Survival From Stressor Coping Strategies of Patients Diagnose of Kidney Failure

7/27/2019 Survival From Stressor Coping Strategies of Patients Diagnose of Kidney Failure

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SURVIVAL FROM STRESSOR: COPING STRATEGIES OF

PATIENTS HAVING DIAGNOSED OF KIDNEY FAILURE

By:DOMINIQUE EXCELSIS J. DEGAMO, R.N.

ARELLANO UNIVERSITYFlorentino Cayco Memorial School of Graduate Studies

Manila, Philippines

March 2013


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A C K N O W L E W D E G E M E N T

Research in Nursing is a Scientific inquiry on problem and issues related to

nursing practice. This develops the sincere desire of the researcher to contribute to the

universal effort of improving the delivery of health care to preserve human life.

Words are not enough to express the deepest gratitude and sincere appreciation

to the following significant people who have contributed a lot to the realization of this

study:

Engr. Joseph Paul J. Juanich for providing the researcher the inspiration and

strength to complete this study;

The respondents of this study without whose response, this study would not have

been realized.

His cousins, colleagues, aunties and his mother for serving as her inspiration and

for lovingly standing by his side in the completion of this study.

And above all, to God Almighty for giving him strength, infinite guidance and

wisdom to complete this research.

D.E.D.


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D E D I C A T I O N

To God Almighty, my Lord and Savior

To my Mother

To my Brothers and Sisters

To my future my Wife

To my Niece and Nephew

My Aunties and Uncles

This work is lovingly dedicated


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

DEDICATION iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

APPENDICES

CHAPTER Page

I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Background of the Study

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Paradigm ...

Paradigm of the Study ..

Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis ...

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Definition of Terms

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Local Studies ..

Related Foreign Studies ..

Related Local Literature ..

Related Foreign Literature ..

III. METHOD OF PROCEDURE AND SOURCES OF DATA

Research Method ..

Research Instrument

The Sample and Sampling Method ..

Statistical Treatment of Data ..


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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Nursing is a most noble profession. It is a calling and privilege to lift the quality of

life of our fellowmen and to assist God in making this world better. Those who select

nursing as a course, and career, generally want to make a difference in peoples lives.

These patients are subjected to stress of everyday life. Stress is a part of every patients

having diagnosed with kidney failure. When a disease is introduced to ones life, it

interferes with whatever balanced one has adjusted to. The most common response to

such a disease is to adapt lifestyle that will keep the balance undistributed or controlled.

There is a feeling of safety as there is a control ove r the equilibrium of ones life. Most

day-to-day stressors are balanced successfully, because human beings have a large

capacity to control the numerous variables. For example, taking an alternate route may

reduce the stress of a traffic jam, or the stress of an examination may be reduced by

adequate preparations. A sense of control is very important to ones sense of well-

being.

Stress is a universal phenomenon; stress requires change or adaptation so that

the person can maintain equilibrium. Stress can be Internal or External. Nature of

stressor involves Intensity, Scope, Duration and other stressors derive from their

number and nature. Categories of Stressors and their examples are Physical - drugs or

alcohol, Psychological - such as adolescent emotional upheaval, or unexpressed anger,

Social - isolation, interpersonal loss, Cultural - ideal body image and Microbiologic


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such as infection. The greater the stressor, the greater the stress response Stress

response involves both localized and general adaptation.

People use coping mechanisms, also called ego defense mechanisms, to relieve

anxiety. They are usually unconscious; that is, the client is not aware of their use. Watch

for excessive use of these mechanisms. Too much use of these mechanisms may be

harmful to patients, instead to help the patient it will turn an additional stressor to them.

This study focus on Coping Strategies on Patients Having diagnosed of Kidney

Failure. Having diagnosed with this disease may be stressful to patients and may affect

their activities of daily living. Due to many reports of kidney failure in our country the

researcher utilized it as his basis of interest to conduct a study. In this study the

researcher is trying to learn about and understand what are the coping strategies of

patients having diagnosed of kidney failure. The overall goal of the researcher in this

study is to recognize the coping strategies of patients having diagnosed and kidney

failure and realize the cause of their problem why they acquire that disease.

