Suraj copreight Avex [Read-Only] - Shri Datta Meghe ...sdmp.ac.in/DTLE/AUDIO VIDEO ENGG 5TH SEM ET-EX [Read-Only].pdf · Chapter 6 presents Understanding of MATV,CATV,CCTV. With deep

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning

DTELDTEL(Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

1Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global

Presentation on

“Audio Video Engineering”

Author

Suraj PatingeM-Tech (VLSI Design),Lecturer Electronics Engineering Department

Suraj Irkhede

Department of Electronics Engineering

2

Suraj IrkhedeM-Tech (VLSI Design),Lecturer Electronics & Tele Engineering Department

Nagar Yuwak Shikshan Sanstha’s

Shri Datta Meghe Polytechnic

Wanadongri , Hingna Road

Nagpur-441110

PREFACE

As educators, we all have the same common goal “to guide our students” so that they

gain the maximum possible in a positive environment that promotes their success

and inculcates in them desire to learn. One of the best tools available to us in this

pursuit is PPT instruction that is systematic and self Learning. The goal of this PPT

is to help teachers in the use of eLearning that it is both

effective and efficient method for teaching our students. It has been developed for

purely academic and non-commercial purpose.

Our desire in preparing this PPT is to support the teachers, who have the very

demanding task of Teaching-Plan to deliver instruction on a lecture/period basis.

The PPT is therefore prepared lecture wise. Further at the end of each chapter

Questions have also been included for practice.Questions have also been included for practice.

We begin in Chapter 1 with basic elements like Different types of Audio system & there

advantages. In Chapters 2 we learn in details the Architecture of CD Player. Chapter 3

we understand the concept of Black & White and Color Television. Chapter 4

concentrates on TV Transmitter & Receiver. In Chapter 5, we focus on Color TV

Receiver . Chapter 6 presents Understanding of MATV,CATV,CCTV.

With deep regards and humility, we thank both our Management of MGI for motivating

and our CEO for strong follow-ups to prepare PPTs under DTEL. We dedicate this

PPT to students and our shared profession.

S.U.Patinge

Suraj Irkhede

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CONTENT: AUDIO VIDEO ENGINEERING

.

CHAPTER 1: 1

CHAPTER 2:2

CHAPTER 3:3

CHAPTER 4:

Hi Fi Audio Amplifier Slide no : 6

CD player

TV Fundamentals

Slide no : 37

Slide no : 61

Slide no : 91

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CHAPTER 4:4

4

CHAPTER 5:5

CHAPTER 6:6

TV Transmitter and Receiver

Colour TV.

Cable Television

Slide no : 91

Slide no : 146

Slide no : 183

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

1

2

The student will be able to:

Analyze quality of reception of various sound

systems and graphic equalizer.

Understand operation of audio amplifiers.

Understand CD player mechanism..

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3 Understand CD player mechanism..

4Understand the principle of operation of various

advanced TV systems.

CHAPTER 1:- SYLLABUS

. Introduction to Amplifiers: Mono, Stereo, PA 1

2

Block diagram of Hi Fi amplifier and its working3

Difference between Stereo and Mono amplifier

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Dolby NR recording system4

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Types of speaker – Woofer, Mid-range, Tweeter5

Cross over network circuit and its function6

CHAPTER-1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE OUTCOME

Distinguish between different types of Audio amplifiers1


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Draw labeled sketch of Hi-Fi amplifier2

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Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis3

LECTURE 1.1 :-

Block diagram of mono amplifier system

HI-FI Amplifier

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Fig 1.1 : Block diagram of mono amplifier

Mono amplifier system (Figure -1.1)

• Mic : It convert sound waves into electricalsignal & send to buffer stage.

• Buffer stage : It’s function is to provide impedancematching.

LECTURE 1.1 :- HI-FI Amplifier

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matching.

• Power amp : It can provide amplified signal fordifferent sound waves.

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into soundsignal.

Block diagram of Stereophonic amplifier

LECTURE 1:- HI-FI AMPLIFIERLECTURE 1.1 :- HI-FI Amplifier

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Fig 1.2: Block diagram of stereophonic amplifier

LECTURE1:-

• Mic : It convert sound waves into electrical signal& send to buffer stage.

• Power amp : Provide amplified signal for different

Stereophonic amplifier (Figure -1.2)


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• Power amp : Provide amplified signal for differentsound waves.

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound signal.

LECTURE1:-LECTURE 1:- BASICS OF ELECTRONIC COMM.

Advantages :

• Sound has direction right & left.

• This system is used for high-fidelity amplification purpose.

LECTURE 1:- HI-FI AMPLIFIERLECTURE 1.1 : - HI-FI Amplifier

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Disadvantages :

• Amplitude/frequency/phase distortion is more.


Public address amplifier system

• Amplifier used for addressing the people is known as public address amplifier.

• Provide sound to long distance without scarifying the original signal / information.


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original signal / information.


Block diagram of Public address amplifier

LECTURE 2:- HI-FI AMPLIFIERLECTURE 2.1 :- HI-FI AmplifierLECTURE 1.2 :-

MixerVoltage

Amplifier

Processing

Control

Driver

Amplifier

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Fig 1.3: Block Diagram of Public address amplifier


• Mic : It convert Sound Waves Into Electricalsignal.

• Mixer : It combines all the input& produced

LECTURE 2:- HI-FI AMPLIFIER

Public address amplifier (Figure -1.3)

LECTURE 2.1 :- HI-FI AmplifierLECTURE 1.2 :-

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• Mixer : It combines all the input& producedoutput V4=v1+v2+v3.

• Voltage Amplifier : Amplifies weak signal coming from mixerstage.


• Power amp : Provide high amplified signal fordifferent sound waves.

• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into sound


Public address amplifier (Figure -1.3)

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• Loud speaker : It Convert electrical signal into soundsignal.


Advantages :

• Minimum noise level

• For amplification of speech signal frequency response is flat.


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• Gain is constant.

• It has the effect of positive feedback which will oscillate the amplifier & will reproduced the distortion.

Disadvantages :


Minimum requirement of HI-FI amplifier.

LECTURE 3:- HI-FI AMPLIFIER

• Directional sound.

HI-FI Amplifier System (Figure 1.4)

Amplifier output is similar to original information called HI-FI amplifier


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• Directional sound.

• It should have minimum frequency & phase distortion.

• Minimum noise level.

• Flat frequency.


Block Diagram of HI-FI Amplifier System


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Fig 1.4: Block Diagram of HI-FI amplifier


• Output from various input sources like disk player or mic are connected to switches.

• Switches are connected to pre-amplifier whose function is to provide AV=high.


HI-FI Amplifier System (Figure 1.4)

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• Output of pre-amplifier contain more noise to remove these noise we used equalizer.

• Equalizer consist of different filters like low, medium & high frequency filter.


• Output of equalizer fed to power amplifier to provide Av=high & Ai=high & fed to crossover network throughimpedance matching circuit.

• Output of crossover network contains electrical signal for60Hz to 15Khz with flat frequency response.


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• One speaker is unable to reproduced equal intensitysound hence, a separate speaker is used for low,medium & high frequency as woofer, midrange & tweeter.

• Crossover network separate low frequency signal forwoofer, medium frequency signal for midrange & highfrequency signal for tweeter


Compare Stereo / Mono Amplifier

Stereo Amplifier. Mono Amplifier.

• Two dimensional sound • Direction sound

• Two pre-amplifier used • One pre-amplifier used

• Sound is natural • Lack of naturalness


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• Sound is natural • Lack of naturalness

• Direction of sound sensed easily

• No sense of direction

• Costly • Less costly than stereo

Table1 : Comparison between Stereo & Mono Amplifier


Compare Stereo / PA Amplifier

Stereo Amplifier. PA Amplifier.

• Distance increases soundlevel decreases

• They prefer for addressingpeople for larger area.

• Noise is more • Minimum noise level

• Sensitivity is less • Sensitivity is more

• Echo effect is more • Echo effect is less


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• Echo effect is more • Echo effect is less

• Variation in gain withrespect to temperature

• It is high powertemperature compensatedso, variation in gain isminimum

• Less costly • Cost is more

Table 2 : Comparison between Stereo & PA Amplifier

LECTURE1:-

Compare Woofer/Midrange/Tweeter

Parameter Woofer Mid Range Tweeter

Frequencyresponse

16Hz to 500Hz 500Hz to 5Khz 5Khz to 20Khz

Size Large Medium Small

Cross over network

Used 2 & 3 way system

Only 3 way system

Used 2 & 3 way system


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network way system system way system

Cost Large Medium Less

Uses in Mono / Stereo amplifier.

Hi-Fi system Stereo/Hi-Fisystem

Frequency Passed

Low Medium High

Table 3 : Comparison between Woofer, Midrange & Tweeter

LECTURE1:-

Controls of Hi-Fi System

• Microphone gain control.

