e$t tu(e in$ertion i$ not indi&ated until t)e C2S2C p)a$e of &are.

l. 6'gen i$ not e6pe&ted to (e &arried onto t)e (attlefield, (ut C2S2C a$$et$$)ould )a#e it.

%. o : fluid$ are to (e gi#en until t)e C2S2C p)a$e unle$$ t)e patient i$ in)'po#ole%i& $)o& fro% a (leeding $ite *)i&) )a$ no* (een &ontrolled. Fluidre$u$&itation i$ not ne&e$$ar' for patient$ *)o are not in $)o& and not appropriate for patient$ in )'po#ole%i& $)o& fro% un&ontrolled )e%orr)age +penetrating *ound$ of t)e &)e$t and a(do%en.

n. Saline lo&$ %a' (e u$ed in$tead of :;$ if fluid re$u$&itation i$ not reuired.

o. 1< gauge &at)eter$ %a' (e u$ed in$tead of 14 or 1= gauge.

p. >e$pan +1000&& i$ t)e fluid of &)oi&e for initial re$u$&itation of patient$ *it)&ontrolled )e%orr)agi& $)o&.

. Morp)ine i$ to (e u$ed : +5%g in$tead of :M.

r. : &efo6itin i$ to (e u$ed a$ $oon a$ po$$i(le for patient$ *it) penetrating a(do%inaltrau%a, gro$$l' &onta%inated *ound$, %a$$i#e $oft ti$$ue trau%a, open fra&ture$, or

an' patient in *)o% a long dela' until definiti#e treat%ent i$ e6pe&ted.

$. Ca$ualtie$ $)ould not (e &o%pletel' undre$$ed for a $e&ondar' $ur#e' in t)e field.e%o#al of &lot)ing $)ould (e li%ited to t)at ne&e$$ar' to e6po$e no*n or $u$pe&ted *ound$.

=-!



t. More $pe&ifi& &o%(at &a$ualt' &are planning $)ould (e &arried out and (a$ed on$pe&ifi& %i$$ion-oriented $&enario$.

u. T)e e$ta(li$)%ent of Co%(at Ca$ualt' Tran$port Tea%$ and t)eir u$e on C2S2Ca$$et$ i$ re&o%%ended.

#. le&troni& %onitoring $)ould (e routinel' u$ed on C2S2C a$$et$ unle$$&ondition$ pro)i(it.

*. M2ST trou$er$ are not re&o%%ended a$ a $tandard of &are in an' p)a$e.

!. /)a$e$ of Carea. /)a$e ne Care ?nder Fire

1. eturn fire a$ dire&ted or reuired.

!. @eep 'our$elf fro% getting $)ot.

3. Tr' to eep t)e &a$ualt' fro% $u$taining additional *ound$.

4. Stop an' %a$$i#e e6ternal )e%orr)age *it) a tourniuet.

5. Tae t)e &a$ualt' *it) 'ou *)en 'ou lea#e.

(. /)a$e T*o Ta&ti&al Field Care

1. 2ir*a' %anage%ent

- ?n&on$&iou$ &a$ualt' *it)out air*a' o($tru&tion A a$op)ar'ngealair*a'.

- ?n&on$&iou$ &a$ualt' *it) air*a' o($tru&tion A Cri&ot)'roidoto%'.

- Cer#i&al $pine i%%o(iliation i$ not ne&e$$ar' for &a$ualtie$ *it) penetrating )ead or ne& trau%a.

!. Breat)ing

- Con$ider ten$ion pneu%ot)ora6 and de&o%pre$$ *it) needle

t)ora&o$to%' if a &a$ualt' )a$ unilateral penetrating &)e$t trau%a and progre$$i#e re$pirator' di$$tre$$.

3. Bleeding

- Control an' re%aining (leeding *it) a tourniuet or dire&t pre$$ure.

=-3



4. :

- Start an 1< gauge : or $aline lo&.

5. Fluid e$u$&itation

- Controlled )e%orr)age *it)out $)o& A o fluid$ ne&e$$ar'.

- Controlled )e%orr)age *it) $)o& A >e$pan 1000&&

- ?n&ontrolled +infra-a(do%inal or t)ora&i& )e%orr)age A o : fluidre$u$&itation.

=. :n$pe&t and dre$$ *ound.

7. C)e& for additional *ound$.

<. 2nalge$ia a$ ne&e$$ar' A Morp)ine +5%g :, *ait 5%inute$, repeat a$ne&e$$ar'.

9. Splint fra&ture$ and re&)e& pul$e$.

10. 2nti(ioti&$

Cefo6itin !g% $lo* : pu$) +o#er 3-5 %inute$ for penetrating a(do%inaltrau%a, gro$$l' &onta%inated *ound$, %a$$i#e $oft ti$$ue trau%a, openfra&ture$, or an' patient in *)o% a long dela' until C2S2C or

definiti#e treat%ent i$ e6pe&ted.

11. Cardiopul%onar' e$u$&itation

C/ on t)e (attlefield for #i&ti%$ of (la$t or penetrating trau%a *)o )a#eno pul$e, no re$piration$, and no ot)er $ign$ of life *ill not (e $u&&e$$ful if atte%pted.

&. /)a$e T)ree Co%(at Ca$ualt' #a&uation +C2S2C Care

1. 2ir*a' %anage%ent

?n&on$&iou$ &a$ualt' *it)out air*a' o($tru&tion A a$op)ar'ngealair*a', endotra&)eal intu(ation, Co%(itu(e or lar'ngeal %a$ air*a'.

?n&on$&iou$ &a$ualt' *it) air*a' o($tru&tion A Cri&ot)'roidoto%' if endotra&)eal intu(ation andor ot)er air*a' de#i&e$ are un$u&&e$$ful.

=-4



!. Breat)ing

Con$ider ten$ion pneu%ot)ora6 or )e%ot)ora6 and de&o%pre$$ *it)needle t)ora&o$to%' if a &a$ualt' )a$ unilateral penetrating &)e$t trau%a

and progre$$i#e re$pirator' di$tre$$.

Con$ider &)e$t tu(e in$ertion if a $u$pe&ted ten$ion pneu%ot)ora6 i$ notrelie#ed (' needle t)ora&o$to%'

6'gen.

3. Bleeding

Con$ider re%o#ing tourniuet$ and u$ing dire&t pre$$ure to &ontrol (leeding if po$$i(le.

4. :

Start an 1< gauge : or $aline lo& if not alread' done.

5. Fluid re$u$&itation

o )e%orr)age or &ontrolled )e%orr)age *it)out $)o& A a&tatedinger;$ at !50&&)r.

Controlled )e%orr)age *it) $)o& A >e$pan 1000&& initiall'.

?n&ontrolled +infra-a(do%inal or t)ora&i& )e%orr)age A o : fluidre$u$&itation.

>ead Wound patient A >e$pan at @ unle$$ t)ere i$ &on&urrent&ontrolled )e%orr)agi& $)o&.

=-5



N I T E D S T A T E S M A R I N E C O R P S


FMST.07.37

04010!S T D E N T H A N D O T

B R N M A N A G E M E N T

T E R M I N A L L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E . "i#en a $a%ualt& in a 'ilderne%% en#iron(ent, andne$e%%ar& e)uip(ent and %upplie%, treat *urn in+urie% to pre#ent deat or furter in+ur& per tereferen$e. FMST.07.37

E N A B L I N G L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S

1. Witout te aid of referen$e%, gi#en a li%t of te dept% and appearan$e% of *urn%, (at$te( to te t&pe of *urn, in a$$ordan$e 'it te referen$e%. FMST.07.37a

!. Witout te aid of referen$e%, gi#en a li%t $oo%e te (a+or *urn% tat re)uire rapid$a%ualt& e#a$uation, in a$$ordan$e 'it te referen$e%. FMST.07.37*

3. Witout te aid of referen$e%, gi#en a li%t $oo%e te fir%t %tep in te treat(ent of *urnin+urie%, in a$$ordan$e 'it te referen$e%. FMST.07.37$

O T L I N E

1. G E N E R A L : /a$ &ear tere are a*out ! (illion indi#idual% *urned %e#erel& enoug to %ee (edi$al attention. round 70,000 re)uire o%pitali2ation. eat% are on te de$rea%e largel&due to te in$rea%e in te u%e of %(oe dete$tor%. t a% *een e%ti(ated tat 90 of all *urnin+urie% are pre#enta*le. Cildren and &oung adult% are fre)uentl& affe$ted *& *urn in+urie%.

2. P H Y S I O L O G Y : For non-$e(i$al *urn%, te pri(ar& e#ent% of in+ur& o$$ur during teti(e of eat $onta$t. Coagulation ne$ro%i% tae% pla$e 'itin $ell% and denaturation of $ollagen in te der(i%. Blood #e%%el% are $o(pletel& de%tro&ed or endoteliu( da(age i%%e#ere enoug to $au%e $lotting 'i$ lead% to i%$e(i$ ne$ro%i% of re(aining #ia*le $ell%.Burn 'ound% are not %tati$. Surrounding te 6$oagulation 2one i% a 2one of $apillar& and%(all #e%%el %ta%i%. Cir$ulation *e$o(e% %tagnant fro( a %trip for(ed *& red *lood $ell%, andaggregation of platelet% and 'ite *lood $ell%. Te fate of te *urn 'ound depend% on te

progre%%ion of ti% 2one of %ta%i%.

7

3. n patient% 'it *urn% le%% tan 10 of te total *od& %urfa$e area TBS, te infla((ator& pro$e%% i% generall& li(ited to te *urn %ite it%elf. % *urn% approa$ !0 TBS, te lo$al



re%pon%e *e$o(e% %&%te(i$. Burn% of 30 TBS or greater, often lead to (ultiple organ%&%te( failure, 'i$ in a patient 'it a %e#ere *urn al(o%t in#aria*l& lead% to a fatalout$o(e, often due to a$ute renal failure.

Cardio#a%$ular $ange% *egin i((ediatel& after a *urn. Te degree of te%e $ange%depend% initiall& on te %i2e of te *urn and to a le%%er e8tent te dept of te *urn. Burn%

le%% tan 15 TBS $an *e fluid re%u%$itated 'it $r&%talloid fluid%. % *urn% pa%% !0TBS, (a%%i#e %ift% of fluid and ele$trol&te% o$$ur%. Ti% re%ult% in (a%%i#e fluid %iftfro( te intra#a%$ular to te e8tra#a%$ular %pa$e. nle%% intra#a%$ular #olu(e i% repleted,$la%%i$ &po#ole(i$ %o$ o$$ur%.

3. Y P E S O F B R N S

a. S$ald Burn%: S$alding i% te (o%t $o((on $au%e of *urn%, u%uall& re%ulting fro( ot

'ater. Water at 140F $reate% a deep partial-ti$ne%% or full-ti$ne%% *urn in tree

%e$ond%. t 15;F te %a(e *urn o$$ur% in one %e$ond. Fre%l& *re'ed $offee i%

generall& a*out 1<0F. Boiling 'ater al'a&% $au%e% a deep *urn. Soup% and %au$e% are

ti$er, re(aining in $onta$t 'it te %in longer. /8po%ed area% tend to *urn le%% deepl&tan area% $o#ered 'it a tin la&er of $lote%. Cloting retain% eat and eep% li)uid in$onta$t 'it te %in longer. ((er%ion %$ald% are deep and $au%e %e#ere *urn% re%ultingfro( longer $onta$t ti(e. Te%e *urn% are (ore $o((on in $ildren and elderl& patient% *e$au%e of teir tin %in. Burn% fro( ot oil% are generall& deep partial-ti$ne%% or

full-ti$ne%%. Te(perature% for $ooing oil% rea$ around 400F, and tar $an *e up to

500F.

*. Fla(e Burn%: Te ne8t (o%t $o((on *urn in+urie% are fla(e *urn%. ltougou%eold in+urie% a#e gone do'n 'it te ad#ent of %(oe dete$tor%, a ig nu(*er of *urn in+urie% %till o$$ur fro( $arele%% %(oing, i(proper u%e of fla((a*le li)uid%,

auto(o*ile a$$ident%, and $loting ignited fro( %to#e% or %pa$e eater%.

$. Fla% Burn%: Fla% *urn% re%ult fro( inten%e eat for a *rief ti(e $au%ed *& e8plo%ion% of natural ga%, propane, ga%oline, and oter fla((a*le li)uid%.

d. Conta$t Burn%: Te%e *urn% u%uall& re%ult fro( dire$t $onta$t of ot (etal%, pla%ti$%,gla%%, or $oal%. Conta$t *urn% are u%uall& li(ited in %i2e, *ut are deep 'ound%. Wit tein$rea%e of 'ood %to#e u%age, ti% t&pe of *urn in+ur& i% on te ri%e in $ildren. Conta$t *urn%, dealing 'it an un$on%$iou% patient or in#ol#ing (olten (aterial%, are u%uall&fourt degree. Te (o%t $o((on $onta$t *urn in te 'ilderne%% i% fro( ot $oal%.

e. /le$tri$al Burn%: /le$tri$al *urn% are a$tuall& ter(al *urn% fro( #er& ig-inten%it&eat. Wen ele$tri$it& en$ounter% re%i%tan$e fro( te *od& it turn% into eat. Se#erit& of te *urn depend% on te portion of te *od& affe$ted relati#e to te a(perage. Te%(aller te *od& part, te (ore inten%e te eat i%, and te part i% le%% a*le to di%%ipate teeat. Con%e)uentl& te finger% and toe% are al(o%t al'a&% de%tro&ed 'it %e#ere da(ageto te forea(%. =arger area% $an di%%ipate te $urrent enoug to pre#ent e8ten%i#eda(age. r$ *urn% tae te (o%t dire$t route, not te pat of lea%t re%i%tan$e. Te%e aredeep and de%tu$ti#e *urn% 'i$ (o%tl& o$$ur at te +oint%.

7-



/le$tri$al *urn% (a& a#e oter a%%o$iated in+urie% tat %ould not *e o#erlooed onte initial a%%e%%(ent. Fall related in+urie% are $o((on. Te inten%e (u%$le $ontra$tionre%ulting fro( ele$tro$ution $an $au%e fra$ture% of te lu(*ar #erte*rae, u(eru%, or fe(ur, and al%o (a& $au%e di%lo$ation of te ip% and %oulder%. Te $a%ualt& (a& a#e$ardia$ %&(pto(% of a (&o$ardial $ontu%ion or infar$tion. Tere $an *e a $ondu$tion

%&%te( failure or an a$tual rupture of te eart 'all. f tere are no %ign% pre%ent of $ardia$ pro*le(% intiall& after a %o$ of 110 or !!0 #olt% tere i% a (inute $an$e te&'ill appear later. >er#ou% %&%te( da(age i% po%%i*le 'ene#er a $urrent pa%%e% fro( one%ide of te *od& to te oter (ore tan liel& affe$ting te %pinal $ord.

f. Ce(i$al Burn%: %uall& $au%ed *& %trong a$id% or alali% and are (o%t often te re%ult of indu%trial a$$ident%, o(e u%e of drain $leaner%, a%%ault, and i(proper u%e of ar%%ol#ent%. Ce(i$al *urn% $ontinue to *urn until te& are ina$ti#ated *& rea$tion 'itti%%ue or dilution *& flu%ing 'it 'ater. $id% tend to tan te %in, $reating ani(per(ea*le *arrier tat li(it% futer penetration. lali% $o(*ine 'it $utaneou% lipid%and %aponif&1 te %in until te& are neutrali2ed. Te appearan$e of te 'ound $an *e(i%leading. nle%% te o*%er#er $an *e 100 %ure, all $e(i$al *urn% %ould *e$on%idered full ti$ne%%.

g. >BC Burn%: >u$lear 'eapon% $au%e *urn% in t'o 'a&%: *& dire$t a*%orption of ter(alradiation troug e8po%ed %urfa$e% fla% *urn%? or *& te indire$t a$tion of fire% $au%ed *& te 'eapon fla% *urn%. Te fir%t %tep in treat(ent i% to pre#ent $onta(ination to tere%$uer% and oter patient%.@e%i$ant% %u$ a% (u%tard ga% $au%e %in *urn% 'it ede(aand *li%ter for(ation. Burn% re%ulting fro( #e%i$ant% %ould *e flu%ed 'it $opiou%a(ount% of 'ater. *%or*ent po'der flour, tal$u( po'der, FullerA% eart $an *e u%ed if 'ater i% %$ar$e. Te po'der% %ould *e 'iped a'a& 'it a (oi%t to'el. Te (ilitar&u%e% M!5<1 it% for %in de$onta(ination. Wite o%poru% ignite% %pontaneou%l&'en e8po%ed to air. e(o#e te air 'it an air-tigt %eal? (ud i% optional. *rief rin%e

'it 1 $opper %ulfate! 'ill i(pead furter o8idation.

4. C L I N I C A L P R E S E N T A T I O N : Te %e#erit& of te *urn in+ur& i% related to te %i2e of te *urn, te dept of te *urn, and te part of te *od& tat i% *urned.

a. Burn Si2e: Burn% are te onl& )uantifia*le for( of trau(a. Te *urn %i2e i% te %ingle(o%t i(portant fa$tor in predi$ting (ortalit&, need for %pe$iali2ed $are, and te$o(pli$ation% e8pe$ted fro( te *urn. We $an (ea%ure *urn %i2e 'it te 6rule of nine%. Te 6rule of nine% i% 'ere area% of te *od& repre%ent appro8i(atel& 9 of a per%onD% total *od& %urfa$e area TBS, ea$ leg 1< te front of te leg 9, and te *a$ of te leg 9, te front of te tor%o repre%ent% 1<, te *a$ of te trun i% 1<,

te ead repre%ent% 9, and te perineu( 1. For infant% and %(all $ildren under four &ear% of age, te ead repre%ent% a larger per$entage 1<, and te leg% a %(aller per$entage 13, ea$ ar( 9, front tro%o 13, *a$ tro%o 13, and te perineu( 1.Te per$entage of te *urn area and tat of te un*urned area need to add up to e)ual100. For %(aller *urn area%, u%e te ule of al(ar Surfa$e: te patientD% pal(ar %urfa$e e)ual% a*out 1 TBS.

1 Saponify: to convert fat into soap by treating it with an alkali.2 Navy uses sodium bicarbonate instead of copper sulfate

7-



*. Burn ept: Te dept of te *urn i% eiter de%$ri*ed in degree: fir%t, %e$ond, tird or fourt, or *& te dept of te in+ur&. Te follo'ing de%$ri*e% *urn% in ter(% of partial-ti$ne%% or full-ti$ne%%. Wile te%e de%$ription% appear to %eparate *urn% intodefined $ategorie%, (an& *urn% a#e a (i8ture of $ara$teri%ti$% (aing a pre$i%e

diagno%i% diffi$ult.

1 Fir%t-egree: Te%e *urn% in#ol#e te epider(i% onl& and do not *li%ter. Te& are(o%t $o((onl& $au%ed *& ultra#iolet ligt. n e8a(ple 'ould *e a %un*urn. Te *urned %in i% painful and red. t %ould eal in 7 da&% 'itout %$arring.

! Superfi$ial Se$ond-egree, or Superfi$ial artial-Ti$ne%%: Te%e *urn% in$lude teepider(i% and upper la&er% of te der(i%. Te& $ara$teri%ti$all& for( *li%ter%, under 'i$ te %in i% red and (oi%t, te%e *urn% are painful to te tou$. Bli%ter% $an taeup to t'o da&% to appear. Te%e *urn% are u%uall& $au%ed *& ot li)uid%. Wound%%ould eal in 14 to !1 da&%? te& (a& %$ar depending on te e8tent of te *urn.

3 eep Se$ond-egree, or eep artial-Ti$ne%%: Burn% tat in#ol#e deeper la&er% of te der(i%. Tere i% da(age to air folli$le% and %'eat gland%. Te& are$ara$teri2ed 'it a (olted pin and 'ite $olor 'it *li%ter% for(ing i((ediatel&.Te%e 'ound% (a& *e le%% %en%iti#e to tou$ tan te %urrounding nor(al %in, or (a&*e tender to tou$. Te patient often $o(plain% of di%$o(fort rater tan pain.Capillar& refill (a& *e %lo' or a*%ent, 'en pre%%ure i% applied to te 'ound. Te%e *urn% are $au%ed *& ot li)uid%, oil, %tea(, or fla(e. Te& (a& *e diffi$ult todi%tingui% fro( Tird-egreeFull-Ti$ne%% *urn%. Eealing tae% 3-9 'ee%.S$arring i% pro*a*le, te degree i% related to te a(ount and te dept of der(alin+ur&. Surgi$al grafting (a& *e re)uired.

4 Tird-egree, or Full-Ti$ne%%: n#ol#e% te entire ti$ne%% of te %in, epider(i%troug te der(i%, do'n to %u*$utaneou% fat. ll %tru$ture% of te epider(i% andder(i% are de%tro&ed. Te 'ound i% $la%%i$all& de%$ri*ed a% leater&, fir(, anddepre%%ed 'en $o(pared to nor(al %in. Te ti%%ue i% $arred, pale, and in%en%iti#eto ligt and tou$. t i% often (i%diagno%ed a% a eep Se$ond-egreeeep artial-Ti$ne%% due to te %i(ilar $lini$al finding%. Ti% *urn 'ill not %pontaneou%l& eal.Surgi$al repair andor %in graft% are ne$e%%ar&. Tere i% %ignifi$ant %$arring.

5 Fourt-egree: Te%e *urn% in#ol#e all la&er% of te %in, %u*$utaneou% fat, (u%$le,and *one. Te%e are de#a%tating, life treatening in+urie%. Te& al(o%t al'a&% a#e a$arred appearan$e, and often onl& te $au%e of te *urn gi#e% a $lue to te a(ount of

underl&ing ti%%ue de%tru$tion. FMST.07.37a

$. Burn Cla%%ifi$ation: Te (eri$an Burn %%o$iation a% de#i%ed a $la%%ifi$ation of *urn%, di#iding te( into (a+or, (oderate, and (inor *urn%. atient% are pla$ed ingroup% related to teir ri%. =o'-ri% patient% are *et'een te age% of 10 and 50 &ear%old. Eig-ri% patient% are le%% tan 10 and greater tan 50 &ear% old. oor-ri% are patient% 'it underl&ing (edi$al illne%%e% %u$ a% eart di%ea%e, dia*ete%, or $roni$ pul(onar& pro*le(%.

7-



1 Minor Burn%: (pl& outpatient treat(ent. Minor *urn% in#ol#e TBS of le%% tan15 in te lo'-ri% group, or le%% tan 10 TBS in te ig-ri% group? full-ti$ne%% *urn% of le%% tan ! TBS in an&one? and no oter in+urie%.

! Moderate Burn%: re partial-ti$ne%% *urn% of 15-!5 TBS in te lo'-ri% group,10-!0 TBS in te ig-ri% group? full-ti$ne%% *urn% of e)ual to or le%% tan10 TBS in an&one? *urn% not in#ol#ing te and%, fa$e, feet, perineu(, or $ir$u(ferential li(*%.

3 Ma+or Burn%: efined a% partial-ti$ne%% *urn% greater tan !5 TBS in te lo'-ri% group, or greater tan !0 TBS in te ig ri% group? full-ti$ne%% *urn% of greater tan 10 TBS in an&one? *urn% in#ol#ing te and%, fa$e, feet, or perineu(? *urn% $ro%%ing (a+or +oint%? $ir$u(ferential li(* *urn%? *urn% $o(pli$ated *&inalation in+ur&? ele$tri$al *urn%? *urn% $o(pli$ated *& fra$ture% or oter for(% of trau(a? and *urn% in poor-ri% patient%. Te%e *urn% re)uire rapid $a%ualt&e#a$uation. FMST.07.37*

5. T R E A T M E N T :

a. nitial Care:

1 Te fir%t %tep in te treat(ent of *urn in+urie% i% to %top te *urning pro$e%%.FMST.07.37$ e(o#e patient% fro( eat, re(o#e all teir $lote% tat are affe$ted *& ot li)uid%, %ut off ele$tri$it& #er& i(portant, re(o#e $e(i$al% *& flu%ing teaffe$ted area for 10 to 15 (inute%, and de$onta(ination of >BC. Eeat $an $ontinue toin+ure ti%%ue for a %urpri%ingl& long ti(e. >o fir%t aid 'ill *e effe$ti#e until te *urning pro$e%% a% %topped.

! Manage te BCD%. n$e an air'a& a% *een e%ta*li%ed gi#e o8&gen. f )ualified,$on%ider intu*ation earlier rater tan later.

3 %%e%% for a%%o$iated in+urie% %u$ a% fra$ture% or la$eration% and inalation in+ur&.

4 e(o#e $loting and +e'elr& fro( te *urn area. Ti% 'ill elp pre#ent $on%tri$tionfro( %'elling of te *urn ti%%ue. o not tr& to re(o#e an&ting tat a% adered tote 'ound.

5 /#aluate te Burn dept, e8tent, pain.

*. "eneral Treat(ent for te atient:

1 "entl& 'a% te *urn 'it tepid 'ater and (ild %oap to re(o#e an& de*ri% and to$lean te %in %urfa$e around te *urn %ite. at dr&. e(o#e te %in fro( *li%ter%tat a#e popped open do not open *li%ter% unle%% ne$e%%ar& for fun$tion of and% or feet.

7-



! re%% *urn 'it a tin la&er of anti*ioti$ oint(ent.

3 Co#er te *urn 'it Se$ond Sin if te *urn i% %(all enoug or $o#er 'it a tinla&er of gau2e, or $lean, dr& $loting. Burn% on te fa$e, ne$ and and% (a& *e left

open to te air after appl&ing %il#adene oint(ent. Co#ering te 'ound redu$e% painand e#aporati#e lo%%e%, *ut do not u%e an o$$lu%i#e dre%%ing.

4 Wen e#a$uation i% i((inent, do not redre%% or ree8a(ine te in+ur&. f e#a$uationi% prolonged, redre%% on$e a da&. e(o#e old dre%%ing%, re$lean re(o#ing te oldoint(ent, and appl& fre% oint(ent and a $lean dr& $o#ering. >ote: if %tu$, %oa off old dre%%ing% 'it $lean, tepid 'ater.

5 o not pa$ 'ound%, 'i$ are larger tan !0 of te *od& %urfa$e area, in i$e. onot lea#e 'et $o#ering% on *urn% for (ore tan t'o our% at a ti(e to redu$e te ri% of &poter(ia.

; Sta*ili2e te *od& te(perature. Wen %in i% lo%t, %o i% te patientA% a*ilit& toter(oregulate.

7 Ea#e te patient drin a% (u$ fluid a% e or %e $an tolerate 'itout #o(iting.n$lude %o(e %alt in te oral fluid%, *ut do not (ae te%e %olution% %tronger tan .9. Ti% i% te e)ui#alent of a pin$ of %alt per < oun$e gla%%.

< @ terap& a% follo'%, Ba8ter% arland For(ula: n te fir%t !4 our% gi#e inger%=a$tate, 4(l ti(e% te 'eigt in ilogra(% ti(e% te per$ent TBS *urned. Ealf of te %olution i% gi#en in te fir%t eigt our%. Te %e$ond alf i% gi#en o#er te ne8t 1;our%. Te %e$ond !4 our% %ould *e gi#en fluid% to (aintain *lood pre%%ure,

$olloid% u%uall& in te for( of al*u(in are te preferred $oi$e.

4 8 't g 8 TBSG a(ount = gi#en in te fir%t !4 our%

/8a(ple a 70g patient 'it 50 TBS ti% i% te for(ula for @ terap& for tefir%t !4 our%.

4 8 70g 8 50 G 14,000(l in 1ST !4 our%7,000(l our% 1-<3,500(l our% 9-1;3,500(l our% 17-!4

c. "eneral Manage(ent of te Burn : Caring for te 'ound it%elf i% often te lea%t i(portanta%pe$t of *urn $are. ll *urn 'ound% are %terile for te fir%t !4 to 4< our%. Burn(anage(ent i% ai(ed at eeping te 'ound $lean and redu$ing te pain.

1 /le#ate *urned e8tre(itie% to (ini(i2e %'elling. S'elling retard% ealing anden$ourage% infe$tion. Ea#e te patient gentl& and regularl& (o#e *urned area% a%(u$ a% po%%i*le.

7-



! Burn% are tetanu%-prone 'ound%. Ce$ on te la%t no'n tetanu% %ot. Te patient(a& need a rene'al.

3 *uprofen i% pro*a*l& te *e%t o#er te $ounter analge%i$ for *urn pain in$luding

%un*urn.

4 f &ou a#e no oint(ent or dre%%ing%, lea#e te *urn alone. Te *urnD% %urfa$e 'illdr& into a %$a* lie $o#ering tat pro#ide% a %ignifi$ant a(ount of prote$tion.

;. I N H A L A T I O N I N J R I E S : Ealf of all fire-related deat% are fro( %(oe inalation.S(oe inalation dou*le% te (ortalit& rate for an& *urn. S(oe inalation i% a general ter(for $ar*on (ono8ide poi%oning, ter(al air'a& in+ur&, and %(oe poi%oning.

a. Car*on Mono8ide oi%oning: Car*on (ono8ide C i% a $olorle%%, odorle%%, ta%tele%%ga% tat a% an affinit& for e(oglo*in !00 ti(e% greater tan tat of o8&gen.Car*o8&e(oglo*in CE* le#el% are (ea%ured a% te per$entage of e(oglo*in *oundto $ar*on (ono8ide. Te follo'ing CE* le#el% $orrelate 'it $lini$al %&(pto(%:

H10 >o %&(pto(%!0 Eeada$e, nau%ea, #o(iting, lo%% of de8terit&30 Confu%ion, letarg&, /C" ST depre%%ion40 Co(a50 eat

Te alf-life of CE* i% 4 to 5 our% at roo( air, 90 (inute% 'it 100 o8&gen, and !0to !5 (inute% at 3 ata in a &per*ari$ $a(*er. Treat(ent for le%% tan 40 CE* i% a100 o8&gen. t 40 or greater te &per*ari$ $a(*er %ould *e u%ed. f patient i%

%till in a $o(a after CE* le#el% are nor(al, progno%i% i% poor, and it a% *eene8perien$e tat te& rarel& a'aen.

*. Ter(al ir'a& n+ur&: n+ur& to te re%pirator& tra$t fro( inalation of ot ga% or %tea(.Te lo'er re%pirator& tra$t i% u%uall& not da(aged, unle%% tere 'a% an inalation of fla(e or %tea(. n& patient% 'o 'ere in an e8plo%ion, 'it *urn% of te and%, fa$e,and upper tor%o are at ri%. Sign% of $ar*on %u$ a% %oot in te parn&8 %ould alert te$aregi#er to air'a& in+ur&. Maintaining te air'a& i% te i(portant i%%ue ere.

$. S(oe oi%oning: % te inalation of no8iou% ga%e% tat are te produ$t% of $o(*u%tion.

C&anide poi%oning i% no'n to o$$ur in #i$ti(% of %(oe inalation. ter to8i$ ga%e%relea%ed are %ulfur dio8ide, &drogen $loride, po%gene, and a((onia. Te%e ga%e%$au%e da(age to te re%pirator& tra$t %i(ilar to $e(i$al *urn%. &%i$al %ign% in$ludefa$ial *urn%, intraoral or par&ngeal *urn%, %inged na%al air%, %oot in (out or no%e,oar%ene%%, $ar*ona$eou% %putu(, and e8pirator& 'ee2ing.

7-





WMC

04/09/02

LESSON PLAN

NOMENCLATURE AND CARE OF

MOUNTAINEERING EQUIPMENT

LESSON PURPOSE. Te purpo!e of ti! period of in!tru"tion i! to introdu"e #ou to te t#pe!of e$uip%ent u!ed ere and o& to "are for it !o a! to pre'ent it! unti%el# failure. Ti! le!!onrelate! to all "li%(ing and in!tallation &or) tat #ou perfor% ere.

1. ROPES . *ll rope! u!ed in te %ilitar# %u!t %eet +** !tandard! or +. . ederal Te!ttandard 191*. Mo!t rope! a'e a 5-#ear !elf life and %ai%u% 2-#ear !er'i"e life.

a. tati" . Bla") in "olor.

1 Con!tru"tion. ern%antle

2 Mini%u% ten!ile !trengt . 7500 l(!.

3 Mai%u% elongation . 1.5

4 ia%eter . 11%%

5 ie! .

a 165 ft 5 ft

( 300 ft 10 ft

6 +!age . 8e!"ue operation! and (ridging &ere a lo& a%ount of elongation i!de!ira(le under a &or)ing load.

(. #na%i". li'e ra( in "olor.

1 Con!tru"tion. Water-re!i!tant treated ern%antle to redu"e fri"tion.

2 Mini%u% ten!ile !trengt . 6500 l(!.

3 Mai%u% elongation . 6

C-2



4 ia%eter . 10.5%% and 11%%

5 ie . 165 ft 5 ft.

6àBM,VhMÀq€BÐò pC•€°Qð85MBM,"° pB@iTC!ð6à,6MàMÑ@Pdoð@T6å…W¾MÀq€BÐò pCt…W¾gòP

4%

tggàultMr

nX;à` .Våƒ¾gàt° pB@ a

5GcBM,°,hMTC!ð$GcBfMt€BÐò pCnv6MMt€4i@GciMMfMu€BÐò pCMñ€GcBÐ%q°»oa€BÐò pCuGcBrt

4%

6MàTg0T!upB@iTC!ð6ã%•~°,tTC!ð 5X5à`%eter

u%•~a . X5à`

a



INSIDES AND OUTSIDE SHEATHS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROPES

NOTE: ling rope! are %ade fro% 15 foot lengt! of pl#%or or d#na%i" rope =;>. T&ent#-fi'e foot pra"ti"e "oil! !ould (e "on!tru"ted &it !tati" rope, (ut d#na%i" rope "an (e u!ed.

2. 5 Min ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES

a. *d'antage! of =#lon 8ope

1 ?ig !trengt to &eigt ratio.

2 :ood energ# a(!orption in d#na%i" rope!.

3 lei(le.

4 8ot re!i!tant, not affe"ted (# fro!t.

(. i!ad'antage! of =#lon 8ope

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1 ;o& %elting point. =#lon fu!e! at 400@ and %elt! at 4A0@.

2 u!"epti(le to a(ra!ion! and "ut!.

3 *ffe"ted (# "e%i"al! and ligt.

". *d'antage! of Manila 8ope

1 <a!il# gripped.

2 ?ard &earing.

3 oe! not deteriorate in eat.

d. i!ad'antage! of Manila 8ode

1 ?ea'#, )in)!, e!pe"iall# &en &et. *(!or(! &ater and !&ell!.

2 Burn! at 300@.

3 <di(le (# rodent!.

3. 3 Min GENERAL INFORMATION

a. =#lon rope !tret"e! under ten!ion and &ill rupture at (et&een 30 and 70 elongation,depending on "on!tru"tion.

(. =#lon rope lo!e! a! %u" a! 30 !trengt &en &et.

". Te%perature! a! lo& a! 250@ &ill da%age a n#lon rope.

4. 5 Min NYLON WEBBING

a. Te t#pe of n#lon &e((ing a'aila(le i! tu(ular. Tu(ular n#lon &e((ing i! 'er# !trong andflei(le. *ll rule! tat appl# to n#lon rope appl# to tu(ular n#lon &e((ing. Te !ie of n#lon &e((ing u!ed i!

1 1 in" tu(ular n#lon. Ten!ile !trengt approi%atel# 4,000 - 4,500 l(!., depending on

te %anufa"turer.

(. re-!e&n pe"tra 8unner!. Ten!ile !trengt approi%atel# 5,500 l(!.

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NYLON WEBBING

NOTE: Te!e are %ini%u% !trengt!. o%e %anufa"ture! %a)e e'en !tronger &e((ing.

T8*=T= We a'e Du!t di!"u!!ed general infor%ation in n#lon &e((ing, are tere an#$ue!tion!E =ot onl# do &e u!e rope!, (ut &e al!o u!e "ara(iner! in our in!tallation!, &e &illdi!"u!! te t#pe! of "ara(iner! u!ed

5. 5 Min CARABINERS. *l!o "o%%onl# )no&n a! !naplin)!. Bot lo")ing and non-lo")ingare u!ed.

a. urpo!e . Cara(iner! are u!ed for te follo&ing purpo!e!

1 To atta" rope! or runner! to pie"e! of prote"tion.

2 To atta" te rappel rope to te rappel !eat for !eat-ip rappel! or for "ro!!ing rope (ridge!.

3 To atta" te indi'idual! !afet# rope to a !afet# line on a rope in!tallation.

4 To for% field epedient pulle# !#!te%!.

(. =o%en"lature of a non - lo")ing "ara(iner

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1 :ate

2 :ate pi'ot pin.

3 ;o")ing pin.

4 Bod#.

". =o%en"lature of a lo")ing "ara(iner

1 :ate.

2 :ate pi'ot pin.

3 ;o")ing not".

4 ;o")ing nut.

5 Bod#.

d. Tere are t&o t#pe! of "ara(iner! u!ed. Te t&o t#pe! and teir "ara"teri!ti"! are

1 teel lo")ing "ara(iner!

a ;arge !teel lo")ing FF 'ariou! %anufa"turer! Mini%u% ten!ile !trengt of 5,500 l(!.

( teel-lo")ing o'al tu(ai A2 i! not in te M*C it and o(!olete. ?o&e'er, it i! (eing u!ed at MWTC to !a'e %one#, e'en toug te# are (e#ond te !er'i"e life.Ten!ile !trengt of onl# 3,300 l(!.

2 *lu%inu% non - lo")ing "ara(iner!

a *lu%inu% non-lo")ing o'al 'ariou! %anufa"turer! %ini%u% ten!ile !trengtof 4,200 l(!.

e. er'i"ea(ilit# Ce") for a Cara(iner. Te follo&ing !tep! are u!ed for #ou to "e") a"ara(iner for !er'i"ea(ilit#

1 Te gate !nap! !ut &it no fri"tion and &it no gap (et&een te lo")ing pin andlo")ing not".

C2-



2 Tere i! no e"e!!i'e !ide to !ide %o'e%ent of te gate.

3 Te pi'ot pin i! tigt.

4 Te lo")ing pin i! tigt.

5 Te lo")ing nut tra'el! freel# and lo")! !e"urel#.

6 Tere are no "ra")! or fla&! in te %etal.

NOTE: Te &ea)e!t part of a "ara(iner i! te gate. f an engra'er i! u!ed to %ar) a "ara(iner, it!ould (e applied to te gate and not te load (earing !ide.

f. re'enti'e Maintenan"e for a Cara(iner.

1 8e%o'e all dirt, %oi!ture and gri%e.

2 ;u(ri"ate &it tri-flo& grapite and "lean off torougl#.

NOTE: Wene'er #ou u!e a lo")ing "ara(iner en!ure tat te lo")ing nut i! al&a#! lo")ed do&ntigtened.

6. 2 Min CARE OF THE CARABINER . o not drop te "ara(iner a! ti! %a# re!ult ineiter a"tual da%age to te "ara(iner or in dirt getting into te &or)ing! of te "ara(iner andda%aging it.

C2-




FMST.07.11

05/01/01STUDENT HANDOUT

HYPOTHERMIA/REWARMING

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE !i"en a #$pot#er%ia &a'ualt$ in a &old (eat#er en"iron%ent and ne&e''ar$ e)uip%ent and 'upplie', %anage a #$pot#er%ia &a'ualt$ to pre"entdeat# or furt#er in*ur$ per t#e referen&e. +FMST.07.11

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES

+1 Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#e definition of #$pot#er%ia, ina&&ordan&e (it# t#e referen&e'. +FMST.07.11a

+ Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#ree of t#e fi"e %e&#ani'%' $(#i&# t#e od$ lo'e' #eat, in a&&ordan&e (it# t#e referen&e'. +FMST.07.11

+3 Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#e rea'on (#$ gentle #andling of a#$pot#er%ia "i&ti% i' i%portant, in a&&ordan&e (it# t#e referen&e'. +FMST.07.11&

+ Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#e four re(ar%ing te&#ni)ue' u'edto re(ar% a #$pot#er%ia "i&ti%, in a&&ordan&e (it# t#e referen&e'. +FMST.07.11d

+5 Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#e proper 'tep' of t#e 'leeping agre(ar%ing %et#od of re(ar%ing a #$pot#er%ia "i&ti%, in a&&ordan&e (it# t#ereferen&e'. +FMST.07.11e

+ Wit#out t#e aid of referen&e', 'ele&t fro% a gi"en li't t#e te%perature of t#e (ater (#enre(ar%ing a #$pot#er%ia &a'ualt$ in a (ar% (ater at#, in a&&ordan&e (it# t#ereferen&e'. +FMST.07.11f

8



1. HYPOTHERMIA

a. efinition 2 fall in &ore od$ te%perature to 95F +35C or le''. +FMST.07.11a

. $pot#er%ia i' potentiall$ let#al. T#e %ortalit$ rate i' greater t#an 504 in 'e"ere &a'e'

and &a'e' &o%pli&ated $ trau%a (#ere t#e %ortalit$ &an approa&# 1004. T#e %o't&o%%on &au'e of deat# in #$pot#er%ia i' "entri&ular firillation.

&. W#en 'peaing of #$pot#er%ia, &ore te%perature "alue' %u't e u'ed. 6n a &ontrolleden"iron%ent of an MTF or 8 t#e gold 'tandard i' a &ore te%perature taen $ re&tal or e'op#ageal t#er%o%etr$. T#e ter% e:po'ure; #a' often een u'ed to 'pea of #$pot#er%ia ut t#i' ter% i' ine:a&t and #a' nu%erou' ot#er &onnotation'. 6t '#ould not e u'ed a' a '$non$% for #$pot#er%ia.

d. 6n&iden&e.

+1 Cla''i&all$, #$pot#er%ia #a' een t#oug#t to o&&ur in e:tre%el$ &old en"iron%ent'.o(e"er, it &an o&&ur in te%perate &li%ate' and at Sout#ern latitude'. 6n fa&t, greater

t#an 504 of &a'e' of #$pot#er%ia o&&ur at a%ient te%perature' of 50F or greater.Contrar$ to popular elief, t#e #ig#e't in&iden&e of #$pot#er%ia i' 'een in uran area'.

+ $pot#er%ia tend' tend' to o&&ur %ore fre)uentl$ in %ale' (it# a %ale to fe%ale ratioof .<1.0. 6t=' al'o %ore &o%%on in t#e elderl$, t#o'e (it# drug and al&o#oldependen&$ and t#o'e (it# p'$&#iatri& diagno'e'.

Man$ 'tandard &lini&al t#er%o%eter' don=t regi'ter a lo( enoug# te%perature to a&&uratel$diagno'e #$pot#er%ia. Currentl$, a lo(-reading re&tal t#er%o%eter i' a"ailale t#roug#t#e Federal Sto& S$'te% +>S> 515-00-139-593. 2ll %edi&al per'onnel atta&#ed to&old (eat#er unit' or deplo$ing to &old (eat#er en"iron%ent' '#ould &arr$ t#i't#er%o%eter. 6n a #ig# altitude &old (eat#er en"iron%ent %edi&al pro"ider' '#ould eadept at &orrelating 'ign' and '$%pto%' (it# 'pe&ifi& te%perature range' 'o a' not toundul$ e:po'e t#e patient' to t#e ele%ent'. T#e %ore a&&urate, and in"a'i"e te%peraturedeter%ination '#ould onl$ e perfor%ed (#en t#e patient &an e ade)uatel$ prote&ted fro%t#e ele%ent'.

. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY a. eat Con'er"ation/?o''.

+1 T#e od$ i' a furna&e t#at generate' #eat. T#e ailit$ of t#e od$ to t#er%o regulatedepend' on t#e ratio of #eat produ&tion to #eat lo''. 2n i%alan&e of t#e'e t(o pro&e''e' &an lead to #$pot#er%ia. 2out 754 of food energ$ &on'u%ed goe' to(ardgenerating od$ #eat (#ile t#e ot#er 54 goe' to(ard %aintaining a'i& %etaoli&fun&tion.

+ T#er%ogene'i' &an e di"ided into t(o %ain &ategorie'

<-



+2 S#i"ering t#er%ogene'i' &reate' #eat $ %u'&le a&ti"it$ (it# 'u'e)uent reado(n of gl$&ogen. S#i"ering u'uall$ egin' at a &ore te%perature of around

97F +3C and finall$ &ea'e' at &ore te%perature' of <5- 90F +30- 3C.

+B >on-'#i"ering t#er%ogene'i' &reate' #eat $ #or%onal intera&tion (it# targetorgan' 'u&# a' t#e #eart. pinep#rine, norepinep#rine, gro(t# #or%one and t#$roid#or%one #a"e all een i%pli&ated in pla$ing a role in non-'#i"ering t#er%ogene'i'.

+3 C#ange' in #or%one 'e&retion pattern' are e:tre%el$ i%portant in a&&li%ati@ation to&old (eat#er.

+ An&e #eat i' generated it i' retained $ t#ree %ain %e&#ani'%' erip#eral"a'o&on'tri&tion, aolition of '(eating and piloere&tion. erip#eral "a'o&on'tri&tion i' $ far t#e %o't i%portant and effi&ient %e&#ani'% of #eat &on'er"ation. T#e %aininternal te%perature 'en'or' in t#e od$ are lo&ated in t#e #$pot#ala%u' in t#e rain.

W#en t#e'e area' 'en'e a drop in &ore te%perature t#e$ initiate perip#eral"a'o&on'tri&tion at t#e 'urfa&e of t#e 'in to pre"ent a lo'' of &ore od$ #eat.

+5 T#e od$ lo'e' #eat $ fi"e %ain %e&#ani'%' +FMST.07.11

+2 Radiation i' #eat tran'ferred to t#e 'urrounding en"iron%ent "ia infraredradiation.

+B Conv!tion i' t#e lo'' of #eat "ia air/(ater &urrent.

+C Cond"!tion i' t#e dire&t &onta&t-tran'fer of #eat fro% a #ot to a &old o*e&t.

+ Eva#o$ation i' t#e &on"er'ion of (ater fro% a li)uid p#a'e to a ga'eou' p#a'e+per'piration.

+ R%#i$ato$& 'at (o%% tae' pla&e (#en (ar% #u%idified air fro% t#e lung' i'e:pelled into t#e at%o'p#ere.

+F T#e %e&#ani'% a&&ounting for t#e greate't per&entage of #eat lo'' i' #ig#l$"ariale and depend' on a%ient &ondition', i.e., a nude %an 'tanding in a &oldroo% (ill lo'e appro:i%atel$ 54 of #i' #eat $ radiation. T#e 'a%e %an'tanding in &al% &old (ater (ill lo'e %o't of #i' #eat $ &ondu&tion and at a rate5 ti%e' fa'ter.

>AT T#e li"er and rain are t#e %o't t#er%ogeni& organ' on a per (eig#t a'i'. o(e"er,due to t#eir greater %a'', 'eletal %u'&le and 'in produ&e t#e large't per&entage of od$ #eat.

+ >u%erou' fa&tor' predi'po'e to t#e de"elop%ent of #$pot#er%ia. T#e'e in&lude utare not li%ited to

<-



+2 Malnutrition.+B ?a& of adaptation.+C 6na&ti"it$.+ Sedati"e'.+ #$'i&al e:#au'tion.

+F Burn'.+! :tre%e' of age.+! e#$dration.+ Co%orid illne''.

3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

a. Clini&al %anife'tation' of #$pot#er%ia refle&t C>S, and &ardiore'pirator$ in"ol"e%ent.

+1 9<-95F +37-35.C Mild '#i"ering, &old 'en'ation and i%paired fine %otor &oordination.

+ 95- 9F +35-3.<C Diolent '#i"ering, diffi&ult$ 'peaing, 'luggi'# t#ining,and a%ne'ia. ?arge %u'&le in &oordination.

+3 9-<F +3.-30C S#i"ering i' repla&ed $ %u'&ular rigidit$. :po'ed 'in i' lue or puff$. Mo"e%ent' are *er$. ulled 'en'oriu%, ut "i&ti% %a$ e ale to%aintain po'ture and t#e appearan&e of eing in &onta&t (it# 'urrounding'. o''ileatrial arr#$t#%ia'.

+ <5-<1F +9.-7.C Co%a, la& of refle:e', po''ile "entri&ular arr#$t#%ia'.Ce''ation of '#i"ering elo( <oF.

+5 Belo( 7<F +5.C Failure of &ardia& and re'pirator$ &enter', pul%onar$ ede%a,"entri&ular firillation, and a'$'tole.

. So%e patient' (it# #$pot#er%ia (ill e:#iit a p#eno%enon t#at i' &alled, parado:i&alundre''ing.;

+1 6n t#e'e in'tan&e' t#e #$pot#er%ia "i&ti% i' found nude (it# t#eir &lot#' e'ide t#e%.6f t#e "i&ti%' are (o%en t#e$ are often %i'diagno'ed a' 'e:ual a''ault &a'e'. T#i' p#eno%ena re'ult' fro% lo'' of #$pot#ala%i& &ontrol o"er perip#eral"a'o&on'tri&tion (#i&# lead' to flu'#ing of t#e perip#er$ (it# relati"el$ (ar% lood

&au'ing t#e indi"idual to feel #ot. Su'e)uentl$ t#e indi"idual undre''e' to &ooldo(n.

&. 2gain it %u't e 'tated t#at t#e onl$ (a$ to &orre&tl$ diagno'e #$pot#er%ia i' (it# a &orete%perature reading.

. )IELD TREATMENT

<-



a. 2BC=', C-Spine pre&aution', re%o"e (et &lot#ing, repla&e (it# dr$ &lot#e' and in'ulate(it# a "apor arrier '$'te%. +Wrapping t#e "i&ti% in t(o pla'ti& garage ag' or ule(rap i' ideal. Furt#er in'ulation %a$ e ne&e''ar$. andle t#e "i&ti% &arefull$ to pre"ent "entri&ular firillation &au'ed $ unne&e''ar$ *arring and roug# #andling.

+FMST.07.11& C2SD2C.

. Di&ti%' (it# altered &on'&iou'ne'' '#ould e >A. Ender no &ir&u%'tan&e' '#ouldTA e gi"en. T#i' i' a perip#eral "a'odilator and (ill onl$ en#an&e #eat lo''.

&. 6f C2SD2C i' not fea'ile for a long period of ti%e, or if t#e "i&ti% i' onl$ %ildl$#$pot#er%i&, it %a$ e ne&e''ar$ to re(ar% in t#e field $ u'ing a proper 'leeping agre(ar%ing te&#ni)ue. 2dditionall$, in'ulated #ot pa&' pla&ed at t#e #ig# #eat lo'' area'(ill #elp.

d. T#e #$pot#er%i& "i&ti% often #a' no di'&ernile "ital 'ign'.

+1 Before eginning C8 t#oroug#l$ a''e'' pul'e' for 30-5 'e&ond' to dete&t "iale&ardio"a'&ular a&ti"it$.

+ Se"erel$ #$pot#er%i& "i&ti%' in "entri&ular firillation and a'$'tole #a"e een'u&&e''full$ re'u'&itated e"en after period' a' long a' #our'.

5. REWARMING T#e re-(ar%ing of a #$pot#er%ia &a'ualt$ in a B2S 'etting i' le'' t#anopti%al 'in&e t#e 2M2? for a B2S doe' not in&lude %onitoring de"i&e', laorator$fa&ilitie', et&., ut re(ar%ing of a &a'ualt$ &an e 'u&&e''full$ &ondu&ted e"en in t#e'efairl$ pri%iti"e &ondition'. T#e follo(ing are t#ree a'i& te&#ni)ue' of re-(ar%ing

- a''i"e e:ternal re-(ar%ing a 'leeping ag or lanet t#at i' not pre-(ar%ed.- 2&ti"e e:ternal re-(ar%ing a pre-(ar%ed 'leeping ag, ear #ugger or (ar%

(ater at#.- 2&ti"e internal or &ore re-(ar%ing 6D fluid', (ar%ed/#u%idified A, la"age,

e:tra&orporal re-(ar%ing.

a. Four ideal re-(ar%ing 'trategie' t#at %a$ e a"ailale in t#e field in&lude +FMST.07.11d

+1 Sleeping ag re(ar%ing.

