Supreme Court 2009 judgement regarding capital punishmemt

7/30/2019 Supreme Court 2009 judgement regarding capital punishmemt

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TMZGT^HDCM

E@ ^FM Y]ZTMKM IG]T^ GA E@NEH

ITEKE@HC HZZMCCH^M O]TEYNEIÊG@

ITEKE@HC HZZMHC @G. 8>=4 GA 4::1

Y~h~m ga Khfhthyf~th .... Hzzmcch`~

Qmty}y

Yhòmmqb}kht Khfm`nthzthyhn Tgu h`n h`g~fmt .... Tmyzg`nm`~y

O]NLKM@^

Y.D. YE@FH# O.

E@^TGN]IÊG@

^fmym ~|g hzzmhcy hteym g}~ ga h igkkg` o}nlkm`~ ga ig`qei~eg` h`n

ym`~mìm nh~mn 84~f H}l}y~# 4::= zhyymn du ~fm Felf Ig}t~ ga O}neih~}tm h~

Dgkdhu e` Igàetkh~eg` Ihym @g.4 ga 4::> h`n ~ftmm ig``mi~mn hzzmhcy2

g`m aecmn du ~fm Y~h~m h`n ~|g du ~fm hii}ymn# |fmtmdu h`n |fmtm}`nmt e~

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igàetkmn h`n hiimz~mn ~fm tmamtmìm khnm ~g e~ e` ~mtky ga Ymi~eg` 911 ga

~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm# 85=4 ga 4::1%.

\fmtmhy Iteke`hc Hzzmhc @g.8>=4 ga 4::1 zthue`l agt

m`fhìmkm`~ ga ym`~mìm agt Yhòmmqb}kht Khfm`nthzthyhn Tgu &H4% h`n

Yh`g~yfb}kht Yfteohechc Tgu &H9%.

Cmhqm e` ~fmym kh~~mty |hy lth`~mn du ~fey Ig}t~ du gtnmty nh~mn 46 ~f

Gi~gdmt# 4::= h`n 85% |hy# h~

~fm tmcmqh`~ ~ekm# |gtbe`l hy Kh`hlmt e` @HDHTN# Funmthdhn. Yh`~gyf

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Thktho &Z\+=:%# ~fm ug}`lmt dtg~fmt ga ~fm nmimhymn |hy y~hue`l |e~f fey

ah~fmt.

Yh`~gyf Thktho tmimeqmn h zfg`m ihcc g` 6~f H}l}y~# 4::8 h~ fey

tmyenm`~ehc ~mcmzfg`m `}kdmt neyicgymn du ~fm ihccmt# ~fh~ fey dtg~fmt

Bht~ebtho |hy e` fey i}y~gnu. Th`ygk agt h y}k ga Ty. 8: chiy |hy hccmlmncu

nmkh`nmn. Fm |hy ~ftmh~m`mn ~fh~ ea ~fm yhen hkg}`~ |hy `g~ zhen |e~fe` 4>

fg}ty ~fm` Bht~ebtho |g}cn dm beccmn. ^fm ahkecu ga ~fm nmimhymn ey yhen ~g

fhqm tmimeqmn ygkm kgtm ~ftmh~mè`l ihccy ~fmtmha~mt. Thktho &Z\+>5%# ~fm

ah~fmt ga ~fm nmimhymn hcyg ~hcbmn ~g ~fm ihccmt h`n hybmn fek ~g leqm ~fmk

~ekm ~ecc ~fm `mv~ nhu kgtè`l yg ~fh~ fm ig}cn khbm htth`lmkm`~y agt ~fm

kg`mu.

Thktho &Z\+>5% ~fmtmha~mt ~hcbmn ~g fey atem`n Nh~~h~thuh Dfh`nh`lm

&Z\+4% |fg# h~ ~fm tmcmqh`~ ~ekm# |hy |gtbe`l hy Kh`lmt e` @HDHTN#

Z}`m. Dfh`nh`lm &Z\+4% nen fey dmy~ ~g ~thim g}~ Bht~ebtho d}~ ahecmn e` fey

h~~mkz~y.