• Master gain control (Volume control).

• Tone control


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• Tone control1. Bass control2. Treble control

LECTURE1:-

Microphone Gain Control

• Controls output of microphone.

• Connected in either pre-amplifiers or mixers.

• Potentiometers are used for the gain controls.


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Master Gain Control

• Logarithmic potentiometers are used for the gain controlwhich matches logarithmic response of the human ears.

• Value of resistance is twice that of load.


Tone Control

Bass Control:

• Bass effect will increaseif capacitance in serieswith the signal increases.


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with the signal increases.

• Higher the capacitancethe value of reactancedecreases.

Fig 1.5: Circuit diagram of Bass Control

LECTURE1:-

Treble Control

• High resistance at potentiometer will develop maximum signalacross the load and goes on boosting treble.

• For high value of capacitance value the reactance decreases(Xc=2*pi*fc)


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Fig 1.6: Circuit diagram of Treble Control


Graphic equalizer• Special type of tone control where audio spectrum is divided

into various narrow spectrums.

• Individual spectrums can be boosted by moving sliders in between +15 db to -15 db.


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Fig 1.7: Frequency response of graphic equalizer

LECTURE1:-

Cross Over Networks

Necessity of cross over network :

• To avoid overheating of speaker.

• To increase overall efficiency.


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• To increase overall efficiency.

• To avoid distorted output when full power is fed to loadoutside the frequency range.

LECTURE1:-

Cross over network (2 way)• Consists of low pass filter connected across woofer and high pass filter connected across tweeter.

• fc is lower cut off frequency for high pass filter while it is


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Response Curve

Circuit Diagram

for high pass filter while it is higher cut off frequency for low pass filter

Fig 1.8: Circuit diagram of 2 way cross over network

LECTURE1:-LECTURE 7:- HI-FI AMPLIFIER

Cross over network (3 way)


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Response Curve

Fig 1.9: Circuit diagram of 3 way crossover network

LECTURE1:-

Dolby NR (Noise Reduction) Recording System

• Required to emphasis (Boost) the low power signal beforerecording since these signal are more effected by noise.

• Low power notes are more closer to the noise signal.


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• These signals are pre-emphasized before recordingand de-emphasized before playing them back.

LECTURE1:-

• Pre-emphasis is of 10db to 15db for low power notes.

• Selected signals are pre-emphasized which are below a pre-determined level while above this are passed through dolbysystem directly.


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• Two types of dolby systems.

1) Dolby A systems.

2) Dolby B systems.

Chapter 1 Question Bank

• List important characteristics of hi-fi amplifier & draw itsblock diagram.

• State and explain necessity of cross-over network in hi-fiamplifier.

LECTURE 5:-LECTURE 7:- HI-FI AMPLIFIERLECTURE 1.7 :- HI-FI Amplifier

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• With neat circuit diagram explain operation of graphicequalizer.

• What is hi-fi system? list specification of hi-fi system.

• Compare woofer, tweeter and squeakers

LECTURE1:-

Summary

• Tone control circuit is used to modify an audio signal beforeit is fed to speaker.

• Equalization is processed for adjusting the strength ofcertain frequencies.


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• Multi-speaker system uses woofer, midrange and tweeter.

• Hi-FI system is produces high quality sound as comparedto stereo, Mono & PA amplifier system.


. CD – Material used, Size and Capacity.1

2

Component used for CD mechanism:3

Block diagram and operation of CD player.

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Function of remote control transmitter and receiver CD4

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Describe the principle detection mechanism of CD player1

List the components used in CD mechanism2


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List the components used in CD mechanism2

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LECTURE 2.1:-

• The compact disc is one of the popular form ofentertainment in digital technology.

• The 1000th play of compact disc will sound every bit asgood as the first.

CD Player

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good as the first.

• The disc rotates at 500 rpm when the laser beam starts atcentre and slows to 200 rpm to the outer side of the disc.

• CDs have a special feature called programming.

Material used and size

• CD Made of polycarbonate materials.

• 12 cm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick.

• Consists of reflective layer surface coated with thin layer of

LECTURE 1:- CD PLAYERLECTURE 2.1:- CD Player

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• Consists of reflective layer surface coated with thin layer ofaluminum.

• Surface covered with transparent plastic coating.

Specification of CD

Specification

Full disc diameter 120 mm or 12 cm (4.75”)

Disc thickness 1.2 mm

Disc material Polycarbonate

Track width 0.5 micron approx


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Track width 0.5 micron approx

Sampling frequency 1.6 microns (nominal)

Frequency response 5 to 20000 hz + /- 3db

Harmonic distortion 0.008% at 1 khz

Signal to noise ratio Greater than 85 db

• Programming is possible.

• Particular section on CD can be selected for play.

• Unwanted programme can be skipped while playing.

Features


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• Unwanted programme can be skipped while playing.

• Random or shuffle play is possible.

• Covered by transparent plastic or lacquer.


CD

Servo

Control

Board

Digital Filter

D.S.P & DAC

Section

Output Stage

& Filter

For Digital

Output

BNC/RCAAnalog

Output

Left

Analog

Block diagram of CD Player

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Fig 2.1 : Block diagram of CD Player

Board

7 Segment Display & Push

Button Remote Control

Power Supply Unit & AC

Mains Power Transformer

Analog

Output

Right

• The optical mirror and lens system reads the data fromthe CD.

• The digital output is converted into original analogsignal by using digital to analog converter.

CD Player(Figure -2.1)


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• The scanning of the tracks by laser beam is donefrom the centre towards the edge.

• As the circumference of the outer spirals is larger than theinner spirals the track speed is made constant, i.e.constant linear velocity of 1.2 m/sec.

• Pickup assembly.

• Gear system.

Component used in CD Player

LECTURE 2 :- CD PLAYERLECTURE 2.2:- CD Player

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• Gear system.

• Drive motors.

• CD lens.

CDtrack

focus

CD Mechanism


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lase

r

detectorsdiffraction

gratingsled

Fig 2.2 : CD Mechanism

• The laser beam is generated by small, low powersemiconductor diode made up of aluminum-gallium-arsenide.

• The CD carries the left and right channel informationseparately but interleaves on a single track.

CD Mechanism (Figure -2.2)


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separately but interleaves on a single track.

• Signals are recorded in PCM format.

• CD is scanned by a sever-control, optical pickup at aconstant linear velocity of 1.2 meters per second.

CD Medium

Track pitch 1.6 microns

Diameter 120 mm

Pit length 0.8 -3 microns

Pit depth 0.11 microns


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Pit depth 0.11 microns

Pit width 0.5 microns

Laser wavelength 780 nm

• The majority of errors that may occur during playback ofCD results from scratches, dust and dirt that may reflect thelaser beam.

• Because of the high density of information on CD, suchdeflects can easily wiped out several adjacent bits orsamples on track.

Interleaving


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samples on track.

• If all the affected samples belong to the same frame, manymultiposition errors can occur inside each frame.

• Interleaving is used to avoid multiposition errors in a frameduring playback.

• De-interleaving occurs in the CD player at the time ofplayback.

• During reading of the CD, the same dropout occurs andagain results in three missing data symbols (4,6 and 8).

De-interleaving


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again results in three missing data symbols (4,6 and 8).

• De interleaving is then performed in the CD player torestore the original sequence of data symbols.

• The control system of CD player is microprocessor based system.

• The necessary controls are ‘play’ and ‘eject’, with the

Controls system in CD Player


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addition of at least ‘pause’ and some buttons which allows rapid skipping through the program material.

Controls on front panel of CD player


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Fig 2.3 :Front panel of CD Player

Controls on front panel of CD player


1. Standby Button2. Disk Tray3. Front panel Display4. Remote Sensor5. Open Close Button

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5. Open Close Button6. Playback Dial7. Pause Button8. Stop Button9. Surround Button10. Picture Mode Button

• Remote control transmitter consists of encoder circuit,battery power supply and infra-red led transmitter.

• It has a transmitter which transmits infra-red wavestowards the receiver. this receiver detects the infra-red

Remote Control of CD Player


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towards the receiver. this receiver detects the infra-redwaves and produces specific electronic signals.

• Every key has different circuit configuration.

• Power.• Eject.• Phase.• Program.• Repeat.

Functions of Remote Control


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• Repeat.• Shuffle.• On/Off Time.• Preamplifier control.• Volume up and down control.• Mute function.

• A visual indication of CD player status is displayed on amulticharacter vacuum florescent display.

• The vacuum florescent display is easy to read andcoupling with standard remote handset.

Advantages of Florescent display used in CD Player


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coupling with standard remote handset.

• Vacuum florescent display are bright enough to read infull sunlight as well as dimmable for use at night.

• Viewing angle is more than 45 degree.

Advantages of CD

• High density digital data storage.

• No wear and tear since CD is read by laser beam.