+ Water at#/&ounter Current re(ar%ing.

+3 War%/#u%idified air(a$ re(ar%ing.

+3 War%ed 6.D. 'olution'. >S i' preferale a' a &old li"er doe' not lie to %etaoli@e?a&tate.

. REWARMING TECHNI*UES +BAS,

<-



a. Sleeping Bag 8e(ar%ing. +FMST.07.11e T#i' i' t#e 'i%ple't, ut lea't effe&ti"e %et#od.

+1 Mae t#e diagno'i'. Tae a re&tal te%perature to deter%ine if t#e &a'ualt$ i'

&lini&all$ #$pot#er%i& +95F or le''. E'e t#i' te%perature a' a a'eline to deter%ine

'taili@ation.

+ War% 'leeping ag +pre-(ar% 'leeping ag (it# t(o "olunteer'. la&ing a#$pot#er%i& &a'ualt$ into a &old 'leeping ag (ill &au'e furt#er #eat lo'' $&ondu&tion.

+3 Strip &a'ualt$. 8e%o"e all (et &lot#ing a"oiding unne&e''ar$ #andling. Mu'&ular %o"e%ent (ill pu%p &old lood to t#e &ore.

+a la&e t#e &a'ualt$ et(een t#e t(o "olunteer', if 'pa&e per%it'. T#eir od$ #eati' tran'ferred fro% t#e t(o "olunteer' to t#e &old &a'ualt$.

+ Monitor &ore te%perature fre)uentl$ t#roug#out tran'port to en'ure t#at t#e &a'ualt$='&ore te%perature i' not &ontinuing to drop.

+5 2de)uate in'ulation i' re)uired to pre"ent furt#er #eat lo'' to t#e en"iron%ent.

+ 2ug%ent #eat $ pla&ing in'ulated #eating pad' in t#e #ig# #eat lo'' area' #ead,a:illa, groin, popliteal region and ante&uital fo''a. +Be &areful not to &au'e urn'

>AT 6t '#ould e noted t#at an e"a&uation ag &an e u'ed t#i' (ill pro"ide %ore roo% for t#e &a'ualt$ and "olunteer'.

. Water Bat# 8e-(ar%ing. +FMST.07.11f T#i' %et#od #a' a long #i'tor$ of 'u&&e'' inre(ar%ing e"en 'e"erel$ #$pot#er%i& &a'ualtie'. T#e &a'ualt$ i' pla&ed in a portale/field e:pedient at#tu or a life raft. T#e e:tre%itie' and #ead are ept out of t#e

(ater to a"oid 'ignifi&ant afterdrop. T#e (ater at# te%perature '#ould e 10-10<F.2n ane't#e'ia te%perature proe '#ould e u'ed to &on'tantl$ %onitor t#e &orete%perature. Sin&e t#e &a'ualt$ (ill &ool t#e at# (ater around #i%, it (ill e ne&e''ar$to &ontinue to add (ar% (ater to %aintain t#e proper (ater at# te%perature. Geep in%ind #o(e"er t#at t#i' te&#ni)ue #a' definite dra(a&'. 6n t#e e"ent of "entri&ular firillation &au'ed $ re-(ar%ing '#o&, un'$n&#roni@ed &ardio"er'ion &an e "er$dangerou' in a (et en"iron%ent. Furt#er%ore, if t#e &a'ualt$ in t#e (ater i' not on a fir%'urfa&e C8, if needed, &an e "er$ diffi&ult to perfor% ineffe&ti"e.

>AT 6ndi"idual in #eat di'tre'' &an e rapidl$ &ooled u'ing t#i' %et#od (it# &ool; (ater in'tead.

&. War% 2ir(a$ 8e-(ar%ing. 2 (ar%ed and #u%idified air/o:$gen %i:ture i' u'ed to pro"ide a (ar%ing %edia (it#in t#e lung'. T#e'e de"i&e' &on'i't of a %et#od of generating (ar% #u%idified air and are u'uall$ portale. T#e (ar% #u%idified air

<-



%ode'tl$ in&rea'e' t#e a%ount of #eat t#at &an e deli"ered to &ore. T#ere '#ould e at#er%o%eter in t#e air(a$ tuing to %onitor t#e te%perature. To pre"ent in*ur$ to t#e

ron&#i, t#e te%perature '#ould not e:&eed 115F +10< to 115F i' ideal. War% air(a$re(ar%ing '#ould e u'ed in &on*un&tion (it# ot#er re(ar%ing %et#od'. T#i' %et#od, $ it'elf, (ill proal$ not deli"er 'uffi&ient #eat to re(ar% a 'e"erel$ #$pot#er%i&

&a'ualt$ $ it'elf and %a$ in fa&t lunt t#e '#i"ering re'pon'e roing t#e od$ of ani%portant endogenou' %e&#ani'% for produ&ing #eat. Ca"eat W#en po''ile, a&ti"e e:ternal re-(ar%ing '#ould al(a$' e &o%ined (it# a&ti"e&ore re-(ar%ing te&#ni)ue' 'o a' to %ini%i@e t#e effe&t' of afterdrop. T#i' o&&ur' a' a re'ultof perip#eral "a'odilatation &au'ing (ar% &ore lood to %o"e to t#e 'urfa&e (#ile relati"el$&old 'urfa&e lood %o"e' to t#e &ore and %a$ lo(er t#e firillation t#re'#old.

>AT $pot#er%i& 'u%er'ion in&ident &a'ualtie' &annot tolerate #u%idified air for an$lengt# of ti%e.

d. War%ed 6.D. Solution'. $pot#er%ia i' a &o%%on re'pon'e to 6.D. t#erap$. Solution't#at #a"e een pre(ar%ed #a"e een '#o(n to pre"ent t#i' &o%pli&ation. T#ere are"ariou' %et#od' for (ar%ing 6.D. 'olution'

+1 Cr$'talloid 'olution' &an e (ar%ed $ (ar% (ater at# and %i&ro(a"ed (it# noad"er'e &#ange' to it' integrit$.

+ Fre'# Fro@en la'%a +FF -0C Studie' #a"e '#o(n t#at %i&ro(a"ing for 30 'e&ond'follo(ed $ gentle %anipulation of t#e ag for 10 'e&ond', repeated fi"e ti%e' (ill re'ult inonl$ .4 &ell de'tru&tion.

+3 a&ed 8ed Blood Cell' +8BC

C E'ing &on"entional re(ar%ing %et#od', 'tudie' #a"e'#o(n t#at t#e outer fi"e %illi%eter' of t#e ag &an #a"e i'olated area' of #e%ol$'i'. Entil ade"i&e i' %ade t#at &an unifor%l$ '#ae up 8BC during (ar%ing, (e do not re&o%%end%i&ro(a"ing of lood. 8e(ar%ing of lood $ dilution (it# (ar%, &al&iu%-free &r$'talloid'olution i' u'eful.

W6> C6?? C28T

W6> 2MB6>T TM82TE8 +F28>6T/C>T6!82

C2?M F 35 30 5 0 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -0 -5 -30C2?M C 7 -1 - -7 -9 -1 -15 -1< -1 -3 - -9 -3 -3

HE6D2?>T W6> C6?? F2CTA8 +F28>6T/C>T6!82

5 M F 33 7 1 1 1 7 1 - -11 -15 -0 - -31 -35< G C 1 -3 - -9 -11 -1 -17 -1 - - -9 -3 -35 -37

10 M F 1 1 9 - -9 -15 - -7 -31 -3< -5 -5 -5<1 G C - -9 -13 -17 -19 -3 - -30 -33 -35 -39 -3 -7 -50

15 M F 1 11 1 - -11 -1< -5 -33 -0 -5 -51 -0 -5 -703 G C -9 -1 -17 -1 - -< -3 -3 -0 -3 - -51 -5 -57

0 M F 1 3 - -9 -17 - -3 -0 - -5 -0 -< -7 -<1

<-



3 G C -11 -1 -0 -3 -7 -31 -3 -0 -3 -7 -51 -5 -0 -3

5 M F 7 0 -7 -15 - -9 -37 -5 -5 -5< -7 -75 -<3 -<90 G C -1 -1< - - -30 -3 -3< -3 -7 -50 -55 -59 - -7

30 M F 5 - -11 -1< - -33 -1 -9 -5 -3 -70 -7< -<7 -9< G C -15 -19 - -< -3 -3 -1 -5 -51 -53 -57 -1 - -70

35 M F 3 - -13 -0 -7 -35 -3 -5 -0 -7 -7 -<3 -90 -9<5 G C -1 -0 -5 -31 -33 -37 - -7 -51 -55 -5< - -< -7

0 M F 1 - -15 - -9 -3 -5 -5 - -9 -7 -<7 -9 -101 G C -17 -0 - -30 -3 -3< -3 -< -5 -5 -0 - -70 -7

- REWARMING TECHNI*UES +HOSPITAL,.

a. Apti%al re-(ar%ing te&#ni)ue' for #ig#er e&#elon &are fa&ilitie' 'till tend toe%plo$ rat#er 'i%ple t#erapeuti& %odalitie'. T#e t#ree 'afe't and %o't effe&ti"e

are li'ted elo(

- War%ed 6DF.- War%ed/#u%idified o:$gen.- Bear ugger.

. Man$ te:t' ad"o&ate t#e u'e of e:tra&orporal lood re-(ar%ing. o(e"er, t#i'te&#ni)ue #a' 'o%e di'ad"antage'. 6t re)uire' a #ig# le"el of te&#ni&al and%edi&al 'upport, (#i&# are often not a"ailale. Sin&e patient' undergoing $pa''%u't e anti-&oagulated, patient' (it# %ultiple trau%ati& in*urie' %a$ not e good&andidate'. ?a'tl$, re'ear&# indi&ate' t#at anti&oagulation (it# #eparin %a$

a&tuall$ (or'en t#e 'e"erit$ of fro'tite t#at %a$ o&&ur in patient' (it##$pot#er%ia.

&. ?a"age peritoneal, t#ora&i& and %edia'tinal la"age #a"e all een 'ugge'ted for u'e in 'e"ere #$pot#er%ia. o(e"er, t#e u'e of t#e'e te&#ni)ue' in ine:perien&ed#and' tend' to &arr$ a %u&# #ig#er &o%pli&ation rate. 6f perfor%ed &orre&tl$, peritoneal la"age &an e "er$ enefi&ial (it# a lo(er &o%pli&ation rate t#ant#ora&i& la"age. !a'tri&, &oloni& and ladder la"age are indeed 'afer ut are of li%ited effi&a&$, a' t#e$ do not offer a&&e'' to area' (it# 'ignifi&ant 'urfa&e area.

d. 2C?S 2t &ore te%perature' elo( <F atte%pt t#ree progre''i"e

un'$n&#roni@ed '#o&' at 00I, 300I, and 30I'. 6f no re'pon'e &ontinue C8 and 8W28M T D6CT6M. 8e-atte%pt &ounter-'#o&' (#en &ore

te%perature ri'e' ao"e <F. 2o"e <F, perfor% &ounter '#o&' in

in&re%ent' ao"e <F, i.e.<<F, 90F and 9F. %plo$ 2C?S drug proto&ol'

ao"e 93F along (it# &on"entional nor%ot#er%i& 2C?S proto&ol.

<-




STUDENT HANDOUT

SUBMERSION INCIDENTS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE




10

OUTLINE

TERMINOLOGY

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY







SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES IN COLD WATER



RESCUE TECHNIQUES

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS





FIELD MANAGEMENT



PROGNOSTIC PREDICTORS




STUDENT HANDOUT

WILDERNESS ORTHOPAEDIC/ TRAUMA INJURIES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE:

EABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES:



10


















STUDENT HANDOUT

REPTILE AND ARTHROPOD ENVENOMATION BITES AND STINGS



12OUTLINE



PIT VIPERS













CORAL SNAKES

GILA MONSTERS

VENOMOUS ARTHROPODS



SPIDERS







SCORPIONS



BEES, WASPS, HORNETS AND ANTS

TICKS AND MITES



LEPIDOPTERA (CATERPILLARS)







FMST.07.10040!0!

STUDENT HANDOUT

FREEZING AND NEAR FREEZING TISSUE INJURIES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE" #i$en a %a&ualt' in a %old (eat)er en$iron*ent, andne%e&&ar' e+uip*ent and &upplie& *anage %o**on %old (eat)er inurie& in a %old (eat)er en$iron*ent to pre$ent deat) or furt)er inur' per t)e referen%e. FMST.07.10

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES.

1 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t definition of fro&t/ite, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10a

! Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t t(o *e%)ani&*& of inur' for fro&t/ite, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10/

3 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t &ign& and &'*pto*&of fro&t/ite, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10%

4 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t fa$ora/le po&t t)a(&ign& of a fro&t/ite inur', in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10d

5 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t unfa$ora/le po&tt)a( &ign& of a fro&t/ite inur', in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10e

Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t field treat*ent for fro&t/ite, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10f

12



7 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t pri*ar' fieldtreat*ent %on&ideration ()en treating fro&t/ite in t)e field, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)ereferen%e&. FMST.07.10g

Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t four *et)od& toredu%e t)e %)an%e of /e%o*ing a fro&t/ite %a&ualt', in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&.FMST.07.10)

9 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t definition of i**er&ion foot, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10i

10 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t *e%)ani&* of inur'for i**er&ion foot, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10

11 Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, gi$en a li&t of %ategorie& and %)ara%teri&ti%& *at%) t)e%ategor' of i**er&ion foot to it& %)ara%teri&ti%&, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&.FMST.07.102

1! Wit)out t)e aid of referen%e&, fro* a gi$en li&t &ele%t t)e %orre%t field treat*ent of i**er&ion foot, in a%%ordan%e (it) t)e referen%e&. FMST.07.10l

OUTLINE.

1. FROSTBITE

a. efinition" Fro&t/ite i& t)e a%tual freeing of ti&&ue. FMST.07.10a

1 Fro&t/ite u&uall' o%%ur& a& a re&ult of epo&ure to &u/freeing te*perature& for a long period of ti*e. 6o(e$er, /rief epo&ure to )ig) (ind-%)ill or $er' %old te*perature&%an al&o %au&e fro&t/ite. Fro&t/ite u&uall' o%%ur& after *ore t)an t(el$e )our& of epo&ure to &u/freeing te*perature&. S2in te*perature of t)e etre*itie& i&dependent on )eat produ%tion and i& *ore a fun%tion of underl'ing *u&%le *a&& t)anof %ir%ulation. T)u&, t)e area& of t)e /od' *o&t prone to fro&t/ite )and&, feet, ear&,no&e, %)in and *olar region& )a$e &*all a*ount& of underl'ing *u&%le ti&&ue.

! n%iden%e. Fro&t/ite, unli2e )'pot)er*ia tend& to &pare t)e etre*e& of age. T)u&, iti& *o&t pre$alent in t)e *iddle 'ear& of life and li2e )'pot)er*ia, t)e greate&tin%iden%e o%%ur& in ur/an area&. 8t)er fa%tor& predi&po&ing a per&on to fro&t/ite

in%lude" poor nutritional &tatu&, de)'dration, prior %old inur', indi$idual& fro* t)e&out)ea&tern part of t)e nited State&, dia/eti%&, indi$idual& (it) at)ero&%leroti%di&ea&e, and u&e of to/a%%o produ%t&.

1!-!



3 :lt)oug) t)e a%tual nu*/er& are not 2no(n, per&on& /orn in t)e &out) are 3.7 ti*e&*ore &u&%epti/le to fro&t/ite. ;er&on& (it) a )i&tor' of prior %old inur' are 1.7 ti*e&*ore prone to )a$e a &e%ond inur'. T)i& in%lude& part& of t)e /od' ot)er t)an t)eoriginall' fro&t/itten region.

/. Me%)ani&*& of Ti&&ue nur'. Ti&&ue inur' re&ulting fro* fro&t/ite i& produ%ed in t(o(a'&" FMST.07.10/

1 Actu l f r e e z i n g o f t e t s s ue s . %e %r'&tal for*ation in t)e etra-%ellular &pa%e lead&to an o&*oti% gradient a%ro&& t)e %ell *e*/rane dra(ing (ater out of t)e %ell. T)i& pro%e&&, 2no(n a& %renation, %au&e& a *ar2ed %)ange in intra-%ellular ele%trol'te anden'*e %on%entration&, ()i%) %an lead to %ell deat) or re%o$er' depending on t)eduration of epo&ure to freeing %ondition& and po&t t)a( %are of t)e ti&&ue. ntra-%ellular i%e %r'&tal for*ation i& *u%) *ore de&tru%ti$e, )o(e$er, t)i& re+uire& *u%)fa&ter freeing rate&.

! 8 s t ucti o n o f b l o o d s up p l y t t e t s s ue s . Cell inur' and deat) %au&ed /' i%e %r'&talfor*ation lead& to t)e relea&e of infla**ator' *ediator&, ()i%) da*age $a&%ular endot)elial %ell&. T)e net re&ult i& in%rea&ed $a&%ular per*ea/ilit'. Fluid lea2& out of t)e $a&%ular &pa%e and into t)e inter%ellular &pa%e %au&ing ti&&ue ede*a and in%rea&ed /lood $i&%o&it'. <le$ated $i&%o&it' %o*/ined (it) platelet aggregation, to t)e (all&of da*aged /lood $e&&el&, lead to $a&%ular o/&tru%tion (it) re&ultant ti&&ue da*age.

%. Sign&S'*pto*&. FMST.07.10% nitiall' t)ere i& di&%o*fort and pain in t)e affe%tedti&&ue&, ()i%) %an progre&& to lo&& of &en&ation. T)e &2in appear& ()ite and /loodle&&.T)ere i& de%rea&ed or no %apillar' refill. T)e &2in *a' feel (a' and (ill not glide freel'o$er a /on' pro*inen%e. Wit) *inor inur', /li&ter& for*, u&uall' in t)e fir&t !4 )our&, andede*a *a' al&o /e pre&ent. eep inur' i& not a&&o%iated (it) &u/&tantial for*ation of /li&ter&. T)ere i& al&o little ede*a &een in deep inur'.

1 Fa$ora/le progno&ti% &ign& of fro&t/itten ti&&ue . T)e&e &ign& indi%ate pro/a/l' little or no ti&&ue lo&&, po&t t)a(. FMST.07.10d

: War*t) of ti&&ue.

B =or*al ti&&ue %olor.

C ;re&er$ation of &en&ation.

1!-3



Bli&ter for*ation A /li&ter etending t)e full di&tal lengt) of t)e inured digit i&a good progno&ti% &ign. 6o(e$er, a /li&ter li*ited to t)e line of de*ar%ation /et(een nor*al and fro&t/itten ti&&ue i& a le&& fa$ora/le &ign.

< <de*a per&i&ting *ore t)an !4 )our&.

F >apid %apillar' refill.

! nfa$ora/le progno&ti% &ign&. T)e&e indi%ate a poor progno&i& (it) pro/a/le ti&&uelo&&, po&t t)a(" FMST.07.10e

: Co*plete a/&en%e of ede*a.

B C'anoti% ti&&ue.

C Continued lo&& of &en&ation.

:ffe%ted area& %ontinue to &ta' %old.

3 Sin%e it i& etre*el' diffi%ult to predi%t ulti*ate ti&&ue lo&& fro* initial ea*ination,an' %la&&ifi%ation *u&t /e done retro&pe%ti$el'. Cla&&i%all', fro&t/ite i& di$ided intofour degree& of &e$erit'"

: Fir&t degree - <r't)e*a, ede*a, tran&ient tingling andor /urning.

B Se%ond degree - Bli&ter&, ede*a, ane&t)e&ia andor pare&t)e&ia&.

C T)ird degree - n$ol$e& t)e entire t)i%2ne&& of &2in and etend& into&u/%utaneou& ti&&ue.

Fourt) degree - n$ol$e& t)e entire t)i%2ne&& of t)e &2in along (it) *u&%leand /one.

F Fro&tnip i& a %o*pletel' re$er&i/le inur' t)at i& te%)ni%all' not %on&ideredfro&t/ite. Fro&tnip %la&&i%all' pre&ent& a& a ()ite pat%) and nu*/ne&& and i&readil' (ar*ed in t)e field /' pla%ing t)e affe%ted etre*it' in one?& ailla or groin. =o re&ultant &2in %)ange& o%%ur.

d. Field Manage*ent FMST.07.10f

1 T)e %orre%t treat*ent for fro&t/ite i& a& follo(&"

1!-4



: 8n%e an etre*it' )a& &uffered fro&t/ite, t)e pri*ar' %on&ideration of treat*enti& not to re(ar* t)e region if t)ere i& a %)an%e of refreeing. FMST.07.10gT)i& o%%ur& /e%au&e t)e a*ount of ti&&ue da*age i& greatl' in%rea&ed if t)e parti& t)a(ed t)en allo(ed to re-freee. #enerall', t)e &ooner a fro&t/itten region i&

t)a(ed t)e lo(er t)e pro/a/ilit' and etent of da*age. >apid re(ar*ing i& t)e preferred *et)od of t)a(ing a fro&t/itten region. T)i& %on&i&t& of i**er&ion of an affe%ted part in %ir%ulating (ar* (ater of 1048-108F until t)e ti&&ue& are &oftand plia/le, ()i%) u&uall' ta2e& a/out 40-0 *inute&.

B f &lo( re(ar*ing *et)od& &u%) a& allo(ing a part to &it at roo* te*peraturei& u&ed, &o*e refreeing of t)e *elted fluid o%%ur& and t)e ne( i%e %r'&tal& area%tuall' larger t)an t)o&e for*ed during t)e original freeing %au&ing furt)er ti&&ue de&tru%tion.

C 8ut dated *et)od& &u%) a& ru//ing (it) &no( or re(ar*ing net to an openfire, et%., onl' en)an%e ti&&ue da*age.

8n%e t)a(ing )a& ta2en pla%e no /enefit of %ontinued rapid re(ar*ing %an /ede*on&trated.

< Cold inurie& t)at are old and )a$e t)a(ed &pontaneou&l' &)ould not /e rapidl're-(ar*ed again.

F =i%otine u&e &)ould /e pro)i/ited &in%e it i& a $a&o%on&tri%tor and *a' en)an%eti&&ue lo&&.

# T)ere i& no need for oint*ent&, &al$e&, et%.

6 Bli&ter& &)ould /e allo(ed to re*ain inta%t.

Mede$a% all %a&e& of fro&t/ite, a& &oon a& t)e ta%ti%al &ituation per*it&.

@ 8ne final noteA in *ilitar' ta%ti%al &ituation& &u%) a& our&, t)e $i%ti* often *u&t(al2 do(n /elo( t)e &no( line to rea%) a B:S or /a&e %a*p ()ere rapidre(ar*ing %an /e %arried out. n t)i& &ituation let t)e $i%ti* (al2 if )e )a&fro&t/itten feet. 8n%e )i& feet )a$e t)a(ed, )e (ill /e una/le to (al2 and (ill)a$e to /e %arried out.

6o&pital and long-ter* %are" :fter re-(ar*ing t)e fro&t/itten ti&&ue, attention*u&t turn to pre$ention of infe%tion and fun%tional re&toration. T)e patient?&tetanu& &tatu& &)ould /e deter*ined and *eti%ulou& %are &)ould /e ta2en to 2eept)e inur' %lean. ail' ()irlpool t)erap' for 30-45 *inute& )a& /een &)o(n to /e /enefi%ial. T)e u&e of po&t-t)a( *edi%ation& i& %ontro$er&ial /ut t)ere i&

1!-5



e$iden%e t)at topi%al aloe $era and =S:S to %ontrol infla**ation are pro/a/l' /enefi%ial. So*e &tudie& )a$e de*on&trated /enefit fro* t)e u&e of allopurinol a& a free radi%al &%a$enger. :l&o, ani*al &tudie& )a$e &)o(n adefinite /enefit fro* t)e u&e of 90 MS8 gel, )o(e$er, t)i& u&e i& not F:

appro$ed on )u*an& and it *a' /e diffi%ult or i*po&&i/le to o/tain t)i&*edi%ation. T)e (ide &%ale u&e of )eparin and detran 40 )a& /een &ugge&ted /ut a definiti$e re%o**endation t)at &upport& t)eir u&e &till %annot /e *ade.Studie& &ugge&ting t)e u&e of t)ro*/ol'ti%& are $er' &*all and not (ell%ontrolled t)erefore t)ere i& no %urrent re%o**endation for u&e of t)ro*/ol'ti%&. Da&tl', it )a& /een &)o(n t)at t)ere i& a %lear /enefit for t)e u&eof earl' and aggre&&i$e p)'&i%al t)erap' to pre&er$e fun%tion and pre$ent%ontra%ture.

e. ;re$ention FMST.07.10)

1 So*e general prin%iple& for t)e pre$ention of fro&t/ite are li&ted /elo(

a re&& to 2eep %o*forta/l' %ool. T)e )ead radiate& 30-50 or *ore of all /od' )eatand &o goe& t)e old adage, Ef 'our feet are %old put on 'our )at.

/ =utrition. <at t)e rig)t t'pe and +uantit' of food&.

% :$oid tig)t fitting and %on&tri%ti$e %lot)ing. T)i& de%rea&e& /lood flo( andin%rea&e& t)e %)an%e of fro&t/ite. >ing&, e(elr', et%., %ondu%t )eat a(a' fro* t)e&2in and in%rea&e t)e %)an%e of fro&t/ite.

d Wear *itten& in&tead of glo$e&. T)e' are *u%) (ar*er. For (or2 in$ol$ing a )ig)le$el of deterit' u&e %onta%t glo$e&.

e o not tou%) *etal& (it) /are )and& at etre*el' lo( te*perature&. Gour fle&)(ill &ti%2 to t)e &urfa%e and t)i& (ill re&ult in &u/&e+uent fro&t/ite and ti&&ue lo&&.f 'ou find 'our&elf in &u%) a predi%a*ent pour a (ar* fluid o$er t)e *etal to t)a('our fle&) off t)e *etal.

f :$oid ni%otine.

!. IMMERSION FOOT.

a. efinition . FMST.07.10i **er&ion foot :: tren%)foot i& a non-freeing inur' of t)e etre*itie& in ()i%) t)e ti&&ue& are da*aged.

/. &uall' a di&ea&e of t)e feet /ut it %an o%%ur in t)e )and&, it o%%ur& ()en t)e etre*it' i&epo&ed to a %old-(et en$iron*ent eternal te*perature& a/o$e freeing and le&& t)an

1!-



508F for long period& of ti*e u&uall' greater t)an 1! )our&. ;rolonged &tandingen)an%e& t)e pat)ologi% potential for inur' due to (et and %old %ondition&.

%. Me%)ani&* of nur' . FMST.07.10 <$en t)oug) t)i& inur' i& %alled i**er&ion foot,

a%tual i**er&ion of t)e feet in (ater i& not ne%e&&ar'. T)i& inur' %an al&o o%%ur in t)e)and&.

1 T)e %ir%ulation of /lood to t)e affe%ted etre*it' i& redu%ed /e%au&e t)e $i%ti*?&etre*it' i& %old, (et and t)e perip)eral /lood $e&&el& )a$e %on&tri%ted to redu%eo$erall )eat lo&&.

! Be%au&e prolonged %ooling da*age& &en&iti$e ti&&ue&, ner$e inurie& are al&o in$ol$ed.T)i& ner$e da*age i& re&pon&i/le for t)e &e$ere pain and pare&t)e&ia&. a*aged &2inand &u/%utaneou& ti&&ue& re&ult in er't)e*a, ede*a and po&&i/le /li&ter for*ation.

d. Sign&S'*pto*& <arl' &ign& in%lude nu*/ne&& and pare&t)e&ia& follo(ed /' %o*pletenu*/ne&& and &o*eti*e& legar* %ra*p&. T)e &2in at fir&t appear& er't)e*atou& /ut /e%o*e& progre&&i$el' pale and *ottled t)en gra'i&)-/lue a& t)e %ondition progre&&e&.8ften t)ere i& a large a*ount of ede*a and /li&ter for*ation. n &e$ere %a&e& t)e arterial pul&e& are a/&ent. **er&ion foot i& %la&&ified /' &e$erit'" FMST.07.102

CATEGORY CHARACTERISTICS

Mini*al >eddening of &2inA &lig)t &en&or' %)ange&Mild <de*aA &en&or' %)ange& re$er&i/le

Moderate <de*a, redne&&, /li&ter&, intra-%utaneou& )e*orr)ageAirre$er&i/le ner$e da*age

Se$ere Se$ere ede*a, *a&&i$e intra-%utaneou& )e*orr)ageAne%ro&i&, gangrene

e. Field Manage*ent FMST.07.10l Treat*ent %on&i&t& of"

1 ;at dr'ing of etre*it'.

! #entle re(ar*ing.

3 <le$ation of affe%ted etre*it'.

4 Bed re&t.

5 Treat*ent after t)i& i& &upporti$e. For *ore &e$ere inurie&, de/ride*ent or re&e%tionof a portion of t)e foot *a' /e ne%e&&ar'. 6o(e$er, t)i& i& /e&t a%%o*pli&)ed at a)ig)er e%)elon of %are. o not /e fooled /' t)i& inur'. T)e&e patient& %an get

1!-7



etre*el' ill fro* (et-gangrene ()i%) *a' ne%e&&itate a*putation of ti&&ue.6o(e$er, t)e initial treat*ent &)ould /e a& %on&er$ati$e a& po&&i/le. 8 =8TT><:T T6<S< ;:T<=T?S WT6 W:T<> MM<>S8= T6<>:;G. f infe%tion i& pre&ent o/tain &urgi%al %on&ult earl', and plan on &*all &e+uential

a*putation&.

3. CHILBLAINS (PERNIO).

a. efinition . C)il/lain& are a non-freeing inur' t)at lead& to red infla*ed, pruriti% &2in.

/. Me%)ani&* of nur' . ;ernio i& %au&ed /' inter*ittent epo&ure to a/o$e freeingte*perature& and )ig) )u*idit'. More etre*e %old i& u&uall' a&&o%iated (it) lo(er )u*idit'. Cla&&i%all', %)il/lain& o%%ur in 'oung indi$idual& and *o&t %o**onl' on t)eanterior &urfa%e of t)e leg& and t)e dor&u* of t)e )and&. T)e %au&e of pernio i& not%learl' 2no(n, /ut it i& t)oug)t to refle%t an a/nor*al $a&%ular re&pon&e to t)een$iron*ent.

%. Sign&S'*pto*& . S2in i& red, tender, and pruriti%, ede*atou& and /lan%)e& (it) pre&&ure.t%)ing *a' /e &e$ere and )'per)'dro&i& %an o%%ur.

d. Manage*ent . T)e field treat*ent i& *a&&age and gentle )eat. T)i& treat*ent i& u&uall'&elf-li*iting and (ill not re%ur (it)out re-epo&ure. Topi%al &teroid& are effe%ti$e for it%)ing and /urning.

4. CORNEAL FROSTBITE

a. efinition . :%tual freeing of t)e %ornea.

/. Me%)ani&* of inur'. T)i& o%%ur& ()en large a*ount& of %old air pa&& o$er and %ool t)e%ornea, re&ulting in %orneal %louding and lo&& of $i&ion. T)i& %an o%%ur a& t)e re&ult of e$en &)ort period& of epo&ure to a%ti$itie& a&&o%iated (it) )ig) (ind %)ill i.e.&no(*o/iling.

%. Sign&S'*pto*& . 8n ea*ination t)e %ornea (ill /e %louded o$er.

d. Treat*ent and ;re$ention . :nti/ioti% oint*ent and 8 =8T ;:TC6 T6< <G<S.;re$ention i& t)e 2e'.

1!-




Mountain Warfare TrainingCenter Bridgeport, California

93517-5001

FMST.07.22

0!03!02STUDENT HANDOUT

LAND NAVIGATION REVIEW

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE "n a #ountainou$ en%iron#ent, na%igate in#ountainou$ terrain, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e$. )FMST.07.22*


1* +i%en a #ap and &o#pa$$, orientate t(e #ap, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e$.)FMST.07.22a*

2* +i%en a #ap and a protra&tor lo&ate a $i-digit grid &oordinate, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(ereferen&e$. )FMST.07.22*

3* +i%en a #ap, &o#pa$$, and protra&tor perfor# a re$e&tion to lo&ate an unno'n point fro#t(ree no'n point$, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e$. )FMST.07.22&*

* Wit(out t(e aid of referen&e$, $ele&t fro# a gi%en li$t t(e &orre&t definition for true nort(,grid nort(, and #agneti& nort(, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e$. )FMST.07.22d*

OUTLINE.

1. THE MAP. Before /ou &an properl/ u$e a #ap, t(ere i$ $o#e a$i& infor#ation /ou 'illneed to under$tand.

a. efinition . #ap i$ a redu&ed or $&ale dra'ing of t(e ground and i#portant t(ing$ on t(eground a$ $een fro# t(e air. $$entiall/ it i$ a pi&ture of t(e $urfa&e of t(e eart(, a$ it 'ouldappear looing at it fro# an air&raft.

13



. Marginal "nfor#ation . $ /ou tae a ui& loo at t(e order$, /ou 'ill noti&e t(at t(ere i$ alarge a#ount of infor#ation. W(en u$ing a #ap, t(e in$tru&tion$ are pla&ed around t(e outer edge$ of t(e #ap and are no'n a$ #arginal infor#ation. ll #ap$ are not t(e $a#e, $o#e(a%ing #ore #arginal infor#ation t(an ot(er$, and t(e infor#ation eing lo&ated indifferent pla&e$ around t(e order. "t i$ i#portant t(at /ou no' (o' to u$e t(i$ infor#ation

if /ou plan to get t(e #o$t out of /our #ap. T(e different infor#ation on t(e #argin$ i$ a$follo'$4

)1* S(eet na#e . T(e $(eet na#e i$ found in t'o pla&e$4 t(e &enter of t(e upper #argin andlo'er rig(t #argin of t(e #ap. T(e #ap i$ u$uall/ na#ed after it$ out$tanding &ultural or geograp(i&al feature$. W(ene%er po$$ile, t(e na#e of t(e large$t &it/ i$ u$ed.

)2* T(e $(eet nu#er . T(e $(eet nu#er i$ found in t(e upper rig(t #argin of /our #ap andi$ u$ed a$ a referen&e nu#er for t(e #ap $(eet.

)3* Serie$ na#e and $&ale .

)a* T(e $erie$ na#e i$ found in t(e upper left #argin of /our #ap. #ap $erie$ u$uall/&o#pri$e$ a group of $i#ilar #ap$ on t(e $a#e $&ale and on t(e $a#e $(eet line$ or for#atde$igned to &o%er a parti&ular geograp(i&al area. "t #a/ al$o e a group of #ap$ de$igned to$er%e a &o##on purpo$e. T(e na#e gi%en a $erie$ i$ of t(e #o$t pro#inent area.

)* T(e $&ale notation repre$ent$ t(e ratio of t(e #ap$ di$tan&e to t(e &orre$ponding )a&tual*di$tan&e on t(e eart($ $urfa&e. For ea#ple, t(e $&ale notation of 1450,000 indi&ate$ t(at oneunit of #ea$ure on t(e #ap eual$ 50,000 of t(e $a#e unit$ of #ea$ure on t(e a&tual $urfa&eof t(e ground )1 #ap in&( 6 50,000 eart( in&(e$*.

)* Serie$ nu#er . T(e $erie$ nu#er appear$ in t(e upper rig(t #argin and lo'er left #argin.

"t i$ a &o#pre(en$i%e referen&e epre$$ed eit(er a$ a four digit nu#er or a$ a letter follo'ed / t(ree or four nu#er$.

)5* "nde to adoining $(eet$ . T(e inde to adoining $(eet$ i$ found in t(e lo'er rig(t#argin of /our #ap.

)8* Bar $&ale$ . T(e ar $&ale i$ lo&ated in t(e &enter lo'er #argin of /our #ap.

)7* Contour inter%al . T(e &ontour inter%al i$ lo&ated in t(e &enter lo'er #argin of /our #ap, u$t elo' t(e ar $&ale$. "t $tate$ t(e %erti&al di$tan&e et'een ada&ent &ontour line$ ont(e #ap. For ea#ple, e%er/ &ontour line repre$ent$ an in&rea$e in ele%ation a$ indi&ated

/ t(e di$tan&e of t(e &ontour inter%al.

)* :ort(ern ;eferen&e$ . T(ere are 3 different nort(ern referen&e$ lo&ated on t(e de&linationdiagra#. "t i$ lo&ated in t(e rig(t portion of t(e lo'er #argin of /our #ap.

)a* True :ort( . line fro# an/ po$ition on t(e eart($ $urfa&e to t(e :ort( <ole, '(i&( i$ t(eea&t top of t(e eart(.

13



)* +rid :ort( . T(e nort( dire&tion e$tali$(ed / t(e %erti&al grid line$ on t(e #ap.

)&* Magneti& :ort( . T(e dire&tion to t(e :ort( Magneti& <ole.

)9* =egend . "$ lo&ated in t(e lo'er left #argin. "t illu$trate$ and identifie$ $o#e of t(e $/#ol$

on t(e #ap. T(ere i$ not enoug( roo# on a #ap $(eet to $(o' t(e true outline$ of oe&t$and land feature$ $o t(e #ap#aer u$e$ a $et of $tandard $/#ol$ to repre$ent t(e#.So#eti#e$ t(e $/#ol$ are not t(e $a#e, or $tandard t/pe$ of $/#ol$ t/pi&all/ u$ed. T(i$i$ e&au$e of t(e t/pe of #ap, t(e $&ale, or t(e origin. Be&au$e of t(i$ po$$ile differen&e, to pre%ent error$ in $/#ol identifi&ation, t(e legend $(ould e referred to e%er/ ti#e a #ap i$u$ed. )T(e ea#ple on t(e legend #a/ $tate, >uni#pro%ed road, (ard $urfa&e road, eeptrail,> et&. T(e rig(t $ide of t(e $/#ol 'ill (a%e t(ree $/#ol$? t(e fir$t eing >uni#pro%edroad>, t(e $e&ond >(ard $urfa&e road>, and t(e t(ird eing >eep trail>.*

)10* Map &olor$ . T(e &olor$ /ou $ee on /our #ap are not t(ere to #ae t(e #ap prett/or eno/ale to t(e u$er. T(e/ (a%e i#portant #eaning. T(e &olor$ %ar/ 'it( differentt/pe$ of #ap$, ut on a $tandard, large $&ale #ap, t(ere are fi%e a$i& &olor$4

)a* Bla& . ;epre$ent$ #o$t of t(e #an-#ade feature$.

)* ;ed . ;epre$ent$ #aor road$.

)&* Blue . ;epre$ent$ 'ater.

)d* +reen . ;epre$ent$ %egetation.

)e* Bro'n . ;epre$ent$ all terrain feature$, $u&( a$ (ill$, dra'$, finger$, depre$$ion$, and$addle$ / t(e u$e of &ontour line$. T(e$e &ontour line$ are $(o'n in ro'n.

)f* @t(er Color$ . @&&a$ionall/ ot(er &olor$ are u$ed to $(o' $pe&ial infor#ation. T(e$e, a$a rule, 'ill e indi&ated in t(e #arginal infor#ation. Currentl/, t(ere are &(ange$ eing#ade to t(e &olor $/$te#, '(i&( #a/ re$ult in &(ange$ of t(e #arginal infor#ation inregard$ to #ap &olor$.

2. HORIZONTAL SCALES.

a. Bar S&ale . T(i$ $pe&ial ruler, lo&ated at t(e otto# of t(e #ap $(eet, enale$ /ou to#ea$ure a di$tan&e et'een 2 point$ on /our #ap and &(ange t(at #ap di$tan&e into t(e

a&tual ground di$tan&e.

)1* T(e pri#ar/ $&ale. T(e pri#ar/ $&ale i$ t(e part of t(e $&ale t(at $tart$ at t(e Aero )0* andetend$ to t(e rig(t.

)2* T(e eten$ion $&ale. T(e $e&ond part of t(e ar $&ale i$ t(e eten$ion $&ale. "t $tart$ at t(eAero )0* and etend$ left.

13



. Mea$uring Straig(t - =ine i$tan&e . "f /ou are gi%en a #i$$ion t(at reuire$ /ou to #o%efro# /our pre$ent po$ition to a different po$ition $o#e di$tan&e a'a/ and /ou plan to tra%elin a $traig(t line et'een t(e$e t'o point$, t(e follo'ing #et(od i$ u$ed to deter#ine t(edi$tan&e /ou 'ill (a%e to tra%el4

)1* Fir$t lo&ate /our pre$ent po$ition and /our de$tination on /our #ap. T(en /ou 'ill la/ a$traig(t edged pie&e of paper on t(e #ap $o t(at t(e edge of t(e paper tou&(e$ t(e lo&ationof /our pre$ent po$ition and t(e lo&ation of /our de$tination. Mae a ti& #ar on t(e edgeof t(e paper at ea&( point. :o' #o%e t(e paper do'n to t(e ar $&ale. <la&e t(e left ti& #ar on t(e Aero )0* of t(e $&ale $o t(at t(e ot(er ti& #ar 'ill fall $o#e'(ere on t(e pri#ar/ $&ale.

&. Mea$uring a Cur%ed =ine i$tan&e . "f /ou are gi%en a #i$$ion t(at reuire$ /ou to #o%efro# /our pre$ent po$ition to a different po$ition and t(i$ ti#e /ou &(oo$e to #o%e along aroad to rea&( /our de$tination, t(e follo'ing #et(od i$ u$ed to 'or out t(e grounddi$tan&e /ou 'ill (a%e to tra%el4

)1* Find /our pre$ent po$ition, /our de$tination, and t(e road /ou 'ill follo', on /our #ap.<o$ition a $traig(t edged pie&e of paper at /our lo&ation and #ae a ti& #ar,. :o', rotatet(e paper $o t(at it run$ along t(e road until t(e road turn$, and #ae a ti& #ar on ot( t(e paper and t(e #ap. eeping t(e$e 2 ti& #ar$ toget(er, rotate t(e paper again until t(e roadturn$, and again #ar t(e paper and t(e #ap. Continue t(i$ pro&edure until /ou (a%e rea&(ed/our de$tination. :o' u$ing /our ar $&ale a$ pre%iou$l/ $tated, find t(e a&tual grounddi$tan&e /our $uad 'ill e tra%eling.

3. ELEVATION AND RELIEF. "n order to egin learning t(e $ue&t of ele%ation and relief,let$ fir$t loo at $o#e definition$.

a. Contour line$ . @f t(e $e%eral 'a/$ to indi&ate ele%ation and relief on #ap$, t(e #o$t &o##oni$ t(roug( t(e u$e of &ontour line$. &ontour line repre$ent$ an i#aginar/ line on t(e groundalong '(i&( all point$ on t(i$ line are t(e $a#e ele%ation ao%e $ea le%el.

. C(ara&teri$ti&$ of Contour =ine$ . T(ere are a fe' &(ara&teri$ti&$ of a &ontour line t(at /ou$(ould no' t(at 'ill (elp /ou under$tand '(at t(e/ repre$ent on /our #ap. T(e$e&(ara&teri$ti&$ are a$ follo'$4

)1* Contour line$ ne%er &ro$$.

)2* Contour line$ &onne&t on t(e#$el%e$.

&. T/pe$ of Contour =ine$ . "n addition to no'ing t(e definition, purpo$e, and &(ara&teri$ti&$of a &ontour line, /ou need to realiAe t(at t(ere are different t/pe$ of &ontour line$.

)1* "nde &ontour line$. Starting at Aero ele%ation, e%er/ 5t( &ontour line i$ dra'n 'it( a (ea%ier line.

)2* "nter#ediate &ontour line$. T(e$e are t(e &ontour line$ falling et'een t(e "nde&ontour line$.

13



)3* Supple#entar/ &ontour line$. T(e$e line$ are $(o'n a$ da$(ed ro'n line$.

d. eter#ining le%ation of a <oint. :o', /ou are read/ to learn (o' to deter#ine t(eele%ation of an/ point of t(e ground repre$ented on /our #ap.

)1* +i%en ele%ation neare$t t(e point, ea#ine t(e area around /our point until /ou find t(eneare$t point t(at (a$ a #ared ele%ation. T(ere are a fe' different 'a/$ t(at &ontour line$are #ared, and t(e/ are4

)a* =aeled inde &ontour line. "nde &ontour line$ are roen 'it( t(e ele%ation of t(e line printed in t(e rea.

)* Spot ele%ation$. t %ariou$ pla&e$ on /our #ap, u$uall/ on pro#inent landfor#$ $u&( a$road un&tion$ or (illtop$, a $pot ele%ation 'ill e gi%en. "t 'ill e printed in eit(er ro'n

or la&.

)&* Ben&( #ar$. Si#ilar to Spot ele%ation$, ut #ore a&&urate. T(e/ are #ared on /our #ap / a la& >>, 'it( t(e letter$ >BM>, and t(e ele%ation.

)d* point on a &ontour line. "f a point i$ lo&ated on a &ontour line, it$ ele%ation 'ill e t(e$a#e a$ t(at &ontour line.

)e* point et'een &ontour line$. "f a de$ired point i$ le$$ t(an 1! t(e di$tan&e et'een 2line$, it$ ele%ation i$ &on$idered to e t(e $a#e a$ t(e &lo$e$t &ontour line. "f t(e point i$fro# 1! to 3! t(e di$tan&e, it$ ele%ation i$ &on$idered to e in t(e #iddle of t(e 2 line$.

)f* point on top of a (ill. To e$ti#ate t(e ele%ation on t(e top of an un#ared (ill, add 1!2 of t(e &ontour inter%al to t(e ele%ation of t(e (ig(e$t &ontour line around t(e (ill.*

. TERRAIN FEATURES. T(ere are #an/ t/pe$ of terrain feature$ t(at /ou #u$t e ale toidentif/. B/ interpreting t(e arrange#ent of &ontour line$, /ou $(ould e ale to get a #ental pi&ture of (o' t(e$e terrain feature$ 'ould appear if /ou 'ere a&tuall/ out t(ere on t(eground looing at t(e#. So#e of t(e feature$ /ou need to e ale to re&ogniAe are a$ follo'$4

13



a. ill$ . efined a$ a point or $#all area of (ig( ground. (ill i$ repre$ented on /our #ap / a nu#er of &ontour line$ ea&( of '(i&( &ir&le$ around and &onne&t$ onto it$elf.T(e$e roug( &ir&le$ get $#aller a$ t(e/ progre$$ to'ard t(e

top of t(e (ill. Dou need to &arefull/ &o#pare t(earrange#ent of t(e$e &ontour line$ to t(e a&tual appearan&eof t(e (ill.

. Spur . efined a$ a line of (ig( ground. T(e point$ along t(etop or &re$t of t(e $pur are (ig(er t(an t(e ground on ot($ide$. $pur i$ repre$ented on t(e #ap / a nu#er of &ontour line$, ea&( of '(i&( for# a E-S(aped or -S(apedde$ign. T(e end or otto# of t(e E or -S(aped line$ pointdo'n to a lo'er ele%ation.

&. ra' . efined a$ a line of lo' ground. T(e point$ lo&atedin t(e otto# of a dra' are at a lo'er ele%ation t(an t(eground to eit(er $ide. dra' u$uall/ run$ et'een 2 $pur$."t i$ $o#eti#e$ diffi&ult to tell t(e differen&e et'een t(e&ontour line$ t(at repre$ent a dra' fro# t(o$e t(at repre$enta $pur e&au$e t(e/ are ot( E or -S(aped line$.;e#e#er t(at t(e &ur%ed portion repre$enting a $pur point$ do'n to ground of lo'er ele%ation, and t(e &ur%ed portion repre$enting a dra' point$ to ground of (ig(er ele%ation. :o' / looing &lo$el/ at t(e area on /our #ap,/ou 'ill e ale to tell '(i&( of t(e 2 /ou are dealing 'it(."n #an/ &a$e$, dra'$ 'ill &ontain a $trea#, '(ile $pur$

u$uall/ ne%er (a%e a $trea# running do'n t(eir &enter$.

d. Saddle . efined a$ t(e lo' ground et'een 2 (illtop$, or adip along t(e &re$t of a $pur. @n /our #ap a $addle i$repre$ented / &ontour line$ t(at for# 2 (illtop$ t(at arelo&ated &lo$el/ to ea&( ot(er. T(e area et'een t(e$e 2(illtop$ eing t(e lo&ation of t(e $addle.

e. epre$$ion . efined a$ a point or area of lo' ground$urrounded on all $ide$ / (ig(er ground. depre$$ion i$repre$ented / &ontour line$ for#ing &ir&le$ 'it(in a $#all

area on t(e #ap. T(e$e roug( &ir&le$ loo identi&al to(illtop$ e&ept for t(e pre$en&e of (a&(ure$. T(e$e are $(ort$tu/ line$ t(at are &onne&ted to t(e &ontour line at oneend and point a'a/ fro# t(e &ontour line$ at rig(t angle$ ina do'n(ill dire&tion.

f. Cut . &ut i$ a #an-#ade feature / '(i&( t(e ed of aroad or railroad i$ le%eled / &utting t(roug( (ig( ground.

13



&ut i$ repre$ented / a $udden ending of &ontour line$,t(e end$ eing &onne&ted / a $traig(t line. a&(ure$ are&onne&ted to t(i$ $traig(t line and point do'n(ill to'ardt(e roaded. T(i$ $udden ending of &ontour line$ o&&ur$ on ot( $ide$ of t(e road ed.

g. Fill . fill i$ al$o a #an-#ade feature / '(i&( t(e ed of a road or railroad i$ le%eled /filling in t(e lo' area. $udden ending of &ontour line$ &an al$o repre$ent a fill. $traig(t line &onne&t$ t(e$e end$ 'it( a&(ure$ pointing do'n(ill a'a/ fro# t(e road ed. gain, t(i$ o&&ur$ on ot( $ide$ of t(e road ed.

5. SLOPES. T(e rate of ri$e or fall of a ground for# i$ no'n a$ it$ $lope. "n &o#at, t(i$fa&tor of $lope #u$t e &on$idered '(en #aing plan$ for an operation. Dou #u$t (a%e t(eailit/ to re&ogniAe t(e ground for#$ in /our area of operation / $tud/ing /our #ap and t(e$pa&ing et'een t(e &ontour line$ on /our #ap.

8. MILITARY DIRECTION.

a. T(e #ilitar/ u$e$ t(e ter# >aAi#ut(> to de$&rie t(e dire&tion fro# one point to anot(er.T(ere are t'o a$e dire&tion line$ u$ed to #ea$ure t(e %alue of an aAi#ut(. T(e/ are a$follo'$4

)1* +rid nort(. "t i$ u$ed '(en #ea$uring dire&tion fro# /our #ap.

)2* Magneti& nort(. E$ed '(en #ea$uring dire&tion fro# /our &o#pa$$.

. Enit$ of Mea$ure#ent . :o' t(at /ou (a%e learned aout t(e t'o a$e dire&tion line$ t(at areu$ed to #ea$ure dire&tion, 'e need to learn t(e unit$ of #ea$ure#ent t(at are u$ed to#ea$ure t(e angle fro# one of t(e$e dire&tion line$ to t(e dire&tion line.

)1* egree$. T(e degree i$ t(e unit of #ea$ure#ent t(at i$ u$ed #o$t often. n/ti#e /ou needan aAi#ut( to #o%e fro# one point to anot(er, /ou 'ill u$e degree$ a$ /our unit of #ea$ure#ent. T(e a$e dire&tion line, grid nort( or #agneti& nort(, 'ill e Aero )0* degree$and #ea$uring &lo&'i$e fro# t(i$ a$e dire&tion line, t(e angle in&rea$e$ until /ou rea&(380 degree$ '(i&( ring$ /ou a& around in a full &ir&le to t(e a$e dire&tion line.