Background of the Study

The Department of Health (DOH) is the principal health agency in the Philippines.

It is responsible for ensuring access to basic health services to all Filipinos through the

provision of quality healthcare and regulation of providers of health goods and services.

DOH administration is composed of about 17 central and regional offices, 16

center of Health Development located in various regions, 70 hospitals and 4 attached

agencies. Government hospitals provide hospital-based care, specialized in general

services. Some conduct research on clinical priorities while some are training hospitals

for medical specialization.


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Metro Manila hospitals have three levels of health care services available,

namely, the primary, secondary and tertiary care. Highly technological and highly

sophisticated tertiary care level of services is provided by Medical Centers and large

hospitals. With respect to ownership and control, the hospitals are classified as to

whether they are operated by the government (public) or non-government (private).

The researcher focuses on the study on Coping Strategies on Patients Having

Diagnosed of Kidney Failure. With this, the researcher selected government sponsored

Metro Manila hospitals for his study because major respondents of his study are in

government hospitals. It is important to know and understand the coping strategies of

the patients in order for us to further enhance and utilize and to be apply if applicable to

future with the same cases.

Conceptual Framework

This study utilized the Adaptation Theory of Sister Callista Roy where according

to her, When push comes to a shove, we will seldom disappoint ourselves. We all

harbour greater stores of strength than we think. Adversity brings the opportunity to test

our mettle and discover for ourselves the stuff of which we are made.

Do not underestimate the power of a person to cope. He may be dependent now but

deep within him lies the energy to adapt.

I remember a particular a particular patient when I was still an ICU nurse. He was

a pastor afflicted with a serious liver problem. Specialists come and go at his ICU bed

but they cannot seem to diagnose the problem. Time is running out and the pastor is

slipping fast. Hes bleeding and God knows how many units of blood have been

transfused to him. He went into coma. Doctors were giving up, and so were we. Weve


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primed the family but they just wont give upyet. The wife is always there at his side

during visiting hours, always cheerful and full of hope. So is the daughter who even lets

her dad listen to praise songs as if he is not comatose. Many days passed and to our

amazement, the pastor woke up from coma. Its been uphill from there. Everything just

fell into the right place. He was transferred to a regular room and eventually discharged

with a clean bill of health.

Amazing? What could it be? A miracle? Or could it be the medications working,

or the transfusion? Or the familys fervent prayers? We couldnt tell but one thing is

certain: human beings are made to persist. And that is what Sister Callista Roy

believed, too.

This study is highly related to Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Theory for it has

common goals and interrelated to each other. Healthful coping management strategies

include balanced diet, adequate rest, regular physical exercise, Relaxation techniques

such as: Breathing exercises, Meditation, Progressive relaxation, Prayer, Guided

imagery, Relaxation response, Yoga, Biofeedback, Hypnosis or self-hypnosis and

Humor may also help, Therapeutic touch or massage, Social support, Spirituality, Crisis

intervention and Cognitive restructuring: Nurse and client analyze client's appraisal of

stressors. Emphasis is on restructuring client's unrealistic or negative thinking.

Paradigm of the Study

Johnsons nursing model was the impetus for the development of Roys

Adaptation Model. Roy also incorporated concepts from Helsons adaptation theory, von

Bertalanffys system model, Rapoports system definition, the stress and adaptation

theories of Dohrenrend and Selye, and the coping model of Lazarus (Philips, 2002).


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Figure 1 - Conceptual Paradigm

In the Adaptation Model, assumptions are specified as scientific assumptions or

philosophical assumptions. In Scientific Assumptions; Systems of matter and energy

progress to higher levels of complex self- organization. Consciousness and meaning

are constitutive of person and environment integration. Awareness of self and

environment is rooted in thinking and feeling Humans by their decisions are accountable

for the integration of creative processes. Thinking and feeling mediate human action.

System relationships include acceptance, protection, and fostering of interdependence.