• Good sound quality.

• Less distortion and no audible background noise.


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• Less distortion and no audible background noise.

• Constant speed of read out can be maintained.

• Smaller in size.

• Immune to surface contamination.

• Data stored once can not be erased or altered.

• Read only in nature (i.e. cd-rom).

Disadvantages of CD


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• CD read/write needs specialized set-ups.

• Cost of CD write or read equipments may be higher.

Application of CD

• RADIO and TV studios

• Data backups.

• Transportation of software and data.

• Business data storage in large capacity.


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• Business data storage in large capacity.

• Film achieves.

• Storage of entertainment programs.

• Data storage for longer durations.

LECTURE1:-

Summary

• The CD player system is basically similar to any other audioplayer system such as cassette tape recorder with someadditional digital signal processing circuit.

• The CD can contain any kind of audio signal such as longspeeches, music, etc.

LECTURE 7:- HI-FI AMPLIFIERLECTURE 1.7 :-LECTURE 2.5:- CD Player

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speeches, music, etc.

• Digital circuit offers almost complete immunity to noise.

• Storage capacity of CD is more as compared with cassettetape.

• Sound quality is good.


• State the advantages of CD.

• What is frequency interleaving? why it is used in CDplayer.

• State the function of various drive motors in CD players.

LECTURE 5:-LECTURE 5 :- CD PLAYERLECTURE 2.5:- CD Player

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• State the function of various drive motors in CD players.

• List the advantages of fluorescent display system used inCD player.

• Draw & explain block diagram of CD player.


. Concept: Aspect ratio, image continuity 1

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Colour theory.3

Vestigial sideband transmission

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Composite Video Signal4

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TV channel allocation for band I & band III.5


Define various terms used in TV system1

Draw and label composite video signal wave-forms2


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Draw and label composite video signal wave-forms2

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State CCIR-B standards for TV system3

Aspect ratio

• The width to height ratio is called as aspect ratio and it isfixed at 4:3 where 4= width, 3= height.

• It is fixed to 4:3 ratio, it gives best viewing comfort, andartistic appreciation are obtained when picture has a

LECTURE 3.1:- TV Fundamental

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artistic appreciation are obtained when picture has arectangular format.

• Binocular vision of our eyes is greeter in the horizontalplane than in vertical plane.

• The region of maximum resolution at the centre of theretina has greater area along the width than height.

Image continuity

• When the picture information is transmitted line by line, weget impression of continuity due to a phenomenon calledpersistence of vision’ of the human eye.

• Persistence of vision is the property of human eye that anyimpression produced on the retina will persist for 1/16th of a

LECTURE 1:- TV FUNDAMENTALLECTURE 3.1:- TV Fundamental

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impression produced on the retina will persist for 1/16th of asecond.

• If within short interval of persistence of vision, a series ofimages are presented to the eye, and eye will see theimages without break is called image continuity.

• Scanning is the process similar to the reading the writteninformation on the page, starting at top left and end at thebottom right.

• The scanning is also done line-by-line horizontally from left

Scanning Technique


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• The scanning is also done line-by-line horizontally from leftto right at a fast rate and vertically from top to bottom at aslow rate.

Scanning Technique


Start of

a line

W

H

End of a

line

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Fig 3.1 : Scanning used in TV

TraceRetrace

Raster

H

• In this there are two sequences of scanning for eachframe, scanning lines of one sequence occur in betweenthe line of the other sequence.

• The numbers in the figure 3.2 are for 625 lines per frameand blanking period for each sequence is equal to 20 lines.

Interlaced scanning


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• The figure 3.2. shows interlaced scanning , the firstsequence of scanning starts left corner and end at pointenter of bottom, after completing 292 ½ lines.

• The vertical retrace start scanning from center ofbottom at the middle of top which takes 20 lines.

Interlaced scanning


Line 1Line 2Line 3

Ev

en

Fie

lds O

dd

Fie

lds

Line 314

Line 315

Line 316

Retrace during line 313 at

the end of even field

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Fig 3.2 : Interlace Scanning

Line 311

Line 312

Line 313

Ev

en

Fie

lds O

dd

Fie

lds

Line 623

Line 625

Line 624

Retrace at the end of line 625

beginning of line 1 at the end of

odd filed

Interlaced scanning


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Fig 3.2 : Interlace Scanning [4]

Scanning periods – horizontal

• Duration of one horizontal line is 1/15625=64ms out of 64ms, active line period is 52ms and remaining 12ms is blanking period.

Scanning periods – Vertical

LECTURE 2 :- TV FUNDAMENTALLECTURE 3.2:- TV Fundamental

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Scanning periods – Vertical

• The line frequency set at 50 Hz , the nominal duration of one vertical trace is 20ms (1/50=20ms), 20ms can be divide into trace period + retrace period=18.720ms + 1.280ms

Vestigial sideband transmission

• In this video is modulated in AM & sound is modulated in FM.

• In AM one carrier & two sideband.

• Information contain in both the sideband.


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• They consume more power & more bandwidth.

• Neglecting one sideband will loss brightness information ofvideo.

• Transmission of one complete sideband (USB) & part of(LSB) this method of transmission is called as (VSB).

Advantages of Vestigial sideband

• Less power required.

• Bandwidth required is less.

Disadvantages of Vestigial sideband


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Disadvantages of Vestigial sideband

• It produced phase distortion.

• It may affect due to characteristics or specification ofVideo signal like hue, luminance, brightness, contrast etc.

Bandwidth for Color signal

• In the PAL color system is compatible with the CCIRB-625line monochrome system.

• The color subcarrier is located 4.43 MHz away from thepicture carrier.


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• Brightness signal is transmitted at frequency bandwidth of5MHz, however such a large frequency spectrum is notnecessary for color video signal.

• Thus the maximum bandwidth is necessary for colorsignal transmission is around 3 MHz.

Specification of color or color characteristics

• Brightness in TV picture is the average intensity of light.

• It determines the background level of illumination in thereproduced picture.


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reproduced picture.

• In TV receiver, brightness can be increase or decreases bychanging the DC bias between the control grid and cathodeof the picture tube.

Contrast

• Thus illumination of pixel will appear differently withdifferent brightness of the background. For example awhite pixel will appear very white in contrast with blackbackground, but will appear dual white in whitebackground.


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• In other words contrast is the variation in brightness ofindividual pixel over the general average brightness ofthe whole screen, the two phenomena contrast &brightness are interrelated.

Viewing distance luminance

• It is the total amount light intensity/energy which is receivedby human eye irrespective light is called as luminance.

• It is the measure of visual sensation of the quantity orbrightness of light emitted from a pixel.


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• Luminance is not concerned with the surrounding, it isconcerned with the pixel from which light is being emitted.

• The eye is not equally sensitive to all color, it is sensitivity is59% for green, 30% for red and 11% for blue.

Grassman’s law

• When a color is produced by adding three primary colors, its luminance is the sum of luminance of individual primary colors.

• This algebraic relationship is called Grass man’s law.


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• This algebraic relationship is called Grass man’s law. Y=0.59(G)+0.30(R)+0.11(B),where R,G,B are the intensities of green, red, blue lights.

Hue or tint

• This is predominant spectral color in light.

• It is the actual color seen by the human eye.Example:- Red , Green & Blue color represent different color


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Example:- Red , Green & Blue color represent different colorin visible spectrum.

Saturation

• It shows the purity of color.

• It is the amount of light mixed with color.

• A color which is diluted with pure red without white is


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• A color which is diluted with pure red without white is saturated color but red mixed with white is de saturated.

Compatibility

• Color TV system produced a normal Black & Whitepicture on Black & White TV receiver without anymodification is known as compatibility.


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• Similarly Black & White transmission should be able toproduced Black & White picture on color TV screen isknown as reverse compatibility.

Color Theory

• Light rays are electromagnetic waves whose properties aregoverned by the frequency or wavelength.

There are two types of color :


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There are two types of color :

1) Primary color

2) Secondary color

Primary color

• There are three primary colors red, green, blue. They arecalled as primary because all other colors can obtained bymixing of these three colors in appropriate proportion.


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• When all three primaries colors are incident in equalstrength, we get white color or gray shades of white.

Secondary / Complementary

• When any two primary colors of equal intensity are mixed, theresultant color is called complementary color. They are alsoknown as secondary color.

• There are three complementary color yellow, cyan, magenta.


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• There are three complementary color yellow, cyan, magenta.these are obtained as Red + Green = Yellow, Green + Blue =Cyan, Blue + Red = Magenta.

• These are also known as complementary colors becausewhen combined with the remaining primary color they givewhite. Yellow is complementary to Blue because Yellow + Bluewill give white.

Additive Mixing of Colors

• Additive mixing shows the addition of basic primary color inspecific percentage to developed a desired color example:-30%red +59%green +11%blue = white.