)2* Mil$. T(e #il i$ al$o u$ed a$ a unit of #ea$ure#ent for dire&tion. "t i$ u$ed '(en 'oring'it( indire&t fire 'eapon$ $u&( a$ #ortar$ and artiller/. T(e aAi#ut( /ou $end 'ill (a%e to

13



e in #il$, not in degree$. ;e#e#er, /ou are $till #ea$uring t(e angle et'een t(e a$edire&tion line and t(e line of $ig(t fro# /ou to t(e di$tant oe&t onl/ /ou are u$ing adifferent unit to #ea$ure t(e angle. Mo%ing &lo&'i$e fro# t(e a$e dire&tion line, '(i&('ould e Aero )0* #il$, t(e angle a& to t(e dire&tion line. :o' /ou no' t(ere are 380degree$ and al$o 800 #il$ in t(e &ir&le. T(i$ #ean$ t(at ea&( degree eual$ approi#atel/

17.5 #il$.

&. Con%erting Map and Co#pa$$ ire&tion$ . )WMC.5.2d* arlier /ou learned t(at an aAi#ut('a$ al'a/$ #ea$ured fro# a a$e dire&tion line. Dou al$o learned t(at 'e &an u$e t'odifferent a$e dire&tion line$. +rid nort( i$ t(e a$e dire&tion line u$ed '(en /ou are'oring 'it( t(e #ap and getting a #ap dire&tion or a grid aAi#ut(. Magneti& nort( i$ t(e a$e dire&tion line u$ed '(en /ou are u$ing t(e &o#pa$$ to get a &o#pa$$ dire&tion or a#agneti& aAi#ut(. Be&au$e t(e$e t'o different a$e dire&tion line$ are u$ed and e&au$ein#o$t &a$e$ t(ere i$ a differen&e of one or #ore degree$ et'een t(e#, it i$ ne&e$$ar/ for /ou to learn (o' to &on%ert fro# a grid aAi#ut( to a #agneti& aAi#ut( or fro# a #agneti&aAi#ut( to a grid aAi#ut(. "n order to learn t(i$ pro&edure 'e #u$t tae anot(er loo at t(ede&lination diagra#.

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in t(e $a#e dire&tion$ a$ nort( and $out( on t(e ground. T(ere are t'o #et(od$ /ou &an u$eto orient a #ap.

)1* "n$pe&tion. T(e fir$t #et(od u$ed to orient t(e #ap i$ / in$pe&tion. B/ &arefull/ ea#ining/our #ap and t(e ground around t(e area in '(i&( /ou are lo&ated to find linear feature$

$u&( a$ road$, railroad$ and po'erle$$, /ou &an align t(e feature on t(e #ap 'it( t(e $a#efeature on t(e ground. "f t(ere i$ onl/ one linear terrain feature in t(e area in '(i&( /ou arelo&ated, /ou 'ill (a%e to e &areful not to re%er$e /our dire&tion$. %en t(oug( /ou (a%e aroad running nort(-$out( on /our #ap aligned 'it( t(e $a#e road on t(e ground, t(e nort(end of /our #ap #a/ e pointed in a $out(erl/ dire&tion do'n t(e road. To a%oid t(i$ fro#o&&urring, find anot(er terrain feature in t(e area t(at /ou &an al$o identif/ on t(e #ap.@n&e /ou (a%e aligned /our #ap along t(e linear feature, &(e& to in$ure t(at t(e $e&ondfeature i$ po$itioned on t(e $a#e $ide of t(e linear feature on /our #ap a$ it i$ on t(eground.

)2* Co#pa$$. T(i$ i$ t(e $e&ond #et(od of orienting a #ap. Dou egin / pla&ing /our #ap ont(e ground $o it lie$ flat and le%el. @pen /our &o#pa$$ $o t(at t(e &o%er and e/epie&e are&o#pletel/ open. lign t(e graduated $traig(t edge of t(e &o#pa$$ along one of t(enort(-$out( grid line$ on /our #ap 'it( t(e &o%er end of t(e &o#pa$$ pointing to'ard t(etop of t(e #ap. T(i$ 'ill pla&e t(e $tationar/ inde line parallel to t(e grid nort(. Sin&e t(enort( $eeing arro' on t(e dial of /our &o#pa$$ 'ill al'a/$ point to #agneti& nort(, /ou $et/our &o#pa$$ up u$t lie a de&lination diagra#. +rid nort( eing t(e $tationar/ inde lineand #agneti& nort( eing /our nort( $eeing arro'. :o' rotate /our #ap, in$uring t(at t(egraduated $traig(t edge of /our &o#pa$$ re#ain$ aligned 'it( t(e nort(-$out( grid line, untilt(e fa&e of t(e &o#pa$$ appear$ ea&tl/ a$ t(e de&lination diagra# in t(e lo'er #argin of t(e#ap. Dour #ap i$ no' oriented. For t(e Sonora <a$$ #ap $(eet /ou 'ould rotate t(e #apuntil t(e nort( $eeing arro' on t(e &o#pa$$ lie$ 18.5 degree$ to t(e rig(t of t(e $tationar/inde line.

7. GRID SYSTEM. )WMC.8.1* "n #o$t &o#at $ituation$ it i$ %er/ i#portant to e ale to pinpoint /our lo&ation, t(e lo&ation of anot(er unit, or t(e lo&ation of an oe&ti%e. "n order todo t(i$, it i$ ne&e$$ar/ to (a%e a lo&ation $/$te# t(at 'ill allo' /ou to a&&uratel/ deter#ine a$pe&ifi& lo&ation and $tate t(at lo&ation in $u&( a 'a/ t(at 'ill allo' ot(er$ to find t(at lo&ationui&l/. T(i$ $/$te# i$ no'n a$ a grid $/$te#.

a. +rid Bo . T(i$ o gi%e$ a$i& in$tru&tion$ on reading grid$ in deter#ination of $pe&ifi& point$ on t(e #ap.

. +rid =ine$ . T(e $traig(t la& line$ t(at run a&ro$$, and up and do'n t(e $urfa&e of /our

#ap$ for# t(e 1000 #eter grid $uare$. T(e$e line$ are &alled grid line$. "f /ou loo aroundt(e order of /our #ap /ou 'ill $ee t(at ot( t(e (oriAontal and %erti&al grid line$ areidentified / a t'o digit nu#er.

&. +rid Suare "dentifi&ation . a&( 1000 #eter grid $uare on /our #ap (a$ it$ o'n uniuenu#er. T(i$ nu#er i$ &alled a grid &oordinate. four digit nu#er i$ t(e re$ult of &o#ining t(e t'o digit nu#er identifi&ation of t(e %erti&al grid line and t(e t'o digitnu#er identifi&ation of t(e (oriAontal grid line t(at &ro$$ to for# t(e lo'er left &orner of

13



t(e grid $uare. To find t(e grid &oordinate of an/ grid $uare on /our #ap /ou 'ill al'a/$read /our #ap rig(t and up. Dou find t(e t'o digit nu#er of t(at %erti&al grid line and /ou'ill (a%e t(e fir$t 2 digit$ of /our &oordinate. :et, find t(e t'o digit nu#er of t(e(oriAontal grid line and pla&e it after /our %erti&al nu#er and /ou no' (a%e t(e digit grid&oordinate t(at identifie$ /our grid $uare.

d. =o&ating Terrain Feature$ Wit(in a +rid Suare . "f /ou are gi%en a digit grid &oordinate tofind a &ertain point on t(e eart($ $urfa&e, t(at grid &oordinate 'ould put /ou 'it(in 1000#eter$ of t(at point. "f /ou are told to find a &ertain feature 'it(in t(at grid $uare and /ouare good at reading /our #ap, a -digit &oordinate #a/ get /ou &lo$e enoug( to /our point toenale /ou to find it. o'e%er, t(ere are #an/ $ituation$ in '(i&( a digit nu#er 'ill notget /ou &lo$e enoug( to a gi%en po$ition to allo' /ou to a&&o#pli$( /our ta$. "t i$ ne&e$$ar/to e ale to lo&ate point$ 'it(in a grid $uare and u$ing a $i-digit grid &oordinate doe$ t(i$.

)1* Si igit +rid Coordinate. T(e 1000-#eter grid $uare 'ill (a%e to e roen do'n furt(er into 100-#eter grid $uare$. Be&au$e t(e $urfa&e of /our #ap 'ould e&o#e too &luttered / all t(e$e additional line$, a $pe&ial in$tru#ent (a$ een #ade to (elp /ou di%ide up a1000-#eter grid $uare. T(i$ in$tru#ent i$ &alled a &oordinate $&ale or protra&tor.

. RESECTION. )WMC.8.1&*

a. Dou 'ill fa&e a $ituation '(ere /ou need to pinpoint t(e lo&ation of /our po$ition. T(i$ #a/not e po$$ile / a$$o&iating t(e terrain in /our area 'it( t(e #ap e&au$e /ou #a/ (a%e a poor #ap or t(e terrain in /our i##ediate area i$ flat and (a$ no di$tingui$(ing feature$.W(en /ou find /our$elf in t(i$ $ituation /ou 'ill need to no' (o' to perfor# a re$e&tion.

)1* a#ine t(e terrain around /our po$ition and find t'o terrain feature$ or oe&t$ t(at /ou&an al$o identif/ on /our #ap.

)2* E$e /our &o#pa$$ to find t(e #agneti& aAi#ut( to one of t(e di$tant terrain feature$ /ou(a%e identified.

)3* Con%ert t(e #agneti& aAi#ut( /ou found into a grid aAi#ut(.

)* C(ange t(e grid aAi#ut( /ou found into a a& aAi#ut(.

)5* ra'ing a line on /our #ap fro# a di$tant point /ou identified in $tep one a& to'ard /our pre$ent po$ition. <la&e a $#all #ar on /our #ap at t(i$ point. E$ing a $traig(t edge, dra' aline fro# '(ere /ou plotted t(e di$tant oe&t to t(e #ar /ou #ade / t(e edge of /our

protra&tor. T(i$ line $(ould e etended to in$ure it &ontinue$ t(roug( t(e area '(ere /ouare lo&ated.

)8* ;epeat, finding t(e #agneti& aAi#ut( to t(e $e&ond di$tant oe&t. T(at i$ at lea$t 80degree$ fro# t(e fir$t.

13



)7* W(en /ou (a%e dra'n /our $e&ond line on t(e #ap, t(e point '(ere t(e $e&ond line &ro$$e$t(e fir$t line i$ t(e lo&ation of /our po$ition. T(e pro&e$$ t(at (a$ u$t een &o%ered i$ &alleda t'o-point re$e&tion.

)* "f /our po$ition i$ lo&ated on a linear line feature $u&( a$ a road, po'er line, railroad or

ri%er, t(en it i$ onl/ ne&e$$ar/ to perfor# a one-point re$e&tion in order to pinpoint /our lo&ation. "n$tead of identif/ing t'o di$tant point$, /ou 'ill onl/ need to $ele&t one. W(eret(e $ingle line t(at /ou dre' on /our #ap &ro$$e$ t(e linear feature on '(i&( /ou are lo&ated'ill e t(e lo&ation of /our po$ition.

9. DETOURING AROUND AN OBSTACLE.

a. T(ere 'ill e o&&a$ion$ '(en it 'ill e&o#e ne&e$$ar/ to #o%e off /our plotted route inorder to a%oid an o$ta&le $u&( a$ a $#all lae or $'a#p. Dou #u$t e ale to #o%e aroundt(e$e o$ta&le$ and return to t(e route /ou 'ere follo'ing efore /ou too /our detour. T(i$&an e a&&o#pli$(ed / u$ing one of t(ree detour #et(od$4 Far $ide land#ar #et(od,near$ide land#ar #et(od, and t(e 90-degree off$et #et(od.

)1* Far $ide land#ar . E$ed during (our$ of da/lig(t '(en /ou are ale to identif/ $o#e featureon t(e far $ide of t(e o$ta&le t(at lie$ on /our line of #ar&( and i$ o%iou$ enoug( $o t(at/ou &an find it on&e /ou (a%e #o%ed around to t(e far $ide.

)2* :ear$ide land#ar. E$ed during (our$ of da/lig(t '(en /ou &annot find a land#ar on t(efar $ide. o'e%er, /ou &an identif/ a feature on t(e near$ide t(at i$ on /our line of #ar&(and /ou 'ill $till e ale to $ee on&e /ou (a%e #o%ed around to t(e far $ide. gain, let u$

u$e t(e ea#ple of eing on an aAi#ut( of 19 degree$, and it ring$ /ou to a $#all lae.Fro# t(e near$ide /ou &annot lo&ate an/ feature$ on t(e far $ide. T(ere i$, (o'e%er, a $#all pier on t(e near$ide t(at i$ lo&ated on /our line of #ar&(. Dou &an no' #o%e around t(elae u$ing t(e ea$ie$t and $afe$t route. Mo%e to an area on t(e far $ide t(at i$ a$ &lo$e to eing oppo$ite of t(e near$ide land#ar a$ po$$ile. Dou t(en figure out t(e a& aAi#ut( of /our route aAi#ut(, '(i&( in t(i$ &a$e 'ould e 1 degree$. S(oot an aAi#ut( a& a&ro$$t(e lae to t(e pier. Mo%e to t(e rig(t or left until /ou are in a po$ition '(ere t(e pier lie$ atan aAi#ut( of 1 degree$. T(i$ put$ /ou a& on /our line of #ar&( and /ou &an &ontinue onfollo'ing /our original aAi#ut( of 19 degree$.

)3* 90 degree off$et. E$ed during (our$ of redu&ed %i$iilit/ or during da/lig(t (our$ '(en t(ere

are no %i$ile land#ar$ along t(e line of #ar&( on eit(er $ide of t(e o$ta&le. T(i$ ti#e /ouare #o%ing along a 380 degree aAi#ut( and /ou en&ounter a large, i#pa$$ale area of t(i& ru$(. T(e ru$( i$ too (ig( to $ee an/ land#ar$ fro# eit(er $ide of t(e t(i&et. T(efollo'ing pro&edure $(ould e taen to detour around t(e t(i&et.

)a* Stop t(e pa&e &ount /ou (a%e een #aing for #o%e#ent along /our a$$igned route.

13



)* e&ide '(i&( 'a/ /ou 'ill detour around t(e t(i&et. =et$ $a/ in t(i$ &a$e t(e rig(t flan appear$ to e t(e ea$ie$t and $afe$t. dd 90 degree$ to /our original aAi#ut( of 380 degree$in order to #o%e /our patrol to t(e rig(t.

)&* Mo%e on t(i$ 90 degree$ aAi#ut( until /ou (a%e rea&(ed a point '(ere /ou &an &lear t(e

rig(t flan of t(e t(i&et. Dou 'ill eep a ne' pa&e &ount $tarting fro# t(e point '(ere /ou#ade /our 90 degree$ turn to t(e rig(t to t(e point '(ere /ou &an &lear t(e rig(t flan of t(et(i&et.

)d* Mae anot(er &(ange of dire&tion. T(i$ ti#e /ou 'ant to return to a 380 degree$ aAi#ut( $o/ou 'ill parallel /our original &our$e and #o%e / t(e rig(t flan of t(e t(i&et. "n order toreturn to t(e 380 degree$ aAi#ut( /ou 'ill no' $utra&t 90 degree$.

)e* Mo%e on t(e 380-degree aAi#ut( until /ou (a%e / pa$$ed t(e t(i&et. t t(e point of /our $e&ond 90 degree turn, /ou 'ill pi& up t(e pa&e &ount /ou 'ere #aing efore /ou egan #aing /our detour around t(e o$ta&le. %en t(oug( /ou are not on /our originalline of #ar&(, /ou are #o%ing parallel to /our original line of #ar&( and t(erefore #u$tin&lude t(e di$tan&e /ou &o%er during t(i$ leg of t(e off$et in /our pa&e &ount for /our route.

)f* @n&e /ou (a%e /pa$$ed t(e t(i&et, /ou 'ill #ae anot(er &(ange of dire&tion. T(i$ ti#e,/ou 'ant to #o%e a& to'ard /our original line of #ar&(. Sin&e t(at #ean$ /ou 'ill eturning to'ard t(e left, /ou 'ill $utra&t 90 degree$ fro# t(e 380 degree$ aAi#ut( /ou(a%e u$t &o#pleted. Dour ne' dire&tion 'ill e 270 degree$.

)g* <a&e a& to'ard t(e original line of #ar&( follo'ing t(e 270-degree aAi#ut(, t(e $a#enu#er of pa&e$ a$ /ou #ade off t(e original line of #ar&(. "n doing t(i$ /ou 'ill (a%ereturned to /our original line of #ar&(.

)(* @n&e /ou (a%e #o%ed a& to /our original line of #ar&( /ou 'ill #ae /our la$t &(ange of dire&tion. B/ adding 90 degree$ to t(e original aAi#ut( of t(e la$t leg of t(e off$et, '(i&( int(i$ &a$e 'a$ 270 degree$, /ou 'ill e a& on t(e original aAi#ut( of 380 degree$.

)i* ;eturn to /our original line of #ar&( pa&e &ount.

13





FMST.07.39

04030!

STUDENT HANDOUT

SEARCH AND RESCUE MANAGEMENT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE" #n a $ountainou% en&iron$ent, e'e(ute a%ear() and re%(ue, in a((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES"

+1 Wit)out t)e aid of referen(e% and fro$ a gi&en li%t, ()oo%e t)e definition of a %ear(), ina((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39a

+! Wit)out t)e aid of referen(e% and fro$ a gi&en li%t, ()oo%e t)e definition of a re%(ue, ina((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39

+3 Wit)out t)e aid of referen(e% and fro$ a gi&en li%t, ()oo%e one t)e four $et)od% u%ed todeter$ine a %ear() area, in a((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39(

+4 Wit)out t)e aid of referen(e% and fro$ a gi&en li%t, ()oo%e one of t)e fi&e $et)od% for (onfining a %ear() area, in a((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39d

+5 i&en a lo%t indi&idual %(enario in a $ountainou% en&iron$ent, plan a %ear() and re%(uein a((ordan(e *it) t)e referen(e%. +FMST.07.39e

OUTLINE.

1. GENERAL . W)en di%(u%%ing a %ear() and re%(ue %ituation *e $u%t fir%t e ale todifferentiate et*een t)e t*o fa(et% of t)e operation. / %ear() $ean% t)at ou are loo2ingfor an o&erdue $i%%ing per%on +FMST.07.39a. / re%(ue i% t)e e'tra(tion of a 2no*n%ue(t fro$ a 2no*n lo(ation +FMST.07.39. #n eit)er of t)e%e %ituation% ti$e i% (riti(alfor %e&eral rea%on%"

14



a. Sue(t $a need e$ergen( $edi(al (are.

. Sie of t)e %ear() area i% li$ited.

(. Ti$e and *eat)er de%tro% (lue%.

d. Sue(t $a need prote(tion fro$ t)e en&iron$ent or fro$ )i$%elf.

!. SEARCH METHODS . W)en (ondu(ting a %ear() ou *ill e %ear()ing for (lue%,in%tead of %ear()ing fo B$%uÒclW $%u‚PfM,uhB€Ðð°d6•°u°d,BpC(i#ÐarTMB€T&"pC€P n

d.



d. Sue(t e'perien(e profile" ?o e'perien(eno 2no*ledge of area, no e'perien(e2no*%area, e'perien(edno 2no*ledge of area, or e'perien(ed2no*% area.

e. Weat)er profile" <a%t or (urrent ad *eat)er, ad *eat)er in ne't ; )our%, ad *eat)er inne't !4 )our%, or no ad *eat)er predi(ted. Te$perature and &i%iilit.

f. 6uip$ent profile" #nade6uate, 6ue%tionale, or ade6uate for en&iron$ent or *eat)er.

g. Terrain:aard profile" @no*n )aardou% terrain or, )aard% or fe* or no )aard%.

). :i%tor of in(ident% in t)e area" Aut(o$e of ot)er %ear()e% for indi&idual% *it) %i$ilar profile% in %i$ilar %ituation%.

i. Ti$e" Ti$e %in(e t)e %ue(t *ent $i%%ing and t)e effe(t% of ti$e on (lue%.

. <oliti(al %en%iti&it" 'ternal %our(e% >#<%, politi(ian%, relati&e%, $edia, or )ig)er aut)orit in our ()ain of (o$$and.

4. DETERMINING THE SEARCH AREA . T)ere are four $et)od% u%ed todeter$ine t)e %ear() area re%(ue $anager%. T)e e%t appli(ation i% to u%e a(o$ination of t)e%e $et)od% per%onnel *it) %ear() e'perien(e. +FMST.07.39(

a. T)eoreti(al" T)i% i% t)e di%tan(e t)at t)e &i(ti$ (ould )a&e tra&eled in t)e elap%ed ti$e%in(e )e%)e *a% reported $i%%ing. +<# ' S6uared

. Stati%ti(al" :i%tori(al data on %ear()e% for %i$ilar indi&idual% in %i$ilar (ondition%.

(. Sue(ti&e" &aluation of li$iting fa(tor% for t)i% %pe(ifi( in(ident and lo(ation.

d. =edu(ti&e rea%oning" S)erlo(2 :ol$e% &er%ion, a%ed on anal%i% of (ir(u$%tan(e%in&ol&ing t)e %pe(ifi( in(ident.

5. BEHAVIOR ASPECTS OF A LOST PERSON . eneral a%pe(t% of lo%t per%on e)a&ior *ill gi&e ou an a*arene%% of t)e a(tion% of t)e indi&idual% ou are %ear()ing for %eparating t)e$ into different (ategorie%. So$e fa(tor% t)at (ould effe(t t)e %ear() %trategare t)e general )ealt) of t)e %ue(t, )i%)er pa%t e'perien(e%, p)%iologi(al effe(t% of t)een&iron$ent, and t)e &i(ti$%8 $ental %tate or iologi(al ((le. /l%o, loo2ing at t)e%ue(t8% ailit to a%%i%t in )i%)er o*n %ur&i&al *it) %i$ple %2ill% %u() a% fire, %)elter,%ignaling, and land na&igation *ill deter$ine %trateg. T)e p%()ologi(al i$pa(t on t)e

&i(ti$ %)ould al%o e ta2en into a((ount. Will t)e %ue(t e o&er(o$e Stre%%D FearD<ani(D $arra%%$entD Ar *ill t)e %ue(t e (al$ and de&elop a po%iti&e #ll e A@ attitudeD / furt)er point to (on%ider i% t)e (ir(u$%tan(e% under *)i() t)e %ue(t e(a$elo%t. Wa% t)e %ue(t at a 2no*n lo(ation %u() a% a (a$pgroundD nroute to a %pe(ifi(lo(ation or on a trailD Tra&eling in a *ilderne%% area *it) no %pe(ifi( lo(ation or de%tination in $indD Ar doe% t)e %ue(t fall under one of t)e follo*ing (ategorie%"

14



a. C)ildren age 1 to 3" Ena*are of (on(ept of eing lo%t, no na&igation %2ill% or %en%e of dire(tion, *ander ai$le%%l, $ig)t %ee2 out a (on&enient pla(e to ta2e a nap. i.e. )ollo*log, under u%)ro(2pi(ni( tale.

. C)ildren age 3 to " More $oile, $ore in6ui%iti&e and ea%il di%tra(ted, *ill atte$pt to

go )o$e on(e t)e de(ide t)at t)e are lo%t, taug)t to a&oid %tranger% and $a )idefro$ %ear()er%.

(. C)ildren to 1!" ood na&igation %2ill% and %en%e of dire(tion in fa$iliar terrain ut e(o$e di%oriented in un2no*n %urrounding%, $a )a&e intentionall run a*a and donot *ant to e found, $a not an%*er *)en (alled, %a$e fear% a% adult% ut noe'perien(e% to fall a(2 on, on(e nig)t %et% in $ore li2el to re%pond to %ear()er% ande'(ept a%%i%tan(e.

d. Mentall retarded +all age%" /(t %i$ilar to ()ildren to 1!, generall *ill not re%pond tona$e, *ill )ide fro$ %ear()er% or %ee2 %)elter, on(e %)elter found $ig)t re$ain in pla(e,*ill do little or not)ing to a%%i%t in t)eir o*n %ur&i&al or re%(ue.

e. lderl +ao&e 5" <o%%il %uffering fro$ %enilit or /l)ei$er%, ea%il (onfu%ed or attra(ted to %o$et)ing t)at %tri2e% t)eir fan(, $a not e oriented to t)e pre%ent, li2el too&er-e'tend t)e$%el&e% p)%i(all, and often )a&e )earing i$pair$ent%.

f. =e%pondent" Aften are %ee2ing %olitude and *ill not re%pond to %ear()er%, u%uall foundnear pro$inent terrain%(eni( &ie*%, *it)in %ig)t and %ound of (i&iliation, rarel found int)e underru%).

g. :i2er%" el on trail% and )a&e a %et de%tination in $ind, )a&e poor land na&igation on(et)e loo%e t)e trail, often get (onfu%ed at trail inter%e(tion% or in %pringti$e *)en trail% are

(o&ered *it) %no*, )i2ing partie% of different ailit le&el% get %eparated, *ill $i%% trail%and )ead do*n *rong drainage%. :unter%" Con(entrate on ga$e $ore t)an na&igation,often pur%ue ga$e into drainage%deadfall%underru%)deep %no*, tend to o&er-e'tendt)e$%el&e%, tpi(all not prepared for foul *eat)er.

). Cone pi(2er%Berr pi(2er%<)otograp)er% ro(2)ound%et(" #ntention to %ta or go to a%pe(ifi( lo(ation, (arr little pro&i%ion% or %ur&i&al gear, go in good *eat)er %o t)e dont(arr foul *eat)er gear, often are not a*are of %urrounding a% t)e are intent on pi(ture% or t)e ground if pi(2er%, t)e%e people are an e'tre$el )ig) ri%2 group.

i. Fi%)er$en" Well oriented on(e t)e arri&e at la2e or ri&er, $o%t often late due to a((ident,

t)e%e are often re(o&er operation%.

. Cli$er%" enerall *ell e6uipped and %elf %uffi(ient, tend to re$ain on $ar2ed route% andlea&e good plan% *it) friend%, pri$ar fa(tor% are *eat)er and )aardou% (ondition% %u() a%falling deri% or a&alan()e%, on(e lo(ated t)e%e %ear()e% often e(o$e te()ni(al re%(ue%. 1.Marine%" Sue(t profile *ill depend on indi&idual% MAS, $i%%ion, training, and ailitie%learned a% a (i&ilian.

14



. BEGINNING THE SEARCH . An(e *e )a&e deter$ined t)at a %ue(t i% $i%%ing *e$u%t deter$ine *)et)er or not )e%)e i% in our %ear() area. T)e %)eriff% depart$ent *ill

initiate a Ba%tard Sear(), t)i% i% to en%ure t)at t)e %ue(t i% not %i$pl at t)e lo(alta&ern, %)a(2ed up *it) an old friend, or *a% not in an auto$oile a((ident enroute to t)earea. ?e't *e *ill egin our %ear() at one of t)e four follo*ing area"

a. a%t @no*n <oint +@<" T)i% i% t)e la%t pla(e t)at ou )a&e p)%i(al e&iden(e to %upportt)at t)e %ue(t *a% t)ere. i.e. Sue(t% &e)i(le at t)e trail)ead, na$e in a logoo2,(a$p%ite *it) gear, et(.

. <la(e a%t Seen +<S" T)e la%t pla(e )e *a% p)%i(all %een. i.e. An t)e trail ot)er )i2er%, at t)e )unting (ain, at a re%taurant or ga% %tation, or a(2 )o$e in San =iego.

(. =eparture <oint" T)e pla(e *)ere t)e %ue(t *a% %uppo%ed to enter t)e %ear() area. E%ualla trail)ead or %pe(ifi( point relating to t)e indi&idual% a(ti&it.

d. Clue%" /% (lue% are di%(o&ered, and ou (onfir$ t)at t)e elong to t)e %ue(t, ou *illupdate or adu%t t)e %ear() area.

7. MATTSON . An(e *e )a&e deter$ined t)at *e do )a&e an o&erdue %ue(t and (an a%%u$et)at )e%)e i% in our %ear() area *e need to rea2 t)e %ear() area into $anageale %ied%eg$ent%. =epending upon t)e area to e %ear()ed, %pe(ial training re6uired to %ear() )ig))aard area%, and a%%et% a&ailale, *e *ill di&ide t)e area )aard or terrain feature%.T)e line% of di&i%ion %)ould follo* terrain feature% %o t)at t)e %ear()er% on t)e ground (anea%il na&igate and %ta *it)in t)eir one%. We *ill t)en deter$ine t)e <A/ u%ing t)eMatt%on approa(). T)i% i% done *it) ea() of t)e fi&e or %i' $e$er% of t)e $anage$enttea$ *it) t)e $o%t %ear() e'perien(e a%%igning a per(entage to ea() of t)e %eg$ent% u%ing)i% indi&idual udg$ent on t)e li2eli)ood of t)e %ue(t eing in t)at area. /l*a% in(ludean e'tra (olu$n to repre%ent t)e re%t of t)e *orld. An(e all per%onnel )a&e $ade t)eir deter$ination%, di&ide t)e total% and t)i% *ill gi&e ou our area% to %ear() in order of pre(eden(e"

?/M / B C = G TAT/=E?STA? 40H !0H 10H !0H 10H 100H@A: 50H 30H 5H 10H 5H 100H@AFF 40H !5H 15H 10H 10H 100H

/IS 0H !0H 10H 5H 5H 100HTAT/ 190H 95H 40H 45H 30H 400H/>/ 47.50H !3.75H 10.00H 11.!5H 7.5H<#A#TI 1 ST !?= 4T: 3= 5T:

;. COMMAND SYSTEM . T)e Affi(e of $ergen( Ser&i(e +AS, )a% de&eloped a(o$$and %%te$ t)at t)e u%e for all e$ergen( %ituation%. T)i% %%te$ i% (alled t)e

14



#n(ident Co$$and S%te$ +#CS. T)e rea2do*n i% &er %i$ilar to t)e $ilitar ()ain of (o$$and and t)e dutie% (orre%pond to t)o%e of t)e &ariou% S %)op% in t)e attalion. T)e per%onnel in ea() dut area *ill (o$plete t)eir a%%igned dutie% a% ou *ould in a $ilitarunit *it) t)e #n(ident Co$$ander +#C eing o&erall re%pon%ile for t)e entire a(tion. ?or$all, in California, t)e #C i% t)e Count S)eriff.

a. #n(ident Co$$ander. CA

. Aperation%-Ta(ti(%, (oordination, in%ert re%our(e%. S-3

(. <lan%-Strateg, intelligen(e, riefing and deriefing tea$%. S-!

d. ogi%ti(%-Bean%, Band-/id%, ed%, )ead%, $otor-T, Spe(ial e6uip$ent. S-4

e. Co$$uni(ation-CAC and field, landline%, fre6uen( (oordinator. S-

f. Finan(e-=o(u$entation of all $an-)our%, da$age%, legal i%%ue%.S-1

g. iai%on%-inter agen(, $edia, %afet, fa$il. </AC)aplain

9. CONFCà

%ouncBd t) TPÐr Mca2Bð lre $°ào @Àe°!TMTÐ)e. Pta

duÐ#°B€lHWTC!ðToduÐ#@P‘aÐer% aaa er 1uW°B‡liÐt)eð

òCÐl

e°B€lHWTC!õMG5t)@Mhlre



10. USING CLUES . T)e u%e of (lue% (annot e undere%ti$ated. T)e (an tell ou if a %ue(t*a% or *a% not in t)e area, fre%)ne%% ou (an tell )o* long ago t)e %ue(t *a% t)ere, t)e tpe of (lue ou (an deter$ine p)%i(al and $ental (ondition, and follo*ing (lue%ou (an deter$ine a dire(tion and %peed of tra&el. An(e ou )a&e lo(ated a CA?CES#>

(lue, ou *ill re-$att%on t)e area, u%ing t)e (lue a% t)e @<. T)e (lue% *e *ill e loo2ingfor fall under four (ategorie%"

a. <)%i(al - Footprint%, e6uip$ent, (and *rapper%, (igarette utt%, et(.

. e(orded - Su$$it log% or trail regi%ter%.

(. <eople - Witne%%e% *)o )a&e %een t)e %ue(t.

d. &ent - Mirror fla%)e%, (a$p fire%, *)i%tle %ignal%, et(.

11. ADDITIONAL ASSETS . T)ere are a &ariet of a%%et% a&ailale to ou in t)e %ear() andre%(ue u%ine%%. So$e are &olunteer%, %o$e ()arge $one and %o$e +i2e t)e $ilitarre6uire )ig)er aut)orit to grant per$i%%ion for t)eir u%e. e$e$er t)at in addition toa(ti&e %ear()er% ou (an al%o u%e pa%%i&e $ea%ure% %u() a% lig)t%, noi%e, alloon%, fire%,%$o2e generator%, %iren%, or <./. %%te$%. So$e e'a$ple% of a(ti&e %ear()er% are"

a. S(ent dog%.

. Tra(2ing dog%.

(. :u$an tra(2er%.

d. :a%t tea$%.

e. rid tea$%.

f. :eli(opter%.

g. Ci&il /ir <atrol.

). Sno*$oile (lu%.

i. :or%e tea$%.

14





FMST.07.160!03!0"

STUDENT HANDOUT

TRIAGE

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE# $i%en &i'ulated (a&ualtie&, in a)ilderne&& en%iron'ent, triage (a&ualtie&, in a((ordan(e )it* t*e referen(e&.+FMST.07.16

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES#

1 Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e& and fro' a gi%en li&t, (*oo&e )*en a(tual triage 'o&toften egin&, in a((ordan(e )it* t*e referen(e&. +FMST.07.16a

" Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e& and fro' a gi%en li&t, identif one of t*e four-triage(ategorie& u&ed /T, in a((ordan(e )it* t*e referen(e&. +FMST.07.16

3 Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e& and fro' a gi%en li&t, (*oo&e t*e pri'ar (au&e of deat* in a'a&& (a&ualt &ituation, in a((ordan(e )it* t*e referen(e&. +FMST.07.16(

OUTLINE.

1. DEFINITION# Triage or &orting +often u&ed inter(*angeal i& t*e e%aluation and(la&&ifi(ation of (a&ualtie& for t*e purpo&e of e&tali&*ing t*e priorit for treat'ent ande%a(uation.

/T2# Ca&ualt &orting i& one of t*e 'o&t i'portant ta&& for t*e entire 'edi(al &er%i(e. /oot*er 4o reuire& 'ore infor'ed 4udg'ent, *ard )or and (ourage. T*e ffi(er and t*eCorp&'an re&pon&ile for triaging )ounded Sailor& and Marine& 'u&t eer(i&e &ound 4udg'ent &o t*at (a&ualtie& re(ei%e proper, epedient (are. Triage i& a (ontinuing pro(e&& andan indi%idual a&&igned &*ould e t*e 'o&t (apale and eperien(ed a%ailale.

a. e(i&ion Fa(tor&. T*e fa(tor& (on(erning (a&ualt triage are a&ed upon t*e follo)ing#

+1 T*e need for i''ediate re&u&(itation.

15



+" T*e need for e'ergen( &urger.

+3 T*e futilit of &urger due to o%iou&l let*al )ound&.

+ Ti'e needed to perfor' &urger (o'pared )it*#

+a 8roailit of &u((e&&.

+ /u'er of ot*er (a&ualtie& needing treat'ent. . T*e a(tual triage egin& 'o&t often )it* t*e (a&ualt *i'&elf. +FMST.07.16a. T*i& u&uall

o((ur& )*en t*e in4ured indi%idual deter'ine& t*at Budd-id or Self-id )ill not eadeuate.

+1 T*e (orp&'an, on(e pre&ented )it* t*e (a&ualt, 'u&t 'ae &e%eraldeter'ination&#

+a :& t*e (a&ualt a )aling-)ounded or a litter (a&e;

+ :f &e%erel )ounded, are re&u&(itati%e effort& reuired i''ediatel;

+( oe& t*e (a&ualt need an ot*er i''ediate treat'ent +leeding, a&p*ia or pain (ontrol;

+" n(e t*e (a&ualt *a& een tran&ported to a Battalion id Station +BS, triage(ontinue&. T*e dental offi(er )ill (o''onl perfor' t*e dutie& of t*e Triage ffi(er att*e e(*elon : or e(*elon :: le%el, if pre&ent.

". NATO TRIAGE CATEGORY CODES. +FMST.07.16

a. t ea(* 'edi(al treat'ent fa(ilit +MTF in t*e area of operation& +, in(o'ing(a&ualtie& are (la&&ified le%el of treat'ent reuired. Four triage (ategor group&*a%e een uni%er&all adopted for u&e ot* <nited State& and /T For(e&.T*e&e (ategorie& are li&ted and defined a& t*e appear in &tandardi=ation agree'ent+ST/$ /o ">79#

+1 :''ediate Treat'ent +$roup T1 +?2 Tag . To in(lude t*o&e reuiringe'ergen( life-&a%ing &urger. T*e&e pro(edure& &*ould not e ti'e(on&u'ing and &*ould (on(ern onl t*o&e patient& )it* *ig* (*an(e& for &ur%i%al. So'e ea'ple& are#

15



+a ?e&pirator o&tru(tion.

+ ((e&&ile *e'orr*age.

+( 2'ergen( a'putation.

+" elaed Treat'ent +$roup T" +@2AAW Tag . To in(lude t*o&e adl inneed of ti'e-(on&u'ing 'a4or &urger, ut )*o&e general (ondition per'it&dela in &urgi(al treat'ent )it*out undul endangering life. To 'itigate t*eoften, (riti(al effe(t& of dela in &urger, &u&taining treat'ent, &u(* a&&taili=ing :.. fluid&, &plinting, ad'ini&tration of antiioti(&, (at*eteri=ation,ga&tri( de(o'pre&&ion, and relief of pain )ill e reuired. 2a'ple& are#

+a Aarge 'u&(le )ound&.

+ Fra(ture& of 'a4or one&.

+( :ntra-ado'inal and!or t*ora(i(, *ead or &pinal in4urie&.

+d <n(o'pli(ated 'a4or urn&.

+3 Mini'al Treat'ent +$roup T3 +$?22/ Tag . To in(lude t*o&e )it*relati%el 'inor in4urie& )*o (an effe(ti%el (are for t*e'&el%e& or )*o (an e *elped untrained per&onnel. So'e ea'ple& are#

+a Minor la(eration&.

+ ra&ion&.

+( Fra(ture& of &'all one&.

+d Minor urn&.

+ 2pe(tant Treat'ent +$roup T +BA<2 Tag . T*i& group (o'pri&e& patient&)*o *a%e re(ei%ed &eriou& and often 'ultiple in4urie&, and )*o&e treat'ent)ould e ti'e-(on&u'ing and (o'pli(ated )it* a lo) (*an(e of &ur%i%al. :f full treated, t*e 'a 'ae *ea% de'and& on 'edi(al 'anpo)er and

&upplie&. <ntil t*e 'a&& (a&ualt &ituation i& under (ontrol, t*e )ill re(ei%eappropriate &upporti%e treat'ent. T*e etent of treat'ent depend& ona%ailale &upplie& and 'anpo)er, and 'a in%ol%e t*e u&e of large do&e& of nar(oti( analge&i(&. T*e&e patient& &*ould not e aandoned, and e%er effort&*ould e de%oted to t*eir (o'fort. T*e po&&iilit of t*eir &ur%i%al, de&pitealar'ing in4urie&, 'u&t al)a& e ept in 'ind. 2a'ple& are#

15



+a Se%ere 'ultiple in4urie&.

+ Se%ere *ead or &pinal in4urie&.

+( Aarge do&e& of radiation.

+d Wide&pread &e%ere urn&.

3. TREATMENT CONCEPTS.

a. T*e triage offi(er 'u&t e fa'iliar )it* all a&pe(t& of (o'at (a&ualt (are +air)a'anage'ent, *e'orr*age (ontrol, u&e of ane&t*e&ia, &urgi(al pro(edure&, fluidre&u&(itation and po&t-operati%e (are, to na'e a fe), ut e%er-pre&ent in *i& 'ind &*ould e t*e follo)ing (on(ept&#

+1 &p*ia and *e'orr*age are initiall t*e pri'ar (au&e& of deat* in an 'a&&(a&ualt &ituation. +FMST.07.16(

+" n(e at a definiti%e (are fa(ilit, un(ontrolled *e'orr*age i& t*e leading (au&e of deat*.

+3 Aife *a& priorit o%er li', and pre&er%ing fun(tion o%erride& t*e (orre(tion of &uperfi(ial anato'i( defe(t&.

+ (a&ualt i& in a (on&tant &tate of (*ange until t*e )ound or in4ur *a& een repaired.

+5 S&te'i( di&turan(e& (au&ed t*e )ound (ontinue until *ealing i& (o'plete.

+6 Co'at (ondition& )ill di(tate t*e 'odifi(ation& ne(e&&ar in triage and (are of 'a&&(a&ualtie&.

. 8rioritie& of Treat'ent. Wit* t*e &i (on(ept& of treat'ent in 'ind, )e (an no) addre&&t*ree a&i( prioritie& for treat'ent.

+1 Fir&t 8riorit#

+a &p*ia#

1. Me(*ani(al o&tru(tion of t*e air)a.

". Su(ing (*e&t )ound.

3. Ten&ion pneu'ot*ora.

15



. Maillofa(ial trau'a.

5. Ma&&i%e *e'o-pneu'ot*ora.

+ S*o(#

1. 2&anguinating *e'orr*age.

". Ma4or internal *e'orr*age +t*ora(i(, ado'inal, and pel%i(.

3. i&(eral in4urie&!e%i&(eration.

. Cardio-peri(ardial in4urie&.

5. Ma&&i%e 'u&(le in4ur leading to Fat 2'oli=ation to t*e lung.

6. Full-t*i(ne&& or deep-partial urn& of 10 or greater.

+" Se(ond 8riorit#

+a i&(eral in4urie&#

1. 8erforation of $.:. Tra(t.

". 8an(reati( and Biliar &&te'.

3. $enitourinar tra(t.

. T*ora(i( )ound& )!o a&p*ia.

+ a&(ular in4urie& reuiring repair#

1. Tourniuet (a&e&.

+( Clo&ed *ead in4urie&#

1. :n(rea&ing lo&& of (on&(iou&ne&&.

+d Ma4or urn&#

1. 8artial-t*i(ne&& urn& of greater t*an "5 TBS in t*e lo) ri& group, "0 TBS in t*e *ig* ri& group.

". Burn& in%ol%ing t*e poor ri& group.

15



3. Burn& in%ol%ing t*e fa(e, *and&, feet, genitalia!perineu'.

. Cir(u'ferential li' urn&.

+3 T*ird 8riorit#

+a Brain and &pinal in4urie& - reuiring urr *ole de(o'pre&&ion.

+ Soft ti&&ue in4urie&.

+( eride'ent ne(e&&ar )it* le&& t*an 'a4or 'u&(le da'age.

+d Ae&&er fra(ture& and di&lo(ation&.

+e 2e in4urie&.

+f Maillofa(ial in4urie& )!o a&p*ia.

+g Burn& under "0 in ot*er lo(ation& ot*er t*an priorit ".

. TRIAGE TOOLS.

a. Trau'a S(ore!$la&go) Co'a S(ale. :n re(ent ear&, 'an 'et*od& *a%e een propo&ed to&peed up t*e (la&&ifi(ation and &orting of (a&ualtie&. ne 'et*od t*at *a& gained )idea((eptan(e i& t*e Trau'a S(ore!$la&go) Co'a S(ale. Se%eral &tudie& *a%e een perfor'edu&ing %ariou& para'eter&, i.e., re&pirator rate, (*e&t )all epan&ion, B8, (apillar refill,et(. B a&&igning a nu'er &(ale to ea(* &pe(ifi( re&pon&e, t*e lieli*ood of &ur%i%al a& a per(entage (an e (al(ulated.

1. $la&go) Co'a S(ale.

a. 2e opening#

1 Spontaneou& D ." To %oi(e D 3.3 To pain D ". /one D 1.

. eral ?e&pon&e.

1 riented D 5." Confu&ed D .3 :nappropriate )ord& D 3. :n(o'pre*en&i%e )ord& D ".5 /one D 1.

15



(. Motor ?e&pon&e.

1 e& Co''and D 6.

" Ao(ali=ed 8ain D 5.3 Wit*dra) 8ain D . Fleion +pain D 3.2ten&ion +pain D ".5 /one D 1.

d. Total t*e point& up and t*e eual#

1 13-15D ." 9-1" D 3.3 6-> D ". -5 D 1.

5 E3 D 0

". Trau'a S(ale.

a. ?e&pirator ?ate#

1 1"-"9 'in D ." 10-1" 'in D 3.3 6-9 'in D ". 1-5 'in D 1.5 /one D 0.

. S&toli( B8#

1 >9 ''Gg D ." 76 ''Gg D 3.3 50-75 ''Gg D ". 1-9 ''Gg D 1.5 /one D 0.

(. Total t*e point&.

3. Total trau'a S(ale H $CS D &ur%i%al +1-1"

1" D 9910 D >>> D 676 D 63 D 33" D "9

15



1 D "50 D

15





FMST.07.08 0!03!0"

STUDENT HANDOUT

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND WATER PURIFICATION

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. #i$en a unit in a %ountainou& en$iron%ent andt'e ne(e&&ar) e*uip%ent and &upplie&, perfor% pre$enti$e %edi(ine, in a((ordan(e +it' t'ereferen(e&. FMST.07.08


1 Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e fi$e i%portant area& of per&onal')giene, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08a

" Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e (orre(t &tep& taen to en&ure proper i%%uni/ation prior to deplo)%ent, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08

3 Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e t'ree %et'od& of +ater purifi(ation, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08(

Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e four for%& of 'alogen& u&ed for +ater purifi(ation, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08d

5 Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e definition of giardia, in a((ordan(e+it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08e

Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e %o&t (o%%on drug u&ed to treatgiardia infe(tion in t'e 2nited State&, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08f

7 Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e t'ree i%portant rea&on& for proper +a&te di&po&al, in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08g

8 Wit'out t'e aid of referen(e&, fro% a gi$en li&t &ele(t t'e (orre(t %et'od& of +a&te di&po&al,in a((ordan(e +it' t'e referen(e&. FMST.07.08'

161. PERSONAL HYGIENE our od)4& defen&e %e('ani&%& rea do+n due to t'e p')&i(al

de%and& of t'e arduou& terrain, en$iron%ent, &tre&& and %etaoli( ('ange&. er&onal



')giene e(o%e& t'e e) to pre$ent t'e &pread of (o%%uni(ale di&ea&e&. Fi$e i%portantarea& are6 WMC..17a

a. Bod).

1 T'e od) &'ould e +a&'ed fre*uentl) in order to %ini%i/e t'e ('an(e& of &%all (ut& and&(rat('e& de$eloping into full lo+n infe(tion& and a& a defen&e again&t para&iti( infe(tion&. " dail) at' or &'o+er (on&i&ting of &oap and 'ot +ater i& ideal. o+e$er, +'en t'i& i& not

po&&ile, )ou &'ould6

a #i$e )our&elf a &ponge at' u&ing &oap and +ater, %aing &ure parti(ular attention i&gi$en to od) (rea&e&, i.e., ar%pit&, groin area, fa(e ear&, 'and& and feet.

:f +ater i& in e;tre%el) &'ort &uppl), )ou &'ould tae an air at' )6

1 <e%o$e all (lot'ing and 'ang it up to air.

" =;po&e t'e od) for t+o 'our& to t'e &unlig't, +'i(' i& ideal, ut t'e effe(t& +ill a&i(all) e t'e &a%e if done indoor& or during an o$er(a&t da). B= C<=F2> ?@T T@ S2?B2<?A

3 S'a$ing. S'a$ing at nig't efore edti%e i& preferale e(au&e &'a$ing +ill re%o$e fa(ialoil&, +'i(' aid in prote(ting t'e fa(e fro% a 'ar&' (old en$iron%ent during t'e da).

. air.

1 Clean fre*uentl).

" :n&pe(t at lea&t on(e a +ee for para&ite&. a$e )our %ountain udd) in&pe(t t'earea& not +it'in )our $ie+. T'i& i& parti(ularl) i%portant during t'e &u%%er &ea&on. n) ti%e t'e area )ou are operating in an area t'at (ontain& +ild life t'ere i&t'e po&&iilit) of para&ite& lie flea& and ti(&.

(. and&. and +a&'ing +it' &oap and +ater +ill (ut do+n in t'e tran&%i&&ion of $iral and para&iti( infe(tion& $ia t'e per&on-per&on and fe(al-oral route.

1 eep fingernail& tri%%ed and (lean to pre$ent a((identall) &(rat('ing )our&elf and to pre$ent 'arorage for a(teria.

d. Feet. re )our pri%e &our(e& of tran&portation, &o tae (are of t'e%A

1 :n&pe(t fre*uentl) for6

a Bli&ter&.

:nfe(tion&, a(terial and fungal.

1



" re$enti$e %ea&ure&6

a eep )our feet dr), ('ange &o(& fre*uentl).

2&e antifungal foot po+der.

( ntiper&pirant&. retreat%ent for " +ee& prior to field +it' an antiper&pirant (ontaininglu%inu% C'lor')drate. T'i& +ill aid in t'e pre$ention of at'lete4& foot.

e. @ral )giene. T'e %out' and teet' &'ould e (leaned at lea&t dail) to pre$ent toot' de(a)and gu% di&ea&e.

1 :deall) +it'6

a Toot' ru&'.

Toot' pa&te.

( ental flo&&.

" :f t'e&e ite%& are not a$ailale6

a ('e+ &ti( %ade fro% a (lean t+ig aout 8 long and finger +idt'. C'e+ one end untilit e(o%e& fra)ed and ru&'-lie, t'en u&e a& a toot'ru&'.

Field e;pedient dental flo&& (an e pulled fro% t'e (enter line& of para(ord.

( T'e gu%& &'ould e &ti%ulated at lea&t on(e dail) ) ruing t'e% $igorou&l) +it' a (lean

inde; finger.

". IMMUNIZATIONS (NAVMEDCOMINST 6230.3 . :n addition to eing re*uired,i%%uni/ation& are )our e&t front line defen&e again&t (o%%uni(ale di&ea&e.

a. =ig't +ee& prior to deplo)%ent6 WMC..17

1 =n&ure Ba&i( Serie& Co%pleted BSC on re*uired i%%uni/ation&.

" eter%ine if additional i%%uni/ation&!('e%op')la;i& +ill e re*uired in t'at geograp'i(alarea of operation&.

3 :dentif) and flag 'ealt' ri& per&onnel6 i.e. TB (on$erter& ?DM=C@M:?ST "".1,'epatiti& ?DM=C@M:?ST "30.1, %ononu(leo&i&, para&iti( infe(tion& and ane%i( per&onnel.

<e$ie+ %edi(al intelligen(e report&6

a =M2, ?a$) =n$iron%ental re$enti$e Medi(ine 2nit.

1



#-", 2SMC.

( ?D:SD=CT@=C@>C@?C=?, ?a$) i&ea&e De(tor =(olog) and Control Center&.

d CC - Center For i&ea&e Control.

e W@ - World ealt' @rgani/ation.

3. WATER . &ati&fa(tor) &our(e i& one +'ere *uantit) and *ualit) i& enoug' to &uppl) t'eneed& of all t'e troop&. Water or i(e taen fro% t'e en$iron%ent &'ould e (on&idered(onta%inated and %u&t e purified +it' a$ailale %ean&. Be a+are t'at (old +eat'er &lo+&t'e ('e%i(al rea(tion ti%e of purifi(ation %ea&ure&.

a. Sour(e&.