Persons and the earth have common patterns and integral relationships. Persons and

environment transformations are created in human consciousness. Integration of human

and environment meanings results in adaptation (Roy&Andrew, 1999, p.35). In

Philosophical Assumptions; Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God.

Human meaning is rooted in the omega point convergence of the universe. God is

intimately revealed in the diversity of creation and is the common destiny of creation.

Persons use human creative abilities of awareness, enlightenment, and faith. Persons
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are accountable for the processes of deriving, sustaining and transforming the universe

(Roy & Andrew, 1999, p. 35).

The Four Modes of Adaptation are Physiologic-Physical Mode which Physical

and chemical processes involved in the function and activities of living organisms; the

underlying need is physiologic integrity as seen in the degree of wholeness achieved

through adaptation to change in needs. Self-concept- Group Identity Mode which

focuses on psychological and spiritual integrity and sense of unity, meaning, and

purposefulness in the universe. Role Function Mode which individuals occupy in

society, fulfilling the need for social integrity. It is knowing who one is in relation to

others. Lastly, Interdependence Mode which the close relationships of people and their

purpose, structure and development individually and in groups and the adaptation

potential of these groups.

The Conceptual Paradigm (Figure 1) used by the researcher derived from the

theory of Sister Callista Roy served as a guide in conducting this study.
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The first column contains the input of the study. These is the stimulus to the

patients which is their kidney failure disease which affect their physical, emotional and

mental capacity. It also validates the different documents, books, textbook and related

studies and literature read by the researcher to get information needed in the study.

The second column is the control process which reflects the coping mechanism

regulator. In this column perceived the clients thinking on how or what coping

mechanism they will utilize.

The third column is the Effectors which are the physiologic function, self-concept,

role function and interdependence perceived by the patient. These pertains to the client

how they respond to stress and how they utilize their coping mechanisms. This is also

the gathering of data through guided questioners.

The fourth column is the output, which consist of the adaptive and ineffective

response of the patient to stress utilizing their coping mechanism. This is also the

interpretation and analysis of the data with regards to the coping mechanism they used.

It measures the effectivity of the patients coping mechanisms.

Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of the study was to determine the coping strategies of the

patients having diagnosed of kidney failure.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographic profile of the patients with regards to:

1.1. Age

1.2. Sex

1.3. Religion, and


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1.4. Educational Attainment

2. How do respondents utilize coping strategies in their current condition?

3. How do respondents utilize coping strategies when it affect their:

3.1. Physical

3.2. Emotional

3.3. Mental, and

3.4. Spiritual

4. Is there any significant relationship between their profile and the coping strategies?

5. What recommendations do researchers offer to enhance the coping strategies of the

patients having diagnosed of kidney failure?

Hypothesis

The researcher comes up with a result that there is no significant relationship

between the coping strategies of the patients according to their demographic profile.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The respondents of the study were composed of 10 patients in selected hospitals

in metro manila. The focus of the study is to determine the coping strategies utilize by

the patients having diagnosed of kidney failure.

This study is limited to ten patients to minimize the workload and maximize the

analyzation and interpretation time of the researcher for better outcome results.

Furthermore, the researcher studied the relationship of each profile factor with the

coping strategies applied by the patients. The outcome of the results was used as a


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basis of an action plan to be presented by the researcher for development planning for

the patient.

The validity of the data is greatly dependent on the respondents honesty and

sincerity in answering the questionnaires. Some patients have lesser anxieties every

day, as compared to other patients who are included in this study, which may affect the

response.

Definition of Terms

Adaptationit refers to the response of a system to a stressor.Anxietyis a state of uneasiness and distress about future uncertainties.

Copingsuccessful adjustment of the individual to intrinsic and internal as well

as extrinsic or external factors.

Coping Mechanism adaptation to anxiety based on conscious

acknowledgement of a problem, the individual engages in reality oriented problem-

solving activities designed to reduce tension.

Coping Strategies refers to abilities or skills of nursing students in learning

nursing concepts, skills and professional behavior.