• This additive mixture of RGB form white color


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• This additive mixture of RGB form white colorExample:30%red +11%blue = magenta,30%red +59%green= yellow,11%blue +59%green = cyan.

• Mixture of three primary color RGB in adjustable intensitycan create different types of color.

Subtractive Colors Mixing

• If the respective color are formed by subtraction of color isknown as subtractive mixing.

• It can developed by primary & secondary color by


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• It can developed by primary & secondary color bysubtractive one or more than one color from white, Example:Red = white – blue – green, Green = white – red – blue,Blue = white – red – green.

Additive mixing Subtractive mixing• Addition of light from two or

more colors is done in additive mixing.

• Subtraction of parts is done from white.

• Here mixing of primaries result is white

• Mixing of subtractive primaries result is black.

Compression between Additive & Subtractive Mixing


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result is white primaries result is black.

• Additive primaries are, red, blue & green.

• Subtractive primaries are cyan, magenta, & yellow.

• Light from two or more colors from independent sources obtained through different filter.

• Reflecting properties of pigments are used in subtractive mixing.

Composite Video Signal

• Picture information is not transmitted alone it is transmittedwith blanking pulses and sync pulses, and this completesignal is called as Composite video signal.

• It can be represented either with positive polarity or negativepolarity.


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polarity.

• Video signal along with picture information varies inaccordance with the variation of intensity of light at variouspicture element.

• Average value for the whole picture frame is the DC valuewhich represent background brightness of the picture.


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Fig 3.4 : Composite Video Signal [4]

Blanking Pulse

• Blanking pulse are used to blank retrace period of horizontalscanning as well as vertical scanning process in thetransmitter and also in the receiver.

• In the absence of blanking,retrace will become visible onthe screen and will cause distortion in the picture.


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the screen and will cause distortion in the picture.

• In INDIA H-blanking pulse is 12 micro sec wide and H-syncpulse mounted on it is 4.7 micro sec wide. Width of V-blanking pulse is 1289 micro sec and of V-sync pulsemounted on it is 160 micro sec.

Color Burst• The subcarrier is suppressed in the modulated signal attransmitter, it is necessary to generate in the receiver fordemodulation of the color signal. This signal generatedmust be of exactly same frequency and phase as that ofthe transmitter.

• To ensure this short wave of 8 to 10 pulse called color


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• To ensure this short wave of 8 to 10 pulse called colorburst is sent to the receiver along with the sync signal.

• The burst signal acts as pilot carrier. Burst signal having1) 8 to 10 cycle2) Location at back porch of horizontal sync pulse3) Duration of back porch is 5.8 micro sec


• Explain additive color mixing. state grassmans law.

• What is color burst signal ? why and where it added.

• Define the persistence of vision. how it helps in image continuity.

LECTURE 5:-LECTURE 9 :- TV FUNDAMENTALLECTURE 3.9:- TV Fundamental

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• Define the term hue and saturation in TV .

• Explain generation of g-y signal from UV signals.

• Draw CVS signal of 3 scanned lines.

• Explain additive mixing & subtractive mixing used in TV

• Concept of Aspect Ratio, Compatibility, and other

characteristics.

• Concept of CVS (Composite video Signal)

• Concept of VSB (Vestigial Side band )

Summary


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• Concept of VSB (Vestigial Side band )

• Concept of color theory


Introduction and Audio signal Transmission1

Positive and Negative Modulation2

Introduction to Television Camera tube and its type3

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Colour picture tube4

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Colour TV Transmitter5

6 Colour TV Receiver.


1

2


Introduction to Television Camera tube and its type

Introduction to Colour picture tube and its type

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3

Introduction to Colour picture tube and its type

Colour TV Transmitter and Colour TV Receiver

LECTURE 1

.Audio signal: The Signal Which carries only sound informationis called audio information. A TV sound signal occupiessomewhat less bandwidth in spectrum than in standard FMbroadcast station.

Video Signal: The Signal Which carries only picture

Introduction and Audio signal Transmission

TV transmitter and receiver

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Video Signal: The Signal Which carries only pictureinformation is called Video information.

Advantage of frequency modulation:� Noise reduction� Transmitter efficiency� Adjacent channel interference� Co-channel interference

AM and FM : FM is not suitable for video transmissionbecause due to multiple reception of FM, the ghostinterference appear. as well as the bandwidth for FM isgreater than that for AM.

TV signal: The electrical equivalence of original information

LECTURE 1

Introduction and Audio signal Transmission


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TV signal: The electrical equivalence of original information(audio or video) used for Transmitting information at longerdistance in Television is Called TV signal.

Signal bandwidth :The complete range of frequency of a TVsignal is called signal bandwidth. The TV signal occupies achannel in the spectrum with a bandwidth of 7MHz.

TV transmitter and receiverLECTURE 1

.

Positive Modulation : When the intensity of picture brightnesscauses increase in amplitude of the modulated envelope,it is called ‘positive’ modulation.

Positive and Negative modulation

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Fig 1. Positive modulation[2]

LECTURE 1

.Negative Modulation: When the polarity of modulating videosignal is so chosen that sync tips lie at the 100 percent level ofcarrier amplitude and increasing brightness producesdecrease in the modulation envelope, it is called ‘negativemodulation.

Modulating signal

Positive and Negative modulation


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Fig 2. negative modulation[2]

Modulating signal

Carrier signal

LECTURE 1

.Merit and demerit of negative modulation

Negative modulation is preferred for video signaltransmission over positive modulation for following reasons

� Effect of noise interference on picture signal.


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� Effect of noise interference on synchronization.

� Peak power available from the transmitter.

� Use of AGC (Automatic Gain Control) circuits in the

receiver.

LECTURE 1

.

Merit: The merits of negative modulation over positivemodulation, so far as picture signal distortion and AGCvoltage source are concerned, have led to the use ofnegative modulation in almost all TV systems now in use.

Demerit Disadvantage of negative modulation is that as

Merit and demerit of negative modulation


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Demerit: Disadvantage of negative modulation is that assync. Pulses are affected by noise there will be loss ofhorizontal or vertical synchronization which result in diagonaland vertical rolling of picture.

LECTURE 2

.Introduction to Television Camera tube and its type

A TV camera tube may be called the eye of a TV system. Forsuch an analogy to be correct the tube must possesscharacteristic that are similar to its human counterpart. Some ofthe more important functions must be,

� Sensitivity to visible light.


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� Sensitivity to visible light.

� Wide dynamic range with respect to light intensity.

� Ability to resolve details while viewing a multi element

scene.

LECTURE 2

.Basic principle:� An electron tube use a light-sensitive material/receptor

that converts an optical image into an electrical televisionvideo signal.

� The tube is used in a television camera to generate a trainof electrical pulses representing the light intensities present

Television camera tube


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of electrical pulses representing the light intensities presentin an optical image focused on the tube.

� An electrical signal corresponding to the amount of light atthat point of the optical image is generated by the tube.

� This signal represents the video or picture portion of atelevision signal.

LECTURE 2

.Photoelectric EffectsThe two photoelectric effects used for converting variationsof light intensity into electrical variations are

(i) photoemission and (ii) photoconductivity.

Photoemission:

Television Camera tube


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� Certain metals emit electrons when light falls on theirsurface.

� These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons and theemitting surface a photocathode.

� Light consists of small bundles of energy called photons.

LECTURE 2

.� The number of electrons which can overcome thepotential barrier and get emitted ,depend on the light.

� Alkali metal are used as photocathode because theyhave very low work function.


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Fig3. Photoemission[2]

LECTURE 3

.PhotoconductionIn some metal , when light photon fall on it then itsconductivity / resistivity change.� Semiconductor metals like selenium, tellurium and lead

with their oxide have this property known asphotoconductivity.

� The variation of resistance at each point across thesurface of the material is utilized to develop a varying


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surface of the material is utilized to develop a varyingsignal by scanning it uniformly with an electron beam.

Fig4. photoconduction[2]

LECTURE 3

.Types of Camera Tubes

� Image Orthicon tube

� Vidicon


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� Plumbicon

LECTURE 3

.

� Principle : Photo emissive

� It has three section:

- Image section

Image orthicon tube


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- Scanning section

- Electron gun – cum-multiplier section

LECTURE 3

.Image orthicon tube


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Fig 5. Image Orthicon tube

LECTURE 3

.

� Glass plate : coated with Silver-antimony serve asphotocathode.

� Lens assembly : light from the scene to be televised isfocused on the photocathode surface by lens system.Photocathode surface is semitransparent and light rays

Image orthicon tube


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Photocathode surface is semitransparent and light rayspenetrate it to reach its inner surface where electronemission takes place .

� Target plate : when electron emit from cathode ,it can notstore charge being a conductor .

LECTURE 3

.Image orthicon tube

� For this reason the electron image is made to movetowards the target plate located at short distance from it.