1 <i$er& >ae&

" Strea%& 5 :(e

3 ond& Sno+

. Water Sour(e Sele(tion. T'e ('oi(e of a +ater &our(e i& influen(ed )6

1 ?ot (onta%inated )6 C'e( all to one %ile up&trea%.

a Se+age d Biologi(al&

=ne%) pollution e <adiologi(al&

( C'e%i(al&

NOTE! C'e( (ondition of $egetation or for dead ani%al&.

" Euantit).

3 =a&e of pro(ure%ent.

=a&e of purifi(ation.

5 Freedo% fro% turidit).

=;(e&&i$e organi( or non-organi( (onta%ination.

7 S'ould e ea&il) prote(tale.

1



. PURIFICATION . Si%pl) (on&i&t& of re%o$ing or de&tro)ing enoug' i%puritie& to %ae+ater &afe and plea&ant to drin.

a. T'e fir&t &tep in purif)ing i& to &ele(t a treat%ent %et'od. ll figure& are a&ed on one *uartof +ater. T'e t'ree different purif)ing %et'od& are6 WMC..17(

1 Boiling . T'e &tandard re(o%%endation i& to ring t'e +ater to a rolling oil for 1 %inute at&ea le$el for (o%plete &terili/ation of t'e +ater. <e(ent re&ear(' &'o+ed t'at additional oiling ti%e for &terili/ation +a& not ne(e&&ar) and t'at oiling for t+o %inute& at an)altitude rendered +ater &afe for (on&u%ption.

" alogen& . T'e nu%er of talet& and (onta(t ti%e %u&t e (on&idered. ll ('art& a&ed onone-*uart (anteen. WMC..17d

a :odine talet&.

T= WT=< TB>=TS C@?TCT T:M=C>=< 1 "5 M:?

C>@2 " "5 M:?

C@> " "5 M:?

C'lorine lea('. T'e &trengt' of t'e &olution, nu%er of drop& and (onta(t ti%e %u&t e(on&idered.

=<C=?T C>=< WT=< C>@2 WT=< C@> WT=< 1 10#TTS!30 M:? "0#TS!30 M:? 10#TTS!0M:?

- "#TTS!30 M:? #TTS!30 M:? "#TTS!0 M:?7-10 1 #TTS!30 M:? "#TTS!30 M:? 1 #TTS!0 M:?

( :odine &olution . T'e &trengt', nu%er of drop& and (onta(t ti%e %u&t e (on&idered.

=<C=?T C>=< WT=< C>@2 WT=< C@> WT=< " 5#TTS!30 M:? 10#TTS!30 M:? 8#TTS!0 M:?

d Betadine &olution.

C>=< WT=< C>@2 WT=< C@> WT=< 8#TTS!30 M:? 1#TTS!30 M:? 8#TTS!0 M:?

1 Filtration Mo&t filter& are not &%all enoug' to (o%pletel) di&infe(t +ater. T'e) re%o$e parti(ulate deri&, +'i(' allo+& lo+er 'alogen do&e and i%pro$ed appearan(e and ta&te of dirt) +ater. Filter& (log *ui(l) if t'e +ater i& dirt) or 'a& a lot of &u&pended parti(le&. ?=D=< 2S= F:>T=<S S @2< S@>= M=T@ @F WT=< 2<:F:CT:@?.

1



a Ma;i%u% Filter ore Si/e6

1 ara&iti( egg& and lar$ae6 "0 %i(ro%eter& u%.

" #iardia, =. 'i&tol)ti(a6 5 u%.

3 Cr)pto&poridiu%6 1 u%

=nteri( a(teria6 0." u%.

5 Diru&e&6 0.01 u% too &%all for field +ater filtration.

5. GIARDIA

a. efinition . WMC..17e n inte&tinal flagellate proto/oa t'at (an (au&e (lini(al illne&& in'u%an&.

1 Found +orld+ide in tropi(al and te%perate area&, t'e infe(tiou& ()&t& are pa&&ed ) 'u%an&and ani%al& and (an e tran&%itted ) dire(t fe(al-oral route or +aterorne (onta%ination()&t& %aintain $iailit) for %ont'& in (old +ater. ue to t'e&e fa(tor&, #iardia i& ot' a(o%%on (au&e of diarr'ea in tra$eler& to foreign (ountrie&, and (a%per& in t'e 2nited State&+'ere it 'a& e(o%e ende%i( and i& no+ (on&idered t'e %o&t (o%%on 'u%an para&ite.

" :t i& found +it' in(rea&ing fre*uen() in for%erl) pri&tine %ountain &trea%&, ri$er& andlae& and outrea& 'a$e o((urred in re%ote re(reational area& and re&ort& t'roug'out t'e+e&tern %ountain &tate&.

3 #iardia&i& i& (urrentl) a ri& for an)one drining untreated &urfa(e +ater in t'e +e&tern

%ountain& and for (o%%unitie& +it' +ater treat%ent te('ni*ue& inade*uate for eli%inatingt'e ()&t&.

. at'op')&iolog) . T'e organi&% 'a& t+o for%&6 Trop'o/oite and ()&t.

1 T'e&e %a) e pa&&ed in t'e &tool of an infe(ted per&on. T'e trop'o/oite& die +it'in one 'our out&ide t'e od), 'o+e$er t'e ()&t& are $er) 'ard), retaining infe(ti$it) %ore t'an t+o%ont'& in (old +ater. :f t'e ()&t& are inge&ted, e;()&tation i& en(ouraged ) &to%a(' a(id,and t'e %otile trop'o/oite atta('e& ) &u(tion di&( to t'e +all of t'e duodenu% and pro;i%al GeGunu%, +'ere t'e) %a) (au&e &)%pto%& of illne&&.

" Water, i(e, or food prepared +it' (onta%inated +ater, are t'e %aGor &our(e& of infe(tion, utdire(t per&on-to-per&on tran&%i&&ion (an o((ur fro% &e;ual (onta(t or 'and-to-%out'(onta%ination.

3 :n(uation ti%e6 5 - "5 da)& 7 - 10 %ediu%. Mo&t infe(tion& are t'oug't to ea&)%pto%ati( (arrier &tate&, 'o+e$er, a +ide arra) of (lini(al &)ndro%e& %a) o((ur.

(. S)%pto%& .

1



1 nu%er of people 'a$e arupt on&et of e;plo&i$e diarr'ea a((o%panied ) ado%inal(ra%p&, foul ga&, $o%iting, fe$er and %alai&e. T'i& (o%%onl) la&t& t'ree to four da)& eforede$eloping t'e %ore (o%%on &ua(ute &)ndro%e. :n %o&t indi$idual&, t'e on&et i& %orein&idiou&, and &)%pto%& are per&i&tent or re(urrent.

" Stool& e(o%e %u&'), grea&) and %alodorou&. @$er a period of +ee&, +ater) diarr'ea %a)alternate +it' &oft &tool& and e$en (on&tipation. 2pper #: &)%pto%& a((o%pan) &tool('ange&, %id and upper ado%inal (ra%ping, &u&ternal urning, a(id indige&tion, &ulfurou& el('ing, nau&ea and foul flatu&, di&tention +it' an earl) full feeling are all t)pi(all)in(rea&ed after a %eal.

3 S)%pto%& of anore;ia, fatigue and +eig't lo&& are (o%%on, ut fe$er and $o%iting areinfre*uent e;(ept during an a(ute on&et of illne&&.

d. >aorator) ara%eter& .

1 T'e t)pi(al $i(ti% &'ould &ugge&t a diagno&i& of giardia&i&. T'i& indi$idual %a) 'a$e a'i&tor) of (a%ping, $a(ationing at a %ountain re&ort, or foreign tra$el. S)%pto%& of upper ado%inal di&(o%fort, foul ga& and &oft &tool& aro&e one or t+o +ee& after a &'ort trip or during a lengt') one and 'a$e flu(tuated for +ee&. So%eti%e& i%pro$ing, t'e indi$idual'eld off $i&iting t'e do(tor, onl) to 'a$e t'e &)%pto%& re(ur. Wor or &('ool i& notinterrupted, 'o+e$er, p')&i(al di&(o%fort and e%arra&&%ent fro% t'e ga& are (on(ern&.

" >aorator) (onfir%ation of giardia&i& (an e diffi(ult. Stool &a%ple& are t'e fir&t %ean& of diagno&i&. Trop'o/oite& %a) e found in fre&', +ater) &tool&, ut di&integrate rapidl). C)&t&re%ain in fre&' &tool& for at lea&t " 'our&. C)&t& pa&&age, 'o+e$er, i& e;tre%el) $arialeand not related to (lini(al &)%pto%&. T'ree &a%ple&, taen e$er) ot'er da), &'ould e

e;a%ined for a definite diagno&i&.

3 $erage duration of &)%pto%& 'a& $aried fro% t'ree to ten +ee&. (*uired re&i&tan(e 'a& een &'o+n. :%%unit) i& &u&pe(ted, ut not pro$en and 'u%an reinfe(tion definitel) o((ur&.

e. Treat%ent . WMC..17f Co%plete (ure of %o&t #iardia infe(tion& (an e a('ie$ed 90 of t'e ti%e +it' Metronidazole flag)l "50 %g t'ree ti%e & a da) for 5 da)&.

f. re$ention T'ere i& no &afe or effe(ti$e ('e%oprop')la(ti( drug and pre$ention &'ould e pra(ti(ed ) tra$eler& and (a%per&. T'e purit) of %eri(an +ild +ater& (an no longer ea&&u%ed and in de$eloping (ountrie&, e$en tap +ater &'ould e &u&pe(ted. :n addition to

('oo&ing a te('ni*ue for indi$idual field +ater di&infe(tion, indi$idual& %u&t e(o%e %orere&pon&ile for pre$ention of +ater (onta%ination. T'i& re*uire& attention to per&onallatrine& and (a%per trailer +a&te di&po&al, a &uGe(t t'at %o&t people do not +ant to tou('.

. WASTE. T'e i%portan(e of proper +a&te di&po&al (annot e o$er e%p'a&i/ed.

a. :t &er$e& to6 WMC..17g

1



1 =li%inate 'arorage for rodent& and $er%in.

" re$ent& attra(tion of rodent& and $er%in.

3 re$ent& a pat'ogeni( (onta%ination &our(e.

. T+o a&i( t)pe& of +a&te are organi( and non-organi(. T'e a&i( +a)& to di&po&e of t'e%are urning, ur)ing, or 'auling it a+a). WMC..17'

1 @rgani( +a&te&6

a u%an +a&te - Burn or 'aul a+a) to a de&ignated +a&te pit area.

2rine - 2&e onl) a&&igned %ared area&.

( =dile garage - Burn. :t &'ould not e left e;po&ed for ani%al&, $er%in or t'e ene%).

d aper -Burn.

e Conta%inated andage& - Sterili/e!urn.

" ?on-organi( +a&te6

a Metal& - aul a+a) or ur).

>i*uid& - Burn or ur).

1




FMST.07.19

04030!

STUDENT OUTLINE

REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE "i#en a $ur#i#al $ituation in an% t%pe of en#iron&ental 'ondition and &ini&al e(uip&ent and re$our'e$, appl% t)e re(uire&ent$for $ur#i#al to fa'ilitate indi#idual or group $ur#i#al and re'o#er% per t)e referen'e$.*FMST.07.19+


1. Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$ and fro& a gi#en li$t, ')oo$e one of t)e $ur#i#al$tre$$or$, in a''ordan'e it) t)e referen'e$. *WMC.1.a+

!. Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e$ and fro& a gi#en li$t, ')oo$e one of t)e prioritie$ of or in a $ur#i#al $ituation, in a''ordan'e it) t)e referen'e$. *WMC.1./+

1. REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL

a. T)i$ &ental &ind-$et i$ i&portant in &an% a%$. We u$uall% 'all it t)e ill to$ur#i#e alt)oug) %ou &ig)t 'all it attitude u$t a$ ell. T)i$ /a$i'all% &ean$ t)at,

if %ou do not )a#e t)e rig)t attitude, %ou &a% $till not $ur#i#e.

A1 /. guideline t)at 'an a$$i$t %ou i$ t)e a'ron%& S26.



*1+ Sie up.

*a+ Sie up t)e $ituation.

1. Con'eal %our$elf fro& t)e ene&%.

!. 2$e %our $en$e$ to )ear, $&ell, and $ee to deter&ine and'on$ider )at i$ de#eloping on t)e /attlefield /efore %ou &ae%our $ur#i#al plan.

*/+ Sie up %our $urrounding$.

1. 8eter&ine t)e r)%t)& or pattern of t)e area.

!. ote ani&al and /ird noi$e$ and t)eir &o#e&ent.

3. ote ene&% traffi' and 'i#ilian &o#e&ent.

*'+ Sie up %our p)%$i'al 'ondition.

1. C)e' %our ound$ and gi#e %our$elf fir$t aid.

!. Tae 'are to pre#ent furt)er /odil% )ar&.

3. :#aluate 'ondition of $elf and unit prior to de#eloping $ur#i#al plan.

*d+ Sie up %our e(uip&ent.

1. Con$ider )o a#aila/le e(uip&ent &a% affe't $ur#i#al $en$e$;tailor a''ordingl%.

*!+ Undue )a$te &ae$ a$te.

*a+ <lan %our &o#e$ $o t)at %ou 'an &o#e out (ui'l% it)outendangering %our$elf if t)e ene&% i$ near.

*3+ Re&e&/er )ere %ou are.

*a+ f %ou )a#e a &ap, $pot %our lo'ation and relate it to t)e $urroundingterrain.

*/+ <a% 'lo$e attention to )ere %ou are and )ere %ou are going.Con$tantl% orient %our$elf.

1-!



*'+ Tr% to deter&ine, at a &ini&u&, )o %our lo'ation relate$ to t)efolloing=

1. T)e lo'ation of ene&% unit$ and 'ontrolled area$.

!. T)e lo'ation of friendl% unit$ and 'ontrolled area$.

3. T)e lo'ation of lo'al ater $our'e$.

4. rea$ t)at ill pro#ide good 'o#er and 'on'eal&ent.

*4+ Van(ui$) fear and pani'.

*a+ eali$ti' and ')allenging training /uild$ $elf-'onfiden'e and'onfiden'e for a unit>$ leader$)ip.

*/+ T)e feeling of fear and pani' ill /e pre$ent. T)e $ur#i#or &u$t'ontrol t)e$e feeling$.

*5+ I&pro#i$e and i&pro#e.

*a+ 2$e tool$ de$igned for one purpo$e for ot)er appli'ation$.

*/+ 2$e o/e't$ around %ou for different need$. *i.e. u$e a ro' for a)a&&er+

*?+ Value li#ing.

*a+ <la'e a )ig) #alue on li#ing.

*/+ efu$e to gi#e into t)e pro/le& and o/$ta'le$ t)at fa'e %ou.

*'+ 8ra $trengt) fro& indi#idual$ t)at ri$e to t)e o''a$ion.

*7+ A't lie t)e nati#e$.

*a+ @/$er#e t)e people in t)e area to deter&ine t)eir dail% eating, $leeping,and drining routine$.

*/+ @/$er#e ani&al life in t)e area to )elp %ou find $our'e$ of food andater.

NOTE: e&e&/er t)at ani&al rea'tion$ 'an re#eal %our pre$en'e to t)e ene&%. ni&al$ 'annot $er#e a$ an a/$olute guide to )at %ou 'an eat and drin.

*A+ Li#e /% %our it$, but for no, learn /a$i' $ill$.

1-3



*a+ <ra'ti'e /a$i' $ur#i#al $ill$ during all training progra&$ andeer'i$e$.

!. STRESS . Stre$$ )a$ &an% po$iti#e /enefit$. Stre$$ pro#ide$ u$ it) ')allenge$= it gi#e$ u$')an'e$ to learn a/out our #alue$ and $trengt)$. Too &u') $tre$$ lead$ to di$tre$$. W)ile

&an% of t)e$e $ign$ &a% not /e $elf-identified, it re&ain$ 'riti'al t)at all $ur#i#or$ re&ainattenti#e to ea') ot)er>$ $ign$ of di$tre$$. 6i$ted are a fe 'o&&on $ign$ of di$tre$$ found)en fa'ed it) too &u') $tre$$=

a. 8iffi'ult% in &aing de'i$ion$ *do not 'onfu$e t)i$ $ign for a $%&pto& of)%pot)er&ia+.

/. ngr% out/ur$t$.

'. Forgetfulne$$.

d. 6o energ% le#el.

e. Con$tant orr%ing.

f. <ropen$it% for &i$tae$.

g. T)oug)t$ a/out deat) or $ui'ide.

). Trou/le getting along it) ot)er$.

i. Wit)draing fro& ot)er$.

. iding fro& re$pon$i/ilitie$.

. Carele$$ne$$.

3. SURVIVAL STRESSORS . *FMST.07.19a+ An! e#ent 'an lead to $tre$$. @ften, $tre$$fule#ent$ o''ur $i&ultaneou$l%. T)e$e e#ent$ are not $tre$$, /ut t)e% produ'e it and are 'alled

$tre$$or$. n re$pon$e to a $tre$$or, t)e /od% prepare$ eit)er to fig)t or flee. Stre$$or$ addup. nti'ipating $tre$$or$ and de#eloping $trategie$ to 'ope it) t)e& are t)e to ingredient$in t)e effe'ti#e &anage&ent of $tre$$. t i$ e$$ential t)at t)e $ur#i#or /e aare of t)e t%pe$ of $tre$$or$ t)e% ill en'ounter.

a. nur%, llne$$, or 8eat) = nur%, illne$$, and deat) are real po$$i/ilitie$ a $ur#i#or )a$ tofa'e. <er)ap$ not)ing i$ &ore $tre$$ful t)an /eing alone in an unfa&iliar en#iron&ent)ere %ou 'ould die fro& )o$tile a'tion, an a''ident, or fro& eating $o&et)ing let)al.llne$$ and inur% 'an al$o add to $tre$$ /% li&iting %our a/ilit% to &aneu#er, get food anddrin, find $)elter, and defend %our$elf.

/. 2n'ertaint% and 6a' of Control = So&e people )a#e trou/le operating in $etting$ )eree#er%t)ing i$ not 'lear-'ut. T)e onl% guarantee in a $ur#i#al $ituation i$ t)at not)ing i$

1-4



guaranteed. T)i$ un'ertaint% and la' of 'ontrol al$o add to t)e $tre$$ of /eing ill, inured,or illed.

'. :n#iron&ent = $ur#i#or ill )a#e to 'ontend it) t)e $tre$$or$ of eat)er, terrain, andt)e #ariet% of 'reature$ in)a/iting an area. eat, 'old, rain, ind$, $no, &ountain$,

in$e't$, and ani&al$ are u$t a fe of t)e ')allenge$ aaiting t)e Marine oring to$ur#i#e. 8epending on )o a $ur#i#or )andle$ t)e $tre$$ of en#iron&ent, )i$$urrounding$ 'an /e eit)er a $our'e of food and prote'tion or a 'au$e of etre&edi$'o&fort leading to inur%, illne$$, or deat).

d. unger and T)ir$t = Wit)out food and ater a per$on ill eaen and e#entuall% die."etting and pre$er#ing food and ater tae$ on in'rea$ing i&portan'e a$ t)e lengt) of ti&e in a $ur#i#al $etting in'rea$e$. Wit) t)e in'rea$ed lieli)ood of diarr)ea,repleni$)ing ele'trol%te$ /e'o&e$ 'riti'al. For a Marine u$ed to )a#ing )i$ pro#i$ion$i$$ued, foraging 'an /e a $ignifi'ant $our'e of $tre$$.

e. Fatigue = t i$ e$$ential t)at $ur#i#or$ e&plo% all a#aila/le &ean$ to pre$er#e &ental and p)%$i'al $trengt). W)ile food, ater, and ot)er energ% /uilder$ &a% /e in $)ort $uppl%,&ai&iing $leep to a#oid depri#ation i$ a #er% 'ontrolla/le fa'tor. Training data'olle'ted at MCC8C de&on$trate$ t)at indi#idual$ )o la' $leep for !4 )our$ or &ore$uffer a !5D de'rea$e in effe'ti#e perfor&an'e. Furt)er, $leep depri#ation dire'tl%'orrelate$ it) in'rea$ed fear. :ffe'ti#e $ur#i#al i$ )ig)l% unliel% )en fatigue /uild$ toa le#el )ere $ta%ing aae /e'o&e$ a $tre$$ful e#olution.

f. $olation = lt)oug) Marine$ 'o&plain a/out )ig)er )ead(uarter$, e /e'o&e u$ed to t)einfor&ation and guidan'e it pro#ide$, e$pe'iall% during ti&e$ of 'onfu$ion. Being in'onta't it) ot)er$ pro#ide$ a greater $en$e of $e'urit% and a feeling $o&eone i$ a#aila/leto )elp if pro/le&$ o''ur. $ignifi'ant $tre$$ in $ur#i#al $ituation$ i$ t)at often a per$on

or tea& )a$ to rel% $olel% on it$ on re$our'e$.

4. NATURAL REACTIONS . Man )a$ /een a/le to $ur#i#e &an% $)ift$ in )i$ en#iron&entt)roug)out t)e 'enturie$. i$ a/ilit% to adapt p)%$i'all% and &entall% to a ')anging orldept )i& ali#e. T)e a#erage per$on ill )a#e $o&e p$%')ologi'al rea'tion$ in a $ur#i#al$ituation. T)e$e are $o&e of t)e &aor internal rea'tion$ %ou &ig)t eperien'e it) t)e$ur#i#al $tre$$e$.

a. Fear = Fear i$ our e&otional re$pon$e to dangerou$ 'ir'u&$tan'e$ t)at e /elie#e )a#et)e potential to 'au$e deat), inur%, or illne$$. Fear 'an )a#e a po$iti#e fun'tion if iten'ourage$ u$ to /e 'autiou$ in $ituation$ )ere re'le$$ne$$ 'ould re$ult in inur%.

2nfortunatel%, fear 'an al$o i&&o/ilie a per$on. t 'an 'au$e u$ to /e'o&e $ofrig)tened t)at e fail to perfor& a'ti#itie$ e$$ential for $ur#i#al.

/. niet% = niet% 'an /e an unea$%, appre)en$i#e feeling e get )en fa'ed it)dangerou$ $ituation$. W)en u$ed in a )ealt)% a%, aniet% urge$ u$ to a't to end, or atlea$t &a$ter, t)e danger$ t)at t)reaten our ei$ten'e. $ur#i#or redu'e$ )i$ aniet% /% perfor&ing t)o$e ta$$ t)at ill en$ure )i$ 'o&ing t)roug) t)e ordeal ali#e. niet%

1-5



'an o#er)el& a Marine to t)e point )ere )e /e'o&e$ ea$il% 'onfu$ed and )a$diffi'ult% t)ining.

'. nger and Fru$tration = Fru$tration ari$e$ )en a per$on i$ 'ontinuall% t)arted in )i$atte&pt$ to rea') a goal. T)e goal of $ur#i#al i$ to $ta% ali#e until %ou 'an rea') )elp

or until )elp 'an rea') %ou. To a')ie#e t)i$ goal, Marine$ &u$t 'o&plete $o&e ta$$it) &ini&al re$our'e$. @ne outgrot) of fru$tration i$ anger. "etting lo$t, da&agedor forgotten e(uip&ent, t)e eat)er, in)o$pita/le terrain, ene&% patrol$, and p)%$i'alli&itation$ are u$t a fe $our'e$ of fru$tration and anger. Fru$tration and anger en'ourage i&pul$i#e rea'tion$, irrational /e)a#ior, poorl% t)oug)t-out de'i$ion$, and,in $o&e in$tan'e$, an (uit attitude. f t)e Marine doe$ not properl% fo'u$ )i$ angr%feeling$, )e 'an a$te &u') energ% in a'ti#itie$ t)at do little to furt)er eit)er )i$')an'e$ of $ur#i#al or t)e ')an'e$ of t)o$e around )i&.

d. 8epre$$ion = 8epre$$ion i$ 'lo$el% lined it) fru$tration and anger )en fa'ed it)t)e pri#ation$ of $ur#i#al. de$tru'ti#e '%'le /eteen anger and fru$tration 'ontinue$until t)e per$on /e'o&e$ orn don-p)%$i'all%, e&otionall%, and &entall%. W)en a per$on rea')e$ t)i$ point, )e $tart$ to gi#e up, and )i$ fo'u$ $)ift$ fro& W)at 'an do to T)ere i$ not)ing 'an do. f %ou allo %our$elf to $in into a depre$$ed $tate,t)en it 'an $ap all %our energ% and, &ore i&portant, %our ill to $ur#i#e.

e. 6oneline$$ and Boredo& = Man i$ a $o'ial ani&al and eno%$ t)e 'o&pan% of ot)er$.6oneline$$ and /oredo& 'an /e anot)er $our'e of depre$$ion. Marine$ &u$t find a%$to eep t)eir &ind$ produ'ti#el% o''upied.

f. "uilt = T)e 'ir'u&$tan'e$ leading to %our $ur#i#al $etting are $o&eti&e$ dra&ati' andtragi'. t &a% /e t)e re$ult of an a''ident or &ilitar% &i$$ion )ere t)ere a$ a lo$$ of life. <er)ap$ %ou ere t)e onl%, or one of a fe, $ur#i#or$. W)ile naturall% relie#ed to

/e ali#e, %ou $i&ultaneou$l% &a% /e &ourning t)e deat)$ of ot)er$ t)at ere le$$fortunate. 8o not let guilt feeling$ pre#ent %ou fro& li#ing.

5. PRIORITIES OF "OR# IN A SURVIVAL SITUATION. *FMST.07.19/+ :a') $ur#i#al$ituation ill )a#e uni(ue a$pe't$ t)at alter t)e order in )i') ta$$ need to /e a''o&pli$)ed. general guideline i$ to t)in in /lo'$ of ti&e.

a. Fir$t !4 )our$= T)e fir$t !4 )our$ are 'riti'al in a $ur#i#al $ituation. Eou &u$t &aean initial e$ti&ate of t)e $ituation. :ne&%, eat)er, terrain, ti&e of da% and a#aila/lere$our'e$ ill deter&ine )i') ta$$ need to /e a''o&pli$)ed fir$t. T)e% $)ould /et)e folloing=

*1+ S)elter.

*!+ Fire.

*3+ Water.

*4+ Signaling.

1-?



/. Se'ond !4 )our$= fter t)e fir$t !4 )our$ )a#e pa$$ed, %ou ill no no %ou 'an$ur#i#e. T)i$ ti&e period need$ to /e $pent on epanding %our noledge of t)e area.B% 'o&pleting t)e folloing ta$$, %ou ill /e a/le to gain #alua/le noledge.

*1+ Tool$ and eapon$ = B% tra#eling a $)ort di$tan'e fro& %our $)elter to lo'atet)e ne'e$$ar% re$our'e$, %ou ill noti'e edi/le food $our'e$ and ga&e trail$.

*!+ Trap$ and $nare$ = Mo#ing furt)er aa% fro& %our $)elter to e&plo% trap$ and$nare$, %ou ill /e a/le to lo'ate %our $)elter area fro& #ariou$ #antagepoint$.T)i$ ill ena/le %ou to identif% liel% a#enue$ of approa') into %our $)elter area.

*3+ <at)guard$ = noing t)e liel% a#enue$ of approa')e$, %ou 'an effe'ti#el% pla'e noi$e and 'a$ualt% produ'ing pat)guard$ to en$ure t)e $e'urit% of %our $)elter area.

'. e&ainder of %our $ur#i#al $ituation. T)i$ ti&e i$ $pent on 'ontinuou$l% i&pro#ing%our $ur#i#al $ituation until %our re$'ue.

?. GROUP SURVIVAL. n-group $ur#i#al, t)e groupG$ $ur#i#al depend$ largel% on it$ a/ilit%to organie a'ti#it%. n e&ergen'% $ituation doe$ not /ring people toget)er for a 'o&&ongoal; rat)er, t)e &ore diffi'ult and di$ordered t)e $ituation, t)e greater are t)e di$organiedgroupG$ pro/le&$.

a. "roup$ Morale = ig) &orale &u$t 'o&e fro& internal 'o)e$i#ene$$ and not &erel%t)roug) eternal pre$$ure. T)e &ood$ and attitude$ 'an /e'o&e ildl% 'ontagiou$.Con$'iou$, ell-planned organiation and leader$)ip on t)e /a$i$ of delegated or

$)ared re$pon$i/ilit% often 'an pre#ent pani'. ig) group &orale )a$ &an%ad#antage$.

*1+ ndi#idual feel$ $trengt)ened and prote'ted $in'e )e realie$ t)at )i$ $ur#i#aldepend$ on ot)er$ )o& )e tru$t$.

*!+ T)e group 'an &eet failure it) greater per$i$ten'%.

*3+ T)e group 'an for&ulate goal$ to )elp ea') ot)er fa'e t)e future.

/. Fa'tor$ t)at nfluen'e "roup Sur#i#al = T)ere are nu&erou$ fa'tor$ t)at ill influen'e

)et)er a group 'an $u''e$$full% $ur#i#e.

*1+ @rganiation of Manpoer - @rganied a'tion i$ i&portant to eep all&e&/er$ of t)e group infor&ed; t)i$ a% t)e &e&/er$ of t)e group ill no)at to do and )en to do it, /ot) under ordinar% 'ir'u&$tan'e$ and ine&ergen'ie$.

1-7



*!+ Sele'ti#e 2$e of <er$onnel - n ell-organied group$, t)e per$on often doe$t)e o/ t)at &o$t 'lo$el% fit$ )i$ per$onal (ualifi'ation$.

*3+ ''eptan'e of Sugge$tion and Criti'i$&$ - T)e $enior &an &u$t a''eptre$pon$i/ilit% for t)e final de'i$ion, /ut &u$t /e a/le to tae $ugge$tion and

'riti'i$&$ fro& ot)er$.

*4+ Con$ideration of Ti&e - @n-t)e-$pot de'i$ion$ t)at &u$t /e a'ted uponi&&ediatel% u$uall% deter&ine$ $ur#i#al $u''e$$.

*5+ C)e' :(uip&ent - Failure to ')e' e(uip&ent 'an re$ult in failure to $ur#i#e.

*?+ '(uiring $ur#i#al noledge and $ill$ in'rea$e$ $ur#i#al noledge andSill$ - Confiden'e in one>$ a/ilit% to $ur#i#e.

1-A




FMST.

07.200!03!02

. "n a #u$$er $ountainou# en%iron$ent, &on#tru&t a#ur%i%al 'it, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e#. *FMST.07.20+

*1+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e#, &)oo#e fro$ a gi%en li#t in t)e &riteria for a#ur%i%al 'it, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e#. *FMST.07.20a+

*2+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e#, &)oo#e fro$ a gi%en li#t one ea$ple of ea&) &riteriafor a #ur%i%al 'it, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e#. *FMST.07.20+

a. T)e en%iron$ent i# t)e 'e to t)e tpe# of ite$# ou (ill need in our #ur%i%al 'it./o( $u&) euip$ent ou put in our 'it depend# on )o( ou (ill &arr t)e 'it. 'iton our od (ill )a%e to e $u&) #$aller t)an one &arried in a %e)i&le.

. l(a# laer our #ur%i%al 'it, 'eeping t)e $o#t i$portant ite$# on our od.

&. "n preparing our #ur%i%al 'it, #ele&t ite$# t)at &an e u#ed for $ore t)an one purpo#e.



d. our #ur%i%al 'it doe# not need to e elaorate. ou onl need fun&tional ite$# t)at(ill $eet our need# and a &a#e to )old t)e$. T)e &a#e $ig)t e a fir#t aid &a#e, ana$$unition pou&), or anot)er #uitale &a#e. T)i# &a#e #)ould e

*1+ Water repellent or (aterproof.

*2+ 4a# to &arr or atta&) to our od.

*3+ Suitale to a&&ept %ariou# #ied ite$#.

*+ 6urale.

e. W)en &on#tru&ting a #ur%i%al 'it, ou #)ould )a%e t)e follo(ing &o$ponent#*FMST.07.20a+

*1+ Fire #tarting ite$#.

*2+ Water pro&ure$ent ite$#.

*3+ Food pro&ure$ent ite$#.

*+ Signaling ite$#.

*5+ Fir#t aid ite$#.

*+ S)elter ite$#.

2. *FMST.07.20+

a. Fire Starting "te$# .

*1+ Mat&)e#.

*2+ Magnifing gla##.

*3+ Flint and Steel.

*+ 8ig)ter.

*5+ ota##iu$ er$anganate, (it) a &ontainer of #ugar or anti-freee.

*+ repa&'aged Tinder.

*a+ Co$$er&iall Manufa&tured

*+ Cotton Ball# and etroleu$ :ell

2-2



. Water ro&ure$ent "te$#

*1+ Water 6i#infe&ting C)e$i&al#.

*a+ "odine Talet#

*+ Betadine Solution

*&+ "odine Solution

*2+ Metal Container. *Ser%e# for oiling (ater+

*a+ Canteen Cup

*+ Sur%i%al ;it Container

*&+ n #uitale &an t)at &ontained no petroleu$ produ&t#.

*3+ Water Carring "te$#.

*a+ Canteen

*+ la#ti& Bag

*&+ la#ti&!Metal!<la## Container ()i&) &ontained no petroleu$ produ&t#

&. Food ro&ure$ent "te$#

*1+ Fi#).

*a+ =ariou# #ied )oo'#

*+ =ariou# #ied #in'er#!(eig)t#

*&+ Metal leader# and #(i%el#

*d+ S$all (eig)ted >ig#

*e+ Fi#)ing line

i. T)in' aout t)e #ie of fi#) for t)at en%iron$ent ()en #ele&ting (eig)t#and #ie#.

*2+ <a$e.

2-3



*a+ Snare#

i. Co$$er&iall Manufa&tured

ii. ir&raft Cale

iii. Tie Wire

*+ Bait

i. M?4 C)ee#e Spread or eanut Butter a&'age

*&+ 550 Cord for <ill @et and Trap Con#tru&tion

i. 4ngineer!Mar'ing Tape

ii. Sling #)ot ruer and pou&)

d. Signaling "te$#

*1+ 6a.

*a+ Mirror

*+ W)i#tle

*&+ rote&)ni&# *S$o'e, en Flare#+

*d+ ir anel#

*2+ @ig)t.

*a+ rote&)ni&# *en Flare#, Star Clu#ter#+

*+ 8ig)t# *Fla#)lig)t, Stroe, C)e$lig)t+

*&+ W)i#tle

e. S)elter "te$#

*1+ Cordage.

*a+ 550 Cord

*+ Wire

*&+ Co$$uni&ation (ire

2-



*d+ Tie (ire

*2+ Finger Sa(.

*3+ Se(ing ;it (it) @eedle# for &on#tru&tion!repair of &lot)ing.

*+ Tentage.

*a+ on&)o

*+ Tarp

*&+ Spa&e lan'et

*d+ la#ti& tra#) ag#

f. Fir#t id "te$#

*1+ Band-id#.

*a+ Steri#trip#

*+ d)e#i%e Tape

*&+ @on-#ti&' pad#, A#, <aue, Battle 6re##ing#

*d+ Mu#lin Bandage

*2+ int$ent#.

*a+ Burn

*+ nti-#epti&

*3+ Mi#&ellaneou#.

*a+ Salt

*+ Sugar

*&+ 4e Wa#)

*d+ l&o)ol prep pad#

*e+ Suture ;it

2-5



*f+ S&alpel

*g+ =ile of arro(

g. Mi#&ellaneou# ite$#

*1+ Fingernail &lipper#

*2+ Co$pa##

*3+ @oteoo' (it) pen or pen&il

*+ Wood ee #&re(# and nail#

*5+ Surgi&al tuing

"t i# a##u$ed t)at t)e Marine i# al(a# &arring a )ig) ualit fied laded 'nife, a$ulti-tool 'nife, and a #)arpening #tone.

2-




STUDENT OUTLINE

SIGNALLING AND RECOVERY



OUTLINE

SIGNALING DEVICES

A3



282.8 for voice

23.! for "e#co$

NOTE



AIMING T%E SIGNAL MIRROR

2. MET%ODS O& COMMUNICATION

IMPROVISED SIGNALING DEVICES





SMO'E GENERATOR

INTERNATIONAL SYMBOLS



SI(E AND RATIO

AIR TO GROUND COMMUNICATIONS

RECOVERY





JUNGLE PENETRATOR



SLING %OIST





FMST.07.21

FMST.07.00!07!02

STUDENT OUTLINE

EXPEDIENT SHELTERS AND FIRES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES

"1# $n a %u&&er &ountainou% en'iron&ent, (on%tru(t e)pedient %*elter%, ina((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. "FMST.07.21#

"2# $n a %u&&er &ountainou% en'iron&ent, (on%tru(t fire%, in a((ordan(e +it*t*e referen(e%. "FMST.07.0#

. ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES

"1# Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e% and fro& a gi'en li%t, (*oo%e t*e four (*ara(teri%ti(% of a %afe e)pedient %*elter, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%."FMST.07.21a#

"2# Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e% and fro& a gi'en li%t, (*oo%e t*e four *aard%a'oid +*en u%ing natural %*elter%, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%."FMST.07.21#

"3# Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e% and fro& a gi'en li%t, (*oo%e one of &an-&adee)pedient %*elter%, in a((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. "FMST.07.21(#

"# Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e%, %tart a fire u%ing a pri&iti'e &et*od, ina((ordan(e +it* t*e referen(e%. "FMST.07.0a#

A4



OUTLINE

1. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS FOR SHELTER . "FMST.07.21a# n/ t/pe of %*elter,+*et*er it i% a per&anent uilding, tentage, or an e)pedient %*elter &u%t &eet %i) a%i((*ara(teri%ti(% to e %afe and effe(ti'e. T*e (*ara(teri%ti(% are

a. rote(tion fro& t*e le&ent% T*e %*elter &u%t pro'ide prote(tion fro& rain, %no+,+ind, %un, et(.

. eat 4etention $t &u%t *a'e %o&e t/pe of in%ulation to retain *eat t*u% pre'entingt*e +a%te of fuel.

(. 6entilation 6entilation &u%t e (on%tru(ted, e%pe(iall/ if urning fuel for *eat.T*i% pre'ent% t*e a((u&ulation of (aron &ono)ide. 6entilation i% al%o needed for (aron dio)ide gi'en off +*en reat*ing.

d. r/ing Fa(ilit/ dr/ing fa(ilit/ &u%t e (on%tru(ted to dr/ +et (lot*e%.

e. Free fro& 8atural aard% S*elter% %*ould not e uilt in area% of a'alan(*e *aard%,under ro( fall or :%tanding dead; tree% *a'e t*e potential to fall on /our %*elter.

f. Stale S*elter% &u%t e (on%tru(ted to +it*%tand t*e pre%%ure% e)erted / %e'ere+eat*er.

2. NATURAL SHELTERS . 8atural %*elter% are u%uall/ t*e preferred t/pe% e(au%e t*e/ taele%% ti&e and &aterial% (on%tru(t. T*e follo+ing &a/ e &ade into natural %*elter% +it*%o&e &odifi(ation.

a. Ca'e% or 4o( <'er*ang% Can e &odified / la/ing +all% of ro(%, log% or ran(*e%a(ro%% t*e open %ide%.

. ollo+ =og% Can e (leaned or dug out, t*en en*an(ed +it* pon(*o%, tarp% or para(*ute% *ung a(ro%% t*e opening%.

(. aard% of 8atural S*elter% "FMST.0.21#

"1# ni&al% 8atural %*elter% &a/ alread/ e in*aited "i.e. ear%, (o/ote%,lion%, rat%, %nae%, et(.#. <t*er (on(ern% fro& ani&al% &a/ e di%ea%e fro&%(at or de(a/ing (ar(a%%e%.

"2# =a( of 6entilation 8atural %*elter% &a/ not *a'e ade>uate 'entilation. Fire%&a/ e uilt in%ide for *eating or (ooing ut &a/ e un(o&fortale or e'endangerou% e(au%e of t*e %&oe uild up.

"3# ?a% o(et% Man/ (a'e% in a &ountainou% region &a/ *a'e natural ga% po(et% in t*e&.

-

2



"# $n%tailit/ 8atural %*elter% &a/ appear %tale, ut in realit/ &a/ e a trap+aiting to (ollap%e.

3. MAN-MADE SHELTERS . "FMST.0.21(# Man/ (onfiguration% of &an-&ade %*elter%&a/ e u%ed. <'er-looed &an-&ade %tru(ture% found in uran or rural en'iron&ent% &a/

al%o pro'ide %*elter "i.e. *ou%e%, %*ed%, or arn%#. =i&ited / i&agination and &aterial%a'ailale, t*e follo+ing &an-&ade %*elter% (an e u%ed in an/ %ituation.

a. on(*o S*elter.

. Sapling S*elter.

(. =ean-to.

d. oule lean-to.

e. -fra&e S*elter.

f. Fallen Tree Bi'oua(.

. CONSTRUCTION OF MAN-MADE SHELTERS . To &a)i&ie t*e %*elter@%effe(ti'ene%%, Marine% %*ould tae into (on%ideration t*e follo+ing prior to (on%tru(tion.

a. Con%ideration%.

"1# ?roup %ie.

"2# =o+ %il*ouette and redu(ed li'ing area di&en%ion% for i&pro'ed *eat(on%er'ation.

"3# 'oid e)po%ed *ill top%, 'alle/ floor%, &oi%t ground, and a'alan(*e pat*%.

"# Create a t*er&al %*elter / appl/ing %no+, if a'ailale, to roof and%ide% of %*elter.

"5# =o(ation of %ite to fire +ood, +ater, and %ignaling, if ne(e%%ar/.

"A# o+ &u(* ti&e and effort needed to uild t*e %*elter.

"7# Can t*e %*elter ade>uatel/ prote(t /ou fro& t*e ele&ent% "%un, +ind,rain, and %no+#. lan on +or%t (a%e %(enario.

"# re t*e tool% a'ailale to uild it. $f not, (an /ou &ae i&pro'i%edtool%

"9# T/pe and a&ount of &aterial% a'ailale to uild it.

-

3



"10# W*en in a ta(ti(al en'iron&ent, /ou &u%t (on%ider t*e follo+ing

"a# ro'ide (on(eal&ent fro& ene&/ o%er'ation.

"# Maintain (a&ouflaged e%(ape route%.

"(# D%e t*e a(ron/& B=$SS a% a guide.

B E Blend in +it* t*e %urrounding%.= E=o+ %il*ouette.$ E $rregular %*ape.S E S&all.S E Se(luded lo(ated.

. on(*o S*elter T*i% i% one of t*e ea%ie%t %*elter% to (on%tru(t. Material% needed for (on%tru(tion are (ord and an/ +ater-repellent &aterial "i.e. pon(*o, para(*ute, andtarp#. $t %*ould e one of t*e fir%t t/pe% of %*elter (on%idered if planning a %*ort %ta/ inan/ one pla(e.

"1# Find t*e (enter of t*e +ater-repellent &aterial / folding it in *alf along it%long a)i%.

"2# Su%pend t*e (enter point% of t*e t+o end% u%ing (ordage.

"3# Stae t*e Four Corner% do+n, +it* %ti(% or ro(%.

(. Sapling S*elter T*i% t/pe of %*elter i% (on%tru(ted in an area +*ere an aundan(e of

%apling% are gro+ing. $t i% an e)(ellent e'a%ion %*elter.

"1# Find or (lear an area %o t*at /ou *a'e t+o parallel ro+% of %apling% at lea%t @long and appro)i&atel/ 1 @ to 2@ apart.

"2# Bend t*e %apling% toget*er and tie t*e& to for& %e'eral *oop%, +*i(* +illfor& t*e fra&e+or of t*e %*elter.

"3# Co'er t*e *oop +it* a +ater-repellent (o'ering.

"# T*e %*elter t*en &a/ e in%ulated +it* lea'e%, ru%*, %no+, or oug*%.

"5# Clo%e one end per&anentl/. ang &aterial o'er t*e ot*er end to for& a door.

d. =ean-to lean-to i% uilt in *ea'il/ fore%ted area%. $t re>uire% a li&ited a&ount of (ordage to (on%tru(t. T*e lean-to i% an effe(ti'e %*elter ut doe% not offer a greatdegree of prote(tion fro& t*e ele&ent%.

-



"1# Sele(t a %ite +it* t+o tree% "-12; in dia&eter# %pa(ed far enoug* apart t*at a&an (an lie do+n et+een t*e&. T+o %turd/ pole% (an e %u%tituted /in%erting t*e& into t*e ground t*e proper di%tan(e apart.

"2# Cut a pole to %upport t*e roof. $t %*ould e at lea%t 3-; in dia&eter and long

enoug* to e)tend -A; pa%t ot* tree%. Tie t*e pole *oriontall/ et+een t*et+o tree%, appro)i&atel/ 1 &eter off t*e de(.

"3# Cut %e'eral long pole% to e u%ed a% %tringer%. T*e/ are pla(ed along t*e*oriontal %upport ar appro)i&atel/ e'er/ 1 @ and la/ on t*e ground. ll%tringer% &a/ e tied to or laid on t*e *oriontal %upport ar. %*ort +all or ro(% or log% &a/ e (on%tru(ted on t*e ground to lift t*e %tringer% off t*eground, (reating additional *eig*t and li'ing roo& di&en%ion%.

"# Cut %e'eral %apling% and +ea'e t*e& *oriontall/ et+een t*e %tringer%.Co'er t*e roof +it* +ater-repellent and in%ulating &aterial.

LEAN-TO

e. oule lean-to T*e doule lean-to %*elter i% (on%tru(ted for 2-5 indi'idual%. $t i%(on%tru(ted / &aing t+o lean-to% and pla(ing t*e& toget*er.

-

5



DOUBLE LEAN-TO

f. -Fra&e S*elter n -Fra&e %*elter i% (on%tru(ted for 1-3 indi'idual%. fter t*efra&e+or i% (on%tru(ted, oug*!tentage i% inter+o'en onto t*e fra&e and %no+, if a'ailale, i% pa(ed onto t*e out%ide for in%ulation.

A-FRAME

g. Fallen Tree Bi'oua( T*e fallen tree i'oua( i% an e)(ellent %*elter e(au%e &o%t of t*e +or *a% alread/ een done.

"1# n%ure t*e tree i% %tale prior to (on%tru(ting.

"2# Bran(*e% on t*e under%ide are (ut a+a/ &aing a *ollo+ underneat*.

"3# la(e additional in%ulating &aterial to t*e top and %ide% of t*e tree.

"# %&all fire i% uilt out%ide of t*e %*elter.

-

A



FALLEN TREE BIVOUAC

5. REFLECTOR WALLS . eating a %*elter re>uire% a %lo+ fire t*at produ(e% lot% of %tead/*eat o'er a long period of ti&e. refle(tor +all %*ould e (on%tru(ted for all open-ended%*elter%. refle(tor +all i% (on%tru(ted +it* a flat ro( or a %ta( of green log% propped

e*ind t*e fire. %urpri%ing a&ount of *eat +ill oun(e a( fro& t*e fire into t*e %*elter.

A. FIRES . Fire% fall into t+o &ain (ategorie% t*o%e uilt for (ooing and t*o%e uilt for +ar&t* and %ignaling. T*e a%i( %tep% are t*e %a&e for ot* preparing t*e fire la/, gat*eringfuel, uilding t*e fire, and properl/ e)tingui%*ing t*e fire.

a. reparing t*e fire la/ T*ere are t+o t/pe% of fire la/% fire pit and aota *ole. Fire pit% are proal/ t*e &o%t (o&&on.

"1# Create a +indrea to (onfine t*e *eat and pre'ent t*e +ind fro& %(attering%par%. la(e ro(% or log% u%ed in (on%tru(ting t*e fire la/ parallel to t*e

+ind. T*e pre'ailing do+n+ind end %*ould e narro+er to (reate a (*i&ne/effe(t.

"2# 'oid u%ing +et ro(%. eat a(ting on t*e da&pne%% in %and%tone, %*ale, and%tone% fro& %trea&% &a/ (au%e t*e& to e)plode.

"3# aota ole T*e aota ole i% a ta(ti(al fire la/. lt*oug* no fire i% 100Gta(ti(al, t*i% fire la/ +ill a((o&pli%* (ertain t*ing%

"a# 4edu(e% t*e %ignature of t*e fire / pla(ing it elo+ ground.

"# ro'ide% &ore of a (on(entrated *eat %our(e to oil and (oo, t*u% pre%er'ing fuel and le%%ening t*e a&ount of urning ti&e.

"(# B/ (reating a large air draft, t*e fire +ill urn +it* le%% %&oe t*an t*efire pit.

"d# $t i% ea%ier to lig*t in *ig* +ind%.

-

7



DAKOTA HOLE

. ?at*er Fuel Man/ Marine% tae %*ort(ut% +*en gat*ering fire+ood. Taing a fe+e)tra &inute% (an &ean t*e differen(e et+een ea%e and fru%tration +*en uilding afire.

"1# Tinder Tinder i% t*e initial fuel. $t %*ould e fine and dr/. ?at*er a doule

*andful of tinder for t*e fire to e uilt and an e)tra doule *andful to e%tored in a dr/ pla(e for t*e follo+ing &orning. e+ (an &oi%ten tinder

enoug* to &ae lig*ting t*e fire diffi(ult. So&e e)a&ple% are

"a# S*redded (edar!Huniper ar, pine needle%.

"# r/ gra%%.

"(# Sli'er% %*a'ed fro& a dr/ %ti(.

"d# ornetI% ne%t.

"e# 8atural fier% fro& e>uip&ent %upple&ented +it* pine pit(* "i.e.,

(otton attle dre%%ing#.

"f# Cotton all% and petroleu& Hell/ or C*ar-(lot*.

NOTE Sti(% u%ed for tinder %*ould e dr/ and not larger t*an t*e dia&eter of a toot*pi(.

"2# Jindling T*i% i% t*e &aterial t*at i% ignited / t*e tinder t*at +ill urn longenoug* to ignite t*e fuel.

-



"a# S&all %ti(%!t+ig% pen(il-t*i( up to t*e t*i(ne%% of t*e t*u&.n%ure t*at t*e/ are dr/.

"# ue to a t/pi(all/ large re%in (ontent, e'ergreen li&% often &ae t*e e%t indling. T*e/ urn *ot and fa%t, ut t/pi(all/ do not la%t long.

"3# Fuel Wood Fuel Wood i% u%ed to eep t*e lae going long enoug* to fulfillit% purpo%e. $deall/, it %*ould urn %lo+ enoug* to (on%er'e t*e +oodpile,&ae plent/ of *eat, and lea'e an a&ple %uppl/ of long-la%ting (oal%.

"a# Fire+ood roen fro& t*e dead li&% of %tanding tree% or +indfall%*eld off t*e ground +ill *a'e a%ored le%% &oi%ture and t*erefore%*ould urn ea%il/.

"# 4efrain fro& (utting do+n li'e, green tree%.

"(# Soft+ood% "e'ergreen% and (onifer%# +ill urn *ot and fa%t +it* lot% of %&oe and %par, lea'ing little in t*e +a/ of (oal%. ard+ood% "roadleaf tree%# +ill urn %lo+er +it* le%% %&oe and lea'e a good ed of (oal%.

"d# =earn t*e +ood% indigenou% to t*e area. Bir(*, dog+ood, and &apleare e)(ellent fuel%. <%age orange, iron+ood, and &ananita, t*oug*diffi(ult to rea up, &ae terrifi( (oal%. %pen and (otton+ood urn(lean ut lea'e little (oal%.

"e# Sta( /our +ood %uppl/ (lo%e enoug* to e *and/, ut far enoug*fro& t*e fla&e% to e %afe. rote(t /our %uppl/ fro& additional

pre(ipitation.