Department of Health (DOH) - is theexecutive department of thePhilippine

government responsible for ensuring access to basicpublic health services by all

Filipinos through the provision of qualityhealth care and the regulation of all health

services and products.

Stress a condition in which the human system responds to input that has

disturbed its state of equilibrium as balance. It is the bodys response to any intense,

physical, emotional or mental demand placed on it by oneself or others. It is neither

negative nor positive but has negative or positive effects.

Stressorany system input, which may have either positive or negative effect,

depending on the way it is processed; may be classified as situational (untoward

events) or developmental (anticipated events related to growth and development).
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents related studies and literature, both local and foreign, on the

coping strategies utilized by the patients having diagnosed of kidney failure, which

provide the researcher an important insight in conducting the present study. Based on

the review made by the researcher, this section served as a resource material for

acquiring more information regarding the problem to be tackled.

Related Local Studies

According to Manila Bulletin (2012), CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, Pampanga - At

least 1,136 residents in Central Luzon are suffering from kidney failure and other severe

kidney-related diseases that need dialysis treatment, the Philippine Renal Disease

Registry (PRDR) of the Department of Health (DOH) reported yesterday. Pampanga

topped the list in the region with 434; followed by Bulacan, 202; Nueva Ecija, 178;

Tarlac, 140; Bataan, 100; Zambales, 81; and then Aurora with one. Most of the patients

are male, numbering 607 while 529 are female. On the age bracket, the 51-to-60

bracket topped with 282 patients; followed by the 61-70 age group with 262; and the 71-

80 at 166. The report also said that at least 37 patients have undergone kidney

transplant operation. Central Luzon has a total of 65 dialysis centers and two transplant

centers which are Angeles University Foundation Medical Center located in Pampanga

and Jecsons Medical Center in Tarlac. "To avoid dialysis, one must maintain a healthy

lifestyle, regularly do check-ups, proper diet and exercise," said Central Luzon Organ

Sharing Effort (CLOSE) Head Dr. Joy Mallari.


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Dr. Sicat (2011), of his study Foreign students cultural adjustment and coping

strategies. The study analyzed the cultural adjustment and coping strategies of

Timorese, Nepalese and Indians, and Koreans enrolled at Tarlac State University (TSU)

during the school year 2007-09 in Tarlac. The qualitative research design via case

analysis was utilized as the method of investigating the problems encountered by these

foreign students. The students were selected by purposive sampling. After thorough

interview with the subjects, using an interview schedule as a tool, problems in the

cultural adjustment were identified. The cultural adjustments that were dealt with by the

students from East Timor, Nepal, and Korea were eating habits (these groups are fond

of extremely spicy food), hygiene practices (like frequent bathing and changing of

clothes). In their schooling, the most common problem was their inability to understand

the lessons in language foreign to them or in accent different from theirs. In religion, the

conflict was when they compromised their belief to their host countrys belief.

Homesickness was so much of a source of sadness. The Timorese, Nepalese and

Indians could hardly intermingle with other students because of their odor which Filipino

students found hard to take. The Koreans found the hot climate in the Philippines a

pressing problem. The coping strategies used by the students were: adaptation to the

conditions at TSU (to include food, clothing, and lodging), compromise, prayerfulness,

constant communication with family and friends, and intermingling with the students by

sports activities. The Koreans used their economic advantage to enjoy their stay in the

country, while the Timorese had better conditions here than at home.


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Related Foreign Studies

In a study by Cook fair (1998;593) from the National Institute of Occupational

Safety and Health, it was revealed that occupational stress is a diffuse and complex

phenomenon. It is often difficult, if not impossible, to identify and quantify exposure to

stress. Frequently, studies approach stress from the workers perspective and these

suggest that the attitudes and behaviors of the workers must change to decrease

stress. A shift of emphasis from the worker to the workplace conditions may, in fact, be

more beneficial to the mental health of the employees. Researchers have identified

workplace stressors, and this is an important step toward designing modifications of the

workplace so that these stressors can be reduced or eliminated.