� The target plate is made of a very thin sheet of glass andcan store charge received by it. This is maintained at about


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can store charge received by it. This is maintained at about400v more +ve w.r.t photocathode

� When electron move from cathode to target plate there ischance that it may repel each other ,this can result indistortion of the information available as charge image.

LECTURE 3

.

� To prevent this divergence effect an axial magnetic fieldgenerated by focus is employed.

� This magnetic field impart helical motion to electrons andfocus them on target plate .

Image orthicon tube


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� The image side of target plate has coating of cesium thatemit secondary electron. these secondary electron iscollected by wire mesh which is located at front of targetplate .

� The +ve charge appeared on target plate is proportional tolight intensity distribution on photocathode.

LECTURE 4

.Scanning section

� Fine electron beam

� Focus ,alignment coil

� Deflection coil

- Horizontal deflection


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- Horizontal deflection

- Vertical deflection

LECTURE 4

.

� Electron gun

� Multistage electron multiplier

Electron gun assembly and multiplier


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LECTURE 4

.Vidicon

� Principle : Photoconductive

� It has three section:

- Target section


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- Scanning section

- Electron gun

LECTURE 4

.


Vidicon

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Fig 6. vidicon

LECTURE 4

.

� Glass plate

� Lens assembly

Target section


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Fig 7. Target section

LECTURE 4

.� Fine electron beam� Focus ,alignment coil� Deflection coil

- Horizontal deflection- Vertical deflection


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Fig 8.Electode and coil arrangement in vidicon and plumbicon

LECTURE 4

.Electron gun assembly

� Electron gun


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LECTURE 4

.Principle of operation


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Fig 10. Equivalent circuit of Target tube

LECTURE 4

.Application of vidicon

� Earlier type of vidicon were used only where there was nofast movement , because of inherent lag.

� These application involved:- Slides- Pictures- Closed circuit TV etc.


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- Closed circuit TV etc.� The present day improved vidicon find wide application in

- Education- Medicine- industry- Aerospace- Scanography

LECTURE 5

.Plumbicon Camera Tube

� lower image lag.

� It has fast response and produce high quality pictures

at low light level.


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� It has small size and light weight and has low power

operating characteristics .

� It is similar to vidicon tube except small change in

target plate.

LECTURE 5

.Plumbicon Camera Tube


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LECTURE 5 TV transmitter and receiver

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Intrinsic layer

Fig 12. Target plate

LECTURE 6

.Generation of the colour signal


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Plan of a colour television camera showing generation of coloursignals and Y matrix for obtaining the luminance (brightness) signal.

Fig 13. Generation of the colour signal

LECTURE 6

.� Figure shows a simple block schematic of a colour TVcamera.

� It essentially consists of three camera tubes in which eachtube receives selectively filtered primary colours

� Each camera tube develops a signal voltage proportionalto the respective colour intensity received by it.


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to the respective colour intensity received by it.

� Light from the scene is processed by the objective lenssystem.

� The image formed by the lens is split into three images bymeans of glass prisms.

LECTURE 6

.� These prisms are designed as diachroic mirrors.

� A diachroic mirror passes one wavelength and rejectsother wavelengths (colours of light).

� Thus red, green, and blue colour images are formed. Therays from each of the light splitters also pass throughcolour filters called trimming filters.


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colour filters called trimming filters.

� These filters provide highly precise primary colour imageswhich are converted into video signals by image-orthiconor vidicon camera tubes.

� Thus the three colour signals are generated. These arecalled Red (R), Green (G) and Blue (B) signals.

LECTURE 6

.� CCD (Charged coupled device) in conventional camera

tube scanning was done by deflection a beam of electronshorizontally and vertically with the help of saw toothcurrents flowing through the respective deflection coil in acathode ray tube.

� The CRT is a thermionic device and hence is bulky, costly,

Solid State camera based on CCD


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� The CRT is a thermionic device and hence is bulky, costly,require high voltages and less durable.

� With the development of large scale integration circuit, itbecomes possible to etch extremely small photodiode ontoa chip by X-ray using photolithography process and thusdesign a fully solid state video camera.

LECTURE 6

.Solid State camera based on CCD

� Photodiode is sensitive to light when light from a scenestrike it, electron are generated. There no. is proportionalto the intensity of light.

� The operation of a solid state image scanner is based on


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� The operation of a solid state image scanner is based onthe functioning of CCDs which can store and transfer theanalog charge signals.

� Used in digital camera.

LECTURE 6

.


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Fig14. Solid State camera based on CCD[2]

LECTURE 7

.Colour television display tubes

Based on the gun configuration and the manner in whichphosphors are arranged on the screen, three different typesof colour picture tubes have been developed. These are:

� Delta-gun colour Picture tube� Guns-in-line or Precision-in-line (P-I-L) colour picture


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� Guns-in-line or Precision-in-line (P-I-L) colour picturetube.

� Single sun or Trintron Colour picture tube

LECTURE 7

.Delta-gun colour picture tube


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Fig15. Delta-gun colour picture tube[2]

LECTURE 7


� It employs three separate guns one for each phosphor.

� The guns are equally spaced at 120°interval with respect toeach other and tilted inwards in relation to the axis of thetube.


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tube.

� Each phosphor dot corresponds to one of the three primarycolours.

� The mask has one hole for every phosphor dot triad on thescreen.

LECTURE 7


� The various holes are so oriented that electrons of thethree beams on passing through any one hole will hit onlythe corresponding colour phosphor dots on the screen.

� higher anode voltages are needed in colour picture tubesthan are necessary in monochrome tubes.


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than are necessary in monochrome tubes.

� The ratio of the electron passing through the holes tothose reaching shadow mask is only 20%

LECTURE 8

.

� This tube as the name suggests has three guns which arealigned precisely in a horizontal line.

� The in-line gun configuration helps in simplifyingconvergence adjustments.

Precision-in-line (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube


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� One vertical line of slots is for one group of fine strips ofred green and blue phosphors.

� Since all the three electron beams are on the same plane,the beam in the centre (green) moves along the axis of thetube.

LECTURE 8

.Precision-in-line (P.I.L.) Colour picture tube


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Fig16. Precision-in-line (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube[2]

LECTURE 8

.Precision-in-line (p.I.L.) Colour picture tube

� However, because of inward tilt of the right and left gunsthe blue and red beams travel at an angle and meet thecentral beam at the aperture grille mask.

� The P.I.L. tube is more efficient, i.e., has higher electrontransparency and needs fewer convergence adjustments


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transparency and needs fewer convergence adjustmentson account of the in-line gun structure.

� It is the most used tube in the present day colour receiver.

LECTURE 8

.Trinitron Colour picture tube

� The Trinitron or three in-line cathodes colour picture tubewas developed by ‘SONY’ Corporation of Japan around1970.

� It employs a single gun having three in-line cathodes. This


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� It employs a single gun having three in-line cathodes. Thissimplifies constructional problems since only one electrongun assembly is to be accommodated.

� The three phosphor triads are arranged in vertical strips asin the P.I.L. tube. Each strip is only a few thousandth of acentimeter wide.

LECTURE 8



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Fig15. Trinitron Colour picture tube[2]

� A metal aperture grille like mask is provided very close tothe screen. It has one vertical slot for each phosphortriad.

� The grille is easy to manufacture and has greaterelectron transparency as compared to both delta-gun

LECTURE 8



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� the beams have a common focus plane a sharper imageis obtained with good focus over the entire picture area.

� All this simplifies convergence problems and feweradjustments are necessary.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiver


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Fig16. Colour TV receiver

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiverTuner: The purpose of the tuner is to amplify both sound andpicture signals Picked-up by the antenna and to convert thesignal frequencies into intermediate frequencies and theirsidebands.

AFT: AFT circuit actually controls the local oscillator frequencyto obtain a picture.


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Video Signal Paths: It is necessary to increase the level ofdetected video signal before feeding into various sections ofthe receiver.

Delay Line: It is provided to reproduce the brightness andcolour information at the same time for any element of thepicture.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiver

IF Amplifier :It amplifies the IF signal, as IF is much lower thanthe signal frequency and is fixed, the IF amplifier has highstable gain and high selectivity.

Video Detector : It is a enveloped detector using diode, byprocess of rectification and filtering, detect the baseband signalof CVS and frequency modulated intercarrier frequency (5.5


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of CVS and frequency modulated intercarrier frequency (5.5MHz) The standard o/p of video detector is 1v peak to peak.

Automatic gain control : Its function is to control the gain ofRF & IF amplifier to reduced the differenced between o/p forstrong and weak signal to maintained constant o/p signal.

.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiver

. Sync separator : Signal extracted from the video detectorgoes to a sync separator stage. The H-sync and V-sync pulsesare further separated from each other by using differentiatingand integrating circuits.