"f# $f /ou *appen to go do+n in an air(raft t*at *a% not urned a &i)tureof ga% and oil &a/ e u%ed. D%e (aution +*en igniting t*i% &i)ture.

(. Building t*e Fire . T*e t/pe of fire uilt +ill e dependent upon it% intended u%e,eit*er (ooing or *eating and %ignaling.

"1# Cooing Fire% . T*e follo+ing li%ted fire% are e%t u%ed for (ooing

"a# Teepee Fire T*e teepee fire i% u%ed to produ(e a (on(entrated *eat

%our(e, pri&aril/ for (ooing. <n(e a good %uppl/ of (oal% (an e%een, (ollap%e t*e teepee and pu%* e&er% into a (o&pa(t ed.

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9



TEEPEE FIRE

"2# eating and Signaling Fire% .

"a# /ra&id Fire /ra&id fire% are u%ed to produ(e large a&ount% of lig*tand *eat. T*e/ +ill dr/ out +et +ood or (lot*ing.

PYRAMID FIRE

d. Starting Fire% . Starting a fire i% done / a %our(e of ignition and fall% into t+o(ategorie%, &odern igniter% and pri&iti'e &et*od%.

"1# Modern Met*od% Modern igniter% u%e &odern de'i(e% +e nor&all/ t*in of

to %tart a fire. 4elian(e upon t*e%e &et*od% &a/ re%ult in failure during a%ur'i'al %ituation. T*e%e ite&% &a/ fail +*en re>uired to %er'e t*eir purpo%e.

"a# Mat(*e% and =ig*ter%. n%ure /ou +aterproof t*e%e ite&%.

"# Con'e) =en%. Bino(ular, (a&era, tele%(opi( %ig*t%, or &agnif/ing len%are u%ed on rig*t, %unn/ da/% to ignite tender.

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10



"(# Flint and Steel So&eti&e% no+n a% &etal &at(*e% or KMag Blo(K.S(rape /our nife or (aron %teel again%t t*e flint to produ(e a %par onto t*e tinder. So&e t/pe% of flint L %teel de%ign% +ill *a'e a lo( of &agne%iu& atta(*ed to t*e de'i(e, +*i(* (an e %*a'ed onto t*etinder prior to igniting. <t*er de%ign% &a/ *a'e &agne%iu& &i)ed

into t*e flint to produ(e a *ig*er >ualit/ of %par.

"2# ri&iti'e Met*od% . ri&iti'e fire &et*od% are t*o%e de'eloped / earl/ &an.T*ere are nu&erou% te(*ni>ue% t*at fall into t*i% (ategor/. T*e onl/ &et*odt*at +ill e taug*t at MCMWTC i% t*e Bo+ L rill.

"3# Bo+ L rill . T*e te(*ni>ue of %tarting a fire +it* a o+ L drill i% a true fielde)pedient fire %tarting &et*od, +*i(* re>uire% a pie(e of (ord and nife fro&/our %ur'i'al it to (on%tru(t. T*e (o&ponent% of t*e o+ L drill are o+,drill, %o(et, and fireoard, e&er pat(*, and irdI% ne%t.

"a# Bo+ T*e o+ i% a re%ilient, green %ti( aout 3! of an in(* india&eter and 30-3A in(*e% in lengt*. T*e o+%tring (an e an/ t/pe of (ord, *o+e'er, 550 (ord +or% e%t. Tie t*e %tring fro& one end of t*e o+ to t*e ot*er, +it*out an/ %la(.

"# rill T*e drill %*ould e a %traig*t, %ea%oned *ard+ood %ti( aout1!2 to 3! of an in(* in dia&eter and to 12 in(*e% in lengt*. T*e topend i% tapered to a lunt point to redu(e fri(tion generated in t*e%o(et. T*e otto& end i% %lig*tl/ rounded to fit %nugl/ into t*edepre%%ion on t*e fireoard.

"(# So(et T*e %o(et i% an ea%il/ gra%ped %tone or pie(e of *ard+ood or

one +it* a %lig*t depre%%ion on one %ide. D%e it to *old t*e drill in pla(e and to appl/ do+n+ard pre%%ure.

"d# Fire oard T*e fire oard i% a %ea%oned %oft+ood oard +*i(* %*ouldideall/ e 3! of an in(* t*i(, 2- in(*e% +ide, and -10 in(*e% long.Cut a depre%%ion 3! of an in(* fro& t*e edge on one %ide of t*efireoard. Cut a D-%*ape not(* fro& t*e edge of t*e fireoard into t*edepre%%ion. T*i% not(* i% de%igned to (olle(t and for& an e&er, +*i(*+ill e u%ed to ignite t*e tinder.

"e# &er at(* T*e e&er pat(* i% &ade fro& an/ t/pe of %uitale

&aterial "i.e., leat*er, alu&inu& foil, and ar#. $t i% u%ed to (at(* andtran%fer t*e e&er fro& t*e fireoard to t*e irdI% ne%t. $deall/, it%*ould e in(*e% / in(*e% in %ie.

"f# BirdI% 8e%t T*e irdI% ne%t i% a doule *andful of tinder, +*i(* +ill e&ade into t*e %*ape of a ne%t. Tinder &u%t e dr/ and finel/ %*redded&aterial "i.e., outer ar fro& Huniper!(edar!%age ru%* or inner ar fro& (otton+ood!a%pen or dr/ gra%%!&o%%#. =a/ /our tinder out in t+o

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11



e>ual ro+% aout in(*e% +ide and -12 in(*e% long. =oo%el/ roll t*efir%t ro+ into a all and nead t*e tinder to furt*er rea do+n t*efier%. la(e t*i% all perpendi(ular onto t*e %e(ond ro+ of tinder and+rap. Jnead t*e tinder until all fier% of t*e all are inter+o'en. $n%ertt*e drill *alf +a/ into t*e all to for& a partial (/linder. T*i% i% +*ere

t*e e&er +ill e pla(ed.

"# rodu(ing a fire u%ing t*e o+ L drill .

"a# la(e t*e e&er pat(* under t*e D-%*aped not(*.

"# %%u&e t*e neeling po%ition, +it* t*e left foot on t*e fireoard near t*e depre%%ion.

"(# =oad t*e o+ +it* t*e drill. n%ure t*e drill i% et+een t*e +ood of t*e o+ and o+ %tring. la(e t*e drill into t*e depre%%ion on t*efireoard. la(e t*e %o(et on t*e tapered end of t*e drill.

"d# D%e t*e left *and to *old t*e %o(et +*ile appl/ing do+n+ard pre%%ure.

"e# D%e t*e rig*t *and to gra%p t*e o+. Wit* a %&oot* %a+ing &otion,&o'e t*e o+ a( and fort* to t+irl t*e drill.

"f# <n(e /ou *a'e e%tali%*ed a %&oot* &otion, %&oe +ill appear. <n(e%&oe appear%, appl/ &ore do+n+ard pre%%ure and %a+ t*e o+fa%ter.

"g# W*en a t*i( la/er of %&oe *a% a((u&ulated around t*e depre%%ion,%top all &o'e&ent. 4e&o'e t*e o+, drill, and %o(et fro& t*e fire oard, +it*out &o'ing t*e fireoard. Carefull/ re&o'e /our left footoff t*e fireoard.

"*# ?entl/ tap t*e fireoard to en%ure all of t*e e&er *a% fallen out of t*eD-%*aped not(* and i% l/ing on t*e e&er pat(*. 4e&o'e t*e fireoard.

"i# Slo+l/ fan t*e la( po+der to %olidif/ it into a glo+ing e&er.?ra%ping t*e e&er pat(*, (arefull/ drop t*e e&er into t*e (/linder of t*e irdI% ne%t.

"H# ?ra%p t*e irdI% ne%t +it* t*e (/linder fa(ing to+ard% /ou and parallelto t*e ground. ?entl/ lo+ air into t*e (/linder. % %&oe fro& t*ene%t e(o&e% t*i(er, (ontinue to lo+ air into t*e (/linder until fireappear%.

"5# Troule S*ooting t*e Bo+ L rill

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12



"a# rill +ill not %ta/ in depre%%ion- ppl/ &ore do+n+ard pre%%ureand!or in(rea%e +idt*!dept* of depre%%ion.

"# rill +ill not t+irl- le%%en% t*e a&ount of do+n+ard pre%%ure and!or tig*ten o+%tring.

"(# So(et %&oing- =e%%en t*e a&ount of do+n+ard pre%%ure. Wood too%oft +*en (o&pared to *ardne%% of drill. dd %o&e luri(ation ani&alfat, oil, or grea%e.

"d# 8o %&oe- rill and fireoard are t*e %a&e +ood. Wood &a/ not e%ea%oned. C*e( drill to en%ure t*at it i% %traig*t. Jeep left *and lo(edagain%t left %*in +*ile %a+ing.

"e# S&oe ut no e&er- D-%*aped not(* not (ut into (enter of t*edepre%%ion.

"f# Bo+%tring run% up and do+n drill- u%e a lo(ed rig*t ar& +*en%a+ing. C*e( drill to en%ure t*at it i% %traig*t. n%ure o+%tring run%o'er t*e top of t*e left oot.

"g# Bird% ne%t +ill not ignite- Tinder not dr/. 8e%t +o'en too tig*t. Tinder not neaded enoug*. Blo+ing too *ard "e&er +ill fra(ture#.

e. )tingui%*ing t*e Fire . T*e fire &u%t e properl/ e)tingui%*ed. T*i% i% a((o&pli%*ed / u%ing t*e dro+n, %tir, and feel &et*od.

"1# ro+n t*e fire / pouring at +ater in t*e fire la/.

"2# Stir t*e e&er ed to en%ure t*at t*e fire i% (o&pletel/ out.

"3# C*e( t*e ed of /our fire / feeling for an/ *ot %pot%.

"# $f an/ *ot %pot% are found, %tart t*e pro(e%% all o'er again.

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13




FMST.07.22

0!07!02

STUDENT OUTLINE

SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE. "n a #u$$er $ountainou# en%iron$ent, na%igate ina #ur%i%al #ituation, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e#. )FMST.07.22*


)1*Wit(out t(e aid of referen&e# and fro$ a gi%en li#t, &(oo#e one of t(e &on#ideration# for tra%el, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e#. )FMST.07.22a*

)2*Wit(out t(e aid of referen&e# and fro$ a gi%en li#t, &(oo#e t'o $et(od# for lo&ating t(e +ort(Star, in a&&ordan&e 'it( t(e referen&e#. )FMST.07.22*

OUTLINE

1. CONSIDERATIONS FOR STAYING OR TRAVELLING . )FMST.07.22a*

a. Sta 'it( t(e air&raft or %e(i&le if po##ile. More t(an liel #o$eod no'# '(ereit 'a# going. "t i# al#o a read-$ade #(elter.

. /ea%e onl '(en

)1* Certain of pre#ent lo&ation (a%e no'n de#tination and t(e ailit to gett(ere.

)2* Water, food, #(elter, and!or (elp &an e rea&(ed.

)3* Con%in&ed t(at re#&ue i# not &o$ing.

A5



&. "f t(e de&i#ion i# to tra%el, t(e follo'ing $u#t al#o e &on#idered

)1* W(i&( dire&tion to tra%el and '(.

)2* W(at plan i# to e follo'ed.

)3* W(at euip$ent #(ould e taen

)* o' to $ar t(e trail.

)5* 4redi&ted 'eat(er.

d. "f t(e ta&ti&al #ituation per$it# lea%e t(e follo'ing infor$ation at t(e departure point

)1* eparture ti$e.

)2* e#tination.

)3* 6oute of tra%el!dire&tion.

)* 4er#onal &ondition.

)5* %ailale #upplie#.

2. DAYTIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Sun Mo%e$ent . "t i# generall taen for granted t(at t(e #un ri#e# in t(e ea#t and #et#in t(e 'e#t. T(i# rule of t(u$, (o'e%er, i# uite $i#leading. "n fa&t, depending onan o#er%er8# latitude and t(e #ea#on, t(e #un &ould ri#e and #et up to 50 degree# off of true ea#t and 'e#t.

. T(e follo'ing diagra$ and ter$# are e##ential to under#tanding (o' t(e #un and #tar#&an (elp to deter$ine dire&tion

5-2



Position of th S!n "t E#!ino$ "n% So&sti'

)1* Su$$er!Winter Sol#ti&e )21 une!21 e&e$er* T'o ti$e# during t(e ear '(en t(e #un (a# no apparent nort('ard or #out('ard $otion.

)2* :ernal!utu$nal ;uino< )20 Mar&(!23 Septe$er* T'o ti$e# during t(eear '(en t(e #un &ro##e# t(e &ele#tial euator and t(e lengt( of da and nig(tare appro<i$atel eual.

&. Sun8# Mo%e$ent . # refle&ted in t(e diagra$ ao%e, t(e #un &ontinuou#l $o%e# in a

&&le fro$ #ol#ti&e to euino<, t(roug(out ea&( da, (o'e%er, t(e #un tra%el# aunifor$ ar& in t(e # fro$ #unri#e to #un#et. ;<a&tl (alf'a along it# dail =ourne,t(e #un 'ill e dire&tl #out( of an o#er%er )or nort( if t(e o#er%er i# in t(eSout(ern e$i#p(ere*. T(i# rule $a not appl to o#er%er# in t(e tropi&# )et'een23.5 degree# nort( and #out( latitude* or in t(e 4olar 6egion# )>0 degree# latitude*. "ti# at t(i# point t(at #(ado'# 'ill appear t(eir #(orte#t. T(e ti$e at '(i&( t(i# o&&ur#i# referred to a# ?lo&al apparent noon.@

d. /o&al pparent +oon . W(ene%er u#ing an tpe of #(ado' &a#ting de%i&e todeter$ine dire&tion, ?lo&al apparent noon@ )or t(e #un8# (ig(e#t point during t(e da*$u#t e no'n. /o&al apparent noon &an e deter$ined t(e follo'ing $et(od#.

)1* Ano'ing #unri#e and #un#et fro$ $i##ion order#, i.e., #unri#e 0>30 and #un#et1930. Tae t(e total a$ount of dalig(t )13 (our#*, di%ide 2 )> (our# 30$inute#*, and add to #unri#e )0>30 plu# > (our# 30 $inute#*. Ba#ed on t(i#e<a$ple, lo&al apparent noon 'ould e 1300.

5-3



)2* #ing t(e #tring $et(od. T(e #tring $et(od i# u#ed to find t'o euidi#tant$ar# efore and after e#ti$ated lo&al apparent noon. T(e &enter point et'een t(e#e t'o $ar# repre#ent# lo&al apparent noon.

e. Sun8# Bearing . Wit( an under#tanding of t(e #un8# dail $o%e$ent, a# 'ell a# it#

#ea#onal pat(#, a te&(niue i# deri%ed t(at 'ill deter$ine t(e true earing of t(e #un at#unri#e and #un#et. Wit( t(e aid of a &ir&ular na%igational &(art, 'e &an a&&uratelna%igate a#ed on t(e #un8# true earing

)1* eter$ine t(e #un8# $a<i$u$ a$plitude at our operating latitude u#ing t(etop portion of t(e &(art.

)2* S&ale t(e &enter a#eline of t(e &(art '(ere 0 appear# a# t(e $iddle nu$er'rite in t(e $a<i$u$ a$plitude at t(e e<tre$e nort( and #out( end# of t(e a#eline.

)3* Continue to #&ale t(e a#eline ou #(ould di%ide t(e a#eline into > to 10 ti& $ar# t(at repre#ent eual di%i#ion# of t(e $a<i$u$ a$plitude.

)* Fro$ toda8# date along t(e &ir&u$feren&e, dra' a #traig(t line do'n until itinter#e&t# t(e a#eline.

)5* T(e nu$er t(i# line inter#e&t# i# toda8# #olar a$plitude. "f t(e nu$er i#left of 0, it i#nort(@ a$plitude if t(e nu$er i# rig(t of 0, it i# a ?#out(@a$plitude. #e t(e for$ula at t(e otto$ of t(e &(art to deter$ine t(e #un8# earing at #unri#e or #un#et.

5-



Ci('!&"( N")i*"tion"& Ch"(t

f. S(ado' Sti& Con#tru&tion . T(i# te&(niue 'ill a&(ie%e a &ardinal dire&tion 'it(in10 degree# of a&&ura& if done 'it(in t'o (our# of lo&al apparent noon. Dn&e again,

t(i# te&(niue $a e i$pra&ti&al near t(e 4olar 6egion#, a# #(ado'# tend to e %erlong #i$ilarl, in t(e tropi&# #(ado'# are generall %er #$all.

)1* Eet a #traig(t, 3-> foot #ti& free of ran&(e# and pointed at t(e end# and 3-5#$all $arer# i.e., #ti&#, ro&#, or nail#.

)2* 4la&e t(e #ti& uprig(t in t(e ground and $ar t(e #(ado' tip 'it( a $arer.

5-5



)3* Wait 10-15 $inute# and $ar #(ado' tip again 'it( a $arer.

)* 6epeat t(i# until all of t(e $arer# are u#ed.

S+ADO, STIC- MET+OD

)5* T(e $arer# 'ill for$ a We#t;a#t line.

)>* 4ut our left foot on t(e fir#t $arer and our rig(t foot on t(e la#t $arer,

ou 'ill t(en e fa&ing nort(.

3. POC-ET NAVIGATOR T(e onl $aterial reuired i# a #$all pie&e of paper or ot(er flat-#urfa&e $aterial upon '(i&( to dra' t(e tra&e of #(ado' tip# and a 1 to 2 in&( pin, nail, t'ig,'ooden $at&(#ti&, or ot(er #u&( de%i&e to #er%e a# a #(ado'-&a#ting rod.

5->



a. Set t(i# tin rod uprig(t on our flat pie&e of $aterial #o t(at t(e #un 'ill &au#e it to&a#t a #(ado'. Mar t(e po#ition '(ere t(e a#e of t(e rod #it# #o it &an e returned tot(e #a$e #pot for later reading#. Se&ure t(e $aterial #o t(at it 'ill not $o%e and $ar t(e po#ition of t(e $aterial 'it( #tring, pele#, or t'ig#, #o t(at if ou (a%e to $o%et(e paper ou &an put it a& e<a&tl a# it 'a#. +o', $ar t(e tip of t(e rod #(ado'.

. # t(e #un $o%e#, t(e #(ado'-tip $o%e#. Mae repeated #(ado'-tip $aring# e%er15 $inute#. # ou $ae t(e $ar# of t(e #(ado' tip, en#ure t(at ou 'rite do'n t(eti$e# of t(e point#.

&. t t(e end of t(e da, &onne&t t(e #(ado'-tip $aring#. T(e re#ult 'ill nor$all e a&ur%ed line. T(e &lo#er to t(e %ernal or autu$nal euino<e# )Mar&( 21 and Septe$er 23* t(e le## pronoun&ed t(e &ur%ature 'ould e. "f it i# not &on%enient or t(e ta&ti&al#ituation doe# not per$it to tae a full daG# #(ado'-tip $aring#, our o#er%ation&an e &ontinued on #u#euent da# orienting t(e po&et na%igator on t(e ground#o t(at t(e #(ado'-tip i# aligned 'it( a pre%iou#l plotted point.

d. T(e $aring# $ade at t(e #unG# (ig(e#t point during t(e da, or #olar noon, i# t(enort(#out( line. T(e dire&tion of nort( #(ould e indi&ated 'it( an arro' on t(ena%igator a# #oon a# it i# deter$ined. T(i# nort(-#out( line i# dra'n fro$ t(e a#e of t(e rod to t(e $ar $ade at #olar noon. T(i# line i# t(e #(orte#t line t(at &an e dra'nfro$ t(e a#e of t(e pin to t(e #(ado'-tip &ur%e.

e. To u#e our po&et na%igator, (old it #o t(at 'it( t(e #(ado'-tip i# aligned 'it( a plotted point at t(e #pe&ified point. ".e. if it i# no' 0900 t(e #(ado'-tip $u#t ealigned 'it( t(at point. T(i# 'ill en#ure t(at our po&et na%igator i# le%el. T(edra'n arro' i# no' oriented to true nort(, fro$ '(i&( ou &an orient our#elf to ande#ired dire&tion of tra%el.

f. T(e po&et na%igator 'ill 'or all da and 'ill not e out of date for appro<i$atelone 'ee.

5-7



POC-ET NAVIGATOR

. NIG+TTIME SURVIVAL NAVIGATION

a. Mar +ort( . To aid ou in na%igating at nig(t, it i# enefi&ial to 'at&( '(ere t(e #ungoe# do'n. "f ouGre going to #tart $o%ing after dar $ar t(e nort(erl dire&tion.

. /o&ating t(e +ort( Star . T(ere are t'o $et(od# u#ed in lo&ating t(e +ort( Star.)FMST.07.22*

)1* #ing t(e Big ipper )Ursa Major *. T(e e#t indi&tor# are t(e t'o dipper# .T(e +ort( Star i# t(e la#t #tar in t(e (andle of t(e /ittle ipper, '(i&( i# nott(e ea#ie#t &on#tellation to find. o'e%er, t(e Big ipper i# one of t(e $o#t pro$inent &on#tellation# in t(e +ort(ern e$i#p(ere. T(e t'o lo'e#t #tar# of t(e Big ipperG# &up a&t a# pointer# to t(e +ort( Star. "f ou line up t(e#e t'o#tar#, t(e $ae a #traig(t line t(at run# dire&tl to t(e +ort( Star. T(edi#tan&e to t(e +ort( Star along t(i# line i# 5 ti$e# t(at et'een t(e t'o pointer #tar#.

)2* #ing Ca##iopeia ) Big M or W *. ra' a line #traig(t out fro$ t(e &enter #tar,appro<i$atel (alf t(e di#tan&e to t(e Big ipper. T(e +ort( Star 'ill elo&ated t(ere.

5-H



LOCATING T+E NORT+ STAR

NOTE Be&au#e t(e Big ipper and Ca##iopeia rotate around t(e +ort( Star, t(e 'ill notal'a# appear in t(e #a$e po#ition in t(e #. "n t(e (ig(er latitude#, t(e +ort( Star i# le##effe&ti%e for t(e purpo#e of orienting e&au#e it appear# (ig(er in t(e #. t t(e &enter of t(er&ti& Cir&le, it 'ould e dire&tl o%er(ead and all dire&tion# lead #out(.

&. Sout(ern Cro## . "n t(e Sout(ern e$i#p(ere, 4olari# i# not %i#ile. T(ere, t(eSout(ern Cro## i# t(e $o#t di#tin&ti%e &on#tellation. n i$aginar line t(roug( t(elong a<i# of t(e Sout(ern Cro##, or True Cro##, point# to'ard# a dar #pot de%oid of #tar# appro<i$atel t(ree degree# off#et fro$ t(e Sout( 4ole. T(e True Cro## #(ouldnot e &onfu#ed 'it( t(e larger &ro## near no' a# t(e Fal#e Cro##, '(i&( i# le## rig(t, $ore 'idel #pa&ed, and (a# fi%e #tar#. T'o &lo#el #pa&ed, %er rig(t #tar#t(at trail e(ind t(e &ro##pie&e &an &onfir$ t(e True Cro##. T(e#e t'o #tar# are oftenea#ier to pi& out t(an t(e &ro## it#elf. /oo for t(e$. T'o of t(e #tar# in t(e TrueCro## are a$ong t(e rig(te#t #tar# in t(e (ea%en# t(e are t(e #tar# on t(e #out(ernand ea#tern ar$#. T(e #tar# on t(e nort(ern and 'e#tern ar$# are not a# &on#pi&uou#, ut are rig(t.

NOTE/ T(e i$aginar point depi&ted in t(e pi&ture i# t(e dar #pot de%oid of #tar#.

5-9



SOUT+ERN CROSS

d. Moon +a%igator . /ie t(e #un, t(e $oon ri#e# in t(e ea#t and #et# in t(e 'e#t. #e

t(e #a$e $et(od of t(e #(ado' #ti& a# ou did during t(e da.

5. IMPROVISED COMPASSES . T(ere are t(ree i$pro%i#ed te&(niue# to &on#tru&t a&o$pa##.

a. Snt(eti& te&(niue . T(e reuired ite$# are a pie&e of #nt(eti& $aterial, )i.e., para&(ute &lot(*, and a #$all pie&e of iron or #teel t(at i# long, t(in, and lig(t.lu$inu$ or ello' $etal# 'onGt 'or )onl t(ing# t(at ru#t 'ill do*. pin or needle i# perfe&t, ut a #traig(tened paper &lip, pie&e of #teel aling 'ire or ared'ire &ould al#o 'or.

)1* Stroe t(e needle repeatedl in one dire&tion again#t t(e #nt(eti& $aterial.;n#ure t(at ou lift t(e $aterial a fe' in&(e# up into t(e air at t(e end of ea&(#troe, returning to t(e eginning of t(e needle efore de#&ending for anot(er #troe in t(e #a$e dire&tion. o t(i# appro<i$atel 30 #troe#. T(i# 'ill$agnetiIe t(e needle.

)2* Float t(e $etal on #till 'ater u#ing alled up paper, 'ood &(ip, or leaf.Eat(er #o$e 'ater in a non-$agneti& &ontainer or a #&ooped out re&e## in t(e

5-10



ground, #u&( a# a puddle. o not u#e a tin &an '(i&( i# $ade of #teel.)lu$inu$ &an 'ould e fine.* 4la&e t(e float on t(e 'ater, t(en t(e $etalon it. "t 'ill #lo'l turn to orient it#elf.

. Magnet te&(niue . Jou 'ill a&(ie%e t(e #a$e re#ult# u#ing a $agnet. Follo' t(e

#a$e #tep# a# ou did 'it( t(e #nt(eti& $aterial. T(e $agnet# ou are $o#t liel to(a%e a%ailale to ou are t(o#e in a #peaer or (eadp(one# of a radio.

&. MagnetiIation t(roug( a atter . po'er #our&e of 2 %olt# or $ore fro$ a atter&an e u#ed 'it( a #(ort lengt( of in#ulated 'ire to $agnetiIe $etal. Coil t(e 'irearound a needle. "f t(e 'ire i# non-in#ulated, 'rap t(e needle 'it( paper or &ardoard.tta&( t(e end# to t(e atter ter$inal# for 5 $inute#.

d. ##o&iated prole$# 'it( i$pro%i#ed &o$pa##e# . T(e follo'ing are &o$$on prole$# 'it( all i$pro%i#ed &o$pa##e#.

)1* Soft #teel tend# to lo#e it# $agneti#$ fairl ui&l, #o ou 'ill (a%e tode$agnetiIe our needle o&&a#ionall, t(oug( ou #(ould not (a%e to do t(i#$ore t(an t'o or t(ree ti$e# a da.

)2* Te#t our &o$pa## di#turing it after it #ettle#. o t(i# #e%eral ti$e#. "f it

return# to t(e #a$e align$ent, ouGre DA. "t 'ill e lined up nort( and #out(,t(oug( ou 'ill (a%e to deter$ine ot(er $ean# '(i&( end i# nort(. #e t(e

#un, #tar#, or an ot(er natural #ign# in t(e area.

)3* 6e$e$er t(at t(i# 'ill gi%e $agneti& nort(. "n e<tre$e nort(ern latitude#,t(e de&lination angle &an e e<tre$e.

0. SURVIVAL NAVIGATION TEC+NI1UES

a. +a%igator .

)1* ;$plo a na%igation $et(od.

)2* Find t(e &ardinal dire&tion.

)3* 4i& a #teering $ar in t(e de#ired dire&tion of tra%el.

. Maintain a /og T(e po##iilit $a ari#e '(en ou 'ill not (a%e a $ap of t(e area.

log 'ill de&rea#e t(e &(an&e of 'aling in &ir&le#.

)1* Con#tru&tion.

)a* #e an $aterial a%ailale to ou i.e., paper, &lot(ing, M6; o<, et&.

)* ra' a field #et&( annotating +ort(, pro$inent terrain feature#, and Friendl!ene$ po#ition.

5-11



)2* Maintenan&e.

)a* nnotate di#tan&e tra%eled, ele%ation gained and lo#t, and &ardinaldire&tion#.

)* Maintain and update field #et&( a# $o%e$ent progre##e#.

)&* ;n#ure readailit of our field #et&(. )".e., donGt &lutter t(e #et&( #o$u&( t(at it &anGt e read.*

&. uring Mo%e$ent Con#tantl 6efer To .

)1* /og.

)2* Steering $ar#.

d. &tion# "f Jou Be&o$e /o#t .

)1* "$$ediate a&tion

)a* Drient our #et&(. T(i# 'ill proal $ae our $i#tae o%iou#.

)2* Corre&ti%e a&tion

)a* Ba&tra& u#ing #teering $ar# until ou (a%e deter$ined t(e lo&ationof our error.

)* 6e-orient our #et&(.

)&* Sele&t dire&tion of tra%el and &ontinue to $ar&(.

5-12









.



Giardia














STUDENT HANDOUT

FORAGING PLANTS AND INSECTS FOR SURVIVAL USES

PURPOSE

OUTLINE

A7















WMC.A8.0

05/0/01

STUDENT HANDOUT

SURVIVAL TRAPS AND SNARES

PURPOSE: T!e purpo"e of t!i" #la"" i" to fa$iliari%e t!e "tudent &it! "o$e of t!e te#!ni'ue"u"ed to ta(e ga$e. )a$e #an *e u"eful for *ot! food and #lot!ing.

+T

1. )A T2 A4 TC6 + TA22)

a. )eneral Tip". no&ing a fe& general !int" and tip" &ill $a(e t!e trapping of ani$al"$u#! ea"ier and #on"idera*l $ore effe#ti:e. T!e eig!t general tip" for trapping are;

<1= no& our ga$e; no&ing t!e !a*it" of t!e ani$al ou &ant to trap &ill !elp lure it intoour trap. u#! t!ing" a" &!en and &!ere t!e $o:e, feed, and &ater &ill !elp oudeter$ine &!ere t!e trap #an *e $o"t effe#ti:el pla#ed.

A8



<= eep t!ing" "i$ple; >ou don?t !a:e ti$e in a "ur:i:al "ituation to #on"tru#tela*orate trap" and t!e do not ne#e""aril do a *etter @o*.

<3= et trap" in t!e rig!t pla#e; Ani$al" &ill tra:el and "top in #ertain lo#ation". T!at i" &!ere

to *e"t e$plo trap".

<= Co:er up our "#ent; Ani$al" &ill a:oid an area, &!i#! "$ell" "trange to t!e$. $o(efro$ our fire i" t!e *e"t #o:er to u"e.

<5= "e t!e rig!t tpe of trap; o$e trap" &or( *etter t!an ot!er" do <i.e. a deadfall &or(" *etter on "'uirrel" t!an a "pring pole=.

<= "e t!e rig!t "i%e trap; Ad@u"t t!e "i%e of our trap" to t!e "i%e of t!e ani$al.

<7= C!e#( trap"; C!e#( our trap" t&i#e dail; $orning and e:ening. C!e#(ing our trap" le""t!an t&i#e a da #an allo& our ga$e to e"#ape, rot, or *e ta(en * ot!er predator".

<8= Bait our trap"; Bait of an tpe &ill add to our #!an#e" of "u##e"".

*. )eneral Te#!ni'ue". A general te#!ni'ue i" t!e $et!od in &!i#! t!e trap i" intended to (illor !old t!e ani$al.

<1= trangulation; T!i" $et!od "trangle" t!e ani$al, "u#! a" a "nare.

<= Mangling; T!i" $et!od #ru"!e" t!e ani$al, "u#! a" a deadfall.

<3= ntangle$ent; T!i" $et!od entangle" t!e ani$al, "u#! a" a net.

<= i:e; T!i" $et!od !old" t!e ani$al, "u#! a" a *o trap.

#. Tpe" of Trigger". T!ere are t!ree *a"i# trigger" u"ed for all trap" and pat! guard".4epending on t!e "ituation, :ariation" of t!e"e trigger" #an *e u"ed.

<1= 2uite igure .

A8-



A8-



. TA2. Trap" are de"igned to !old or (ill ani$al" * u"e of "o$e tpe of a#tion. T!i"a#tion i" generall #au"ed * eit!er a &eig!t or "pring loaded de:i#e.

a. 2uite 4eadfall; T!e 2uite deadfall re'uire" a (nife and pie#e of #ord to #on"tru#t. t i"de"igned to $angle "$all rodent". T!e trigger for t!e deadfall i" t!e 2uite figure .

*. pring 2ole; T!e "pring pole re'uire" a "$all "apling and #ordage to #on"tru#t. T!e trigger for t!e "pring pole i" t!e toggle. t i" de"igned to lift t!e ani$al off t!e groundD not allo&ing predator ani$al" to ta(e our ga$e. e$e$*er, t!e trigger #an not *e "o tig!t t!at t!eintended ga$e #an not "et it off.

A8-



#. Bo Trap; T!e *o trap re'uire" li$ited #ordage to #on"tru#t. t i" de"igned to !old li:e"$all rodent" and *ird". T!e *o trap trigger i" t!e 2uite figure .

3. 2AT )A4 2at! guard" i" de"igned to prote#t and pro:ide "e#urit for our "!elter area again"t t!e ene$ and predator ani$al". T!e are #la""ified into noi"e and #a"ualt produ#ing pat! guard".

A8-



a. oi"e produ#ing pat! &ard". oi"e produ#ing pat!guard" "er:e a" an alar$ for our "!elter area. W!en triggered, it "!ould produ#e "o$e tpe of loud noi"e. Alt!oug!#on"tru#tion #an :ar, depending on $aterial" a:aila*le, one ea$ple i" a" follo&";

<1= e#ure a oung "apling to a uni:er"al trigger.

<= At t!e end of t!e "apling, tie "e:eral pie#e" of $etal to t!e "apling. "e &!at e:er i"a:aila*le for $etal.

<3= Ca$ouflage t!e $etal on t!e ground.

<= W!en triggered, t!e "apling "!ould "&ing *a#( and fort!, #au"ing t!e $etal rattle.

*. Ca"ualt produ#ing pat! &ard". Ca"ualt produ#ing pat! guard", &!en triggered, "!ould#au"e deat! or in@ur to t!e ene$ or predator ani$al. Tip" "!ould *e poi"oned a" di"#u""edin ur:i:al 2lant "e" #la"". Trigger" for t!i" tpe of pat! guard "!ould *e t!e uni:er"altrigger".

<1= og Eer(

<= i"! oo( ig!t$are

A8-



. A). A "nare in not!ing $ore t!an a pie#e of &ire, rope, or #ord &it! a loop at oneend, &!i#! tig!ten", do&n around an ani$al" ne#(. nare" are $u#! ea"ier and le"" ti$e#on"u$ing to #on"tru#t t!an trap"D &!ile produ#ing $ore re"ult".

a. e'uire$ent" for "naring t!ere are fi:e re'uire$ent" too effe#ti:el e$plo "nare". T!e area" follo&";

<1= Wire; Alt!oug! "nare" #an *e u"ed &it! rope or #ord, t!e are le"" effe#ti:e t!an &ire. Wire"!ould !a:e $e$or and re"i"t (in(ing. Air#raft #a*le tpe in "i%e 1/3 to 3/1 in#! "!ould *e u"ed. T!i" tpe of &ire pre:ent" ani$al #!e& out and re"i"t" *rea(age. e$e$*er, ou&ant t!e "$alle"t dia$eter #a*le #apa*le of !olding t!e ani$al.

<= o#(ing de:i#e; A lo#(ing de:i#e i" i$perati:e for a "nare to &or( properl. o#(ingde:i#e" "e#ure t!e "nare around t!e ani$al?" ne#(. T!ere are "e:eral $et!od" a:aila*le for alo#(ing de:i#e.

A8-



<3= C!anneli%ation; T!e o*@e#ti:e of #!anneli%ation i" to for#e t!e ani$al to $o:e t!roug! t!e"nare. e$e$*er, ani$al" &ill ta(e t!e pat! of lea"t re"i"tan#e.

A8-



<= oop "i%e; 2ro*a*l t!e "ingle $o"t i$portant re'uire$ent in "naring. A #orre#tle$ploed "nare &ill !a:e t!e "nare !olding t!e ani$al around t!e ne#(. oop "i%e i" pla#edon t!e "nare a##ording to t!e intended ani$al. Too large &ill re"ult in a *od or leg #at#!,re"ulting in po""i*le #!e& out or *rea(age. Too "$all &ill ena*le t!e ani$al to for#e t!e"nare to t!e "ide, re"ulting in a $i"". Additionall, t!e loop $u"t *e pla#ed &it! "pe#ifi#ground #learan#e. T!e follo&ing #!art &ill gi:e a general guideline.

AMA ++ F )+4CAAC

6 1/ T+ 3 C 1/ T+ 1 1/ C

ABBT T+ 5 1/ C 1 1/ T+ 3 CACC++ C 3 T+ C+G 7 T+ 10 C 8 T+ 10 CC+>+T 1 T+ 1 C 1 CB+BCAT 9 C 8 C

ote; <1= oo"e "i%e i" t!e dia$eter of t!e "nare loop.

<= )round #learan#e i" $ea"ured fro$ t!e *otto$ of t!eloop to t!e ground.

<5= Bait. n a "ur:i:al "ituation, ou &ill not *e a*le to e$plo nu$erou" "nare".Baiting all "nare" in#rea"e" our #!an#e" of "u##e"".

*. nare" alt!oug! t!ere are nu$erou" idea" to e$plo "nare", !ere are afe& idea".

A8-



4 T

A8-



5. . n a $ountainou" region, fi"! are nor$all an a*undant re"our#e. ot onl are t!e afood "our#e, t!e Hleft-o:er"H pro:ide an e#ellent *ait for trap" and "nare".

a. i"!ing lo#ation"; i"!ing in $ountain "trea$" i" generall *e"t done &it! a !and line. W!enfi"!ing t!e"e "trea$", al&a" loo( for t!e"e pla#e" to fi"!.

A8-



*. pedient !oo("; Alt!oug! !oo(" "!ould *e #arried in a "ur:i:al (it, t!e "ur:i:or "!ould *ea*le to #on"tru#t additional !oo(" if t!e "ituation ari"e". pedient !oo(" are $ade to *e#o$e lodged in t!e t!roat of t!e fi"!. Belo& are a fe& ea$ple".

#. i"! trap"; A fi"! trap #an *e effe#ti:e if ou !a:e a "!allo&"trea$ and ti$e to #on"tru#t it. A *a"i# fi"! trap in not!ing $oret!an a *arri#ade of ro#(" or "ti#(" a#ro"" a "trea$ &it! anot!er *arri#ade u"ing a funnel-tpe entran#e &!i#! fi"! #an *e dri:eninto *ut !a:e a diffi#ult ti$e finding t!eir &a out. +n#e fi"! aretrapped *et&een t!e"e t&o *arri#ade" t!e $a *e "peared,#lu**ed, or gra**ed. T!i" #an *e :er effe#ti:e &!en #ertain tpe"

of fi"! are $o:ing in large group" to "pa&n. T!i" tpe of trap i":er effe#ti:e in #at#!ing fi"!. A door #an *e #on"tru#ted at t!e $out! of t!e trap"o t!at e#e"" fi"! #an *e (ept li:e until needed.

d. et ine"; et line" are an effe#ti:e $et!od of fi"!ing &!i#! #on"er:e"energ. 2ut t!e$ out o:er nig!t &it! "e:eral *oated !oo(" atta#!ed.2la#e t!e$ &it! t!e !oo(" eit!er on t!e *otto$ or "u"pended off t!e *otto$, until ou !a:edeter$ined &!ere t!e fi"! are feeding.

A8-



T

e. etting; A gill net i" $o"t effe#ti:e in "till &ater, e.g., a la(e <near t!e inlet and outlet aregood lo#ation"= or *a#( &ater in a large "trea$ <for "ur:i:al doe"n?t !e"itate to *lo#( t!e"trea$=. et" #an *e #on"tru#ted u"ing t!e inner #ord" of para#!ute "!roud line". 2la#e float"on top and &eig!t" on t!e *otto$ to (eep t!e net :erti#al in t!e &ater. W!en t!e i#e i" on ala(e, t!e fi"! are in#lined to "ta deeper. T!e "$aller t!e $e"!, t!e "$aller t!e fi"! ou #an#at#!, *ut a "$all $e"t &ill "till entangle a large fi"!. A $e"! of 3 in#!e" i" a good "tandard.A gill net i" :er ti$e #on"u$ing and re'uire" allot of $aterial to #on"tru#t.

A8-





WMC

04/07/02

STUDENT HANDOUT

MOUNTAIN WEATHER

LESSON PURPOSE: Te purpo!e of ti! period of in!tru"tion i! to introdu"e #ou to $eater pattern!, te in%i!i&le a!pe"t! of $eater, and !o'e %i!i&le "lue! to elp #ou fore"a!t te$eater( Ti! le!!on relate! to all operation! in te 'ountain! at MWTC(

)*T+.

1( ..+

a( Te eart i! !urrounded &# te at'o!pere, $i" i! di%ided, into !e%eral la#er!( Te$orld! $eater !#!te'! are in te tropo!pere, te lo$er of te!e la#er!( Ti! la#er rea"e! a! ig a! 40,000 feet(

&( u!t and "loud! in te at'o!pere a&!or& or &oun"e &a" 'u" of te energ# tat te !un &ea'! do$n upon te eart( +e!! tan one alf of te !un! energ# a"tuall# $ar'! te eart!!urfa"e and lo$er at'o!pere(

"( War'ed air, "o'&ined $it te !pinning rotation6 of te eart, produ"e! $ind! tat !pread

eat and 'oi!ture 'ore e%enl# around te $orld( Ti! i! %er# i'portant &e"au!e te !uneat! te .uator 'u" 'ore tan te pole! and $itout $ind! to elp re!tore te &alan"e,'u" of te eart $ould &e i'po!!i&le to li%e on( Were te air-"ool!, #ou "an get "loud!,rain, !no$, ail, fog, fro!t, et"(

d( Te $eater tat #ou find in an# pla"e depend! on 'an# ting!, i(e( o$ ot te air i!, o$'oi!t te air i!, o$ it i! &eing 'o%ed &# te $ind, and e!pe"iall#, i! it &eing lifted or not8

A10

2( .*.



a( ll of te!e fa"tor! are related to air pre!!ure, $i" i! te $eigt of te at'o!pere at an#gi%en pla"e( Te lo$er te pre!!ure, te 'ore liel# are rain and !trong $ind!(

&( n order to under!tand ti! $e "an !a# tat te air in our at'o!pere a"t! %er# 'u" lie a

liuid(

"( rea! $it a ig le%el of ti! liuid $ould e;ert 'ore pre!!ure on te .art and &e "alled a<ig pre!!ure area<(

d( rea! $it a lo$er le%el $ould &e "alled a <lo$ pre!!ure area<(

e( n order to euali=e te area! of ig pre!!ure it $ould a%e to pu! out to te area! of lo$ pre!!ure(

f( Te "ara"teri!ti"! of te!e t$o pre!!ure area! are a! follo$!:

16 >ig-pre!!ure area( ?lo$! out to euali=e pre!!ure(

26 +o$ pre!!ure area( ?lo$! in to euali=e pre!!ure(

g( Te air fro' te ig-pre!!ure area i! &a!i"all# @u!t tr#ing to graduall# flo$ out to euali=eit! pre!!ure $it te !urrounding air, $ile te lo$ pre!!ure i! &eginning to &uild %erti"all#()n"e te lo$ a! a"ie%ed eual pre!!ure, it "ant !top and "ontinue! to &uild %erti"all#A"au!ing tur&ulen"e, $i" re!ult! in &ad $eater(

10-



)T.: Wen looing on te $eater 'ap, #ou $ill noti"e tat te!e differen"e! in pre!!urere!e'&le "ontour line!( Te!e "ontour line! are "alled i!o&ar! and are tran!lated to 'eaneual pre!!ure area(

( !o&ar!: re!!ure i! 'ea!ured in 'illi&ar! or anoter 'ore "o''on 'ea!ure'ent i!in" 'er"ur#(

i( ?itting enoug, area! of ig pre!!ure are "alled ridge! and area! of lo$ pre!!ure are "alledtroug!(

)T.: Te a%erage air pre!!ure at !ea le%el i!:

29(92 in"e! 'er"ur#(1,013 'illi&ar!(

@( ! $e go up in altitude, te pre!!ure or $eigt6 of te at'o!pere de"rea!e!(

.M+.: t 1,000 feet in ele%ation it $ould &e 500 'illi&ar! %i"e 1,013 'illi&ar! at!ea le%el(

3( >*MTD >u'idit# i! te a'ount of 'oi!ture in te air( ll air old! $ater %apor,altoug it i! uite in%i!i&le(

a( ir "an old onl# !o 'u" $ater %apor!, &ut te $ar'er te air, te 'ore 'oi!ture it "anold( Wen te air a! all te $ater %apor tat it "an old, te air i! !aid to &e !aturated100E relati%e u'idit#6(

&( f te air i! ten "ooled, an# e;"e!! $ater %apor "onden!e!A tat i!, it! 'ole"ule! @oin to &uild te $ater droplet! $e "an !ee(

"( Te te'perature at $i" ti! appen! i! "alled te <"onden!ation point<( Te"onden!ation point %arie! depending on te a'ount of $ater %apor and te te'peratureof te air(

d( f te air "ontain! a great deal of $ater %apor, "onden!ation $ill for' at a te'perature of 20FC GF?6( But if te air i! rater dr# and doe! not old 'u" 'oi!ture, "onden!ation'a# not for' until te te'perature drop! to 0FC 32F?6 or e%en &elo$ free=ing(

e( dia&ati" +ap!e ate: Te adia&ati" lap!e rate i! te rate tat air $ill "ool on a!"ent and$ar' on de!"ent( Te rate al!o %arie! depending on te 'oi!ture "ontent of te air(

16 aturated ir H 2(2F? per 1,000 feet(

26 r# ir H 5(5F? per 1,000 feet(



4( W( ! $e !tated earlier, te une%en eating of te air &# te !un and rotation of teeart "au!e! $ind!( Mu" of te $orld! $eater depend! on a !#!te' of $ind! tat &lo$in a !et dire"tion( Ti! pattern depend! on te different a'ount! of !un eat6 tat tedifferent region! get and al!o on te rotation of te eart(

a( &o%e ot !urfa"e!, air e;pend! air 'ole"ule! !pread out6, and 'o%e to "older area! $ereit "ool! and &e"o'e! den!er, and !in! to te eart! !urfa"e( Ti! for'! a "ir"ulation of air fro' te pole! along te !urfa"e or te eart to te .uator, $ere it ri!e! and 'o%e!to$ard! te pole! again(

&( )n"e te rotation of te eart i! added to ti!, te pattern of te "ir"ulation &e"o'e!"onfu!ing(

"( Be"au!e of te eating and "ooling, along $it te rotation of te eart, $e a%e te!e!urfa"e $ind!( ll $ind! are na'ed fro' te dire"tion te# originated fro':

16 olar .a!terlie!: Te!e are $ind! fro' te polar region 'o%ing fro' te ea!t( Ti! i! air tat a! "ooled and !ettled at te pole!(

26 re%ailing We!terlie!: Te!e $ind! originate fro' appro;i'atel# 30 degree! ort+atitude fro' te $e!t( Ti! i! an area $ere pre'aturel# "ooled air, due to te eart!rotation, a! !ettled &a" to te !urfa"e(

36 ortea!t Trade$ind!: Te!e are $ind! tat originate fro' appro;i'atel# 30degree! ort fro' te ortea!t( l!o pre'aturel# "ooled air(

d( Iet trea': @et !trea' "an &e defined a! a long, 'eandering "urrent of ig !peed $ind!

near te tropopau!e tran!ition =one &et$een te tropo!pere and te !trato!pere6 &lo$ingfro' generall# a $e!terl# dire"tion and often e;"eeding 250 'ile! per our( Te @et !trea're!ult! fro':

16 Cir"ulation of air around te pole! and .uator(

26 Te dire"tion of airflo$ a&o%e te 'id latitude!(

36 Te a"tual pat of te @et !trea' "o'e! fro' te $e!t, dipping do$n and pi"ing up air 'a!!e! fro' te tropi"al region! and going nort and &ringing do$n air 'a!!e! fro' teolar egion!(

)T.: Te a%erage nu'&er of long $a%e! in te @et !trea' i! &et$een tree and fi%e dependingon te !ea!on( Te'perature differen"e! &et$een polar and tropi"al region! influen"e ti!( Telong $a%e! influen"e da# to $ee "ange! in te $eaterA tere are al!o !ort $a%e! tatinfluen"e ourl# "ange! in te $eater(

10-



5( M.( ! $e no$, all -of te!e pattern! 'o%e air( Ti! air "o'e! in par"el!no$n a! <air 'a!!e!<( Te!e air 'a!!e! "an %ar# in !i=e fro' a! !'all a! a to$n too a!large a! a "ountr#( Te!e air 'a!!e! are na'ed for $ere te# originate:

a( Mariti'e: )%er $ater(

&( Continental: )%er land(

"( olar: &o%e G0 degree! ort(

d( Tropi"al: Belo$ G0 degree! ort(

e( Co'&ining te!e gi%e u! te na'e! and de!"ription of te four t#pe! of air 'a!!e!:

16 Continental olar: Cold, dr# air 'a!!(

26 Mariti'e olar: Cold $et air 'a!!(

36 Continental Tropi"al: r#, $ar' air 'a!!(

46 Mariti'e Tropi"al: Wet, $ar' air 'a!!(

BB.JT. M.C H Continental olar(M H Mariti'e olar(CT H ContinentalTropi"al( MT HMariti'e Tropi"al(

f( Te ting to under!tand a&out air 'a!!e!A te# $ill not 'i; $it anoter air 'a!! of adifferent te'perature and 'oi!ture "ontent( Wen t$o different air 'a!!e! "ollide, $ea%e a front, $i" $ill &e "o%ered in 'ore detail later in ti! period of in!tru"tion(

g( >ere are !o'e oter t#pe! of $ind! tat are pe"uliar to 'ountain en%iron'ent! &ut dontne"e!!aril# affe"t te $eater:

16 na&oli" $ind: Te!e are $ind! tat &lo$ up 'ountain %alle#! to repla"e $ar' ri!ingair and are u!uall# ligt $ind!(

26 Cata&oli" $ind: Te!e are $ind! tat &lo$ do$n 'ountain %alle# !lope! "au!ed &# te"ooling of air and are o""a!ionall# !trong $ind!(

G( +?T/C))+( ! $e no$, air "an onl# old !o 'u" 'oi!ture depending on it!te'perature( f $e "ool ti! air &e#ond it! !aturation point, it 'u!t relea!e ti! 'oi!ture inone for' or anoter, i(e( rain, !no$, fog, de$!, et"( Tere are tree $a#! tat air "an &elifted and "ooled &e#ond it! !aturation point(

10-



a( )rograpi" uplift: Ti! appen! $en an air 'a!! i! pu!ed up and o%er a 'a!! of iger ground !u" a! a 'ountain( ue to te adia&ati" lap!e rate, te air i! "ooled $it altitude andif it rea"e! it! !aturation point $e $ill re"ei%e pre"ipitation(

&( Con%e"tion effe"t!: Ti! i! nor'all# a !u''er effe"t due to te !un! eat radiating off of te!urfa"e and "au!ing te air "urrent! to pu! !traigt up and lift air to a point of !aturation(

10-



"( ?rontal lifting: ! $e no$ $en t$o air 'a!!e! of different 'oi!ture and te'perature"ontent "ollide, $e a%e a front( in"e te air 'a!!e! $ill not 'i;, te $ar'er air i! for"edaloftA fro' tere it i! "ooled and ten rea"e! it! !aturation point( ?rontal lifting i! $ere $ere"ei%e te 'a@orit# of our pre"ipitation( "o'&ination of te different t#pe! of lifting i! notun"o''on(