Randolfi, (2000), proposed stress management programming as an important

component of any worksite health promotion program. One innovative approach to the

delivery of stress management services entails the development of a stress

management and relaxation center. Analogous to a fitness center, the purpose of this

facility is to provide employees with an area, equipment and qualified staff to encourage

learning about and practicing stress management and relaxation techniques.

Johnson and Johnson (2000) stated that 50 to 60 percent of all health problems

are stress related. Too much stress can literally make one sick. They recommended the

following strategies to cope with stress:

1. Do not try to handle everything alone. Let the people who are involved in this

situation, husband, kids, friends, or family member, know they are needed for

assistance. They probably are not aware of it and may offer help of their own

accord or one can assign them specific tasks.


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2. Set priorities. Decide the best use of ones time at each particular moment a

more important matter is thus becoming increasingly urgent, simply because its

easy or fun.

3. Make a list. Its one of the best ways to get and stay organized and to gain a

feeling of control. Do not list huge tasks; break the task down into small, easy to

accomplish steps.

Badger (1998), recommended that the best way to manage stress is to take control of

managing stress. By using some strategies, one can keep on top of any situation

without letting circumstances get the best of you, such as the following: take a few deep

breaths, try some stretching exercise, pay attention to the messages youre giving

yourself, get help when you need it, alternate mental and physical tasks, tackle your

most undesirable tasks easily, set realistic expectations for yourself, cluster activities so

you can get several tasks done in a short period of time, make a habit of taking your

breaks and meals, avoid stimulants, which exacerbate your stress, and review past

crisis for future learning.

Qiu-Li Zhang (2008), he performed a systematic review of available published

data in MEDLINE. A combination of various keywords relevant to CKD was used in this

research. Related data of included studies were extracted in a systematic way. A total of

26 studies were included in this review. The studies were conducted in different

populations, and the number of study participants ranged from 237 to 65181. The

median prevalence of CKD was 7.2% in persons aged 30 years or older. In persons

aged 64 years or older prevalence of CKD varied from 23.4% to 35.8%. Importantly, the

prevalence of CKD strongly depended on which estimating equations were used. The


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Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study (MDRD) equation was likely to be preferred

in recent epidemiological studies compared to the adjusted Cockcroft-Gault (CG)

equation. Worldwide, CKD is becoming a common disease in the general population.

Accurately detecting CKD in special groups remains inadequate, particularly among

elderly persons, females or other ethnic groups such as Asians.

Related Local Literature

In this chapter, coping strategies will be explored from theoretical and empirical

perspectives. As defined by Lazarus and Folkman (1980), coping strategies are defined

as methods employed by people to deal with situations that require a tremendous

investment of their resources such as time and effort. The following discussion will first

offer a brief overview of the perspectives of coping theorists, with a special focus on

Frydenberg and Lewis' (1996) classification of the three different types of coping

strategies. Furthermore, previous studies about the coping experiences of families of

children with disabilities and autism will be presented.

Coping theorists have generally categorized coping strategies under three

groups: a) strategies focused on resolving the problem; b) strategies used to alleviate

the emotions triggered by the situation; and c) strategies involving social support

(Dalton & Pakenham, 2002). Apart from these three categories, theorists such as

Billings and Moos (1981), along with Pearlin and Schooler (1978), have constructed

alternative models by classifying the coping strategies in accordance with the approach-

avoidance dichotomy.


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At a more practical level, Frydenberg and Lewis' (1993, 1996) model offers an

assessment of coping strategies by separating them into productive, nonproductive and

reference to others groupings. Productive coping strategies entail "reflecting on and

tackling.

Manila Bulletin (2012), MANILA, Philippines - Kidney failure, also called renal

failure, occurs in one of three forms. Acute renal failure is an illness in which your

kidneys suddenly stop functioning, sometimes within a few days or even hours. Chronic

renal failure, which is also called chronic renal insufficiency, develops over many years

and insidiously interferes with your health. In end-stage renal failure, your kidneys

function so poorly that they can no longer sustain life without the assistance of an

artificial kidney machine or a kidney transplant.