Vertical sweep generator : The V-sync pulse trigger the V-


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Vertical sweep generator : The V-sync pulse trigger the V-sweep generator so that it start at the right time. Its frequencyis 50 Hz.

V-sweep amplifier : V-sweep is amplified by buffer amplifier,driver amplifier and the o/p power amplifier.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiver

Horizontal sweep generator : H-sweep frequency is timedand controlled by H-sync pulse through AFC circuit. AFC iscomparator circuit which compare the H-sync frequency withthe sweep generator frequency.

H-sweep amplifier : The H-sweep is amplified by buffer, driver


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H-sweep amplifier : The H-sweep is amplified by buffer, driverand power amplifier stages.

Sound section : Intercarrier frequency amplifier It receivesfrequency modulated intercarrier frequency of 5.5 MHz throughthe trap circuit, and amplifies it.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV receiverFM detector : It consist of a limiter and phase shiftdiscriminator. It work on the principle of shift in phase when thei/p frequency changes with respect to the resonant frequencyof a resonant circuit.

Audio voltage amplifier : Audio signal is amplified by RCcoupled audio voltage amplifier De-emphasis The audio signal


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coupled audio voltage amplifier De-emphasis The audio signalgoes through de-amphasis for high audio frequencies for highsignal to noise ratio.

Audio power amplifier : This is final amplifier which givessufficient power o/p to drive the loudspeaker system of the TVreceiver. Generally it is push pull type amplifier.

LECTURE 9

.Colour TV transmitter


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Fig17. Colour TV transmitter

LECTURE 9


VSB Filter� The modulator o/p is of double sideband type, which is

converted into VSB type by a sharp filter. The filter is designso that it passes the carrier and the upper sideband i.ecarrier frequency +5 MHz full without attenuation.

�The lower sideband produced up to 0.75 MHz below the


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�The lower sideband produced up to 0.75 MHz below thecarrier frequency , thereafter it is sharply attenuated. Thesignal achieved called as AMVSB signal.

Frequency Multiplier : The crystal oscillator cannot directlyproduced VHF or UHF range frequencies. The frequencymultiplier are used to get the desired channel frequencycalled video carrier.

TV transmitter and receiverLECTURE 9


FM modulator� Low level modulation is used before the final power

amplifier to save audio power requirement.

� As a crystal is used to generate carrier frequency, directfrequency modulation is not suitable because it would be

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frequency modulation is not suitable because it would bedifficult to vary the frequency of a crystal.

Audio carrier generatorIt uses a crystal oscillator which is highly stable due to its Qbeing very high. It generate very low radio frequency.

LECTURE 9 Chapter 4 Question Bank

1. Differentiate between Positive and Negative Modulation.2. State the working principle of PIL colour picture tube with

diagram.3. Describe construction and working of plumbicon camera

tube4. Explain delta gun picture tube .5. Explain the working of Vidicon Camera tube.

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5. Explain the working of Vidicon Camera tube.6. Explain preference of FM over AM for sound signal7. Draw and Explain the block diagram of colour Tv receiver.8. Draw and Explain the block diagram of colour Tv

Transmitter.

SUMMARY

LECTURE 9

� Concept of Positive and Negative Modulation

� Concept of Television Camera tube and its type

� Concept of Colour picture tube and its type

� Concept of Colour TV Transmitter and Colour TV Receiver


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Introduction & Pal-D Decoder 1

Yagi-Uda Antenna.2

Chroma signal Amplifier & Burst Pulse Blanking3

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Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U & V Signals4

152

ACC Amplifier & Colour Signal Matrixing5

6 RGB Drive Amplifier

EHT Generation7

Introduction to HDTV.8

LCD TV & LED TV Technology9


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LCD TV & LED TV Technology9


1

2


Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U &V Signals

Introduction & Pal-D Decoder & Yagi-Uda Antenna.

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3

Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U &V Signals

RGB Drive Amplifier, EHT Generation, LED ,LCD .

� Television means ‘to see from a distance’.

� In the early years of the twentieth century many scientistsexperimented with the idea of using selenium photosensitivecells for converting light from pictures into electrical signalsand transmitting them through wires.

LECTURE 1

Introduction

Colour TV

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� The function of PAL-D decoder is conversion of chrominancesignal into U, V signal and then to corresponding R,G,Bsignal.

� The Process is done only by using single IC.

LECTURE 1

Pal-D Decoder

� Chroma signal selection: select the chrominance signaland rejects all other unwanted components of the compositesignal.

� Color Killer Circuit: As the name suggests this circuitbecomes ‘ON’ and disables the Chroma amplifier duringmonochrome reception.

Colour TV

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monochrome reception.� Sync Demodulator: The output from adder and sub tractor

from adder and subtractor consists of two independentDSBSC RF signals (U and V).

� Color difference amplifier and matrixing: Three colordifference signals amplified and fed to appropriate grids ofthe picture tube.

LECTURE 1 Colour TV

PAL-D Decoder

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Fig1: Block Diagram of Pal-D Decoder

LECTURE 1

Pal-D Decoder

� Burst gate amplifier: separate the colour burst from thechrominance signal.

� Reference oscillator: generate exactly right frequencywith same phase reference as the original coloursubcarrier.

� Automatic phase control: compare the burst and locally

Colour TV

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� Automatic phase control: compare the burst and locallygenerated subcarrier to develop a control voltage.

� Burst phase discriminator: give the output as subcarrieroscillator control voltage and pulse having indent signal.

� PAL delay line: Averaging and separate U & V modulationsignal.

� Adder and Substractor: U & V signal go to adder andsubs tractor stage directly as well as through delay line

� The antenna is mounted on a suitable structure at a heightaround 10 meters above the ground level.

� Try changing the height of the antenna to obtain maximumsignal strength & Rotate the antenna to check against ghostimages and reception of signals from far-off stations.

LECTURE 2

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Colour TV

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images and reception of signals from far-off stations.

Fig2 . yagi-uda antenna

� The antenna widely used with television receivers forlocations within 40 to 60 km from the transmitter is thefolded dipole with one reflector and one director.

� This antenna provides a gain close to 7 db and is relativelyunidirectional as seen from its radiation pattern.

LECTURE 2

Yagi-Uda Antenna

Colour TV

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unidirectional as seen from its radiation pattern.

� The receiving antenna is mounted horizontally for maximumpick-up from the transmitting antenna.

� The antenna elements are normally made out of 1/4″ (0.625cm) to 1/2″ (1.25 cm) di aluminum pipes of suitable strength.

Chroma signal Amplifier

LECTURE 3

Stage 1: Q1 gets input from its base via. Capacitor c1. gain ofthis stage is decided by reactance of L1 and magnitude ofACC controlling voltage fed at base of Q2 through R1 and R2.C2 avoids undesirable feedback between Q1 and ACCamplifier. Output signal at collector of Q1 is typically 0.5vpeak to peak. Output of stage 1 is given to stage 2 via. C6 andto the burst preamplifier through C5.

Colour TV

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to the burst preamplifier through C5.

Stage 2: This amplifier consists of transistors Q2 and Q3.Q2acting as emitter follower. Q3 works as phase splittingamplifier whose purpose is to provide antiphase chromasignal for chroma delay line circuit which separated u and vsignals.

Chroma signal Amplifier

LECTURE 3

� Color saturation control circuit: function of saturationcontrol circuit is to form variable attenuator to changemagnitude of chorma signal which is fed to U &Vdemodulator.

� Burst pulse blanking: the function of diode D3 D4 andR18 in chorma amplifier is to prevent colour burst pulse

Colour TV

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R18 in chorma amplifier is to prevent colour burst pulsefrom getting through 2nd stage of chorma amplifier.

� Color killer control: upper end of R10 is connected topositive voltage generate by colour killer circuit onrectification of burst pulses. When colour signal is receivedbias voltage is 12v. This make Q2 on and ensure flow ofchorma signal to Q3.

LECTURE 3 Colour TV

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Fig3: Chroma Signal Amplifier Circuit

LECTURE 4

Burst Pulse Blanking

�The output from the video preamplifier is fed to the firststage of chorma band pass amplifier through an emitterfollower stage Q1.

� Negative going horizontal blanking pulse are coupled to thebase of Q1 through diode D1.

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base of Q1 through diode D1.

� The pulse Drive Q1 into cut off during colour burst intervalsand thus prevent it from reaching the demodulator.

LECTURE 4 Colour TV

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Fig4: Colour Burst Blanking Circuit

LECTURE 5

Color Killer Control

� The dc operating voltage to Q9 is applied Via center lap onL4.

� Such a connection cause L4 to function as aautotransformer and enable a waveform of about 24v to bedeveloped at collector of Q9.

� This waveform is fed to the C30 to D10 which function as

Colour TV

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� This waveform is fed to the C30 to D10 which function asrectifier.

� R62 and C33 form a low pass filter which provide a steadydc about 13.5v as the output.