7( C+)*( n#ti'e air i! lifted or "ooled &e#ond it! !aturation point 100E relati%eu'idit#6, "loud! are for'ed( Cloud! are one of our !ignpo!t! to $at i! appening( Cloud! "an &ede!"ri&ed in 'an# different $a#!A te# "an al!o &e"la!!ified &# eigt or appearan"e, or e%en &# tea'ount of area "o%ered, %erti"all# or ori=ontall#((

a( Cirru!: Te!e "loud! are for'ed of i"e "r#!tal! at%er# ig altitude! u!uall# 20,000 to 35,000 feet6 inte 'id-latitude! and are tin, feater# t#pe "loud!(Te!e "loud! "an gi%e #ou up to 24 our! $arning of approa"ing &ad $eater, undred! of 'ile! in

ad%an"e of a $ar' front( ?rail, !"attered t#pe!, !u"a! <'are-tail!< or den!e "irru! la#er!, tuft! are a !ignof fair $eater &ut predi"ti%e 'a# &e a prelude toapproa"ing lo$er "loud!, te arri%al of pre"ipitationand te front(

&( Cu'ulu!: Te!e "loud! are for'ed due to ri!ing air "urrent! and are pre%alent in un!ta&le air tat fa%or! %erti"al de%elop'ent( Te!e "urrent! of air "reate "u'ilifor' "loud! tat gi%ete' a piled or &un"ed up appearan"e, looing !i'ilar to "otton &all!( Witin te "u'ulu!fa'il# tere are tree different t#pe! to elp u! to fore"a!t te $eater:

16 Cotton puff! of "u'ulu! are ?air Weater Cloud! &ut !ould &e o&!er%ed for po!!i&legro$t into to$ering "u'ulu! and "u'uloni'&u!(

26 To$ering "u'ulu! are "ara"teri=ed &# %erti"al de%elop'ent( Teir %erti"al lifting i! "au!ed &# !o'e t#pe of lifting a"tion, !u" a! "onne"ti%e "urrent! found on ot !u''er afternoon!or $en $ind i! for"ed to ri!e up te !lope of a 'ountain or po!!i&l# te lifting a"tion tat

10-



'a# &e pre!ent in a frontal !#!te'( Te to$ering "u'ulu! a! a puff# and<"auliflo$er-!aped< appearan"e(

36 Cu'uloni'&u! "loud! are "ara"teri=ed in te !a'e 'anner a! te to$ering "u'ulu!, for'te fa'iliar <tunderead< and produ"e tunder!tor' a"ti%it#( Te!e "loud! are

"ara"teri=ed &# %iolent updraft!, $i" "arr# te top! of te "loud! to e;tre'e ele%ation!(Tornadoe!, ail and !e%ere rain!tor'! are all produ"t! of ti! t#pe of "loud( t te top of te"loud, a flat an%il !aped for' appear! a! te tunder!tor' &egin! to di!!ipate(

"( tratu!: tratu! "loud! are for'ed $en a la#er of 'oi!t air i! "ooled &elo$ it! !aturation point( tratifor', "loud! lie 'o!tl# in ori=ontal la#er! or !eet!, re!i!ting %erti"alde%elop'ent( Te $ord <!tratu!< i! deri%ed fro' te +atin $ord <la#er<( Te !tratu! "loud i!uite unifor' and re!e'&le! fog( t a! a fairl# unifor' &a!e and a dull, gra# appearan"e(tratu! "loud! 'ae te !# appear ea%# and $ill o""a!ionall# produ"e fine dri==le or Jer#ligt !no$ $it fog( >o$e%er, &e"au!e tere i! little or no %erti"al 'o%e'ent in te !tratu!"loud!, te# u!uall# do not produ"e pre"ipitation in te for' of ea%# rain or !no$(

d( ! pre%iou!l# !tated, "loud! are for'ed $en air i! lifted to a point $ere it "ool! to it!!aturation point( We al!o no$ tat frontal lifting affe"t! our front!, $i" produ"e telarge!t portion of our pre"ipitation(

( ?)T( ! $e no$, front! often appen $en t$o air 'a!!e! of different 'oi!tureand te'perature "ontent intera"t( )ne of te $a#! $e "an identif# tat ti! i! appening i! &# te progre!!ion of te "loud!(

a( War' ?ront: $ar' front o""ur! $en $ar' air 'o%e! into and o%er a !lo$er or !tationar#6 "old air 'a!!( in"e $ar' air i! le!! den!e, it $ill ri!e naturall# !o tat it $ill pu! te "ooler air do$n and ri!e a&o%e it( Te "loud #ou $ill !ee at ti! !tage i! "irru!(

?ro' te point $ere it a"tuall# !tart! ri!ing, #ou $ill !ee !tratu!( ! it "ontinue! to ri!e,ti! $ar' air-"ool! &# te "old air and, ti!, re"ei%ing 'oi!ture at te !a'e ti'e( ! it &uild! in 'oi!ture, it daren! &e"o'ing <ni'&u!-!tratu!<, $i" 'ean! rain of tunder"loud!( t tat point !o'e t#pe of 'oi!ture $ill generall# fall(

&( Cold ?ront( "old front o""ur! $en a "old air 'a!! "older tan te ground tat it i!tra%eling o%er6 o%ertae! a $ar' air 'a!! tat i! !tationar# or 'o%ing !lo$l#( Ti! "old air,

&eing den!er, $ill go underneat te $ar' air, pu!ing it iger( )f "our!e, no one "an !eeti! <air<, &ut te# "an !ee "loud! and te "loud! te'!el%e! "an tell u! $at i! appening(Te "loud progre!!ion to loo for i! "irru! to "irro"u'ulu! to "u'ulu! and, finall#, to"u'uloni'&u!(

"( )""luded ?ront( Cold front! 'o%e fa!ter tan $ar' one! !o tat e%entuall# a "old fronto%ertae! a $ar' one and te $ar' air &e"o'e! progre!!i%el# lifted fro' te !urfa"e( Te

10-



=one of di%i!ion &et$een "old air aead and "old air &eind i! "alled a <"old o""lu!ion<( f te air &eind te front i! $ar'er tan aead, it i! a $ar' o""lu!ion( Mo!t land area!e;perien"e 'ore o""lu!ion! tan oter t#pe! of front!( n te progre!!ion of "loud! leadingto front!, orograpi" uplift "an pla# part in de"ei%ing #ou of te a"tual t#pe of front, i(e( progre!!ion of "loud! leading to a $ar' front $it orograpi" "u'ulu! "loud! added to

te!e( Te progre!!ion of "loud! in an o""lu!ion i! a "o'&ination of &ot progre!!ion!fro' a $ar' and "old front(

9( * .*. CT)( %er# i'portant fa"tor of telling u! $at'igt appen i! te pre!!ure( ! $e no$, lo$ pre!!ure or dropping pre!!ure nor'all#indi"ate! deteriorating $eater $erea! ig pre!!ure u!uall# gi%e! u! 'ore good $eater or "learing of &ad $eater( Tere are a "ouple of $a#! to 'onitor our pre!!ure and are a!follo$!:

a( Baro'eter: &aro'eter "ould &e de!"ri&ed a! a pan of 'er"ur# $it a tu&e leading outof te pan( re!!ure fro' te at'o!pere "au!e! te 'er"ur# to ri!e in te tu&e(

16 Te tu&e i! 'ared in 'illi&ar! and te !tation tat! reading te!e 'illi&ar! $ill no$o$ 'u" it !ould ri!e for tat lo"ation( )n"e again, if it ri!e! 'ore tan nor'al, it$ould &e "on!idered a ig-pre!!ure reading(

&( lti'eter: noter 'ean! tat i! u!ed to 'ea!ure pre!!ure i! an alti'eter, $i" i!"o''onl# u!ed &# 'ountaineer!( t $or! lie ti!:

16 ! #ou ri!e in ele%ation te pre!!ure &e"o'e! le!!, tu! allo$ing te needle in tealti'eter to ri!e( f te needle ri!e! $itout #ou ri!ing $it it, tere i! le!! pre!!ure inte at'o!pere tan &efore and tu!, a lo$-pre!!ure area(

"( Contrail +ine!: &a!i" $a# of identif#ing a lo$-pre!!ure area i! to note te "ontrail line!fro' @et air"raft( f te# dont di!!ipate $itin t$o our!, tat indi"ate! a lo$-pre!!ure areain #our area( Ti! u!uall# o""ur! a&out 24 our! prior to an on"o'ing front(

d( +enti"ular!: Te!e are opti"al, len!-!aped "u'ulu! "loud! tat a%e &een !"ulpted &# te$ind!( Ti! indi"ate! 'oi!ture in te air and ig $ind! aloft( Wen pre"eding a "old front,$ind! and "loud! $ill &egin to lo$er(

10( * ?)M T*.( Te!e !ign! $ill gi%e #ou a general predi"tion of tein"o'ing $eater "ondition!( Tr# to utili=e a! 'an# !ign! togeter a! po!!i&le, $i"$ill i'pro%e #our predi"tion( ll of te!e !ign! a%e &een te!ted $it relati%e a""ura"#,

&ut !ouldnt &e depended on 100E( But in an# "a!e #ou $ill &e rigt 'ore ti'e! tan$rong in predi"ting te $eater( ?ro' ti! $e "an gater a! 'u" infor'ation a!needed and "o'pile it along $it our o$n e;perien"e of te area $e are $oring in toelp u! for' a predi"tion of in"o'ing $eater( Te !ign! are a! follo$!:

a( !pider! a&it! are %er# good indi"ator! of $at $eater "ondition! $ill &e $itin te ne;tfe$ our!( Wen te da# i! to &e fair and relati%el# $indle!!, te# $ill !pin long fila'ent!

10-



o%er $i" te# !"out per!i!tentl#( Wen pre"ipitation i! i''inent, te# !orten and tigtenteir !nare! and dro$!e dull# in teir "enter!(

&( n!e"t! are e!pe"iall# anno#ing t$o to four our! &efore a !tor'(

"( f &ee! are !$ar'ing, fair $eater $ill "ontinue for at lea!t te ne;t alf da#(

d( +arge ga'e !u" a! deer, el, et"(, $ill &e feeding unu!uall# ea%# four to !i; our! &efore a !tor'(

e( Wen te !'oe fro' a "a'pfire, after lifting a !ort di!tan"e $it te eated air, &eat!do$n$ard, a !tor' i! approa"ing( teadil# ri!ing !'oe indi"ate! fair $eater(

f( red !un or !# in te 'orning indi"ate! nearing rain due to te e;"e!!i%e a'ount of 'oi!ture in te air(

g( red e%ening !# indi"ate! tat te air "ontain! !o little 'oi!ture tat rain $itin te ne;t 24our! i! igl# i'pro&a&le(

( gra#, o%er"a!t e%ening !# indi"ate! tat 'oi!ture "arr#ing du!t parti"le! in teat'o!pere a%e &e"o'e o%erloaded $it $aterA ti! "ondition fa%or! rain(

i( gra# 'orning !# indi"ate! dr# air a&o%e te a=e "au!ed &# te "olle"ting of 'oi!tureon te du!t in te lo$er at'o!pereA #ou "an rea!ona&l# a fair da#(

@( Wen te !etting !un !o$! a green tint at te top a! it !in! &eind "lear ori=on, fair $eater i! pro&a&le for 'o!t of te ne;t 24 our!(

( rain&o$ in te late afternoon indi"ate! fair $eater aead( >o$e%er, a rain&o$ in te'orning i! a !ign of prolonged &ad $eater(

l( "orona i! te "ir"le tat appear! around te !un or te 'oon( Wen ti! "ir"le gro$!larger and larger, it indi"ate! tat te drop! of $ater in te at'o!pere are e%aporating andtat te $eater $ill pro&a&l# &e "lear( Wen ti! "ir"le !rin! &# te our, it indi"ate!tat te $ater drop! in te at'o!pere are &e"o'ing larger, for'ing into "loud!, rain i!al'o!t !ure to fall(

'( n fair $eater, air "urrent! flo$ do$n !trea'! and ill!ide! in te earl# 'orning and !tartdrifting &a" up to$ard! !un!et( n# re%er!al of te!e dire"tion! $arn! of a nearing !tor'(

n( Wen te &ree=e i! !u" tat te lea%e! !o$ teir under!ide!, a !tor' i! liel# on te$a#(

o( t i! !o uiet &efore a !tor', tat di!tant noi!e! "an &e eard 'ore "learl#( Ti! i! due to teina"ti%it# of $ildlife a "ouple of our! &efore a !tor'(

10-



p( Wen in te 'ountain!, te !igt of 'orning 'i!t ri!ing fro' ra%ine! i! a good !ign of "lear $eater te re!t of te da#(

( ea%# de$ or fro!t in te 'orning i! a !ign of fair $eater for te re!t of te da#( Ti! i!due to te 'oi!ture in te at'o!pere !ettling on te ground %i"e in te for' of

pre"ipitation !u" a! rain, !no$, et"(

10-





FMST.07.403!14!0

STUDENT HANDOUT

RESCUE PHILOSOPHY FOR SWIFTWATER RESCUE TEAMS

TERMIANL LEARNING OBJECTIVE "n a #$ift $ater re#%ue #%enario, organi&e a #$ift$ater re#%ue, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.4)


(1) Wit' out t'e aid of referen%e, fro* a gi+en li#t #ele%t t'e %orre%t %o*ponent# of re#%ue preparation, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.4a)

() Wit' out t'e aid of referen%e, fro* a gi+en li#t #ele%t t'e %orre%t role de#%ription of t'e re#%uetea* *e*er#, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.4)

(3) Wit' out t'e aid of referen%e, fro* a gi+en li#t #ele%t t'e %orre%t *et'od# of re#%ue, ina%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.4%)

OUTLINE.

1. COMPONENTS OF RESCUE PREPARATION . (FMST.07.4a) T'e#e %o*ponent#%o*pri#e t'e a%one of ot' te%'ni%al #ill# and t'e proper *ental attitude reuired of are#%ue profe##ional. /e*e*er t'at t'i# %our#e onl pro+ide# ou $it' t'e fir#t %o*ponent.

a. Training . ro+ide# t'e #tudent# $it' t'e a#i% te%'ni%al #ill# reuired to perfor* a #afere#%ue, t'e#e %an e gained attending an appro+ed SW"FTW2T/ /SCC/S.

. ra%ti%e. #e of t'e #ill# learned in training.

%. 6perien%e . ained t'roug' ad+an%ed training, pra%ti%al e6er%i#e# and real-$orld

#ituation#.

B1



d. 8udg*ent . T'e %o*ination and appli%ation of #ill# for a gi+en #ituation. /e*e*er t'at e+er re#%ue #ituation i# different. on:t get into a S *ind#et.

. PRIORITIES OF SAFETY . Mo#t of ou 'a+e 'eard t'e #aing t'at ;"t i# etter to e <udged t$el+e t'en %arried #i6;. Wit' t'at in *ind ou *u#t reali&e t'at, at ti*e#,

t'ere i# no $a to affe%t a #afe re#%ue. "f ou pla%e our#elf or our tea* in a 'o#tileen+iron*ent, fro* $'i%' ou %annot e#%ape, ou are adding to t'e prole*, not a##i#ting int'e #olution. For t'i# rea#on $e #et prioritie# of #afet.

a. Self - aid . Be ale to re#%ue our#elf.

. Budd - aid . n#ure all #afet *ea#ure# are in for%e and t'at tea* *e*er# %an re#%ueea%' ot'er in an e*ergen%.

%. =i%ti* - aid . nl after #elf and udd-aid are en#ured #'ould ou atte*pt to re#%ue t'e+i%ti*. T'i# $ill enale ou to %on%entrate and fo%u# our entire effort on t'e re#%ue.

3. ROLES OF THE TEAM MEMBERS . (FMST.07.4) ften $'en dealing $it' re#%ue#,ou $ill find our#elf $oring $it' out#ide agen%ie# and organi&ation#. "n order to#u%%e##full %oordinate t'e entire effort t'e "n%ident Co**and S#te* ("CS) $a#de+eloped. "n #$ift$ater re#%ue #ituation# t'ere are four #pe%ifi% role# t'at *u#t e filled.

a. "n%ident Co**ander . "# in o+erall %o**and of t'e re#%ue effort#. oe# not ne%e##aril 'a+et'e te%'ni%al no$ledge to %ondu%t t'e re#%ue, ut *u#t e ale to %oordinate t'e re#%ueeffort.

. /igger . er#onnel re#pon#ile for euip*ent and rope ##te*#, i.e. e#tali#'ing t'e ten#iondiagonal or t'e trolean 'ig' line.

%. ofer . T'i# group of indi+idual# fill# all ot'er #upporting role#, i.e. Co**uni%ation#,logi#ti%#, *ede+a%, a%%ounting, euip*ent a%%ountailit et%.

d. /e#%uer . T'e indi+idual# $'o are a%tuall %ondu%ting t'e re#%ue.

4. COMPONENTS OF SEARCH AND RESCUE . "n order to #u%%e##full %o*plete are#%ue t'ere i# four o<e%ti+e# t'at *u#t e *et. "n order to re*e*er t'e* $e u#e t'ea%ron* >2ST.

a. >o%ate . T'i# i# t'e #ear%' in t'e #ear%' and re#%ue u#ine##.

. 2%%e## . T'e deter*ination of t'e a##et#, euip*ent, te%'ni%al #ill#, and per#onnelreuired #afel rea%'ing and e6tra%ting t'e +i%ti*.

B1-



%. Staili&ation . ro+iding t'e on #%ene *edi%al attention reuired in order to e6tra%t t'e+i%ti* $it'out %au#ing furt'er in<ur or aggra+ating an e6i#ting %ondition.

d. Tran#port . /e*o+ing t'e +i%ti* fro* t'e 'o#tile en+iron*ent to a #afe one $'ere furt'er treat*ent %an e pro+ided.

5. METHODS OF RESCUE . (FMST.07.4%) "n an re#%ue, $e *u#t a%%e## t'e #ituation todeter*ine t'e e#t te%'niue# to appl. Bearing in *ind t'e #elf-aid, udd-aid, +i%ti*-aid%on%ept a# $ell a# ti*e, $eat'er, +i%ti*:# %ondition, et%. "n all %a#e# $e $ill atte*pt t'elo$e#t ri# *et'od# fir#t, $'ile preparing for a 'ig'er ri# option. "n all %a#e# re*e*er t'e?"SS prin%iple.

a. /ea%' . #e a ladder, fire 'o#e, #ti%, paddle, rifle or an ot'er #turd o<e%t to e6tendour rea%' in order to rea%' t'e +i%ti*.

. T'ro$ . et #o*e tpe of floatation de+i%e to t'e +i%ti*. r t'ro$ a line to t'e +i%ti* inorder to pendulu* or pull 'i*!'er to t'e #'ore.

%. /o$ . utting a oat in t'e $ater to rea%' t'e +i%ti*.

d. o and To$ . T'e#e are t'e %onta%t re#%ue# t'at, $'ile loo good on fil*, put ou at t'ee6tre*e ri# of e%o*ing a #e%ond +i%ti*.

e. @elo . Mo#t %i+ilian 'eli%opter %re$# are not trained in S2/ e+olution#. Militar air%raft and%re$# are a etter et. Se+eral u#e# for 'elo# are in t'e #upport role. >o%ating t'e +i%ti*,in#erting and e6tra%ting tea*# and *o+ing euip*ent are #o*e of t'e#e role#. "f u#ing t'e'elo in a dire%t role it i# etter to u#e a ualified S2/ #$i**er!di+er to 'oo-up or pi%-up+i%ti*#.

B1-3





FMST.07.25

031!02STUDENT HANDOUT

PERSONAL AND TEAM EQUIPMENT

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE "# a $e$%er of a #&ift&ater re#'ue tea$, $aintain#&ift&ater re#'ue e(uip$ent, in a''ordan'e &it) t)e referen'e. *FMST.07.25+


*1+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e#, fro$ a gien identif t)e 'orre't ite$# of per#onal e(uip$ent,in a''ordan'e &it) t)e referen'e. *FMST.07.25a+

*2+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen'e#, fro$ a gien identif t)e 'orre't ite$# of tea$ e(uip$ent, ina''ordan'e &it) t)e referen'e. *FMST.07.25%+

OUTLINE.

1. PERSONAL EQUIPMENT . *FMST.07.25a+ T)e follo&ing ite$# of per#onal e(uip$ent#)ould %e in ea') $an# po##e##ion for a #&ift&ater re#'ue.

a. /r Suit . War$e#t, $o#t er#atile, full %od prote'tion aaila%le. tra t)er$al laer#'an %e added for aring &ater te$perature#. roide# &ind prote'tion out of t)e &ater and proide# prote'tion again#t 'onta$inated &ater.

%. Wet Suit . 'ellent prote'tion fro$ flot#a$. ariet of t)i'4 ne##e# for t)er$al prote'tion. n#ulating (ualit i# degraded in $oing &ater due to t)e flu#)ing effe't.

'. Foot&ear . ri$ar i# full #ole #'u%a %ootie#. 6ou 'an u#e tenni# #)oe# or ungle %oot#&it) )ea &ool #o'4#.

d. 8loe# . eoprene i# re'o$$ended.

e. :ood# . Wet#uit )ood or pile )ood for in#ulation. ;e$e$%er 30-50< of our %od )eat

lo##e# 'an o''ur t)roug) t)e )ead and ne'4 region of our %od if left unprote'ted.

B2B2



f. :el$et . rote't# ou fro$ flot#a$ and i$pa't inurie#. S)ould %e padded and entilatedto allo& &ater to flo& t)roug).

g. =nife . Fied or lo'4ing %lade atta')ed to t)e e#t, )andle do&n.

). W)i#tle . ;e(uired for 'o$$uni'ation. Be#t &it)out >pea>.

i. e rote'tion . rote't# #u%e't fro$ de%ri#.

. er#onal Floatation /ei'e . T)i# i# t)e #ingle $o#t i$portant pie'e of e(uip$ent. ?a'4et##)ould proide at lea#t 15 l%#. of floatation. roper fit i# a priorit. ;e#'ue e#t# &it) a>Blo&-@ut> %elt #)ould onl %e u#ed % trained profe##ional#.

2. TEAM EQUIPMENT . *FMST.07.25%+ T)e follo&ing i# a li#t of #o$e of t)e tea$e(uip$ent for a tpi'al four-$an tea$. @f 'our#e t)e #ituation &ill di'tate &)i') e(uip$ent&ill %e re(uired for t)e $i##ion on )and, %ut all )and# #)ould %e fa$iliar &it) t)i#e(uip$ent. T)i# i# onl a li#t. T)e u#e# and appli'ation of t)i# gear, along &it) pra'ti'alappli'ation eer'i#e# later in t)i# 'our#e &ill proide ou &it) t)e )and#-on training and&or4ing 4no&ledge to properl and #afel u#e t)i# e(uip$ent.

QTY ITEM

1 300 ft, l Stati' ;ope! 150 ft, 11 $$ Stati' ;ope

25 A5 o'4ing Stu%ai Cara%iner#! 2> ulle#

2 ;e#'ue Figure A 3 ft, 7$$ ru##i'20 15 ft, 1> Tu%ular lon ;unner#2 "#'ender#

3 T)ro& Bag#2 pr Fin#

1 ;e#'ue F/1 Self Bailing ;aft *13 or 1! foot+1 @ar Fra$e & @ar#, or Seen addle#3 ;adio# *&aterproofed+

1 Medi'al =it1 itter

@TD T)i# i# not a 'o$plete li#t of re#'ue e(uip$ent. :o&eer, it i# a good %a#i' load.

B2





FMST.07.41

03140!

STUDENT HANDOUT

SWIFTWATER TERMINOLOGY AND DYNAMICS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES "n a #$ift $ater re#%ue #%enario, e&aluate #$ift$ater ri&er %ondition# in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.41)

ENABLI TD"STÙ0TUTDTpOÀ‚DÐNpS(NpÐCUOGu$N`O@S ÐT'LT€Ð## SND‚ONÐFEOÀ°QU€pC

CS$EDT%I0‚À UO“t$NqNI%&AJ Ðb% C€O3 ÐÐCLCS$EDef ef iniT @PÐÐuÁ€e

F MSTPD€Pn'ipn€Ð#i# oai‚ToÐidtTÀ°QM€e

M°"Pe6q°"ÐnPT‚Per

I0‚À UOL$NqNI%&AJ Ðb% C€O3 ÐÐCLCS$EDef ef iniT(@PÐÐuÁ€e

f n Wn@‚•ÀÐTMdTa%f C MÐiCS%1€•!ðÐCR SUÐHNpN,ÐòN‡IO@E0O0ÀƒCR HUCS$S%(SÐEIÐICS0p€OUWDY€p

C0O0À‚,T #S(UO€bpefn

pðSUÐH T #TÕAIÐSMT €US$ÐMSL@OON0wH!ðÐCR €r@aÐCMdatMòCTÀ°*6oa'òCTÀ²tTC!ðMCM T‡3iÕuÐinier e l€qÕ°o3a×òCTÀ²n@‚•ÀM#w%@tPðVUè @sWalB|uwBB3 FMST#aMM17



d. ole, Stopper, eeper erti%al re&er#al a# $ater flo$# o&er an o#ta%le t'e *ain %urrentfollo$# t'e a#e of t'e ri&er %au#ing a #urfa%e &a%uu*. o$n#trea* $ater flo$# a% up#trea* to fill t'i# &oid. T'i# #et# up a re%ir%ulating effe%t.

e. Standing Wa&e . a+#ta% Serie# of $a&e# in t'e *ain %'annel %au#ed + o#ta%le#, ledge#,or in%rea#e# in t'e flo$ rate, gradient, or &olu*e.

f. o$n#trea* . Tonal 2epre#ent large#t &olu*e of $ater or *ain %'annel.

g. 6p#trea* Cau#ed + o#ta%le# #u*erged u#t elo$ t'e #urfa%e.

'. Strainer eri#, log#, #*all tree# on flooded an#, $'i%' allo$ $ater to flo$ t'roug' ut$ill not allo$ a od+ to pa##.

B3



i. Cu#'ion, 8illo$ Build-up of $ater on t'e up#trea* #ide of o#ta%le# or t'e out#ide of %ur&e#.

. Confluen%e Merging of #trea*#.

. 2i&er 2ig't. n t'e rig't #ide of t'e ri&er looing do$n#trea*.

1. 2i&er :eft. n t'e left #ide of t'e ri&er looing do$n#trea*.

B3



!. CLASSIFICATIONS OF RIVERS (FMST.07.41)

a. Cla## 1 . Mo&ing $ater, fe$ o#ta%le#, #*all ripple# or $a&e#.

. Cla## ! . Mo&ing $ater, %lear %'annel#, $ide $a&e# to 3;, no #%outing re<uired.

%. Cla## 3 . 2apid#, narro$ %'annel# t'at re<uire %o*ple= *aneu&ering, $a&e# %apale of flipping raft# or #$a*ping %anoe#, #%outing re<uired.

d. Cla## 4 . :ong 'aardou# rapid#, pre%i#e oat 'andling in roug' $ater, #%outing re<uired,re#%ue# 'aardou#.

e. Cla## 5 . Se&ere, e=tended, e=tre*el+ &iolent rapid#, profe##ional oat 'andler# and#%outing re<uired. 2e#%ue# e=tre*el+ 'aardou#, #ituation# are life t'reatening.

f. Cla## > . nl+ /=pert8rofe##ional 2i&er 2unner#. 2e#%ue *a+ e i*po##ile.

g. C:?SS/S 6 @AT //@ T"@ ?B6T "T Water# are not na&igale.

3. RIVER STRENGTH.

a. olu*e of Water . T'e &olu*e of $ater in a gi&en #tret%' of t'e ri&er et$een t$o point# i# a#ed on a #i*ple for*ula and i# *ea#ured in Cui% Feet 8er Se%ond (CFS). Si*pl+ tae t'eri&er dept' = ri&er $idt' = ri&er &elo%it+ &olu*e of $ater in CFS.

For e=a*ple > feet deep = 100 feet $ide = ! feet per #e%ond 1,!00 CFS

B3



. 2i&er elo%it+ . "n order to deter*ine t'e &elo%it+ or %urrent #peed *ea#ure a 100-foot#e%tion of t'e ri&er and drop a float at t'e up#trea* end. T'en, ti*e it# *o&e*ent to t'elo$er end and u#e t'e %'art elo$.

T"M/ "@

S/C@S

/:C"TD

FT 8/2 S/C

/:C"TD

M85 !0 1310 10 715 >.7 5

17 5.9 4!0 5 3.5

!5 4 3!9 3.5 !.537 !.7 !50 ! 1.5

E0 1.3 1110 0.7 0.5

@T/ S'ould t'e #'ape of t'e ri&er %'ange + e%o*ing $ider or narro$er, on%e +ou 'a&e t'eflo$ in CFS, +ou %an deter*ine t'e ne$ &elo%it+ + u#ing t'e follo$ing for*ula

elo%it+ olu*e in CFS Widt' = ept'

%. For%e /=erted . T'e &elo%it+ of t'e $ater $ill deter*ine t'e for%e e=erted A# t'e a*ount of e=po#ed area under pre##ure. For #i*pli%it+ $e $ill u#e t'e follo$ing %'art

C622/@T /:C"TD

M8

F2C/ //2T/ @ BG/CT

:/HS BD W2?88/2?FT

3 17 34 1>E> >7 134 >7!

9 151 30! 1,51!1! !>9 53E !,>EE

4. LOW HEAD DAMS. :o$ 'ead da*# are u#ed t'roug'out t'e $orld for irrigation, flood%ontrol, at '+droele%tri% plant# and for *an+ ot'er u#e#. Ba#i%all+ t'e+ are pouring o&er o#ta%le# t'at %reate '+drauli%#, eeper 'ole#, and re%ir%ulating %urrent# at t'eir a#e#. 6nlie

natural o#ta%le#, t'at rarel+ #pan t'e entire ri&er and t'at allo$ +ou to e Iflu#'edI out of t'e otto* or #ide#, lo$ 'ead da*# %reate a '+drauli% t'at e=tend# fro* #'ore to #'ore.

B": :"@/

B3



a. T'e #ie of t'e '+drauli% %reated i# a#ed on #e&eral deno*inator#

(1) eig't of drop. (!) ?ngle of drop.

(3) olu*e of $ater CFS.

(4) elo%it+ of $ater M8.

(5) Botto* %o*po#ition of runout.

. T'e dl'eð$;&MD€Pof

teBePTMB‚Àtor#B°B€9uiTC!ð( PutWÐt 'ed À

t ToÐ

aof tu%uÕelo

teT#TMÂaÖÖof TM@r

teT#TMÂaÖÔof Wtu!uÐWutMÑTC!%uÑð(T

uudaÐdld i# %uÐtd °iiMvuMG°u±&$ "vunof unoutBd‚ @B WÐ+,ÐiiM [WpXtTC#ÐiÀt'#Puu ]C!7uo…°M…€PÐòT%uÐti#aÓÐ°elo

eloit ToÐBdTMPðTRÂaÖuÀ€°t of tt"TM@delo



5. REVIEW.

?. Main Current H. Fro$ning oleB. o$n#trea* . S*iling oleC. :o$ 'ead a* ". /dd+

. Boil :ine G. /dd+ Fen%e/. 2o% Harden . Confluen%eF. eri# 8ileStrainer

B3





FMST.07.2

0!1!02

STUDENT HANDOUT

COMMUNICATIONS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES "i#en a $a%ualt& in a %'ift 'ater en#iron(ent,a%%ign(ent a% a (e()er of a re%$ue tea(, and a '*i%tle, e(plo& %'ift 'ater re%$ue$o((uni$ation %ignal% to %upport (i%%ion re+uire(ent% per t*e referen$e. FMST.07.2


1 n a %u((er (ountainou% en#iron(ent, prior to %'ift 'ater re%$ue operation%, '*en t*ein%tru$tor #er)all& %tate% a *and and ar( %ignal, t*e %tudent 'ill de(on%trate t*at %ignal, ina$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.2a

2 n a %u((er (ountainou% en#iron(ent, %tanding at t*e edge of a %'ift 'ater %trea(, '*ent*e in%tru$tor )la%t% a '*i%tle a #aried a(ount of ti(e%, t*e %tudent 'ill fo$u% t*eir attention int*e proper dire$tion, in a$$ordan$e 'it* t*e referen$e%. FMST.07.2)

OUTLINE.

1. RELIABLE COMMUNICATION . n (an& $a%e% ti(e i% $riti$al in a SW/ %$enario.T*erefore i((ediate, under%tanda)le $o((uni$ation i% a (u%t. /adio%, )ull *orn%, and#oi$e 'or 'ell in %o(e %ituation%, )ut 'et e+uip(ent, dead )atterie%, and a()ient noi%ele#el% $an render t*e%e (et*od% ineffe$ti#e. T*erefore, re%$ue profe%%ional% *a#e de#elopeda %erie% of %i(ple *and and ar(, and '*i%tle %ignal%. n& re%$ue tea( $an de#elop t*eir o'n %ignal%. T*e onl& re+uire(ent i% t*at all *and% under%tand t*e %ignal% and t*at t*e& are )riefed to an& ot*er agen$& &ou are 'oring 'it*.

B42. HAND AND ARM SIGNALS . FMST.07.2a



CT M4"1 *and etended o#er *ead /e+uire %%i%tan$e

Bot* *and% etended for(ing an 66 'it* one *and tou$*ingT*e *ead

a&

4tend )ot* *and% a)o#e *ead, t*en point left!rig*t Mo#e in dire$tion indi$ated4tend )ot* *and% a)o#e *ead, 'a#e, t*en point left!rig*t 4dd& out in dire$tion indi$atedCro%% )ot* ar(% o#er $*e%t /e+uire (edi$al a%%i%tan$e or

Corp%(an

3. WHISTLE BLASTS. FMST.07.2)

CT M4"ne Bla%t Stop!ttention

T'o Bla%t% p%trea(T*ree Bla%t% 8o'n%trea(T*ree Bla%t% /epeated 4(ergen$&




STUDENT HANDOUT

THROW BAGS AND FOOT ENTANGLEMENTS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES


OUTLINE

THE THROW BAG

B5



FOOT ENTRAPMENTS AND VERTICAL PINNINGS









FMST.07.2

0!"1!"02

STUDENT OUTLINE

DEFENSIVE SWIMMING AND FERRY ANGLE

TERMINAL LERNING OBJECTIVES #i$en a %&ift &ater ri$er and t'ro& (ag%, perfor) aggre%%i$e %&ift &ater %&i))ing to )eet )i%%ion re*uire)ent% per t'e referen+e.FMST.07.2


1 Wit'out t'e aid of referen+e, de)on%trate t'e defen%i$e %&i))ing po%ition, in a++ordan+e&it' t'e referen+e. FMST.07.2a

2 Wit'out t'e aid of referen+e, de)on%trate u%e of t'e ferr angle to +ro%% t'e ri$er, ina++ordan+e &it' t'e referen+e. FMST.07.2(

OUTLINE

1. THE DEFENSIVE SWIMMING POSITION (DSP) . FMST.07.2a T'e /S i%a%%u)ed ( ling flat on our (a+, +'in on +'e%t to read t'e ri$er %ele+t a route, &it'our feet up, 'eel% u%t (elo& t'e le$el of our (utto+%. 4olding our feet in t'i% po%ition&ill ena(le ou to fend off of %'allo& ro+% and &ill redu+e t'e lieli'ood of a footentrap)ent or pinning. our ar)% and 'and% %'ould (e ept +lo%e to t'e (od (ut )a (eu%ed lie oar% on a (oat to )aneu$er. our 'ead &ill re)ain up%trea) e6+ept to +ro%% a%trainer or to o$er tae a $i+ti) in a %&i))ing re%+ue.

2. FERRY ANGLE . FMST.07.2( ferr angle i% u%ed to )aneu$er diagonall a+ro%% ari$er. B pla+ing our (od at a !58 angle to t'e +urrent, t'e ri$er &ill pu%' ou a+ro%% t'eri$er. T'i% i% (e+au%e t'e for+e of t'e +urrent &ill tra$el do&n t'e e6po%ed, up%trea), %ide of t'e (od )o$ing it laterall )ore rapidl t'en t'e +urrent pu%'ing %traig't. T'i% i% lietra$er%ing a %lope &it' edged %i% $i+e %ide%lipping do&n on flat %i%. n order to +ro%% fa%ter or to rea+' an edd ou )a roll to our (ell and e6e+ute t'e re%+ue +ra&l %troe or

(rea%t%troe. :e)e)(er to )aintain our ferr angle &it' our 'ead up%trea) t'i% &illena(le ou to tra$el diagonall a+ro%% t'e ri$er.

B6



3. STRAINER CROSSING . T'e fir%t rule i% to a$oid t'e %trainer or %'allo& %u()ergedo(%ta+le. :ead t'e ri$er and )aneu$er to t'e )ain +'annel ( u%ing do&n%trea) ;<=%; or tongue%. f t'e o(%ta+le +annot (e a$oided, roll on our (ell, 'ead do&n%trea) and u%e t'ere%+ue +ra&l %troe. ou )u%t get our (od )o$ing fa%ter t'an t'e +urrent. >pon arri$al att'e o(%ta+le u%e (ot' 'and% to ;$ault; our%elf o$er. &ell-ti)ed dolp'in i+ &ill a%%i%t in

eeping our leg% +lear of entangle)ent%. ?n+e +lear of t'e o(%ta+le, re%u)e t'e defen%i$e%&i))ing po%ition. Bear in )ind t'at it i% u%uall %afer to re)ain in t'e )ain +urrent or toedd 'op do&n%trea) t'an it i% to atte)pt to get out on a flooded ri$er(an, t'e out%ide of a (end or on %lipper ro+%. l%o, u%e t'e dolp'in i+ rat'er t'an pla+ing our feet on t'e (otto) and i+ing off. T'i% &ill redu+e t'e lieli'ood of foot entrap)ent%.

B@





FMST.07.25

031!02

STUDENT HANDOUT

FEET - WET RESCUES AND C - SPINE ROLLS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES "n a #$ift $ater re#%ue #%enario, %ondu%t a#$i&&ing re#%ue, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.25)


(1) Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e, $'ile in a ri*er and pro*ided $it' a *i%ti&, perfor& a%onta%t re#%ue, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e. (FMST.07.25a)

(2) Wit'out t'e aid of referen%e, $'ile in a ri*er and pro*ided $it' a #i&ulated un%on#%iou#*i%ti&, perfor& a C-#pine roll, in a%%ordan%e $it' t'e referen%e#. (FMST.07.25+)

OUTLINE.

1. FEET WET RESCUE GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS . (FMST.07.25a)

a. l$a# $ear t'e proper per#onal euip&ent, i.e. /F, 'el&et, dr#uit, et%.

+. ont &ae p'#i%al %onta%t if it %an +e a*oided. Mae 'i&'er %'a#e ou a#'ore. 4#e alife ring, %an, or +oogie +oard, and to$ it along $it' t'e *i%ti&. To## 'i& a t'ro$ +ag and#$i&to$ 'i&'er until ou rea%' t'e #'ore, t'en pendulu& or 'aul t'e *i%ti& in.e&e&+er, to a pani%ed *i%ti& 64 are a floatation de*i%e.

2. CONTACT RESCUE .

a. pproa%' t'e *i%ti& fro& up#trea&. 4#e t'e re#%ue %ra$l #troe to %at%'-up to 'i&'er.Tal to t'e *i%ti& and atte&pt to get 'i&'er to #$i& to #'ore or %'a#e ou to t'e#'ore.

B7



+. 8plain to t'e *i%ti& t'e defen#i*e #$i&&ing po#ition and atte&pt to get t'e& in t'i# po#ition. ##u&e t'i# po#ition our#elf, in %onta%t re#%ue# t'i# i# %alled t'e e*er#e andead po#ition. Tell t'e *i%ti& $'at ou are going to do prior to gra++ing t'e&.

%. :ain %onta%t + gra++ing t'e #'oulder# of t'e life ;a%et or utili<e a %ro##-%'e#t %arr. "f t'e

*i%ti& i# un%on#%iou# and fa%e do$n u#e a C-Spine roll do$n and &aintain #ta+ilit a#&u%' a# po##i+le.

d. ##u&e a good ferr angle $it' t'e *i%ti& do$n#trea& of ou and u#e 'i#'er +od to prote%t ou fro& o+#ta%le#.

e. "f t'e *i%ti& pani%# and atte&pt# to %li&+ on top of ou, +rea a$a or lo% t'e *i%ti&up and go for an alligator roll. ee#ta+li#' %ontrol and %al& t'e *i%ti& a# #oon a# po##i+le.

f. n%e %onta%t i# &ade re&e&+er t'at ou &a +e 'eld a%%ounta+le under t'ea+andon&ent la$# if ou uit.

3. TOWED VICTIM SWIM . W'en to$ing a *i%ti& it i# e##ential t'at ou e#ta+li#' a ferrangle. "f t'e *i%ti& i# on a +oogie +oard or float, eplain to 'i&'er $'at ou are doing and'a*e t'e& 'elp + i%ing t'eir feet. "f ou are to$ing + t'e /F gra#p t'e #'oulder to$ard# t'e far +an and re&ain in t'e S/ (defen#i*e #$i&&ing po#ition) in %a#e our *i%ti& pani%#.

!. LIVE BAIT RESCUES . T'e final go and to$ &et'od i# t'e li*e +ait re#%ue. 4#ing are#%ue *e#t $it' a +lo$ out +elt and a &ule tea& on t'e #'ore to +ela ou, #$i& to t'e*i%ti& a# eplained in %onta%t re#%ue#. n%e ou e#ta+li#' %onta%t ou are, in effe%t, a t'ro$ +ag $it' 'and#. T'e +elaer $ill t'en eit'er pendulu& ou a#'ore or 'aul# ou in. "n ane&ergen% ou %an %ut a$a and %ondu%t a nor&al %onta%t re#%ue.

5. C - SPINE ROLLS AND STABILITY .

a. Ba#i% ule#= (FMST.07.25+)

(1) Su#pe%t C-Spine in*ol*e&ent in an 'ead in;ur.

(2) Sta+ili<e and i&&o+ili<e, u#e C-Collar, Sa& Splint#, or a field epedient &et'od.

(3) >eep t'e *i%ti& in t'e $ater until a #pine +oard or eui*alent i# a*aila+le, or t'ere are

enoug' re#%uer# to &o*e t'e *i%ti& #afel.

(!) +#er*e for ot'er #ign#, i.e. %ranial +leeding, +leeding fro& ear#, ee#, no#e (o notatte&pt to #top t'i# +leeding) or uneualunre#pon#i*e pupil re#pon#e.

+. Met'od#=

B7



(1) Fir#t, approa%' t'e *i%ti& fro& +e'ind. ea%' under t'e ar&# and gra#p t'e *i%ti&# 'ead$it' +ot' 'and#, t'en roll t'e *i%ti&. T'i# i# t'e lea#t de#ira+le &et'od a# ou %annot#$i& properl or e*aluate t'e BC# of t'e *i%ti&.

(2) Se%ond, approa%' t'e *i%ti& fro& t'e #ide, etend 'i#'er ar&# a+o*e and along#ide

'i#'er 'ead, rea%' a%ro## and roll t'e *i%ti& onto our ar& &aintaining t'e *i%ti&# ar&#in pla%e to en#ure #ta+ili<ation. 8*aluate t'e BC#, pro*ide re#%ue +reat'ing and u#e our free ar& to #$i&.

(3) Finall, approa%' a *i%ti& $earing a /F fro& t'e 'ead. "f fa%e do$n, %ro## our ar&#t'u&+# in+oard and u#e our forear&# to i&&o+ili<e t'e ne%. T'en roll t'e *i%ti& o*er."f fa%e up, #i&pl approa%' a# if gaining %onta%t on a %onta%t re#%ue and &aintain %ontrolof t'e C-Spine.

B7





WMC

04/14/02

STUDENT HANDOUT

BOATS AND BOAT HANDLING

LESSON PURPOSE. Te purpo!e of ti! period of in!tru"tion i! to introdu"e te !tudent tote #oat! a$aila#le at MWTC for ri$er re!"ue e$olution!.

OUTLINE

1. GENERAL. Tere are a %ide $ariet& of #oat! and &#rid ri$er "raft a$aila#le to re!"ue"re%!. Wite%ater raft!, rigid raider!, 'odia"!, air#oat!, and regular plea!ure #oat! "an all #eu!ed in te proper !ituation!. (ll a$e #een u!ed #ot !afel& and a$e "au!ed deat! andin)urie! %en u!ed i*properl&. Were$er &ou are, learn te e+uip*ent a$aila#le, #ot it!a!!et! and it! li*itation!.

2. WHITEWATER RAFTS. Te %ite%ater raft of toda& i! an inflata#le, !elf-#ailing,*ulti-"a*#ered $e!!el %it !e$eral tie ring! and foot "up!. (dditionall&, te *aterial!u!ed in "on!tru"tion re!i!t rip!, tear!, and pun"ture! *u" #etter tan teir prede"e!!or!.Te !i'e *o!t often found on lo"al ri$er! i! 12 to 14 feet long due to te !i'e of te ri$er!.n te MWTC ( lo"er, %e a$e a 13-foot !elf-#ailer. Ti! %ill #e our pri*ar& re!"ue #oat.

B8



3. RAFTING COMMANDS. n order to "ontrol te dire"tion of a peddler po%ered #oat te"o!%ain or guide *u!t u!e a !erie! of !i*ple, "on"i!e, and under!tanda#le "o**and!.

M( T(CTC C(T/6(T CT(88(C

a. 6or%ard - (ll and! paddle for%ard togeter.

#. Ba" 8addle - (ll and! #a" paddle togeter.

". top - top paddling - e*o$e #lade! fro* %ater.

d. eft Turn -

* " paadddTMd.

-

d.

-

d.-

. er oVddlnÐ* e " ro*d.

-

".

KWRiTC!ð- ooTdadlir dMdàdd6l@ ðd. dq6lanoæMyBào‘dlB°•Mu€MuC!ðd.

-




STUDENT HANDOUT

ROPE SYSTEMS AND BOAT ANCHORS

LESSON PURPOSE

OUTLINE

TWO AND FOUR POINT TETHERING SYSTEMS

B92. THREE POINT AND BOATMEN'S SELF-EQUALIZING ANCHORS.





PIG-RIG FOR MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE



TYROLEAN HIGHLINE AND TELFER LOWERING SYSTEMS



BOAT WRAPS





WMC

04/14/02

STUDENT HANDOUT

VEHICLE RESCUES

LESSON PURPOSE. The purpoe of thi period of intru!tion i to train the tudent inthe pro!edure ued to re!ue peronnel fro" #ehi!le trapped in $ift $ater%

1% VEHICLE BEHAVIOR % There are three t&pe of ha'ard in a ri#er% (loating o)*e!t u!ha tree and )ran!he, upended o)*e!t or tu")ling o)*e!t u!h a a$&er, ro!+, andother de)ri, and tationar& o)*e!t u!h a li#e tree on flooded )an+ and )oulder% #ehi!le $ill )e!o"e all of thee load% (or the firt "inute, or o, the& $ill float, a the& )e!o"e partiall& filled $ith $ater, the& $ill )e upended% Thi i nor"all& $hen the&tu")le or roll, and finall& the& $ill )e!o"e tationar& a the& lodge againt another tationar& o)*e!t or fill !o"pletel&% .n!e the& )e!o"e tationar&, depending on the $ater depth, the& "a& for" an edd&, a pour through or pour o#er, !reating a h&drauli! or atanding $a#e if full& !o#ered% lo, the traighter a #ehi!le i head-on to the $ater flo$the "ore ta)le it i% (inall&, )ear in "ind that !hange in $ater flo$ or dipla!e"ent$eight of the #ehi!le ta+ing a #i!ti" off it "a& !aue the #ehi!le to on!e again )e!o"ea upended load and tu")le%

2% RESCUE PROCEDURES

a% The initial a!tion i to e!ure the #ehi!le% nure that &ou ha#e adeuate an!hor% Tree,guardrail, and )ridge a)ut"ent are good% #oid uing another #ehi!le if poi)le%

)% pproa!h the #ehi!le on the do$ntrea" ide )& uing the edd& !reated )& the #ehi!le% ea )oat, either tethered or under po$er, a trong $i""er or )oogie )oard% nother "ethodi to ue the line e!uring the #ehi!le a a tenion diagonal to rea!h the #ehi!le% Theneta)lih a e!ond tenion diagonal or endle rope to "o#e the #i!ti" ahore% nure&our uptrea" potter are in pla!e to $arn of other upended de)ri !o"ing &our $a&%

B10!% f the #ehi!le i ealed tight, !ra!+ one $indo$ lightl& to allo$ $ater to get in the #ehi!le

lo$l& and euali'e the preure% Warning f &ou pop or hatter a $indo$ &ou "a& !aue a&"patheti! detonation of the re"aining $indo$%



d% uip the #i!ti" $ith 6(8 and re"o#e to the )oat or onto the rope &te"% Conider the follo$ing point

1 The #i!ti" $eight "ight )e the onl& thing topping it fro" rolling% ou "ight need totranfer a re!uer in a one for one e:!hange%

2 .n hard pa!+ or aphalt the #ehi!le $ill hift "ore eail&%

3 f the #ehi!le i ide$a& +eep the #i!ti" on the uptrea" ide% The high ide rule ire#ered%

4 ;ehi!le roll lo$l&%

5 <elo= are a lat reort%





FMST.07.30

04140!

STUDENT HANDOUT

STREAM CROSSING

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE " #i$en a %ountain &'ift 'ater en$iron%ent, anda &taff, (ondu(t a %ountain &trea% (ro&&ing to %eet %i&&ion re)uire%ent& per t*e referen(e.+FMST.07.30

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES "

+1 Wit*out t*e aid of referen(e&, (*oo&e fro% a gi$en li&t t*e (on&ideration& in &ite &ele(tionfor a &trea% (ro&&ing, in a((ordan(e 'it* t*e referen(e&. +FMST.07.30a

+! Wit*out t*e aid of t*e referen(e, (*oo&e fro% a gi$en li&t t*e &afet pre(aution& taen'*ile (ondu(ting a &trea% (ro&&ing, in a((ordan(e 'it* t*e referen(e. +FMST.07.30/

+3 n a &u%%er %ountainou& en$iron%ent, ee(ute t*e indi$idual preparation& taen prior to (ro&&ing a &trea%, in a((ordan(e 'it* t*e referen(e. +FMST.07.30(

+4 n a &u%%er %ountainou& en$iron%ent and gi$en a &taff, (ro&& a %ountain &trea% u&ingt*e &taff %et*od, in a((ordan(e 'it* t*e referen(e. +FMST.07.30d

+5 n a &u%%er %ountainou& en$iron%ent, (ro&& a %ountain &trea% u&ing tea%%et*od&, in a((ordan(e 'it* t*e referen(e. +FMST.07.30e

1. SITE SELECTION +FMST.07.30a

a. Mountain &trea%& and ri$er& are %ilitar o/&ta(le& and t*erefore are danger area& for unit& (ro&&ing t*e%. n order to redu(e t*e ti%e in t*e $i(init of t*e danger area, a re(ontea% &*ould pre(ede t*e %ain /od and &ele(t t*e /e&t (ro&&ing &ite. T*e &ite &ele(tionfor a &trea% (ro&&ing &*ould in(lude t*e&e eig*t (on&ideration&"

B11



+1 2oo for loga%&, ro(& or fallen tree& t*at 'ill pro$ide a dr (ro&&ing if po&&i/le.

+! f a dr (ro&&ing i& not po&&i/le, &ele(t a (ro&&ing point at a 'ide and &*allo' point '*eret*e (urrent i& &lo'er.

+3 $oid &*arp /end&. T*e (an /e deep 'it* a &trong (urrent on t*e out&ide of t*e /end.

+4 2oo for a fir%, &%oot* /otto%. T*i& i& /e(au&e large ro(& and /oulder& pro$ide poor footing and (au&e a great deal of tur/ulen(e in t*e 'ater.