If you have acute kidney failure, you urgently need hospital treatment, preferably

in a special unit to treat kidney diseases. If the cause is not obvious, you will probably

have to undergo an intensive series of diagnostic tests, possibly including a needle

biopsy of the kidney, in which a small piece of kidney is removed for examination. When

the cause of acute kidney failure is heavy bleeding or a heart attack, treatment of the

accompanying shock is required. If the cause of failure is a urinary tract obstruction, you

will probably need an operation to relieve the blockage. If the underlying cause is kidney

disease, or if the kidneys remain severely affected even though the cause of failure is

successfully treated, treatment procedures vary. If shock or severe fluid loss (from

hemorrhage, vomiting, or diarrhea) has led to acute kidney failure, an intravenous

solution of saline, plasma, or blood, sometimes with an adrenaline-like substance, helps

restore your blood pressure to normal levels. A diuretic occasionally is useful in


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reestablishing urine flow, but only after your fluid loss is restored to the bloodstream by

intravenous solutions. Kidneys will usually recover most or all the loss function within

days to several weeks. But when little or no urine is being formed and the kidney

damage appears massive, your physician may have to use an artificial device that

performs the functions of your kidneys until they recover. This type of treatment is called

dialysis. While you are under treatment, you may need a special diet that is high in

calories but low in protein. This provides you with the energy you need but not overload

your kidneys with waste products from the metabolism of protein.

If you have chronic kidney disease, symptoms appear gradually and you may not

have any for years. In fact, your kidney function can decrease 25 percent with no

outward signs or symptoms of failure. Then you may notice that you are urinating more

often than you used to. This is because your kidneys can no longer concentrate the

urine as efficiently, so you pass urine at night and more frequently during the day. You

may also feel progressively tired and lethargic. If your chronic kidney failure continues to

get worse, you will have the symptoms of end-stage kidney failure. Self-help: Follow

your physician's advice about the diet. Do not take medication without consulting your

physician about any possible danger resulting from over-accumulation of the drug,

which will be excreted more slowly by the less efficient functioning of the kidney.

Professional help: there is no treatment available that can reverse the course of chronic

kidney failure, but close medical supervision can sometimes help slow down the

disease and counteract your symptoms. With active participation with the management

of your disease like regular check-ups, a diet carefully planned with your physician's

advice, and appropriate medication, you should be able to lead an active life despite


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your kidney problem. Unfortunately, some patients with end-stage kidney failure are too

ill for treatment by either dialysis or transplantation.

Related Foreign Literature

According to Manfreda (Psychiatric Nursing, 1995 p.256), before a person can

choose which coping method would be appropriate to him, he/she should first accept

the fact that the ability to cope with stress and to relieve the anxiety which it produces

varies person to person.

Leish (2013), Coping strategies for are important, so that teasing does not

escalate into bullying. That even makes me wonder: What is the difference between

teasing and bullying and how do we stop both of them? Because of having my own

speech and visual disabilities (challenges), I know too well what it means to grow up

being "different" from other children. When I was 10 months old I had a head injury as a

result of a car accident caused by a drunken driver. As a result, I've dealt with speech,

visual, coordination challenges and depression most of my life. The speech is a little

slow and slurred; my left eye is a lazy eye and only has a little peripheral vision. The

right eye does fortunately see well enough to drive. As for coordination, the right side of

my body is stronger than the left side. Depression has followed me most of my life. I

have struggled most of my life with my challenges, and teasing and bullying have been

a big part of that. Fortunately, I have learned some coping strategies that have helped

me in difficult situations.

According to Torchbox (2009), using alternatives to self-harm will help you get

through an intense moment when you may feel a strong urge to hurt yourself. But it's


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never going to be easy, especially when you're trying to break the cycle for the first time.

Doing something like squeezing ice won't cure the roots of your distress, but it may help

you to use a more productive coping mechanism and show you that you can cope with

stress in a less harmful way. You'll have to make a conscious effort not to hurt yourself,

but the important thing is that if you do decide to use an alternative, you've made that

choice yourself.