� This prevent any stray colour signal reaching R,G,Bamplifier and hence no colour noise appear on black andwhite picture during monochrome transmission.

LECTURE 5 Colour TV

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Fig5: Colour Killer Control Circuit

LECTURE 6

� Chroma signal is applied to Q1.

� Amplified chroma signal is applied to delta line throughtransformer T1.

� The signal after passing through he delay line across Awinding of transformer T2.

Separation of U and V Signals

Colour TV

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winding of transformer T2.

� As the T2 is centre tapped with equal turn the voltageinduced by the signal from delay line will be equal inamplitude but apposite in phase.

� On the other hand direct signal will include voltages withsame phase in both A and B windings.

LECTURE 6 Colour TV

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Fig6: Circuit For Separating U and V Signals

LECTURE 7

ACC Amplifier

� Burst pulse is fed to ACC amplifier diode D8 and R43, C21and C22 forms half wave rectifier and filter circuit.

� It provides negative d.c. voltage which is proportional toamplitude of received signal.

� Output of Q7 is positive voltage which changes with

Colour TV

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� Output of Q7 is positive voltage which changes withamplitude of chroma signal.

� This voltage is normally 7v.

� It is given to the 1st chorma amplifier to control its gain.Purpose of R46 & R47 is to obtain correctly steady bias forthe 1st chorma amplifier.

LECTURE 7 Colour TV

ACC Amplifier Circuit

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Fig7: ACC Amplifier Circuit

LECTURE 8

Colour Signal Matrixing

� As we know R,G,B matrixing is used in moderncolour receivers.

� The view is to explain the technique of obtainingR,G,B signal of sufficient amplitude from theweighted U and V signals.

Colour TV

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weighted U and V signals.

� The output is taken at Emitter follower Q7

� In this way at receiver color matrixing circuit convertU ,V and Y signal to R G B signal.

LECTURE 8 Colour TV

Color Signal Matrixing

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Fig8: Color Signal Matrixing Circuit

LECTURE 9

RGB Drive Amplifier

� The video amplifier system intended for high resolutionRGB color monitor applications.

� In addition to three matched video amplifiers, the videoamplifier contains three gated differential input black levelclamp comparators for brightness control and three

Colour TV

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clamp comparators for brightness control and threematched attenuator circuits for contrast control.

� The video amplifier also contains a voltage reference for thevideo inputs.

LECTURE 9 Colour TV

RGB Drive Amplifier

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Fig9: RGB Drive Amplifier

LECTURE 10

RGB Drive Amplifier

Features:

� Three wideband video amplifiers (70 MHz @ b3dB)� Inherently matched (g0.1 dB or 1.2%) attenuators for

contrast control� Three externally gated comparators for brightness control

Colour TV

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� Three externally gated comparators for brightness control� Provisions for independent gain control (Drive) of each

video amplifier� Video input voltage reference� Low impedance output

LECTURE 9

Applications:

� High resolution RGB CRT monitors

� Video AGC amplifiers

RGB Drive Amplifier

Colour TV

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� Video AGC amplifiers

� Wideband amplifiers with gain and DC offset controls

EHT Generation

� The term high voltage usually means electrical energy atvoltages high enough to inflict harm.

� Equipment and conductors that carry high voltage warrantparticular safety requirements and procedures.

� High voltage is used in electrical power distribution in

LECTURE 10

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� High voltage is used in electrical power distribution incathode ray tube, to generate X-ray and particle beam todemonstrate arcing, for ignition, in photomultiplier tube andin high power amplifier vacuum tube and other industrial andscientific applications.

LECTURE 10 Colour TV

EHT Generation

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Fig10 : EHT Generation

LECTURE 11 : HDTV

� High-definition television (HDTV) provides a resolution thatis substantially higher than that of standard definitiontelevision

� Early HDTV broadcasting used analog technology, buttoday it is transmitted digitally and uses video compression.

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� HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in thelate 1980s and made official in 1993 by the digital HDTV,grand alliance a group of television, electronic equipment,

LECTURE 11 HDTV

HDTV broadcast systems are identified with three majorparameters:

� Frame size in pixels is defined as number of horizontal pixels× number of vertical pixels, for example 1280 × 720 or1920 × 1080. Often the number of horizontal pixels is impliedfrom context and is omitted, as in the case of 720p and 1080p.

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� Scanning system is identified with the letter p for progressivescanning or i for interlace scanning.

� Frame rate is identified as number of video frames persecond. For interlaced systems the number of frames persecond should be specified, but it is not uncommon to see thefield rate

LECTURE 12

� A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display,electronic visual display, or video display that uses the lightmodulating properties of liquid crystal. Liquid crystals do notemit light directly.

� Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of moleculesaligned between two transparent electrode, and two

LCD

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aligned between two transparent electrode, and twopolarizing filter (parallel and perpendicular), the axes oftransmission of which are (in most of the cases)perpendicular to each other

� LCD panels produce no light of their own, they requireexternal light to produce a visible image.

LECTURE 12

Advantages:� Very compact and light.

� Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low powerconsumption.

� The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending onbacklight technology.

Colour TV

LCD

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backlight technology.

� Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels holdtheir state between refreshes.

� Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows themonitor to be placed further back from the user, reducingclose-focusing related eye-strain.

LECTURE 12 :

Disadvantages:

� Loss of contrast in high temperature environments.

� Not usually designed to allow easy replacement of thebacklight.

� Poor display in direct sunlight, often completely unviewable.

LCD

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� Poor display in direct sunlight, often completely unviewable.

� Cannot be used with light gun/pen.

� Hard to read when wearing polarized sunglasses.

� Loss of brightness and much slower response times in lowtemperature environments.

.

LECTURE 12 LCDWhat are the different types of LCD?

� Transmissive LCD :The Transmissive LCD is illuminatedfrom one side and viewed from the opposite side. Activatedcells appear dark and inactive cells appear bright. Onedisadvantage of Transmissive LCD is that lamp used toilluminate the LCD consumes more power than consumed bythe LCD itself.

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� Reflective LCD : This is commonly used in pocketcalculators and digital watches. It is viewed by ambient lightreflected in a mirror behind the display. They have lowercontrast than the Transmissive type, because the ambientlight passes twice through the display before reaching theviewer. The advantage is that there is no lamp to consumepower, so the battery life is long.

LECTURE 12 LED

� An LED display is a flat panel display which uses an array oflight emitting diode as a video display

� An LED panel is a small display, or a component of a largerdisplay.

� The first true all-LED flat panel television screen was possiblydeveloped, demonstrated and documented by James P.

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developed, demonstrated and documented by James P.Mitchell in 1977

� There are two types of LED panels: conventional (usingdiscrete LEDs) and surface mounted device(SMD) panels

� A cluster of red, green, and blue diodes is driven together toform a full-color pixel, usually square in shape.

LECTURE 12

LED TV Technology:

� The LED TV is more advanced version of LCD TV

� The LED TV use LCD panel with LED backlighting.

� An LED TV illuminate its LCD panel with light Emittingdiode.

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diode.

� Specifically this current flow between anode which arepositively charged electrode and LED cathode which arenegatively charged electrode.

� In contrast a traditional LCD utilizes fluorescent lamp forbacklighting.


1. explain Pal-D Decoder with its block diagram.

2. explain basic principle of Yagi-Uda Antenna.

3. Write short note on Colour Killer Control Circuit

4. Explain Separation of U & V Signals

5. Explain Concept of RGB Drive Amplifier

6. draw the circuit diagram and Explain operation of EHT Generation.

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7. Explain Concept of Chroma signal Amplifier

8. Explain Burst Pulse Blanking

9. Explain Concept of ACC Amplifier

10. Explain Colour Signal Matrixing

11.Explain the concept of LCD.

12.Write short note on LED .

SUMMARY

LECTURE 12

• Concept of Pal-D Decoder & Yagi-Uda Antenna.

• Concept of Colour Killer Control Circuit & Separation of U & V Signals

• Concept of RGB Drive Amplifier EHT Generation LED LCD

• Concept of Chroma signal Amplifier & Burst Pulse Blanking

Colour TV

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• Concept of ACC Amplifier & Colour Signal Matrixing


Introduction to Cable TV and cable signal sources1

Cable TV system component2

MATV and CATV3

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5

6 DHT service provider and db meter

CCTV and video monitor for CCTV

Direct to home service(DTH)


1

2


Cable TV system component

MATV CATV and CCTV

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3

MATV CATV and CCTV

Direct to home service(DTH) & db meter

LECTURE 1

Introduction to cable TV� Basically cable TV system is classified as

1) MATV(master antenna TV)2) CCTV(close circuit TV)3) CATV(cable TV)

� Cable TV was initially introduce for the benefit is possible ofcommunication in rural area that were beyond the range ofbroadcast transmission

Cable TV

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broadcast transmission

� However with the advent of satellite television, reception ofsignal from a large number of TV station located far awaybecome possible.