+5 t %a /e ea&ier to (ro&& &e$eral &%all (*annel& of 'ater rat*er t*an one large one.

+ 6o not (ro&& u&t a/o$e rapid&, fall&, or loga%&, taing a fall or &lipping (ould *a$e &eriou&(on&e)uen(e&.

+7 Cro&& in t*e earl %orning. T*e 'ater le$el 'ill /e lo'er &in(e t*ere *a& /een le&& dalig*tfor t*e &no' to %elt. l&o, on &unn da&, ou 'ill *a$e %ore ti%e to dr (lot*ing ande)uip%ent.

+ T*ere &*ould /e a &uita/le &pot do'n&trea% for &afet &'i%%er&.

!. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS +FMST.07.30/. T*e follo'ing t'o &afet pre(aution&%u&t /e taen '*ile (ondu(ting &trea% (ro&&ing&.

a. T*ere %u&t /e a &afet line at a 45-degree angle do'n&trea% a(ro&& t*e &trea%. T*i& i&for anone '*o &lip& and i& &'ept do'n&trea% to gra/ &o t*at *e i& (apa/le to &topping*i%&elf.

/. T*ere %u&t /e &afet &'i%%er& do'n&trea%. T*e&e are &trong &'i%%er& '*o are po&itioned do'n&trea% to *elp anone '*o i& &'ept do'n&trea%. T*e &afet &'i%%er&'ill u&e t*ro' /ag&.

NOTE: T*e &afet line, a& 'ell a& an ot*er line& t*at %u&t /e taen a(ro&& t*e &trea%, 'ill /etaen a(ro&& / u&ing t*e lead &'i%%er %et*od taug*t in 8:-;8<: B;6#:.

3. INDIVIDUAL CROSSING PREPARATIONS. +FMST.07.30( <rior to /eginning to(ro&& a &trea%, t*ere are (ertain preparation& t*at ea(* indi$idual &*ould tae. T*e fi$e preparation& are a& follo'&"

a. Wear pa( 'it* &*oulder &trap& fa&tened &nugl. Waterproof t*e pa( for /uoan( if po&&i/le.

/. Weapon& 'ill /e &lung diagonall o$er t*e &*oulder 'it* t*e 'eapon it&elf /eing /et'een t*e pa( and t*e indi$idual=& /a(.

B11



(. Button all po(et& and re%o$e /lou&ing garter&. T*i& pre$ent& t*e 'ater fro% (reatingadded drag again&t t*e indi$idual, '*i(* it 'ould do if it (ould flo' into open po(et&.

d. Wear /oot& to prote(t t*e feet, /ut re%o$e &o(& and in&ole& to eep t*e% dr"

e. Wear t*e %ini%u% a%ount of (lot*ing. T*i& redu(e& t*e a%ount of (lot*ing t*at %u&t /edried after t*e (ro&&ing.

f. Wear *el%et in &lo' %o$ing, &*allo' 'ater.

NOTE: f ou are in a ta(ti(al &ituation, t*e a(tual &ituation 'ill di(tate '*i(* of t*ea/o$e pre(aution& 'ill /e taen.

4. INDIVIDUAL CROSSING METHODS. T*ere are t*ree indi$idual %et*od& t*at %a /eu&ed.

a. Staff Met*od. +FMST.07.30d &trong &taff or pole a/out feet long i& u&ed a& a(ro&&ing aid. t &*ould /e &trong enoug* to &upport t*e Marine=& 'eig*t and tri%%ed(lean of an /ran(*e&. <la(ing /ot* *and& on t*e pole, t*e Marine &*ould pla(e t*e &taff u&t up&trea% of *i& intended pat*. >e &*ould u&e t*e &taff a& t*e t*ird leg of a tripod and&*ould %o$e onl one leg or t*e &taff at a ti%e. >e &*ould fa(e up&trea% u&ing t*e &taff to retain *i& /alan(e. T*e &taff i& al&o u&ed a& a pro/e to di&(o$er /otto% irregularitie&t*at (ould trip t*e Marine. T*e Marine &*ould drag *i& feet in&tead of pi(ing t*e% up.

/. S'i%%ing. T*i& i& an o/$iou& %et*od, if our Marine& are good &'i%%er&. T*i& i& notal'a& t*e (a&e, &o u&uall t*i& %et*od i& not a preferred one.

B11



+1 n fa&t, &*allo' 'ater, t*e Marine &*ould angle a(ro&& on *i& /a( 'it* *i& feetdo'n&trea% and *i& *ead up. >e &*ould u&e *i& *and& to tread 'ater and *i& feet to fendoff o/&tru(tion&.

+! n fa&t, deep 'ater, t*e Marine &*ould angle a(ro&& t*e &trea% on *i& &to%a(* 'it* *i&

*ead up&trea%, to e&ta/li&* a proper ferr angle.

(. Belaed Met*od. n (*e&t deep or 'ater 'it* a &trong (urrent, a rope (an a&&i&t greatl. rope 'ill /e &e(ured fro% /an to /an, 'it* t*e far an(*or &lig*tl do'n&trea% fro% t*enear an(*or. T*e rope 'ill /e an(*ored off &o t*at it la& at a %ini%u% of 45 degree&. T*eMarine atta(*e& *i%&elf to t*e rope / u&ing a &ling rope a& &afet line, ting a /o'linearound *i& 'ai&t and a figure-of-eig*t loop 'it* a &teel lo(ing (ara/iner in&erted. >e t*enatta(*e& t*e (ara/iner to t*e (ro&&ing line and (ro&&e& u&ing t*e (urrent to a&&i&t *i%.

5. TEAM CROSSING METHODS +FMST.07.30e

a. 2ine /rea&t. S%all unit& +&)uad to platoon (an (ro&& in %oderate (urrent& up to (*e&tdeep, / lining ar%& in a line a/rea&t or (*ain %et*od. T*e large&t %an of t*e (*ain i& pla(ed on t*e up&trea% &ide of t*e group. T*e group 'ill enter t*e &trea% parallel to t*eflo' of t*e &trea%. T*e %iddle%an of t*e (*ain 'ill (ontrol t*e group=& %o$e%ent andgi$e t*e (o%%and '*en to &tep.

/. 2ine &tern Met*od. T*ree or %ore %en (an line up fa(ing t*e (urrent. T*e up&trea% %an,'*o &*ould /e t*e large&t %an in t*e group, /rea& t*e (urrent '*ile t*e do'n&trea% %en

B11



*old *i% &tead. T*e up&trea% %an %a u&e a &taff, &i%ilar to t*e indi$idual &taff %et*od,to &tead *i%&elf. ll %en &ide &tep at t*e &a%e ti%e 'it* one %an (alling t*e (aden(e.

2: ST:;

(. >uddle Met*od. Bet'een t*ree and eig*t %en (an fa(e in/oard a& in a foot/all *uddle. T*e'ill 'rap t*eir ar%& around ea(* ot*er?& &*oulder& and (ro&& t*e &trea% in t*i& for%ation.T*e up&trea% %an &*ould (*ange po&ition a& t*e (ro&& /e(au&e t*e entire for%ation 'illrotate. T*i& pre$ent& one %an fro% /e(o%ing e*au&ted in t*e up&trea% po&ition.

B11





WMC

04/09/02

STUDENT OUTLINE

ROPE MANAGEMENT

LESSON PURPOSE: To failiari!e t"e #tudent $it" #oe of t"e ter# and pro%edure# for $or&ing $it" a rope'

BODY

1' TERMS USED IN ROPE WORK

a' Big"t ' ( #iple )end in t"e rope in $"i%" t"e rope doe# not %ro## it#elf'

BIGHT OF ROPE

)' *oop ' ( #iple )end in t"e rope in $"i%" t"e rope doe# %ro## it#elf'

LOOP



%' +alf +it%" ' ( loop $"i%" run# around an o)e%t in #u%" a anner a# to )ind on it#elf'

HALF HITCH

d' tanding .nd ' T"e part of t"e rope $"i%" i# an%"ored and %annot )e u#ed, al#o %alled t"e#tati% end'

e' unning .nd ' T"e free end of t"e rope $"i%" %an )e u#ed'

f' *a ' T"e #ae a# t"e t$i#t of t"e rope' (pplie# onl to "a$#er laid rope#, #u%" a#anila'

g' igtail ' T"e #"ort lengt" left at t"e end of a rope after ting a &not or %oiling a rope' ta or not )e tied off $it" a #e%ondar &not, depending on t"e %ir%u#tan%e'

C1-



PIG TAIL

"' ta%&ing or la&ing ' Ta&ing off one $rap at a tie fro a %oil, and letting it fallnaturall to t"e ground'

FLAKED OUT ROPEON THE GROUND

i' 6re##ing t"e &not ' T"i# inole# t"e orientation of all of t"e &not part# #o t"at t"e are properl aligned, #traig"tened, or )undled, and #o t"e part# of t"e &not loo& li&e t"ea%%opaning pi%ture#' 8egle%ting t"i# %an re#ult in an additional 50 redu%tion in &not

#trengt"'

C1-



NON-DRESSED DOWN WATER TAPE KNOT DRESSED DOWN WATER TAPE KNOT

' etting t"e &not ' T"i# inole# tig"tening all part# of t"e &not #o t"at all of t"e rope part# )ind upon ot"er part# of t"e &not #o a# to render it operational' ( loo#el tied &not %anea#il defor under #train and %"ange %"ara%ter'

A FULLY SET PRUSIK KNOT

2' CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE CARE OF ROPE

a' T"e rope #"ould not )e #tepped on or dragged on t"e ground unne%e##aril' all

parti%le# of dirt $ill get into and t"roug" t"e #"eat" %au#ing unne%e##ar $ear to t"e rope$it"in'

)' T"e rope #"ould neer %oe in %onta%t $it" #"arp edge# of an tpe' 8lon rope i# ea#il%ut, parti%ularl $"en under ten#ion' f a rope u#t )e u#ed around an edge $"i%" %ould

%ut it, t"en t"at edge u#t )e padded or )uffed u#ing fire "o#e if aaila)le, or #eeral#all #ti%&#'

%' eep t"e rope a# dr a# po##i)le' f it #"ould )e%oe $et, "ang it in large loop#, a)oet"e ground, and allo$ it to dr' ( rope #"ould neer )e dried out ) an open flae, or )e"ung to dr on etal peg#, a# t"i# $ill %au#e ru#t to get in t"e rope t"u# rendering itun#eri%ea)le'

d' 8eer leae a rope &notted or tig"tl #tret%"ed longer t"an ne%e##ar'

C1-



e' W"en u#ing rope in#tallation#, neer allo$ one rope to ru) %ontinuall again#t anot"er'

NOTE: Wit" anila rope# t"i# $ill %au#e t"e rope to fra, $"erea# nlon rope# %an elt under t"e fri%tion t"at t"i# %au#e#'

f' T"e rope #"ould )e in#pe%ted prior to ea%" u#e for fraed or %ut #pot#, ilde$, rot or defe%t# in %on#tru%tion'

g' Mar& all %li)ing rope# at t"eir idpoint# to fa%ilitate e#ta)li#"ing t"e idpoint for a pro%edure re;uiring ou to u#e t"e iddle of t"e rope' T"e rope #"ould )e ar&ed $it" a )rig"t %olored ad"e#ie tape'

MARKING THE MIDDLE OF THE ROPE

"' T"e rope #"ould not )e ar&ed $it" paint# or allo$ed to %oe in %onta%t $it" oil# or petroleu produ%t# for t"e#e produ%t# $ill $ea&en it'

i' ( %li)ing rope #"ould 8.<. )e u#ed for an ot"er purpo#e e=%ept for ountaineering, i'e', to$ing e"i%le#'

' T"e end# of a ne$ rope or end# %au#ed ) a %ut #"ould )e %ut $it" t"e rope %utter %ontained in t"e M(C and ar&ed $it" a #erial nu)er'

ROPE CUTTER

&' T"e rope #"ould neer )e #u)e%ted to "ig" "eat or flae a# t"i# %an #ignifi%antl $ea&enit'

l' To %lean rope u#e ild #oap and rin#e t"oroug"l $it" $ater' ( rope $a#"er %an )e u#ed

to %lean or rin#e t"e rope'

C1-





4 @niforit of 6iaeter / i!e ' Ma indi%ate %ore daage, noted ) an o)iou#depre##ion "our gla## or e=po#ure of $"ite %ore fi)er# protruding fro t"e #"eat"puff'

5 6i#%oloration ' ( dra#ti% %"ange fro t"e rope# original %olor a indi%ate %"ei%al

%"ange or daage'

> tiffne## or oft pot# ' Could #ignif %ore daage'

NOTE: 6nai% rope# ea#uring )et$een 10 and 12 are ar&ed at ea%" end of it# pigtail# $it" a nu)er A1 indi%ating t"at t"e rope i# @(( approed for #ingle rope lead%li)ing' 6nai% rope# ea#uring )et$een and 9 are ar&ed at ea%" end of it# pigtail# $it" a A1/2 nu)er indi%ating t"at t$o of t"e#e rope# are re;uired to %ondu%t a lead%li)'

4' ROPE LOG. T"e purpo#e of t"e ope *og i# to aintain an a%%urate re%ord for t"e u#e of ea%" rope %ontained $it"in t"e Marine (##ault Cli)er# it M(C' 6ue to t"e turnoer of per#onnel, and t"e fa%t t"at no one per#on a "ae t"e #ae rope t$i%e, t"e rope log i# u#edto en#ure t"e #afe u#e, #eri%ea)ilit, and a%%ount of ea%" rope'

a' erial nu)er ' B a##igning ea%" rope a #erial nu)er, re#pon#i)le unit# %an deterineinforation a)out a rope' (# #oon a# t"e rope# are %ut to t"e de#ired lengt" for t"eir intended purpo#e, ea%" rope $ill )e a##igned a #erial nu)er ) t"e re#pon#i)le unit' T"atrope #"ould t"en )e la)eled $it" t"at #erial nu)er in #oe peranent anner' T"e )e#tet"od for t"i# i# a# #oon a# t"e end# of t"e ne$ rope "ae )een $"ipped and fu#ed, ar& )ot" end# of t"e rope $it" t"e #erial nu)er and t"en dip t"e end# of t"e rope, in effe%t,lainating t"e #erial nu)er to t"e rope end#'

1 ( rope #erial nu)er "a# fie part#' T"e proper forat for a rope #erial nu)er i# a#follo$#:

1' Tpe of rope: - tati% or 6 - 6nai%'

2' *a#t t$o digit# of t"e ear t"e rope $a# anufa%tured' .a%" rope "a# a #"elf lifeof t$o ear#, after t"at it u#t not )e u#ed for an ountaineering purpo#e'

3' our-digit nu)er for t"at indiidual rope $"i%" i# a##igned ) t"e re#pon#i)leunit, and #"ould )e a##igned #e;uentiall a# ne$ rope# are i##ued out'

4' T"e lengt" and diaeter of t"e rope' T"e lengt" a )e re%orded in feet, and t"ediaeter in illieter#'

5' e#pon#i)le unit %ode' .=aple: -9>-0001-150/11-2/

.=aple eaning: T"i# rope i# a 150 foot, 11, #tati% rope, anufa%tured in199>' t i# t"e fir#t rope i##ued ) o= Co 2/'

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)' e%ording nforation in a ope *og ' Dn%e a ne$ rope "a# )een #eriali!ed, t"e rope logfor t"at rope #"ould )e #tarted up' (t a iniu, it #"ould %ontain t"e follo$inginforation:

1 T"e rope #erial nu)er'

2 Manufa%turer' 6epending on t"e anufa%turer, rope# of t"e #ae tpe and diaeter a ar in ten#ile #trengt", #tret%" fa%tor, and dura)ilit'

3 6ate of anufa%ture' ie ear# fro t"i# #"elf life date, rope# are %on#idered to "aerea%"ed t"eir noral e=piration date, and #"ould )e de#troed'

4 6ate in #eri%e' T"i# i# to )e re%orded for tra%&ing purpo#e# to e#ta)li#" "o$ long arope i# in #eri%e' T$o ear# i# %on#idered a=iu rope life in #eri%e'

5 .a%" tie a rope i# u#ed, t"e u#ing unit i# re#pon#i)le to re%ord "o$ t"at rope $a#u#ed and "o$ u%" u#e t"e rope re%eied' (dditionall, )efore %"e%&ing out a ropeand prior to turning it )a%& in, t"e rope u#t )e in#pe%ted ) ;ualified per#onnel, andinitial in t"e En#pe%ted BE )lo%& of t"e rope log'

NOTE: (8F TM. ( 6F8(MC D. @BG.CT.6 TD ( (** (CTD 2, T+(TD. +D@*6 8DT B. @.6 (?(8 D MD@8T(8..8?.

DYNAMIC

SERIAL #

MANUFACTURER

DATE OF MANUFACTURE

DATE IN SERVICE INDICATE THE DATE AND NUMBER OF EACH SPECIFIC USE

CLIMBS FALLS

(FACTOR)

TOP ROPES RAPPELS REMARKS INSPECTED BY

ROPE LOG

5' COILING A ROPE' T"ere are t$o tpe# of rope %oil# fre;uentl u#ed at MWTC' T"eMountain Coil and t"e Butterfl Coil'

a' Mountain Coil ' T"i# %oil i# u#eful for %arring t"e rope oer a pa%& or oer a %li)erH##"oulder and ne%&' t %an )e u#ed for #"ort tie #torage' T"e ountain %oil %an )e tied int"e follo$ing anner:

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1 it do$n $it" our leg )ent at a 90-degree angle, "eel on t"e de%&' tarting at oneend, t"e rope i# looped around t"e leg in a %lo%&$i#e fa#"ion, going oer t"e &nee andunder t"e )oot #ole until t"e entire rope i# %oiled'

2 f %oiling a 150-foot rope, u#e onl one leg and off#et t"e ot"er, $"en %oiling a 300-

foot rope, u#e t$o leg# and &eep t"e toget"er'

3 Wit" t"e #tarting end of t"e rope, for a 12-in%" )ig"t on t"e top of t"e %oil#'

4 @n%oil t"e la#t loop and along t"e top of t"e %oil#, $rap 4-> tie# to$ard# t"e %lo#edend of t"e )ig"t'

5 T"e end of t"e rope )eing $rapped i# t"en pla%ed t"roug" t"e %lo#ed end of t"e )ig"t'

> T"e running end of t"e )ig"t i# t"en pulled #nuggl to #e%ure t"e %oil'

7 To preent t"e %oil fro unraeling, t"e t$o pigtail# are tied toget"er $it" a #;uare&not'

MOUNTAIN COIL

)' Butterfl Coil' T"i# et"od i# u#ed for %arring a rope $"en t"e indiidual need# to "aea=iu u#e of "i# upper )od, i'e' $"ile %li)ing, $it"out t"e en%u)ran%e of alarge rope %oil "anging a%ro## "i# %"e#t'

1 Coiling t"e Butterfl Coil

a tep 1 : ind t"e iddle of t"e rope, t"en for a t"ree foot )ig"t laing )ot"rope# in t"e uprai#ed pal at t"e t$o foot point'

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STARTING THE BUTTERLFY COIL

) tep 2 : or anot"er t$o-foot )ig"t $it" t"e running end' la%e t"e rope att"e t$o-foot )ig"t along #ide on top of t"e original )ig"t en#uring t"e runningend i# on t"e #ae #ide a# t"e original )ig"t'

% tep 3 : Continue a&ing t$o foot )ig"t#, laing t"e alternatel into our pal until t"ere i# onl #i= to eig"t feet reaining' (t t"at point, )egin$rapping t"e t$o pigtail# "ori!ontall four to #i= tie# at t"e id $a point

of t"e rope# in a )ig"t fro )otto to top'

TWO FOOT BIGHTS ON BOTHS SIDES WITH 6 TO FEET REMAINING

d tep 4 : (fter %opleting our $rap#, for a )ig"t $it" t"e reaining pigtailand t"en t"read it underneat" our pal and up$ard# to one-foot a)oe t"e%oiled rope'

e tep 5 : Wit" t"e reaining pigtail, t"read it t"roug" t"e one-foot )ig"t in #tep

four'

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TYING AND CARRYING THE BUTTERFLY COIL

2 Carring t"e Butterfl %oil ' eparate t"e running end#, pla%ing t"e %oil in t"e %enter of t"e )a%& of t"e %arrier, t"en fun t"e t$o end# oer "i# #"oulder# #o a# to for#"oulder #trap#' T"e running end# are t"en )roug"t under t"e ar#, %ro##ed in t"e )a%& oer t"e %oil, )roug"t around t"e )od of t"e %arrier and tied off $it" a #;uare&not at "i# #toa%"'

'

>' ROPE THROWING' To in#ure t"at t"e rope $ill not get tangled $"en deploed, %ertain#tep# u#t )e ta&en'

a' Wit" a #ta%&ed rope, an%"or off t"e #tanding end'

)' Ta&e t"e oppo#ite end of t"e rope and a&e >- %oil# and pla%e t"e in our #trong ar'T"e#e $rap# $ill #ere a# a t"ro$ing $eig"t t"at ou %an ai'

%' 10-15 feet fro t"e #trong-ar %oil# %reate a #e%ond #et of >- $rap# and pla%e t"e inour $ea& ar'

d' ro t"e edge of t"e %liff, #ound off $it" t"e %oand AT(86-BF D D.' Gu#t )efore ou relea#e t"e %oil#, #ound off $it" t"e %oand AD.' (t t"at tie drop t"e$ea& ar %oil# fro t"e %liff'

e' W"ile ta&ing ai, t"ro$ our #trong-ar %oil# oer"and or #idear "ard enoug" to "itour intended target'

f' f t"e t"ro$ $a# i#dire%ted due to $ind, tree, et%', reorgani!e and attept to re-deplot"e rope'

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THROWING THE ROPE

>' MOUNTAINEERING KNOTS'

a' C!" I I End of the Rope Knots

1 ;uare not ' @#ed to tie end# of t$o rope# of e;ual diaeter toget"er' t #"ould )e#e%ured ) oer"and &not# on )ot" #ide# of t"e #;uare &not'

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S$UARE KNOT

2 6ou)le i#"eranH# not ' t i# a #elf-lo%&ing &not u#ed for ting t$o rope# of e;ualdiaeter toget"er' t %an )e tig"tened )eond unting'

DOUBLE FISHERMAN%S KNOT

3 Water/Tape not ' @#ed to #e%ure $e))ing or tape runner#' t i# %on#tru%ted ) tingan oer"and &not $it"out t$i#t# in one end of t"e tape, and t"reading t"e ot"er endof t"e tape t"roug" t"e &not fro t"e oppo#ite dire%tion' (fter t"e &not i# dre##eddo$n, ea%" pigtail #"ould )e a iniu of t$o in%"e# long'

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WATER TAPE KNOT

4 6ou)le "eet Bend ' @#ed to tie t"e end# of t$o or ore rope# of e;ual or une;ualdiaeter toget"er'

SHEET BEND

)' C!" II - Anchor Knots

1 Bo$line ' @#ed to tie a fi=ed loop in t"e end of a rope' T"i# &not i# al$a# tied $it"t"e pigtail on t"e in#ide and #e%ured $it" an oer"and &not'

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BOWLINE

2 ound Turn $it" T$o +alf +it%"e# or a Bo$line ' ( loop $"i%" run# around ano)e%t in #u%" a anner a# to proide 3>0 degree %onta%t and a )e u#ed todi#tri)ute t"e load oer a #all diaeter an%"or' t $ill )e #e%ured $it" t$o "alf "it%"e# or a )o$line'

ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCHES AND

ROUND TURN AND A BOWLINE

3 Cloe +it%" ' T"i# &not i# an adu#ta)le "it%"' t %ould )e %on#idered a iddle-of-t"e-rope an%"or &not at t"e end-of-t"e-rope $"en u#ed in %onun%tion $it" a )o$line or round turn and t$o "alf "it%"e#'

1 (round-t"e-o)e%t Cloe +it%"'

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AROUND THE OB&ECT CLOVE HITCH

2 Der-t"e-o)e%t Cloe +it%"'

OVER THE OB&ECT CLOVE HITCH

%' C!" III - Middle-of-the-rope

1 igure-of-.ig"t-*oop ' T"i# i# a #trong &not t"at %an )e readil untied after )eingunder load'

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FIGURE LOOP

2 6ou)le igure of .ig"t *oop ' T"e dou)le igure of .ig"t *oop i# a #trong &not andt"e dou)le loop redu%e# t"e $ear and #trengt" lo## fro t"e rope )ending around t"e%ara)iner ) #plitting t"e load )et$een t"e t$o loop#'

DOUBLE FIGURE LOOP

3 T$o *oop Bo$line ' T"i# &not %an )e u#ed to %on#tru%t a #elf-e;uali!ing )ela or totie t"e iddle per#on in on t"ree people on a rope'

TWO LOOP BOWLINE

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d' C!" IV - Special Knots

1 ru#i& not ' T"i# &not fun%tion# ) introdu%ing fri%tion t"at %an )e alternatel #etand relea#ed' or )e#t re#ult#, tie t"e &not $it" a #aller diaeter %ord on a larger diaeter %ord' f #lippage o%%ur#, ore $rap# a)e u#ed'

a Middle-of-t"e-ope ru#i& ' T"i# &not i# %reated $it" an endle## loop al#o &no$na# a ru#i& Cord' 6o not tie t"i# &not $it" tape due to le## fri%tion'

MIDDLE OF THE LINE PRUSIK

) .nd-of-t"e-ope ru#i& ' T"i# &not i# al$a# #e%ured $it" a )o$line' 6o not tiet"i# &not $it" tape due to le## fri%tion'

END OF THE LINE PRUSIK

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% ren%" ru#i& ' T"i# %an )e %on#tru%ted $it" a ru#i& Cord or a #ingle #trand of %ord $it" figure-of-eig"t loop# on ea%" end'

FRENCH PRUSIK

2 etra%ed igure of .ig"t ' @#ed to tie t"e end of t"e %li)ing rope into a "arne## or #$ai $rap' T"e pigtail a or a not )e #e%ured $it" an oer"and'

RETRACED FIGURE IN HARNESS

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3 6ire%tional igure-Df-.ig"t ' W"en tied and ten#ioned i# applied to t"e #tanding andrunning end# of t"e rope, t"e &not $ill not pull apart' T"e loop $ill point to$ard t"edire%tion of pull'

DIRECTIONAL FIGURE

4 lip igure ' T"i# &not i# u#ed for retriea)le an%"or# and fi=ed rope in#tallation# for t"e ea#e of unting t"e &not'

SLIP FIGURE

5 lie"ei#t ' T"i# i# a fri%tion &not'

KLEIMHEIST

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> Der"and not ' Can )e u#ed to #e%ure priar &not# on it#elf'

OVERHAND

7 M nter +it%" ' T"i# i# a #iple "it%" in t"e rope t"at i# %lipped into a %ara)iner to put

fri%tion on t"e line'

MÜ NTER HITCH

Ti)er +it%" ' ( Ti)er +it%" i# u#ed to fi= a rope to a pole or e;uialent for "oi#ting or to$ing purpo#e#' t "a# t"e %apa)ilit of %a#ting off ea#il'

TIMBER HITCH

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9 MarinerH# +it%" ' T"i# &notH# adantage oer t"e pru#i& i# t"at it %an )e relea#edunder load'

MARINER%S HITCH

10r ä gur not' T"i# fri%tion &not i# u#ed to preent unne%e##ar #lippage $"en tiedonto a rope of t"e #ae diaeter'

KR Ä GUR KNOT

11appel eat ' T"i# i# u#ed a# an e=pedient #upport "arne## for rappelling, %ro##ing rope )ridge#, et%' t i# %on#tru%ted a# follo$#:

a Center t"e #ling rope on t"e left "ip'

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) Wrap t"e #ling rope around t"e $ai#t and tie at lea#t one "alf "it%" around it#elf prefera)l t$o in t"e front'

% Bring t"e running end# do$n t"roug" t"e leg#, up oer t"e )utto%&#, and oer t"eoriginal $ai#t $rap, do$n )et$een t"e $ai#t $rap and t"e $ai#t, and oer it#elf,foring a )ig"t' Cin%" t"i# up tig"tl'

d 8o$ tie a #;uare &not $it" t$o oer"and &not# on t"e left "ip en#uring t"at t"eoer"and &not# en%opa## all t"e $rap#'

e Tu%& an e=%e## rope into a po%&et'

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12Bo$line on a %oil ' @#ed ) t"e fir#t and la#t en on a %li)ing rope to tie into t"e rope' (noer"and &not i# u#ed )e"ind t"e &not' t di#tri)ute# t"e for%e of a fall oer a larger area of a%li)erH# $ai#t and i# prefera)le to a #ingle )o$line around t"e $ai#t' T"e )o$line on a %oil%an al#o )e u#ed to ta&e up e=%e## rope' T"e )o$line on a %oil #"ould "ae 4-> $rap# aroundt"e $ai#t'

BOWLINE ON A COIL

13$ai $rap $ai )elt ' T"e #$ai $rap four to #i= $rap# of rope or nlon $e))ing tiedaround t"e $ai#t popular $it" ro%& %li)er# $"o $anted to in%rea#e t"e $or&ing lengt" of t"eir %li)ing rope#' t al#o offer# #oe iproeent oer t"e )o$line on t"e %oil in

di#tri)uting t"e for%e# #u#tained in a fall oer a larger area of t"e id#e%tion of t"e )od, )utdoe# not eliinate t"e pro)le of #uffo%ation $"en "anging' T"e $ai $rap i# %on#tru%teda# follo$#:

a Ta&e a #ling rope and find t"e iddle'

) la%e t"e iddle of t"e #ling rope in t"e #all of our )a%&'

% Bring )ot" pigtail# to t"e front and %ontinue to $rap around our )od until )ot" pigtail# are a)out 15-20 in%"e# long'

d Tie t"e pigtail# on t"e left #ide $it" a #;uare &not and t$o oer"and &not#'

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SWAMMI WRAP

14T"ree *oop Bo$line ' T"i# &not $ill proide t"ree )ig"t#, ea%" of $"i%" %an )e adu#tedagain#t t"e ot"er#'

THREE LOOP BOWLINE

7 KNOT STRENGTH. ope, %ordage and $e))ing i# #tronge#t $"en loaded in a #traig"t line'W"en )ending a rope or $e) to %reate a &not, t"e #trengt" of t"e rope i# redu%ed' (ll &not##"ould )e dre##ed properl for a=iu effe%tie u#e'

KNOT RELATIVE

STRENGTH OF KNOT

8o not 100

igure 75-0

Bo$line 70-75

6ou)le Bo$line 70-75

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6ou)le i#"eran >5-70

Water Tape not >0-70

Cloe +it%" >0->5

Der"and not >0->5

;uare not 45

1' KNOT TESTING TIME LIMIT. T"e follo$ing tie# u#t )e et to pa## t"e &not ting portion of t"i# %our#e'

KNOT UNIT OPERATIONS TIME LIMIT SML' ACC TIME LIMIT(BLINDFOLDED)

;uare &not >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#

6ou)le i#"eranH# not >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#Water/Tape not >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#

ound Turn and a Bo$line >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#ound Turn and T$o +alf +it%"e#

>0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#

Cloe +it%" around t"e o)e%t >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#Munter +it%" >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#

lip igure >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#igure *oop >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#6ire%tional igure >0 e%ond# 30 e%ond#.nd of t"e *ine ru#i& 90 e%ond# 45 e%ond#

etra%e igure 90 e%ond# 45 e%ond#appel $i## eat 2 Minute# >0 e%ond#

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STUDENT OUTLINE

NOMENCLATURE AND CARE OF

MOUNTAINEERING EOUIPMENT

LESSON PURPOSE.

OUTLINE

ROPES .

C-2





INSIDES AND OUTSIDE SHEATHS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF ROPES

NOTE:

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES



3. GENERAL INFORMATION

4. NYLON WEBBING

NYLON WEBBING

NOTE:



CARABINERS

NOMENCLATURE OF A CARABINER

STEEL NON-LOCKING CARABINER



CARE, MAINTENANCE AND

SERVICEABILITY OF A

CARABINER

NOTE:






LESSON PLAN

BALANCE CLIMBING

1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

OUTLINE

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

C3



SPOTTER WATCHING THE CLIMBER

INDIVIDUAL PREPARATIONS

DUTIES OF THE SPOTTER



SPOTTING AND CLIMBING COMMANDS

COMMAND GIVEN BY MEANING

ACTIONS IF FALLING



TYPES OF HOLDS

TYPES OF PUSH HOLDS



TYPES OF PULL HOLDS

USE OF FOOT HOLDS



FRICTION USED IN SMEARING

FINGER JAMS



HAND JAMS FIST JAMS

COMBINATION HOLDS.

CHIMNEY CLIMBING TECHNIQUES



LIE BACK TECHNIQUE

PUSH-PULL



MANTELING

MANTELING WITH FACE HOLD

CROSS-PRESSURE METHOD



INVERTED TECHNIQUE USING COUNTERFORCE

PRESSURE BETWEEN FEET AND HANDS

PINCH

STEMMING



GENERAL USE OF HOLDS

PROPER AND IMPROPER

MOVEMENT ON SLAB

TRAVERSING



SLAB CLIMBING

10. BODY POSITION

C

A

S

H

W

O

R

T

H





WMC.C4

04/11/02

STUDENT OUTLINE

NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL ANCHORS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE n a !u""er "ountainou! en#iron"ent, e!ta$li!% anan&%or !'!te" in a&&ordan&e (it% t%e referen&e!. )WMC.C4*


)1* Wit%out t%e aid of referen&e! and fro" a gi#en li!t, &%oo!e t%e t(o t'pe! of an&%or!,in a&&ordan&e (it% t%e referen&e!. )WMC.C4a*

)2* n a !u""er "ountainou! en#iron"ent, e!ta$li!% a natural an&%or point, ina&&ordan&e (it% t%e referen&e!. )WMC.C4$*

OUTLINE

1. TYPES OF ANCHORS. )WMC.C4a*T%ere are t(o t'pe! of an&%or! t%at (e u!e. T%e!e t(ot'pe! are+

1* T2* TC

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2. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANCHORS . n'ti"e 'ou e"plo' natural or artifi&ial an&%or! t%ere are !pe&ial &on!ideration! t%at 'ou "u!t appl'. T%e!e &on!ideration!appl' $ot% to t%e an&%or it!elf and to t%e "aterial $eing u!ed to $uild t%e an&%or. o"eea"ple! of t%e!e &on!ideration! are+

a. W%et%er u!ing natural or artifi&ial an&%or!, t%e in!talling unit "u!t in!ure t%at t%e an&%or i! !uita$le for t%e load.

$. T%e an&%or po!ition "u!t $e relati#e to t%e dire&tion of pull on t%e an&%or.

&. T%e angle $et(een t%e an&%or point! !%ould not e&eed 90 degree!. T%i! i! to en!ure t%atno added !tre!! i! put upon t%e an&%or!, a! (ell a! t%e euip"ent $eing u!ed to &on!tru&tt%e an&%or.

)1* To de&rea!e t%e angle $et(een an&%or point!, "aterial! )i.e. !ling rope!, (e$ runner!,6ru!i &ord, et&..* &ould $e u!ed to etend t%e an&%or (%i&% (ill de&rea!e t%e angle $et(een an&%or point!.

3. NATURAL ANCHORS. natural feature i! t%e preferred t'pe of an&%or point. o"eea"ple! and &on!ideration! are a! follo(ed+

a. T'pe! of natural an&%or! .

)1* Tree!.

)a* ele&t a tree t%at %a! not $een &%opped, $urned or i! rotten.

)$* T%e tree !%ould $e at lea!t 8 in dia"eter and !trong enoug% to !upport t%e intended load.

)&* Tree! gro(ing on ro&' terrain !%ould $e treated (it% !u!pi&ion, !in&e t%e root! nor"all'

C4-



are !%allo( and !pread out along a relati#el' flat !urfa&e.

)2* %ru$! and Bu!%e!.

)a* ele&t a !%ru$ or $u!% t%at i! ali#e and i! not $rittle, &%arred or loo!e.

)$* To a#oid le#erage, lo&ate t%e &entral root and &on!tru&t t%e an&%or a! near to t%e $a!e a! po!!i$le.

)3* o&! and Boulder!.

)a* ta$ilit' i! of pri"e i"portan&e (%en &on!idering a ro& or $oulder for an an&%or. t "u!t $e !trong enoug% and !e&ure enoug% for t%e intended load.

)$* ll !urfa&e! of t%e ro& or $oulder !%ould $e in!pe&ted for an' roug% or !%arp point!.T%e!e area! "u!t $e padded to prote&t t%e rope fro" $eing a$raded or &ut.

)4* pie! and lae!.

)a* To &%e& !ta$ilit' of a !pie or flae, t%u"p it (it% t%e %eel of 'our %and.n't%ing t%at !ound! %allo( i! !u!pi&iou!.

)$* T%e' !%ould $e &%e&ed for &ra&! or ot%er !ign! of (eat%ering t%at "a'i"pair t%eir fir"ne!!.

)&* %arp edge! "u!t $e padded to prote&t t%e rope again!t &ut! and a$ra!ion.

)5* T%read! and C%o&!tone!.

)a* t%read i! (%en t%e ro& (eat%er! or &ra&! to for" a %ole in t%e "ain(all. &%o&!tone i! a ro& (edged in a &ra&.

)$* C%e& a t%read $' t%u"ping it (it% t%e %eel of 'our %and. Mae a #i!ualin!pe&tion for &ra&! and (eat%er. Co""on !en!e (ill pre#ail for &%oo!ing t%i! t'pe of an&%or.

)&* W%en &%oo!ing a &%o&!tone, en!ure t%at it %a! !u$!tantial &onta&t (it%t%e &ra& and t%at t%e !tone:! !'""etr' &orre!pond! (it% t%e intendeddire&tion of pull.

$. T'pe! of atural ;ig% Ten!ion n&%or! . T%e follo(ing are t'pe! of atural ;ig%Ten!ion n&%or '!te"! u!ed to &on!tru&t in!tallation!. T%e!e &an $e tied on an'!uita$le natural an&%or point+

)1* Tree Wrap n&%or. T%e tree (rap i! an an&%or u!ed to relie#e ten!ion on t%ea&tual not it!elf. T%i! !'!te" reuire! "ore rope (%en tied around a largean&%or point.

C4-



)a* Tie a igure < oop on t%e !tanding end of t%e rope and (rap t%e 4-8ti"e! around an an&%or point.

)$* tta&% a lo&ing &ara$iner t%roug% t%e not:! loop and &lip it onto t%e

running end of t%e rope.

NOTE+ f t%e an&%or point to $e (rapped i! larger t%en 1<: around, t%en t%ree (rap! (ill!uffi&e.

)2* (a"i Wrap n&%or. W%en t'ing t%e (a"i Wrap, en!ure t%at t%e =oining noti! ept on t%e !ide of t%e an&%or point. T%e (a"i Wrap &an $e loo!ened under load if need $e. T%i! !'!te" &an $e !u$!tituted for a tree (rap (%en t%ein!tallation:! rope lengt% i! an i!!ue.

)a* ele&t a !uita$le an&%or point and tie a (a"i Wrap around it.

)$* Clip a lo&ing &ara$iner into a! "an' (rap! a! po!!i$le. T%i! (ill !er#e a! t%eatta&%"ent point for t%e an&%or !'!te".

)3* igure of < n&%or. T%e igure of < n&%or i! a ui& and effi&ient !'!te". T%i!!'!te" &annot $e loo!ened under load. t i! tied in t%e follo(ing "anner+

)a* Tie a igure of < oop on t%e !tanding end of t%e rope and (rap t%e notaround a !uita$le an&%or point. tta&% a lo&ing &ara$iner t%roug% t%e not:!loop and &lip it onto t%e running end of t%e rope.

)$* Before ten!ioning t%e an&%or !'!te", ad=u!t t%e rope !o t%e running end of t%erope run! !"oot%l' t%roug% t%e &ara$iner to(ard! t%e dire&tion of pull. T%i!(ill pre#ent an' lateral ten!ion.

)$* f t(o rope! are u!ed, t%e upper rope:! &ara$iner %a! it! gate up(ard!, and t%elo(er rope:! &ara$iner %a! it:! gate do(n(ard.

C4-



&. 6ri"ar' and e&ondar' atural n&%or 6oint '!te" . T%e t(o an&%or point! !%ould $ein line (it% t%e dire&tion of pull. T%e pri"ar' an&%or i! t%e point neare!t t%e running end(%ile t%e !e&ondar' an&%or point i! dire&tl' $e%ind t%e pri"ar'. t i! &on!tru&ted in t%efollo(ing "anner+

)1* T%e pri"ar' an&%or not !%ould $e an around t%e o$=e&t &lo#e %it&%. T%i! i! &%o!en for ea!e of unt'ing t%e !'!te" after ten!ion %a! $een pla&ed on t%e rope.

)2* T%e !e&ondar' not i! tied around a !uita$le an&%or point en!uring t%at t%e rope i! taut $et(een t%e t(o an&%or point!.

4. ARTIFICIAL ANCHOR SYSTEMS . n' ti"e (e u!e an't%ing ot%er t%en a naturalfeature, (e are u!ing an artifi&ial an&%or point. rtifi&ial an&%or! &an $e &on!tru&ted in t%eground, or on t%e ro& it!elf. T%e follo(ing are artifi&ial an&%or !'!te"!+

a. ingle Ti"$er >ead"an . T%i! !'!te" i! &on!tru&ted in t%e ground and it reuire!&on!idera$le ti"e and effort. T%e !tep! of it:! &on!tru&tion are a! follo(!+

)1* >ig a tren&% 8 feet long and 3 feet deep and (ide enoug% to (or in at a 90 degree angle tot%e dire&tion of t%e pull.

)2* >ig anot%er tren&% a$out 12 in&%e! (ide. T%i! tren&% i! dug !o t%at it inter!e&t! t%e "aintren&% at a rig%t angle in t%e "iddle. T%e $otto" of t%i! tren&% !%ould $e parallel to t%edire&tion of pull and !%ould =oin t%e $otto" of t%e "ain tren&%.

)3* Tae an an&%oring de#i&e )i.e. log, engineer !tae!, $undled up $ran&%e! et&.* t%at i! !trongenoug% to !upport t%e intended load. T%e an&%or i! pla&ed into t%e "ain tren&% and &o#ered(it% dirt (it% t%e e&eption of t%at part of t%e an&%or t%at =oin! t%e !e&ond tren&%. tae!approi"atel' 3 feet long !%ould $e dri#en approi"atel' 1-1/2 feet into t%e ground $et(een t%e dead-"an and t%e !lanted !ide of t%e tren&% to a!!i!t in %olding t%e dead-"anin pla&e if t%e !oil i! !oft.

$. 6i&et ;old a!t . T%e pi&et %old fa!t i! an ea!ier an&%or to &on!tru&t t%an t%e>ead"an, and &an $e u!ed al"o!t an'(%ere. T%e !trengt% of t%e pi&et !'!te"depend! on t%e pi&et! and t%e !oil or !no( &ondition!. T%e pi&et !'!te" &an $e u!edfor $ot% %ig% and non-ten!ion !'!te"!. Con!tru&tion i! a! follo(!+

C4-



)1* T%ree !tae! )i.e. log!, engineer !tae!, et&.* are dri#en into t%e ground at a 30 degreeangle again!t t%e dire&tion of pull.

)2* T%e line of pi&et! !%ould $e dri#en in line (it% t%e dire&tion of pull. T%e di!tan&e $et(een t%e pi&et! &an $e an'(%ere fro" 3-12 feet apart depending on t%e terrain

and !oil &ondition!.

)3* Before t'ing an' rope to t%e pi&et an&%or!, t%e $a!e of t%e pi&et! "u!t $e $uffed or padded.

)4* To tie a rope to t%e pi&et!, go to t%e furt%e!t pi&et a(a' fro" t%e &liff edge. Tie around turn and t(o %alf %it&%e! at t%e $a!e of t%e pi&et. Tae t%e running end of t%erope and tie an o#er t%e o$=e&t &lo#e %it&% to t%e $a!e of t%e "iddle pi&et. T%en (it%t%e running end of t%e rope tie an o#er t%e o$=e&t &lo#e %it&% to t%e pi&et &lo!e!t tot%e edge of t%e &liff fa&e. ?n!ure t%at t%ere i! ten!ion on t%e rope in $et(een ea&% pi&et.

)5* To tie off t%e pi&et! to t%e"!el#e!, go to t%e furt%e!t pi&et fro" t%e &liff edge. nd(it% a !ling rope, tie a round turn and t(o %alf %it&%e! at t%e $a!e of t%at pi&et. Wit%t%e running end of t%at !ling rope tie a round turn and t(o %alf %it&%e! at t%e top of t%e "iddle pi&et. !ing a !e&ond !ling rope tie a round turn and t(o %alf %it&%e! tot%e $a!e of t%e "iddle pi&et. T%en (it% t%e running end of t%at !ling rope tie a roundturn and t(o %alf %it&%e! to t%e top of t%e pi&et &lo!e!t to t%e &liff edge.

&. ?uali@ed n&%or . T%i! !'!te" i! $uilt (it% a "ini"u" of t%ree pie&e! of prote&tion.

t &an $e tied (it% t%e !tanding end of a rope or $' utili@ing a pra&ti&e &oil.

)1* Con!tru&tion (it% t%e tanding ?nd of t%e ope+

)a* Tie a igure of < oop in t%e !tanding end of t%e rope.

)$* 6la&e a &ara$iner in ea&% artifi&ial an&%or point and atta&% t%e not in eit%er of t%eout!ide &ara$iner!.

)&* Clip t%e rope into t%e re"aining &ara$iner!.

C4-



)d* $ig%t of rope i! t%en pulled do(n after ea&% &ara$iner into t%e anti&ipateddire&tion of pull. Wit% all t%ree $ig%t!, tie an o#er%and not around it!elf toin&lude t%e running end of t%e rope.

)e* Wit% t%e running end of t%e rope &o"ing fro" t%e o#er%and not, tie a igure of

< oop and atta&% it to t%e o#er%and not:! loop (it% a lo&ing &ara$iner.

)f* ?n!ure t%at t%ere i! !uffi&ient !la& in t%e dead rope to pre#ent di!figuring t%enot t%u! ruining t%e !tru&tural integrit' of t%e not.

)2* Con!tru&tion (it% t%e Cordalette Met%od+

C4-



)a* Create an endle!! loop (it% a pra&ti&e &oil and &lip it into ea&% of t%e artifi&ialan&%or point!.

)$* $ig%t of rope i! t%en pulled do(n $et(een ea&% &ara$iner into t%e intended

dire&tion of pull.

)&* Wit% all t%ree $ig%t!, tie an o#er%and not on it!elf.

)d* 6la&e a lo&ing &ara$iner into t%e o#er%and not:! loop. T%i! (ill !er#e a! t%eatta&%"ent point for t%e an&%or !'!te".

AT?+ f &on!tru&ting a t(o-rope %ig%-ten!ion in!tallation, a "ini"u" of t%ree artifi&ialan&%or! per rope (ill $e u!ed.

C4-



UNITED STATES MARINE CORPSMountain Warfare Training CenterBridgeport, California 93517-5001

SML

ACC 021102

LESSON PLAN

SIT HARNESS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

T!"M#$AL L!A"$#$% &B'!CT#(!) Wit*out t*e aid of referen+e, properl .ear and/aintain t*e MWTC it *arne, in a++ordan+e .it* t*e referen+e

!$ABL#$% L!A"$#$% &B'!CT#(!S

1 Wit*out t*e aid of referen+e and gien a diagra/, na/e in .riting t*e part of a it *arne,in a++ordan+e .it* t*e referen+e

2 Wit*out t*e aid of referen+e, .ear a it *arne, in a++ordan+e .it* t*e referen+e

BODY

1 5 Min NOMENCLATURE

a Wait 4elt

4 Leg loop aduta4le

+ Butto+6 trap aduta4le

d ate8 4u+6le - 2

e oug*nut

f !:uip/ent loop

g -ring older /odel

* Wait 4elt tie-in point

i Crot+* trap WEARING OF THE SIT

C5



HARNESS

a irt, di+onne+t t*e fate8 4u+6le at t*e rear of t*e *arne

4 ;old t*e *arne in front of ou, put our feet t*roug* t*e leg loop enuring t*at t*e

4u+6le on t*e leg loop are out4oard, on our t*ig*

+ aten t*e .ait 4elt into t*e 4u+6le, enuring t*at it i a tig*t 4ut +o/forta4le fit You

must ensue t!"t t!e #"$st %e&t $s t!e"'e' %"() t!ou*! t!e %u()&e+ t!$s "(t$on

&o()s t!e #"$st %e&t to t!e %u()&e, F"$&ue to 'o t!$s #$&& ("use t!e #"$st %e&t to s&$-

t!ou*! t!e %u()&e #!en $t $s un'e &o"',

d Adut t*e leg loop o t*at t*e are *ig* on our t*ig*, on+e ou *ae t*e/ aduted, getour 4udd to +lip t*e fate8 4u+6le /ale to t*e /ot +o/forta4le fe/ale fate8 T*enadut t*e 4utto+6 trap o a t*e leg loop are *eld up

e #f all t*e a4oe are done +orre+tl, t*e *arne *ould no. 4e a +o/forta4le 4ut nug fit,after ou *ae fitted it for t*e firt ti/e t*ere i no need to go t*roug* t*e a/e pro+edureea+* ti/e ou put it on Si/pl *old t*e *arne in front of ou, tep into it and atta+* t*e.ait 4elt to t*e 4u+6le in t*e approed /anner

2 TYING IN THE ROPE .END OF ROPE/

a <a t*e end of t*e +li/4ing rope up t*roug* t*e +rot+* trap, t*en t*roug* t*e doug*nutand t*roug* t*e .ait 4elt tie-in point

4 Tie t*e rope uing a retra+ea4le figure eig*t, aduting t*e 6not to get it a +loe a

poi4le to t*e 4od

RETRACE FIGURE 0 IN SIT HARNESS

3 TYING IN THE ROPE .MIDDLE OF THE ROPE/

a Ta6e up a 4ig*t of rope and tie a figure eig*t loop, t*en ta6e a teel lo+6ing +ara4iner andatta+* t*e +ara4iner to t*e *arne 4 e+uring t*e +rot+* trap, doug*nut, and t*e .ait 4elt tie-in loop $o. atta+* t*e figure eig*t loop to t*e +ara4iner

21-2



= 5 Min CARE AND MAINTENANCE

a Aoid +onta+t .it* +*e/i+al, a t*i .ill da/age t*e nlon

4 "egularl inpe+t for ign of a4raion and nor/al .ear <a parti+ular attention to .ear

point u+* a t*e tie-in loop, 4u+6le, and e.n oint

+ >eep a.a fro/ *eat u+* a open fla/e, +igarette, et+

d #f oiled 4 grit and ea.ater, .a* in lu6e.ar/ .ater .it* pure oap and allo. to dr ina .ar/ roo/ a.a fro/ dire+t *eat

e T.o to t*ree ear of life +an 4e e8pe+ted during nor/al +li/4ing ue

f #t i re+o//ended t*at a *arne t*at *a e8perien+ed a eriou fall *ould 4e di+arded

g ?nder no +ir+u/tan+e .ill ou eer tie into t*e e:uip/ent ra+6 of an it *arne a a 4ela, an+*or point, et+




Mountain Warfare Training Center

Bridgeport, California 93517-5001

FMST.07.33

05/0/01

STUDENT OUTLINE

ESTABLISHMENT OF RAPPEL POINTS AND RAPPELLING

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE !i"en a #ountainou$ en"iron#ent, #ountaineeringe%uip#ent, &el#et, $it &arne$$, rappel glo"e$, 1'5 ft $tati( rope, re$(ue ), pru$i( (ord, and one or #ore a$$i$tant$, (ondu(t rappelling operation$ to $upport #i$$ion re%uire#ent$ per t&e referen(e.*FMST.07.33+


*1+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen(e$, $ele(t fro# a gi"en li$t t&e t&ree (riteria in"ol"ed in $ite$ele(tion for a rappel $ite, in a((ordan(e it& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33a+

*+ n a $u##er #ountainou$ en"iron#ent, ee(ute t&e (o##and$ u$ed eteen a rappeller and&i$ ela #an &en (ondu(ting a rappel, in a((ordan(e it& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33+

*3+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen(e$, $ele(t fro# a gi"en li$t t&ree of t&e nine dutie$ of t&e rappel point C2C, in a((ordan(e it& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33(+

*+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen(e$, $ele(t fro# a gi"en li$t t&ree of t&e $i dutie$ of t&e fir$t #andon a rappel rope, in a((ordan(e it& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33d+

*5+ Wit&out t&e aid of referen(e$, $ele(t fro# a gi"en li$t t&e t&ree tpe$ of rappel$, in a((ordan(eit& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33e+

*'+ n a $u##er #ountainou$ en"iron#ent, rappel don a (liff fa(e u$ing a $eat-&ip rappel, ina((ordan(e it& t&e referen(e$. *FMST.07.33g+

C6OUTLINE



1. INHERENT DANGER OF RAPPELLING . 4appelling i$ in&erentl dangerou$ e(au$erappeller$ rel totall on t&e e%uip#ent.

a. To en$ure a $afe training e"olution, to rope$ ill e utilied at MWTC.