According to NIH (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney

Diseases) 2012, Healthy kidneys clean your blood by removing excess fluid, minerals

and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and your blood

healthy. But if the kidneys are damaged, they don't work properly. Harmful wastes can

build up in your body. Your blood pressure may rise. Your body may retain excess fluid

and not make enough red blood cells. This is called kidney failure. If your kidneys fail,

you need treatment to replace the work they normally do. The treatment options

are dialysis or a kidney transplant. Each treatment has benefits and drawbacks. No

matter which treatment you choose, you'll need to make some changes in your life,

including how you eat and plan your activities. But with the help of healthcare providers,

family and friends, most people with kidney failure can lead full and active lives.


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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF PROCEDURE AND SOURCES OF DATA

This chapter contains the procedural operation of how the research problems are to be

answered. It includes the research design and instruments used in gathering data, the

respondents of the study, analysis of the study and the statistical treatment that was

used in interpreting the data gathered which provided a scientific framework in

answering the problems of the study.

Research Method

The researcher used the descriptive method of research with questionnaires as

the main data-gathering instrument.

The descriptive method was utilized in determining the coping strategies and

related coping procedures of respondents having diagnosed of kidney failure. The

descriptive method describes the nature of the situation as it hints at the time of the

study. This involves collection of data in order to test the hypothesis or to answer

questions concerning the current status of the study.

Research Instrument

The main instrument used was the researchers prepared questionnaire on the

coping strategies of patients having diagnosed of kidney failure in selected hospital in

Metro Manila. The questionnaires consisted of three (3) parts:

Part 1: - Dealt on the respondents demographic profile which sought to

determine the age, sex, religion, and educational attainment.

Part 2: - Dealt on degree to utilization of coping strategies when it affects their

physical, emotional, spiritual and mental status.

Part 3: - Dealt on the coping strategies usually used by the patients having

diagnosed of kidney failure.


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The Sample and Sampling Procedures

This study involved 10 patients having diagnosed of kidney failure in selected

hospitals in Metro Manila, chosen by random sampling. Random sampling is a method

of selecting a sample size from a universe such that each member of the population has

an equal chance of being selected as a sample.

TABLE I

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS ACCORDING TO HOSPITAL

HOSPITAL NUMBER PERCENT

Arellano University Hospital 1




2

2

2

2

20%

20%

20%

20%

TOTAL 10 100%

Statistical treatment of Data

Obtained data were analyzed and treated statistically employing the simple

frequency count percentage responses as shown by the formula:

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency

N = summation of respondents

The researcher applied the weighted frequency for each item by multiplying the

frequency for each item by the weight of said item in the Likert 5-pointed numerical

scale as shown below. The summation of the weighted frequency was computed by

adding all the weighted frequencies for each item in the questionnaire.

The descriptive equivalents of the resultant weight are the following:


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TABLE II

DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENTS

Scale Description PERCENT

54

3

2

1

Always/Strongly AgreeOften/Agree

Sometimes/Uncertain

Seldom/Disagree

Never/Strongly Disagree

4.51 -- 5.003.50 -- 4.50

2.51 -- 3.49

1.50 -- 2.50

1.40 -- 1.49

Accordingly, the weighted mean of the weighted frequencies was computed

using the formula:

Where: WM = weighted mean, the summation of weighted frequencies divided by

summation of frequency

wf = summation of weighted frequencies

f = summation of frequency

To answer specifically question No. 4, to determine if there is significant

relationship between the demographic profile and coping strategies utilized by the

patients having diagnosed of kidney failure, the researcher used the Chi-square test of

Independence.

The formula is shown below:

( )

Where: O = observed cell frequency

E = expected (theoretical) frequency


26/27

NW = Downie and R.W. Health Basic Statistical method, 4

thed.

(New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p.277.


27/27

Appendix

Documents

Survival From Stressor Coping Strategies of Patients Diagnose of Kidney Failure