� With this cable TV developed in a complex multi channelsystem and expanded in a big way in all countries.

LECTURE 1

.

� The first step in cable TV is to collect the desired signalfrom available source

� The main signal coming from various satellite. for thatpurpose high gain antenna is required.

Cable signal resources

Cable TV

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� By correct adjustment of this antenna towards satellite,collect signal arriving from it by dish and deliver these toLNBC. this minimize the losses in co axial cable.

Cable TVLECTURE 1

.Cable TV system component

Dish antenna:

� For application where very high gain and very narrowbandwidth are needed the parabolic dish antenna is use.

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� This antenna provide the required gain and bandwidth.

� Principle: the parabolic reflector collects all theelectromagnetic waves from satellite due to parabolicshape reflected rays concentrated at focal point which givethe high gain signal.

LECTURE 1

.

Cable TV

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Fig1: Geometry of Parabola

LECTURE 1

.Specification of Dish Antenna:

� Size-8feet.� Gin-36db.� Band-c(3.7 to 4.2GHz downlink frequency)� Look angle-360 rotation in azimuth.� Offset angle-24.62limit

Cable TV

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� Offset angle-24.62limit� Focal length-90cm� Azimuth angle= 0 to 360� Aperture efficiency-75%

LECTURE 2

.The main function of LNBC is to convert the electricalsignal to a low frequency range to minimize losses in coaxial cable that carry dish antenna signal to controlroom.working principle: LNBC down convert the GHzFrequency into MHZ Also to reject the noise andincrease the gain of the signal

Cable TV

LNBC

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increase the gain of the signal

Fig2: Block diagram of LNBC

LECTURE 1

.Specification of LNBC

� Input frequency-3.625 to 4.2 GHz

� output frequency-950 to 1525 GHz

� Local oscillator frequency-5150MHz

Cable TV

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� Local oscillator frequency-5150MHz

� Impeadance-75 ohm

LECTURE 2

.� Multiplexer means many input give only one output

simultaneously.� Multiplexer is a linear mixer and all the signal are simply

added together algebraically.� the resultant output signal is a composite of all the channel

carrier and their modulation product.

Cable TV

Multiplexer

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Fig3: Concept of signal multiplexing

i/p signal from modulator

Signal composite signal

LECTURE 2

.

� Frequency response- flat upto 550MHz

� Insertion loss- less than 3 db

� Isolation-35db

Multiplexer Specification

Cable TV

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� Isolation-35db

� Input to output-12:1

LECTURE 2

.Connectors� To make the connection between cable or to amplifier

splitter and tap offs, it is necessary to use good qualitywhether proof co-axial connector.

� Such a loss of signal not only causes interference inreception on TV sets in many way but also necessitiesinstallation of more line amplifier.

Cable TV

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Fig4: cable connector

LECTURE 3

.

Cable TV

MATV

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Fig5: MATV

LECTURE 3

.MATV

� Master antenna TV was the four runner of the present dayTV system

� It started to provide TV telecast signal to the area which fellin shadow of hoilock or some high and features

Cable TV

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� To get the clear reception the antenna should be installedon the hill top which is named as master antenna orcommunity antenna

� One or more antenna are located on roof top the numberare depending on telecast and their direction.

LECTURE 3

.MATV� Each antenna is located in such a direction that all the

station are received simultaneously.� Antenna output is fed to 4 way hybrid. Rid is fed to Hybrid

is signal combing linear mixer which provide impedancematching to avoided standing waves.

� Thus the output from hybrid is fed to distribution amplifierby preamplifier.

Cable TV

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by preamplifier.� The output from distribution amplifier is fed to splitter

through co axial line.� Tap off are either transformer coupled or capacitivly

coupled.� There are TV receiver Which receive the signal from

branch line.

LECTURE 3

.Application

� Community antenna to serve TV receiver In fringe orshadow areas.

� Common antenna to serve the flat in the apartment building

Cable TV

MATV

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� Common antenna to serve the flat in the apartment buildingor rooms in hotels or big institute or organization

� MATV provides many other values added features to people

LECTURE 4

.CATV

� It originally stood for community antenna television

� The signal is received by the common antenna was thandistributed to large number of houses through network ofco-axial cable

� Such a concept is valid to huge building having hundreds

Cable TV

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� Such a concept is valid to huge building having hundredsof apartment thus eliminating the need of each house tohave its own antenna dish on roof top.

� The received signal are than simultaneously transmittedover a distribution network of coaxial cable on a singlepoint to multipoint connectivity.

LECTURE 4

.

Cable TV

CATV

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Fig6: CATV

LECTURE 4

.CCTV

� A video monitor reproduces the picture directly from thecomposite video signal.

� It does not contain RF-IF and associate stages and usuallydesigned with better reproduction qualities in respect of

Cable TV

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resolution bandwidth distortion linearity etc.

� The monitor may or may not have audio reproductioncircuitrary associated with it.

� Video input- from camera

LECTURE 4

.

Cable TV

CCTV

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Fig7: Four camera line powered CCTV system

LECTURE 5

.video monitor

CCTV

Cable TV

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Fig8 : Block diagram of video monitor

LECTURE 5

.Application of CCTV

� Monitoring traffic on the road

� At cricket or football stadium

� Production control in factory

Cable TV

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� Production control in factory

� In hospital important surgical operation can be shown to

student outside the operation theater and also a watch

can be kept I patient in bed

LECTURE 5

.� Direct to home system(DTH)� DTH is defined the reception of satellite programming

with a personal dish in an individual home.� DTH does not need a local cable operator and put the

broadcast directly in touch with the consumer.

DTH

Cable TV

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Fig9: DTH block diagram

Cable TVLECTURE 5

.� The encoder convert the audio video and data signal into

the digital format and the multiplexer mixes the signals.

� At the user end there will be a small dish and set top boxto decode and view numerous channel.

� On the user end receiving dishes can be small as 45 cm in

DTH

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� On the user end receiving dishes can be small as 45 cm indiameter.

� DTH is encrypted transmission that travels to theconsumer directly through satellite.

� A set top box unlike the regular connection decode theencrypted transmission.

Cable TVLECTURE 6

.How does DTH differ from Cable TV

� In DTH channel should be transmitted from the satellite toa small dish antenna mounted on the window or roof topof the user house

� So the broadcast directly contact to the user.

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� So the broadcast directly contact to the user.

� The middle man like cable operator are not there inpicture.

� Also with DTH a user can see nearly 700 channels.

LECTURE 6

.

� DTH offer better quality picture than cable TV.

� This is because cable TV in India is analog.

DTH superior than cable TV?

DTH

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� DTH offer stereophonic sound effect.

� It can also reach remote area where terrestrialtransmission and cable TV have filed to penetrate.


1. Explain the function of dish antenna.2. Draw and explain the function of LNBC3. Write any four specification of dish antenna.4. Explain working principle of Multiplexer used in cable TV with D Diagram.5. Why dish antenna Parabolic and meshy surface.6. Write Design concept for Cable TV network 7. Explain the Need of multiplexer and attenuator in cable TV .8. Explain with block diagram of DTH system.

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8. Explain with block diagram of DTH system.9. Draw the Block Diagram of MATV and explain the function of each block.10. What is the use of Terminating Resistance in MATV .11. Compare CATV and CCTV by four points .

LECTURE1:-

SUMMARY

LECTURE 6:

� Concept of Cable TV and cable signal sources

� Concept of cable TV system component

� Concept of MATV and CATV

� Concept of CCTV and video monitor for CCTV

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� Direct to home service(DTH)

References Books:

1. Telivision and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill

2. Modern TV practice(4th edition) by R. R. Gulathi, New Age International

3. Television Engineering and Video System by R. G. Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill

4. Audio Video System by R. G. Gupta, Tata McGraw Hill

5. Basic Telivision and Video System , by Bernard Grob Tata McGraw Hill

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6. Modern CD Player Servising Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication

References Web:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact_Disc_player.2. http://www.howstuffworks.com3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/backlight.4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high-defination_television

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THANK YOUTHANK YOU

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Recommended Books:

1. Television and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill




5. Basic Television and Video System , by Bernard Grob Tata McGraw Hill

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6. Modern CD Player Servicing Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication

References Books:

1. Television and Radio engineering, by A.M.Dhake Tata McGraw Hill





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6. Modern CD Player Servicing Manual ,by Manohar Lotia BPB Publication

References Web:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/compact_Disc_player

2. http://www.howstuffworks.com

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/backlight

4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/high-defination_television

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Documents

Suraj copreight Avex [Read-Only] - Shri Datta Meghe ...sdmp.ac.in/DTLE/AUDIO VIDEO ENGG 5TH SEM ET-EX [Read-Only].pdf · Chapter 6 presents Understanding of MATV,CATV,CCTV. With deep