. 6ll t&e rappel$ taug&t at MWTC (an e (o#pleted it& a $ingle rope if t&e $ituationari$e$.

(. f utiliing a one-rope $$te# it& t&e (arainer rap, t&e rope ill e atta(&ed to t&e(arainer it& to rap$ "i(e one.

. SITE SELECTION . *FMST.07.33a+ &en $ele(ting a rappel $ite (on$ider t&e$e t&reefa(tor$.

a. T&ere #u$t e a good an(&or . 6$ pre"iou$l taug&t in NATURAL and ARTIFICIAL ANCHORS , natural an(&or$ are preferred.

. T&e rappel route don $&ould e a$ free of o$ta(le$ *i.e., "egetation, deri$+ a$ po$$ile.

(. T&ere #u$t e $uitale loading and unloading platfor#$.

NOTE: T&e e"aluation of a $ite for t&e ao"e fa(tor$ $&ould e #ade t&e rappel point C2C, &o $&ould e t&e #o$t eperien(ed rappeller in t&e unit.

3. DUTIES OF THE RAPPEL POINT NCOIC . *FMST.07.33(+2n(e a rappelling $ite &a$ een $ele(ted, one per$on ill e appointed to ea(& rappel lane a$ a rappel point C2C.T&e$e indi"idual$ $&ould &a"e eperien(e a$ rappeller$. T&e rappel point C2C &a$ ten

dutie$ and re$pon$iilitie$, &i(& are

a. 8n$ure$ t&at t&e an(&or point$ are $ound and t&at t&e not$ are properl tied. . 8n$ure$ t&at loo$e ro( and deri$ i$ (leared fro# t&e loading platfor#.

(. 6llo$ onl one #an on t&e loading platfor# at a ti#e and en$ure$ t&at t&e rappel pointi$ run in an orderl #anner.

d. 8n$ure$ t&at ea(& #an i$ properl prepared for t&e parti(ular rappel: i.e. glo"e$ on,$lee"e$ don, &el#et $e(ured, rappel $eat tied (orre(tl and $e(ured properl.

e. 6tta(&e$ t&e rappeller to t&e rope and en$ure$ t&e rappeller no$ t&e proper raing po$ition for t&at parti(ular rappel.

f. 8n$ure$ t&at t&e proper (o##and$ or $ignal$ are u$ed.

g. ;i$pat(&e$ ea(& #an don t&e rope.

C'-



&. T&e rappel point C2C ill e t&e la$t #an don t&e rope.

i. T&e rappel point C2C ill en$ure t&at t&e rope$ are in$pe(ted after e"er 50 rappel$.

<. T&e rappel point C2C ill #aintain a rope log.

. TYPES/USE. *FMST.07.33e+ T&e t&ree tpe$ of rappel$ and &en t&e are preferred to eu$ed are

a. =a$t 4appel t i$ u$ed &en (arring load$ don #oderate $lope$.

. Seat-S&oulder 4appel t i$ u$ed for &ea"il laden troop$ o"er "erti(al to near "erti(al (liff fa(e$.

(. Seat-=ip 4appel t i$ u$ed &en (arring load$ o"er "erti(al to near "erti(al fa(e$.

5. HASTY RAPPEL . T&e &a$t rappel i$ t&e ea$ie$t tpe of rappel to prepare for. t re%uire$ noe%uip#ent ot&er t&an a rope and glo"e$.

a. Condu(t . 6 &a$t rappel i$ (ondu(ted in t&e folloing #anner

*1+ Slee"e$ ill e rolled don and glo"e$ ill e put on. *+ Fa(e $lig&tl $idea$.

*3+ >la(e t&e rappel rope a(ro$$ our a(, gra$ping it it& ot& &and$, pal#$ forard,and ar#$ etended.

*+ T&e &and neare$t t&e an(&or i$ t&e guide &and. T&e &and fart&e$t fro# t&e an(&or i$t&e rae &and.

*5+ ?ean out at a #oderate angle to t&e $lope.

*'+ ;e$(end don t&e &ill fa(ing &alf-$idea$, taing $#all $tep$ and (ontinualllooing don&ill &ile leading it& t&e rae &and.

*7+ Feet $&ould not (ro$$ and t&e don&ill foot $&ould lead at all ti#e$.

. Braing . T&e $tep$ for raing during a &a$t rappel are a$ follo$

*1+ Bring t&e loer *rae+ &and a(ro$$ t&e front of t&e (&e$t to rae.

*+ 6t t&e $a#e ti#e, turn to fa(e up toard t&e an(&or point.

C'-



'. SEAT-SHOULDER RAPPEL . T&e $eat-$&oulder rappel relie$ on fri(tion a$ t&e #ain effortof (ontrolling t&e de$(ent. t i$ "er effi(ient for #en it& &ea" pa($ e(au$e it pro"ide$$upport for &ea" load$ on t&e a(.

a. Condu(t . 6 $eat-$&oulder rappel i$ (ondu(ted in t&e folloing #anner

*1+ >ut on our rappel-$eat, roll don our $lee"e$ and put on our glo"e$.

NOTE: To a"oid (au$ing a po$$ile in<ur, it i$ ad"i$ed t&at t&e rappel $eat e (on$tru(ted at t&erear of t&e rappel $ite loading platfor#. f t&e rappel $eat i$ orn for too long, t&e rappel $eat(ould loo$en up enoug& to (au$e ou to $lip out of our $eat &ile rappelling.

*+ T&e $teel lo(ing (arainer i$ pla(ed on t&e rappel-$eat $o t&at t&e gate open$ donand aa, to pre"ent t&e gate fro# opening on(e t&e rap$ are pla(ed into t&e(arainer.

*3+ Step-up to t&e rope it& ou@re left $&oulder fa(ing t&e an(&or.

*+ T&e rappel rope i$ atta(&ed to t&e rappeller@$ &ard point (arainer a$ follo$

*a+ Snap t&e rope into t&e lo(ing (arainer.

*+ Taing $la( fro# t&e $tanding *an(&or+ end of t&e rope, #ae one rap it& t&erope around t&e od of t&e (arainer and a( t&roug& t&e gate.

*(+ 8n$ure t&at t&e lo(ing nut of t&e (arainer i$ fa$tened to lo( t&e (arainer (lo$ed.

NOTE: f ou are u$ing onl one rope to rappel it& due to t&e ta(ti(al $ituation or e%uip#enta"ailailit, t&e pro(edure$ are t&e $a#e, 8AC8>T t&e indi"idual ill #ae to rap$ aroundt&e od of t&e (arainer in$tead of one.

*5+ Tae t&e rope a(ro$$ our (&e$t, o"er our left $&oulder, diagonall a(ro$$ our pa( and don to t&e rig&t *rae+ &and.

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*'+ ;e$(end aling don t&e (liff u$ing t&e raing pro(edure to (ontrol t&e rate of de$(ent. ?oo under our rae ar# for po$$ile o$ta(le$ to a"oid.

. Braing . T&e $tep$ for raing during a $eat-$&oulder rappel are a$ follo$

*1+ ?ean a(.

*+ Fa(e dire(tl up&ill &ile ringing t&e rae &and a(ro$$ t&e (&e$t.

7. SEAT-HIP RAPPEL . T&e $eat-&ip rappel i$ t&e #o$t (o##onl u$ed rappel.

a. Condu(t . 6 $eat-&ip rappel i$ (ondu(ted in t&e folloing #anner

*1+ Con$tru(t t&e rappel $eat: roll don $lee"e$ and put glo"e$ on.

*+ T&e $teel lo(ing (arainer i$ pla(ed on t&e rappel-$eat $o t&at t&e gate open$ up andaa.

*3+ Step up to t&e rope it& our left $&oulder fa(ing t&e an(&or.

*+ T&e rappel rope i$ $napped into t&e (arainer a$ follo$

*a+ Snap t&e rope into t&e lo(ing (arainer.

*+ Taing $la( fro# t&e $tanding *an(&or+ end of t&e rope, #ae one rap it& t&erope around t&e od of t&e (arainer and t&roug& t&e gate again.

*(+ 8n$ure t&at t&e lo(ing nut of t&e (arainer i$ fa$tened to lo( t&e (arainer

(lo$ed.

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SEAT-HIP RAPPEL

NOTE f ou are u$ing onl one rope to rappel it& due to t&e ta(ti(al $ituation or e%uip#enta"ailailit, t&e pro(edure$ are t&e $a#e, 8AC8>T t&e indi"idual ill #ae to rap$ aroundt&e od of t&e (arainer in$tead of one.

*5+ T&e rappeller ill gra$p t&e running end of t&e rope it& t&e rae *rig&t+ &and, pal#don and turned $lig&tl inoard, near t&e &ip.

. Braing . T&e $tep$ in raing for a $eat-&ip rappel are a$ follo$

*1+ !ra$p t&e rope tig&tl it& t&e rae &and.

*+ Tae t&e rae &and and pla(e it in t&e $#all of t&e a(. T&i$ ill (reate enoug&fri(tion to $top all #o#entu#.

NOTE: 6t no ti#e ill ou ound or <u#p &ile ou are de$(ending. ou al don t&e (liff fa(e u$ing t&e proper raing pro(edure to (ontrol our rate of de$(ent.

). SAFETY OF THE FIRST MAN DOWN . To en$ure t&e $afet of t&e fir$t #an don, t&erappeller ill

a. Before deploing t&e rope$, tie t&e to end$ of t&e rope$ toget&er it& an o"er&and not.

. Tie a fri(tion not on t&e $tanding end of t&e rappel rope it& a >ru$i (ord.

(. 6tta(& t&e rappel rope$ to t&e &arne$$@$ &ard point it& a lo(ing (arainer.

d. 6tta(& t&e >ru$i (ord to t&e &arne$$@$ &ard point it& a lo(ing (arainer. T&i$ (ord i$al$o referred to a$ a $afet >ru$i.

NOTE: f t&e Safet >ru$i i$ too $&ort, it (an e etended it& a e runner.

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9. DUTIES OF THE FIRST MAN DOWN . *FMST.07.33d+ T&e fir$t #an don t&e rope &a$$pe(ifi( dutie$. T&e are a$ follo$

a. Sele(t$ a $#oot& route don for t&e rope$.

. Clear$ t&e route of loo$e ro($ and deri$.

(. T&e fir$t #an don ill untie t&e o"er&and not and $traig&ten t&e rope$ out on(e &erea(&e$ t&e otto#.

d. T&e fir$t #an don ela$ t&e net #an don t&e rope.

*1+ To ela (orre(tl, t&e ela #an ill $tand fa(ing t&e (liff fa(e, ar#$ up it& pal#$fa(ing upard and o"er lapping. T&e rope ill pa$$ t&roug& t&e opening of t&e o"er lapping &and@$ t&u# and inde finger$.

*+ To $top a fallen rappeller, t&e ela #an ill gra t&e rope it& (lo$ed fi$t$ and pull$traig&t don ringing t&e forear#$ parallel to t&e de(.

e. Tae (&arge of per$onnel a$ t&e arri"e at t&e otto# to in(lude appointing a ela #an.

10. RAPPELLING COMMANDS . *FMST.07.33+ n order to (ondu(t rappelling operation$$afel, it i$ e$$ential t&at e"erone under$tand$ t&e $e%uen(e of e"ent$. T&e folloing "oi(e(o##and$ or rope tug$ ill e utilied

VOICE

COMMANDS

GIVEN BY MEANING

D?ane E on 4appel 4appeller a# read to egin rappellingD?ane E on Bela Belaer a# on ela and ou #a egin to rappelD?ane E off 4appel 4appeller &a"e (o#pleted t&e rappel and a# off t&e ropeD?ane E off Bela Belaer &a"e (o#pleted t&e elaing of t&e rappeller

ROPE TUGS GIVEN BY MEANING

T&ree Tug$ 4appel >oint C2C

T&e rappeller i$ read to egin rappelling

T&ree Tug$ Belaer a# on ela and t&e rappeller #a egin to rappel

T&ree Tug$ Belaer T&e rappeller i$ off t&e rappel rope

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11. TYING-OFF . 2((a$ionall, it #a e ne(e$$ar to $top during a rappel efore rea(&ing t&e otto# of a (liff. T&e folloing $e%uen(e i$ u$ed

a. T&e (o##and$ u$ed in ting-off are a$ li$ted elo

COMMAND GIVEN BY MEANINGD?ane E Ting-off 4appeller a# read to tie-off, gi"e #e $o#e $la(.

D?ane E Ting-off Belaer &a"e gi"en ou enoug& $la( and ou #a tie-off.D?ane E 2n rappel 4appeller &a"e (o#pleted ting-off and a# read to re$u#e rappelling.

D?ane E 2n rappel Belaer a# on ela, ou #a rappel.

. T&e pro(edure u$ed &en ting-off i$ a$ follo$

*1+ T&e rappeller gi"e$ t&e (o##and, ?ane E, ting-off.

*+ T&e Belaer gi"e$ t&e rappeller $la( and gi"e$ t&e (o##and ?ane E Ting-offG. =e

(ontinue$ to &old t&e rope in t&e ela po$ition, re#aining alert and at(&ing t&erappeller.

*3+ T&e rappeller %ui(l ring$ &i$ rae &and to t&e tel"e oG(lo( po$ition, $o t&at t&erunning end and $tanding end are parallel.

*+ T&e rappeller gra$p$ all rope$ it& &i$ guide &and a$ (lo$e to t&e (arainer a$ po$$ile.

*5+ T&e rappeller $tep$ o"er t&e rope $o t&at t&e running end i$ going eteen &i$ leg$.

*'+ T&e rappeller relea$e$ t&e rope it& &i$ rae &and t&en rea(&e$ under t&e running end,

o"er t&e $tanding end. =e t&en tae$ up a ig&t fro# t&e running end aout to feetlong and pull$ it o"er t&e $tanding end and under t&e running end, for#ing a &alf &it(&.

*7+ =e pull$ t&e &alf &it(& tig&tl again$t t&e guide &and.

*)+ =e or$ t&e &alf &it(& don $nugl again$t t&e (arainer &ile #aintaining (onta(tit& t&e guide &and a$ long a$ po$$ile.

NOTE: 6 loo$e &alf &it(& (ould ind into t&e (arainer (au$ing diffi(ultie$ in (learing t&e not

out. Mae $ure t&at t&e fir$t &alf &it(& i$ dre$$ed don tig&tl efore #o"ing it again$t t&e(arainer.

*9+ >la(e anot&er &alf &it(& ao"e t&e one alread tied.

*10+ To untie, re"er$e t&e $tep$. 4e#o"e t&e $afet &alf &it(&, t&en $&rin t&e fir$t &alf &it(&don to a $#all loop graing t&e running end of ot& rope$ and pulling t&e#$traig&t out to t&e left. >la(e our rig&t &and in t&e #iddle of t&e to ig&t$ until t&eare $nug on all four finger$. T&en re#o"e one finger and #ae t&e ig&t$ $nug on t&reefinger$. 4epeat t&i$ pro(e$$ until itG$ don to one finger and ot& t&e ig&t$ are e%ual.

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*11+ o, gra$p t&e running end it& ot& &and$ and $#artl <er t&e running end of t&e

rope$ upard to pop t&e $#all loop out fro# t&e fir$t &alf &it(&. Fro# t&i$ po$ition,eep t&e guide &and around ot& of t&e rope$ net to t&e (arainer: $tep a( o"er t&erope $o t&at t&e running end i$ to our rig&t $ide. !ra <u$t t&e running end it& our rae &and and %ui(l $et t&e rae e&ind t&e $#all of our a( t&en, read<u$t ou

guide &and onto t&e $tanding end. ou no $&ould e in t&e $eat-&ip rappel po$ition.

NOTE: T&e rap$ #a ind up $o#e after unting, &ere no furt&er #o"e#ent don i$ po$$ile. To alle"iate t&i$, eep t&e rae on and for(e our od eig&t don to pop t&e rap$in t&e (arainer a( to t&eir intended po$ition and t&en (ontinue on it& t&e rappel.

*1+ T&e rappeller gi"e$ t&e (o##and ?ane E, on rappel.

*13+ T&e Belaer tae$ up t&e $la( and gi"e$ t&e (o##and ?ane E, on ela.

*1+ T&e rappeller re$u#e$ to rappel don.

1. RESCUE TECHNIQUES . W&en (ondu(ting rappelling operation$, t&e po$$iilit of arappeller getting (aug&t on t&e rope due to eit&er &i$ (lot&ing or e%uip#ent (an o((ur. T&ereare to tpe$ of re$(ue$ t&at (an e perfor#ed to free t&e rappeller fro# t&i$ $ituation.

a. T&e Self-4e$(ue Te(&ni%ue .

*1+ 6fter realiing t&at ou are (aug&t up on t&e rope, (&e( it& our ela #an toen$ure t&at &e &a$ a $olid rae $et.

*+ H$ing a $afet >ru$i, tie a fri(tion not onto t&e rappel rope approi#atel an ar#$lengt& ao"e t&e area t&at i$ fouled. 6n(&or t&e ot&er end of our $afet >ru$i toour rappel $eat$ &ard point. T&i$ i$ t&e $a#e te(&ni%ue u$ed a$ di$(u$$ed earlier it&t&e fir$t #an don t&e rope.

*3+ Wor t&e fri(tion not up until t&ere i$ no ten$ion on t&e rappel de"i(e. T&i$ ill gi"eou t&e ne(e$$ar $la( to free t&e #alfun(tion.

*+ 2n(e ou &a"e (orre(ted t&e prole#, (ontinue to rappel don u$ing t&e fir$t #andon #et&od.

. T&e Budd 4e$(ue Te(&ni%ue . =i#$elf u$e$ t&i$ #et&od &en t&e rappeller i$ unale to(orre(t t&e prole#.

*1+ 6 re$(uer ill rappel don on anot&er rope to t&e di$aled rappeller and tie-off.

*+ T&e re$(uer ill t&en e$tali$& a $afet >ru$i onto t&e "i(ti# a$ taug&t in t&e $elf-re$(ue te(&ni%ue.

*3+ 6fter (learing t&e #alfun(tion, (ontinue it& rappelling operation$.

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(. 4appelling Ca$ualt 4e$(ue . T&ere are t&ree different #et&od$ in &i(& to get an in<uredrappeller to t&e otto#.

*1+ T&e fir$t #et&od i$ to allo t&e ela #an to loer t&e (a$ualt $lol relea$ing

t&e ten$ion on t&e rappel rope.

*+ T&e $e(ond #et&od i$ u$ed for (riti(al in<urie$ or &en t&e ela #an (annot properl(ontrol t&e (a$ualt@$ de$(ent.

*a+ T&e re$(uer ill rappel don u$ing anot&er rope. 2n(e t&e re$(uer get$ to t&e(a$ualt, t&e re$(uer ill &a"e &i$ ela #an rae &i# off, enaling t&e re$(uer to u$e ot& &and$.

*+ f ne(e$$ar, t&e re$(uer ill perfor# t&e a$i( fir$t aid needed. 2n(e t&e (a$ualti$ read to e loered, t&e re$(uer ill (all don to ot& of t&e ela #en to$i#ultaneou$l loer ot& #en. T&e re$(uer ill &old onto t&e (a$ualt t&e entirea don $o t&at &e doe$nGt oun(e off t&e ro( fa(e.

*3+ T&e t&ird #et&od i$ (alled a tande# rappel. t$ u$ed to re$(ue a (a$ualt &o &a$$u$tained an in<ur $eriou$ enoug& t&at &e (annot operate t&e rappel de"i(e &i#$elf and re%uire$ t&e a$$i$tan(e of a $e(ond rappeller. T&i$ tpe of re$(ue (an e (ondu(tedfro# t&e top of t&e (liff fa(e or &ile on rappel, depending on &ere t&e in<uro((urred.

*a+ f t&e in<ur o((ur$ &ile on top of t&e (liff fa(e, t&e folloing $tep$ $&ould etaen

1. Tae eit&er a long $ling rope or >ru$i (ord and tie a figure-eig&t not off$et$o t&at one lengt& of t&e (ord i$ longer t&en t&e ot&er.

. Tie a figure-eig&t not at ea(& end. 3. Tae a rappel de"i(e and atta(& it to t&e off$et figure-eig&t loop it& a

(arainer and atta(& it to t&e rappel rope.

. et, atta(& t&e (a$ualt@$ &ard point to t&e $&ort end of t&e $ling rope/>ru$i (ord and t&e re$(uer to t&e ot&er end.

5. T&e re$(uer ill t&en utilie a $afet >ru$i in t&e $a#e #et&od a$ t&e fir$t#an don te(&ni%ue, e(ept t&at t&e fri(tion not ill e tied elo t&erappelling de"i(e and (ontrolled it& t&e rae &and.

'. T&e re$(uer ill t&en #aneu"er &i#$elf under t&e (a$ualt to pro"idea$$i$tan(e and $upport.

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7. 6t t&i$ point ou are read to rappel ot& re$(uer and (a$ualt at t&e $a#eti#e.

NOTE: our rappel de"i(e $&ould e far enoug& in front of ou $o t&at t&e (a$ualt ill not eale to rea(& it.

*+ f t&e in<ur o((ur$ during t&e rappel, t&e folloing $tep$ are taen

1. T&e re$(uer ill pre$et t&e $a#e $$te# on a $eparate rappel rope and rappeldon to t&e (a$ualt.

. T&e re$(uer ill t&en tae t&e $&ort end of t&e $ling rope and atta(& it to t&e(a$ualt@$ &ard point.

3. Wit& a nife, t&e re$(uer ill (ut t&e (a$ualt@$ rappel rope aa.

. 4appel don to t&e otto# of t&e (liff fa(e.

NOTE: T=S S T=8 2? TM8 T=6T 6 IF8 W?? B8 HS8; ;H4! 6 46>>8?.8AT48M8 C6HT2 S=2H?; B8 HS8;. T S 2T T2 B8 ;28 T46!, BHT2? ;H4! 6 6CTH6? 48SCH8 6; 6S 6 ?6ST 48S24T.

13. RETRIEVABLE RAPPELS . 2n(e a unit &a$ rappelled don a "erti(al o$ta(le, it #a ene(e$$ar to retrie"e t&e rope*$+. ;epending on t&e &eig&t of t&e o$ta(le eit&er one or torope$ ill u$ed to (on$tru(t t&e rappel lane.

a. 2ne-4ope 4etrie"ale 4appel

*1+ Find t&e #iddle of t&e rope and pla(e it dire(tl e&ind a $uitale an(&or point.

*+ Join t&e pigtail$ of t&e rope it& an o"er&and not and deplo t&e rope don t&eo$ta(le.

*3+ 2n one $ide of t&e rope in front of t&e an(&or point, tie an o"er-t&e-o<e(t (lo"e &it(&onto a lo(ing (arainer.

*+ 2n t&e ot&er $ide of t&e rope, tie anot&er o"er-t&e-o<e(t (lo"e &it(& and atta(& it tot&e $a#e (arainer.

*5+ T&e fir$t #an don ill utilie a $afet >ru$i and untie t&e o"er&and not after &erea(&e$ t&e otto#.

*'+ 6ll ot&er$ (ondu(t proper rappel pro(edure$.

*7+ T&e la$t #an don ill di$(onne(t t&e (arainer fro# t&e rope, and en$uring t&at t&e#iddle of t&e rope i$ dire(tl e&ind t&e an(&or point, rappel don t&e rope.

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*)+ >ulling on eit&er end of t&e rope t&en retrie"e$ t&e rope.

. To-4ope 4etrie"ale 4appel. T&i$ tpe of $$te# i$ identi(al to t&e one rope retrie"ale

rappel e(ept for a fe (on$ideration$.

*1+ T&e rea$on for u$ing to rope$ "i(e one rope i$ t&at t&e &eig&t of t&e rappel i$ greater.

*+ W&en to rope$ are u$ed t&e $&ould e <oined toget&er u$ing a $%uare not. T&i$not ill e pla(ed dire(tl e&ind t&e an(&or point.

*3+ 6ll el$e re#ain$ t&e $a#e a$ t&e one rope retrie"ale rappel e(ept

*a+ T&e la$t #an don ill di$(onne(t t&e (arainer fro# t&e rope and ill #o"e t&e <oining not a$ (lo$e to t&e "erti(al o$ta(le@$ edge a$ po$$ile. T&i$ ill pre"ent

t&e not fro# po$$il getting (aug&t up &ile retrie"ing. *+ T&e la$t #an don ill t&en pla(e a (arainer on t&e rope elo t&e not. T&i$

ill enale &i# to no &i(& line to pull for retrie"al.

1. EQUIPMENT . 8%uip#ent $&ould e orn in a((ordan(e it& unit S2>. T&e unit &a$ t&ere$pon$iilit to deter#ine &i(& #et&od$ it feel$ are #o$t enefi(ial to t&e #i$$ion.Weapon$ $&ould e orn a(ro$$ $&oulder: #ule don and aa fro# t&e rae &and it&a tig&t $ling $e(urel atta(&ed to t&e eapon. Weapon$ $&ould al$o e du## (orded to t&eindi"idual$.

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STUDENT OUTLINE

TOP ROPING

LEARNING OBJECTIVES


ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVE

OUTLINE

ESTABLISHING A BELAY STANCE FROM THE TOP

C7



NOTE: will not

SECURING THE CLIMBER TO THE ROPE

ESTABLISHING A BELAY STANCE FROM THE BOTTOM

CLIMBER'S RESPONSIBILITIES



CLIMBING COMMANDS AND SIGNALS .

VOICECOMMANDS

GIVEN BY MEANING

ROPE TUGS GIVEN BY MEANING




STUDENT OUTLINE

MOUNTAIN CASUALTY EVACUATIONS

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES.


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OUTLINE

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

APASSNGG.

A

P

A

S

S

N

G

G

ONE -MAN CARRIES





NOTE:

TWO-MAN CARRY



EXPEDIENT LITTERS





LITTERS.





STOKES LITTER

YOSEMITE PRE-RIG.



ASCENTS OR DESCENT OVER STEEP TO MODERATE SLOPES



BARROW BOY



NOTE

TANDEM LOWERING



OTHER CONSIDERATIONS.






FMST.0

7.34041!0!

STUDENT HANDOUT

ONE-ROPE BRIDGE

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVES . n a #u$$er $ountainou# en%iron$ent, &ondu&t 'ridging, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e#. *FMST.07.34+


*1+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e#, li#t in (riting t)e &riteria for #ite #ele&tion for a one-rope

'ridge, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e. *FMST.07.34a+

*!+ n a #u$$er $ountainou# en%iron$ent (it) an a##ault load , &ro## a one-rope 'ridge u#ingt)e rappel #eat $et)od, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e. *FMST.07.34'+

*3+ Wit)out t)e aid of referen&e#, li#t in (riting t)e re#&ue te&)niue#, in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e

referen&e. *FMST.07.34&+

*4+ n a #u$$er $ountainou# en%iron$ent tran#port a S / #tret&)er a&ro## a one rope 'ridge,

in a&&ordan&e (it) t)e referen&e. *FMST.07.34d+ BODY

1. SITE SELECTION

a. T)e t(o &riteria for #ite #ele&tion for a one-rope 'ridge are *FMST.07.34a+

1 +T)ere $u#t 'e #uita'le an&)or# on 'ot) #ide# of t)e #trea$.

! +T)e an&)or# $u#t offer good loading and unloading platfor$#.

'. t)er &on#ideration# in%ol%ed are

1 +T)e #ite &)o#en for t)e initial &ro##ing doe# not )a%e to 'e at t)e lo&ation for t)e

&on#tru&tion of t)e 'ridge, 2u#t a# long a# t)e rope &an 'e taen to t)e #ele&ted #ite t)e

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&ro##ing.

! +T)e #ite &)o#en for t)e lead #(i$$er to &ro## #)ould 'e a# free a# po##i'le fro$

o'#ta&le# in t)e (ater, #u&) a# large 'oulder#, #tu$p# or log# a# di#&u##ed in

STREAM CROSSING.

3 +T)e an&)or# $u#t 'e &lo#e enoug) for t)e 150 foot &oil to rea&) 'ot) near #ide and far

#ide an&)or#. eep in $ind t)at it (ill tae approi$atel 13 of t)e 150 foot rope

for tig)tening and an&)oring of t)e 'ridge.

!. DISTANCE ESTIMATION . T)e follo( $et)od# &an 'e u#ed to deter$ine t)e di#tan&e

'et(een an&)or point#

a. 6i$ut) Met)od. S)oot an ai$ut) to a point on t)e far #ide of t)e intended o'#ta&le to

&ro##. T)en $o%e 8FT or : ; T *perpendi&ular to t)e ai$ut)+ until ou get a 15

degree off#et of our pre%iou# ai$ut). < et, $ea#ure t)e di#tan&e t)at ou pa&ed in feet

fro$ our fir#t ai$ut) to our #e&ond ai$ut), and $ultipl t)at di#tan&e ' t)ree. T)i#total (ill gi%e ou t)e approi$ate di#tan&e a&ro## t)e o'#ta&le in feet.

'. = nit 6%erage Met)od. : et t)ree Marine# to 2udge *'e#t gue##+ t)e di#tan&e a&ro## t)e

intended o'#ta&le. 6dd up t)e total a&&u$ulated di#tan&e, t)en di%ide ' t)ree. T)i# (ill

gi%e an e#ti$ation of t)e di#tan&e a&ro## t)e o'#ta&le.

a$ple Marine 1 !40 ft

Marine ! !30 ft

Marine 3 !50 ft

7!0 ft

/i%ided ' 3 > !40 ft

3. ORGANIZATION . T)e organiation of &on#tru&tion i# 'roen do(n into four group#.

T)e are a# follo(

a. T)e Bridging Tea$ - &on#i#ting of t)e 'ridge < C and anot)er Marine.

'. T)e Safet 8ine Tea$ - &on#i#ting of t)e lead #(i$$er and )i# 'ela $an.

&. T)e Mule Tea$ - &on#i#ting 3 Marine# for a 91, and ? Marine# for a 31.

d. T)e Se&urit Tea$ @ &on#i#ting of t)e re#t of t)e part.

4. CONSTRUCTION . T)i# 'ridge i# ideal for #uad and platoon #ied unit#, for it# ui&

&on#tru&tion and $ini$al a$ount of euip$ent reuired.

a. n&e t)e #ite for t)e 'ridge )a# 'een de#ignated ' t)e 'ridge < C , t)e Safet 8ine

Tea$ (ill $o%e up #trea$ fro$ t)i# #ite to enter t)e (ater. T)eir fir#t #tep i# to flae out

C9-!



t)e rope. n&e t)i# i# a&&o$pli#)ed, t)e lead #(i$$erA# (ill tae a 'ig)t of t)e rope and

tie a figure loop at t)e end t)at (ill 'e going to t)e far #ide, en#uring t)e not )a# a

1-!4 loop. T)e lead #(i$$erD# up#trea$ ar$ (ill go in it, (it) t)e 'ela $an tending

)i# rope t)e lead #(i$$er (ill &ro## t)e ne%er u#ing t)e flo( to a##i#t )i$. *Ferr angle

a# taug)t in ST6M C SS < : +

'. 6t t)e #a$e ti$e a# t)e lead #(i$$er i# &ro##ing, t)e 'ridging tea$ (ill 'e preparing t)e

near #ide an&)or. T)e 'ridging tea$ (ill tie a #(a$$i (rap around t)e an&)or, u#ing a

#ling rope or pra&ti&e &oil, and en#uring t)e #uare not i# 'e)ind or on t)e #ide of t)e

an&)or. n&e t)e an&)or i# #e&ure, flae out t)e 'ridging line in order to #end it a&ro##.

&. n&e t)e lead #(i$$er i# a&ro## )e (ill $o%e to t)e #ite ()ere t)e far #ide an&)or (ill

'e e#ta'li#)ed and #e&ure )i# rope. T)e 'ela $an (ill t)en $o%e do(n to t)e near #ide

an&)or, and a# &lo#e to t)e (ater# edge a# po##i'le. ; e (ill atta&) t)e 'ridging line to t)e

#afet ' ting a $iddle of t)e rope in a figure not to t)e #afet line and an end of t)e

rope figure not to t)e 'ridging line &onne&ting t)e t(o rope# (it) an 5 &ara'iner. T)e

lead #(i$$er (ill t)en pull t)e rope a&ro##. T)e 'ela $an (it) t)e )elp of anot)er Marine (ill 'ela t)e 'ridging line a&ro## eeping ten#ion on t)e rope to eep t)e rope

out of t)e (ater.

d. 6fter t)e 'ridging line i# a&ro## t)e lead #(i$$er (ill deta&) t)e 'ridging line fro$ t)e

#afet line and #e&ure it to t)e far #ide an&)or u#ing a tree (rap, (rapping fro$ rig)t to

left, en#uring t)ere are 3-5 (rap#.

e. n&e t)e 'ridging line i# #e&ure. T)e lead #(i$$er and t)e 'ela $an (ill #e&ure t)e

#afet line on 'ot) 'an#, en#uring t)e rope i# &reating a ferr angle *$ini$u$ 45

degree#+. T)i# (ill 'e t)e #afet line for t)e Marine# &ro##ing t)e 'ridge.

NOTE f a fall fro$ a rope 'ridge (ould re#ult in deat) or #eriou# in2ur, t)en utilie a #afet

line t)at (ill 'e an&)ored parallel (it) t)e 'ridge and )and tig)tened. T)e Marine &ro##ing (ill

&lip into 'ot) rope# prior &ro##ing.

f. n t)e near #ide 'an

1. T)e 'ridging tea$ (ill need t)e follo(ing gear to 'uild t)e $e&)ani&al ad%antage

*a+ Four #teel lo&ing &ara'iner# E 3 -T)ree foot pru#i#

!. n&e t)e 'ridging line i# #e&ured on t)e far #ide, t)e 'ridging tea$ (ill tae one 5

and &lip it into t)e near #ide an&)or *#(a$$i (rap+. T)en t)e (ill tae t)e 'ridging

line and &lip into t)at 5, t)en u#ing one t)ree foot long pru#i *1? loop+ t)e 'ridging

line (ill 'e #e&ured to t)e 5 ' ting a Fren&) ru#i, ()i&) (ill a&t a# a 'raing

not. T)e 'ridging tea$ (ill no( pull t)e rope taut, and 'egin &on#tru&tion of t)e

$e&)ani&al ad%antage.



3. T)e fir#t #tep i# to tae one t)ree foot pru#i *1? loop+ and tie a Fren&) pru#i on t)e

'ridging line a# far a(a fro$ t)e an&)or a# po##i'le. T)en tae one 5 and &lip it to

t)e loop# of t)e Fren&) pru#i.

4. Taing a 'ig)t fro$ t)e running end of t)e rope &lip it into t)e 5 )anging fro$ t)e

tail# of t)e Fren&) pru#i.

5. T)en 'ring a 'ig)t 'a& fro$ t)e &lipped in rope to t)e an&)or, and taing one 5 &lip

it into t)e 5 &reated in #tep *!+, tae t)e 'ig)t of rope and &lip into t)i# 5.

?. Tae one t)ree foot pru#i and tie a Fren&) pru#i onto t)e 'otto$ end of t)e 'ig)t

&lipped into t)e 5 &reated in #tep *3+, tae one 5 and &lip it into t)e tail loop# of t)e

Fren&) pru#i.

7. Fro$ t)e an&)or, tae a 'ig)t of rope fro$ t)e 5 &reated in #tep *?+ and &lip it into

t)e 5 &reated in #tep *?+.

. Gou )a%e $ade approi$atel a 91 $e&)ani&al ad%antage.

NOTE f t)e $anpo(er i# a%aila'le t)e #uadplatoon )a# t)e option of 'uilding a 31$e&)ani&al ad%antage %i#e a 9 1, t)e $ule tea$ (ill 2u#t )a%e to add anot)er 'od )a%ing no

$ore t)en 3 'odie# on a 91 and ? 'odie# on a 31

g. Ten#ioning of t)e Bridge

1. < o( t)at t)e 'ridge i# 'uilt, t)e 'ridge < C &an &all up t)e $ule tea$ to ten#ion t)e

'ridge.



!. T)i# pro&edure i# fa&ilitated ' t)e $e&)ani&al ad%antage ##te$ t)at (a# 2u#t put

into pla&e. T)e 'raing not *Fren&) pru#i+ i# u#ed to )old ten#ion on t)e 'ridging

line ()ile t)e 'ridge i# 'eing ten#ioned.

3. T)e $ule tea$ (ill 'egin to pull on t)e running end of t)e rope &o$ing out of t)e$e&)ani&al ad%antage. T)e (ill pull t)e rope #traig)t 'a&, tring to eep it in line

(it) t)e 'ridge a# 'e#t a# po##i'le.

4. T)e $ule tea$ (ill ten#ion t)e rope a# $u&) a# po##i'le, t)e 'ridge < C (ill

$onitor t)e ##te$. n&e t)e $ule tea$ &annot pull an$ore ten#ion, t)e 'ridge

< C (ill t)en )a%e t)e$ )old t)e rope in pla&e, and (ill re#et t)e 'raing not. n&e

t)e 'raing not i# #et t)e 'ridge < C (ill a# for #la& fro$ t)e $ule tea$ and

&&le t)e ##te$ out. T)i# pro&e## (ill &ontinue until t)e 'ridge i# tig)t.

5. n t)e la#t &&le t)e 'ridge < C (ill #et t)e 'rae not and (it) t)e )elp of anot)er

Marine t)e (ill $ae a 'ig)t out of t)e running end and 'ring it around t)e tree()ile eeping ten#ion.

?. Tae a 'ig)t and $ae a &o$plete round turn on t)e 'od of t)e 5 &reated in #tep

*!+. 8a#t, t)e 'ridge < C (ill tie t(o )alf )it&)e# en&o$pa##ing all t)e rope# 2u#t

'e)ind t)e an&)or.

7. 6t t)i# #tage t)e 'ridge i# tig)t and #e&ured, t)e 'ridge < C (ill no( &all up t)e

re$ainder of t)e #uadplatoon to &ro##. T)e 'ridge < C (ill $onitor t)e &ro##ing of

all Marine#, and (ill 'e t)e la#t one to &ro##.

T6 S T < < o( t)at (e )a%e di#&u##ed t)e &on#tru&tion of t)e 'ridge, are t)ere an

ue#tion# o%er t)e $aterialH < et (e (ill di#&u## t)e &ro##ing of t)e 'ridge.

5. CROSSING . *FMST.07.34'+ T)e $et)od u#ed to &ro## i# no(n a# a )oriontal tra%er#e.T)i# tra%er#e &an 'e a&&o$pli#)ed in t)e follo(ing (a#.

a. appel Seat Met)od

1 +T)e Marine tie# )i$#elf into a rappel #eat and in#ert# a large #teel lo&ing &ara'iner

(it) t)e gate fa&ing do(n and a(a.

! +T)e Marine fa&e# t)e 'ridge (it) )i# rig)t )and to(ard# t)e near an&)or to #nap into

t)e 'ridge, on&e t)e 5 i# lo&ed onto t)e 'ridge rope, a )elper flip# t)e 5 o%er #o

t)at t)e lo&ing nut #&re(# do(n. 6 &arrier rope (it) a girt) )it&) $a 'e added to

a##i#t t)e Marine in $ounting t)e rope.

3 +T)e Marine )ang# 'elo( t)e 'ridge fro$ )i# rappel #eat (it) )i# )ead pointing in t)e

dire&tion of t)e far an&)or and allo(# )i# leg# to )ang free.



4 +ulling (it) )i# ar$# $ae# progre##.

5 +T)i# $et)od i# t)e #afe#t and t)erefore t)e preferred $et)od.

? + f t)e Marine $u#t tae a pa& a&ro##, )e $a (ear it (it) t)e (ai#t'and #e&ured

; o(e%er, t)e preferred $et)od i# to )a%e anot)er &ara'iner *alu$inu$ non-lo&ing i##uffi&ient+ atta&)ed to t)e pa& fra$e at t)e top and atta&) t)i# to t)e 'ridge 'e)ind

t)e Marine putting )i# leg# t)roug) t)e #)oulder #trap# and pulling t)e pa& a&ro##

(it) )i$.

7 + ne $an at a ti$e (ill &ro##, alt)oug) one &an load and anot)er &an unload

&on&urrentl.

+Weapon# (ill 'e (orn a&ro## t)e #)oulderI $ule do(n (it) a tig)t #ling #e&urel

atta&)ed to t)e (eapon.

'. ulle Met)od. T)i# $et)od i# u#ed ()en t)e one rope 'ridge i# long, up)ill, or #peed i#%ital and t)e Marine# &ro##ing it )a%e a lot of )ea% per#onal euip$entI M!4 : D#,

radio#, et&.

1 +uip$ent reuired. ne pulle, four #teel lo&ing &ara'iner#, and a )auling line

t(i&e t)e lengt) of t)e o'#ta&le.

! +Setting up t)e ##te$. Con#tru&tion of t)e fir#t #u#pen#ion point i# done ' atta&)ing

a pulle to t)e one rope 'ridge, one 5 &ara'iner i# atta&)ed to t)e pulle, gate do(n,

and a #e&ond 5 i# atta&)ed to t)e fir#t 5 (it) t)e gate fa&ing t)e near #ide 'an. nto

t)i# #e&ond 5, atta&) t)e )auling rope (it) a figure- loop. T)e figure- i# pla&ed

)alf(a along t)e )auling rope and atta&)ed to t)e 5, ()i&) i# t)en lo&ed. Four feet

do(n t)e line anot)er figure- on a 'ig)t i# pla&ed into t)e #e&ond #u#pen#ion point.

3 +Conne&tion. T)e Marine &lip# )i# 5 into t)e lo(er 5, )i# euip$ent i# &lipped into

t)e #e&ond 5. T)e $ule tea$ #tart# to pull.

&. ; el$et# (ill 'e (orn for all $et)od# of &ro##ing t)e 'ridge. : lo%e# are optional.

NOTE T)ere are additional $et)od# of &ro##ing a one rope 'ridge #u&) a# t)e Co$$ando

&ra(l, Mone &ra(l and )and o%er )and te&)niue#, )o(e%er, t)e are not taug)t at MWTC due

to #afet rea#on#.

?. RESCUE TECHNIQUES f an indi%idual i# una'le to &o$plete t)e &ro##ing on t)e one

rope 'ridge u#ing t)e rappel #eat $et)od of &ro##ing *i.e. fro$ a fall or e)au#tion+, a re#&ue

(ill )a%e to 'e $ade in t)e follo(ing $anner *FMST.07.34&+

a. ea&). Fir#t tr to rea&) t)e %i&ti$ ' u#ing an o'2e&t #u&) a# a pole, our )and, if t)e%i&ti$ i# &lo#e enoug), et& ...



'. T)ro(. f rea&)ing t)e %i&ti$ i# i$po##i'le, tr t)ro(ing a rope to t)e %i&ti$ and )a%e

)i$ atta&) t)e rope to )i$#elf, prefera'l )i# #eat, and pull )i$ 'a& to t)e de#ired #ide

of t)e in#tallation.

&. To(. f t)e %i&ti$ i# una'le to &at&) or rea&) a rope 'eing t)ro(n to )i$ or t)e %i&ti$ i#un&on#&iou#, tie a figure-of-eig)t loop into t)e $iddle of t)e #afet line and t)en &onne&t

t)e rope to t)e rope 'ridge (it) a #teel lo&ing &ara'iner. T)e $ule tea$ (ill pull t)e

&ara'iner up again#t t)e %i&ti$D# #eat and 'egin to(ing t)e %i&ti$ to t)e de#ired #ide of

t)e in#tallation. T)e rope u#ed to to( t)e %i&ti$ #)ould 'e t(i&e t)e lengt) of t)e #pan of

t)e rope 'ridge * f ne&e##ar, rope# &an 'e tied toget)er to a&&o$$odate t)e #pan+. T)i#

(ill allo( to(ing fro$ eit)er #ide (it)out )a%ing to t)ro( or )a%e a Marine &arr t)e

#afet line 'a& a&ro## t)e 'ridge ea&) ti$e a to(ing re#&ue i# perfor$ed.

d. : o. f all el#e fail#, t)e la#t option (ill 'e to go after t)e %i&ti$. T)e re#&uer (ill $o%e

out onto t)e rope 'ridge (it) a #afet line atta&)ed to )i$#elf at approi$atel eig)t feet

fro$ t)e end of t)e #afet line. n t)e end of t)e #afet line tie a figure-of-eig)t loop andin#ert a #teel lo&ing &ara'iner in t)e end of it. n&e t)e re#&uer )a# $ade &onta&t (it)

t)e %i&ti$. ; e (ill atta&) t)e #teel lo&ing &ara'iner to eit)er t)e %i&ti$D# #eat *prefera'l

t)e %i&ti$D# &ara'iner t)at i# atta&)ed to t)e rope 'ridge+, or to t)e 'ridge it#elf. To

en#uring t)at t)e &ara'iner i# pla&ed #o t)at it pull# again#t t)e %i&ti$D# &ara'iner. T)e

$ule tea$ no( #tart# to pull 'ot) t)e %i&ti$ and t)e re#&uer to t)e de#ired #ide of t)e

in#tallation.

e. Cut. f ()ile &ro##ing t)e rope o%er (ater t)e indi%idual goe# under(ater and no ot)er

re#&ue te&)niue &an 'e e$ploed, t)e rope (ill 'e &ut.

7. RETRIEVING THE ONE ROPE BRIDGE

a. Before t)e 'ridge < C #end# t)e la#t Marine to &ro##, t)e $u#t $ae t)e 'ridge

retrie%a'le.

'. T)e fir#t #tep i# to 'rea do(n t)e $e&)ani&al ad%antage, en#uring t)e 'raing not i# #et

'efore doing #o. T)e ##te$ (ill 'e 'roen do(n until t)e 'ridging line i# atta&)ed onl

to t)e 'rae not.

&. T)e (ill no( tae t)e rope around to t)e 'a& of t)e an&)or, and tie a #lip figure , (it)t)e loop of t)e #lip , tae it and atta&) it to t)e 'ridging line 2u#t in 'a& of t)e 'raing

not (it) a 5.



d. < o( pull t)e running end &o$ing out of t)e #lip until it tig)ten#, and 'ite# on t)e rope.

n&e t)e rope 'ite#, tie a t)u$' not 'e)ind t)e #lip a# &lo#e to t)e #lip figure a# po##i'le.

e. T)e 'ridge < C , (it) t)e )elp of anot)er Marine, (ill no( untie t)e #(a$$i (rap, until

all of t)e ten#ion i# on t)e 'ridging line.

f. T)e #afet line (ill no( 'e 'roug)t up, and atta&)ed to t)e end of t)e 'ridging line (it)

an o%er)and not.

g. T)e 'ridge < C and t)e ot)er. Marine (ill no( &ro## t)e 'ridge.

NOTE t i# po##i'le t)at t)e 'ridge $a lo#e ten#ion after 'reaing t)e 'ridge do(n. T)e pa&#

of t)e la#t t(o Marine# a&ro## &an 'e #ent o%er (it) ot)er Marine#, prior to t)e #lip figure 'eing

tied.

). 6fter 'ot) Marine# )a%e &ro##ed, t)e #afel line (ill 'e 'roug)t up fro$ do(n #trea$.

i. T)e tree (rap (ill no( 'e taen off. n&e t)e tree (rap i# off, all not# and &ara'iner#

(ill 'e taen out.

2. T)e #afet line (ill no( 'e pulled, t)e 'ridge i# retrie%ed.






WMC

04/12/02

STUDENT OUTLINE

SUMMER MOUNTAIN WARFIGHTING LOAD REQUIREMENTS

LESSON PURPOSE . Te purpo!e of ti! period of in!tru"tion i! to introdu"e te !tudent to tedifferent le#el! of gear re$uire%ent! in a""ordan"e &it MWTC'! unifor% "ode!. Ti! le!!onrelate! to %ountain &al(ing and ta"ti"al e#olution!

OUTLINE

1. BASIC UNIFORM REQUIREMENTS .

a. Marine! operating in %ountainou! terrain &ill generall) &ear te !tandard i!!ued utilit)unifor%. *o&e#er, due to te &ide range of te%perature!, and !udden "ange! in &eater in te %ountain!, Marine! &ill find te need to +e "ontinuall) adding and re%o#ingla)er!. Te a%ount of "loting &orn %a) #ar) depending upon te !e#erit) of te&eater, te a"ti#it) le#el of te Marine, and te indi#idual %eta+oli!% of te Marine.#er) per!on in tat unit !ould !till %aintain te !a%e outer "a%ouflage la)er.

+. ! part of te +a!i" unifor%, ea" %an &ill +e re$uired to a#e in i! po!!e!!ion, at allti%e!, !e#en re$uired po"(et ite%!. Te!e !e#en ite%! !ould +e "arried in te po"(et! of )our utilit) unifor%

1 o"(et(nife

2 Wi!tle

3 re!!ure Bandage

4 Cap!ti"( and !un!"reen

5 ungla!!e!

C10



ur#i#al it and ration! fire !tarting %aterial, !ignaling %aterial, foodgatering %aterial, &ater pro"uring %aterial, 1!t aid, !elter %aterial, and!o%e ig energ), ligt&eigt !na"(!.

7 ote+oo( &it pen/pen"il

". o%e additional ite%! tat !ould +e "arried in )our po"(et! at all ti%e!

1 Conta"t glo#e!

2 ara"ord 10 %eter!

3 6la!ligt &it ta"ti"al len! and !pare +atterie!

4 Ce%ligt!

2. ASSAULT LOAD .

a. Te !!ault oad i! e$uip%ent in addition to te +a!i" unifor% re$uire%ent!. 8t i! "arriedin te load-+earing #e!t B, +utt pa"( and te pa"( !)!te%. Ti! i! te e$uip%ent"arried for !ort duration %i!!ion! !u" a! !e"urit) patrol! or during te a!!ault. 8t i! al!o"arried at all ti%e! &en a&a) fro% te +i#oua" !ite.

1 n e:tra in!ulating la)er 6ield ;a"(et liner, &ool) pull), et".

2 rote"ti#e la)er CWC par(a and trou!er!

3 B &it 2 $uart! of &ater and fir!t aid (it

4 *el%et

5 <ation! for te ti%e a&a) fro% )our +i#oua" !ite

Cold &eater at or +ala"la#a

7 8ndi#idual %ountaineering gear

a. ling rope

+. Cara+iner!

". <appelling =lo#e!

Documents

Survival Wilderness Medicine Course USMC