H ntha~ ga ~fm Aety~ Eàgtkh~eg` Tmzgt~ |hy ahvmn du Thktho ~g

Dfh`nh`lm,y &Z\+4%,y Z}`m gaaeim# tmx}my~e`l fek ~g cgnlm ~fm yhkm h~ ~fm

igìmt`mn Zgceim Y~h~eg`. H zfg~glthzf ga Bht~ebtho |hy hcyg ym`~ hcg`l.

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Z}ty}h`~ ~fmtm~g# h Aety~ Eàgtkh~eg` Tmzgt~ |hy cgnlmn agt gaamìmy

z}èyfhdcm }`nmt Ymi~eg`y 919 h`n 96< ga ~fm E`neh` Zm`hc Ignm. ^fm

e`qmy~elh~eg` |hy fh`nmn gqmt ~g ~fm Itekm Dthìf. Yh`~gyftho &Z\+4%

eàgtkmn ~fm E`qmy~elh~e`l Gaaeimt# HZE Cg~cebht g` ~mcmzfg`m ~fh~ fm fhn

hlhe` tmimeqmn h zfg`m ihcc atgk ~fm ben`hzzmty# hybe`l fek ~g igkm ~g

Dgkdhu |e~f Ty.8: chiy h`n h kgdecm zfg`m. ^g ~fey HZE Cg~cebht hybmn

fek ~g eàgtk ~fm ihccmt ~fh~ e`y~mhn ga lge`l fekymca# fm |g}cn dm ym`ne`l h

atem`n ga fey ~g Dgkdhu |e~f ~fm kg`mu. Fm ~gcn fek ~g ~mcc ~g ~fm ihccmt ~fh~

~fm atem`n,y `hkm |hy Yfhk @hen} h`n ~fh~ fey kgdecm `}kdmt |hy

5644//////. Yh`~gyftho hi~mn hiigtne`lcu. Ben`hzzmty ~fmtmha~mt y~ht~mn

ihcce`l HZE Cg~cebht g` fey kgdecm zfg`m ~fe`be`l fek ~g dm Yfhk @hen}.

^f}y# bmmze`l ~fm ben`hzzmty m`lhlmn e` g`m ig`qmtyh~eg` gt ~fm g~fmt# h

~thz |hy chen agt ~fmk h~ O}f} g` 84~f H}l}y~# 4::8. Z}ty}h`~ ~fmtm~g B}kht

Lh}thq &Z\+8%# ~fm hzztgqmt h`n Hii}ymn @gy.4 h`n 9# Yhòmmqb}kht

Khfm`nthzthyhn Tgu h`n Yh`g~fyb}kht Yfteohechc Tgu |mtm httmy~mn.

Hii}ymn @g.8# Yh`~gyf B}kht Yh~eyfdf}yfh` Dhteuht# |hy httmy~mn h~

H`nfmte Thec|hu Y~h~eg`. \fmtmhdg}~y ga Bht~ebtho |hy# fg|mqmt# `g~

neyicgymn. ^fm hii}ymn |mtm ~fmtmha~mt ztgn}imn dmagtm ~fm Zgceim E`yzmi~gt#

Necez Dfhybht Yfe`nm &Z\+=9% g` 89~f H}l}y~#4::8 e` fey gaaeim h~ Z}`m h`n

|mtm y}dymx}m`~cu httmy~mn.

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G`m ga ~fm hii}ymn B}kht Lh}thq# |fg fhy yeìm dmm` lth`~mn

zhtng`# hnntmyymn h cm~~mt ~g ~fm Igkkeyyeg`mt ga Zgceim# Z}`m Ie~u g` gt

hdg}~ 45~f Gi~gdmt# 4::8 y~h~e`l ~fh~ Bht~ebtho fhn dmm` k}tnmtmn du ~fm

hii}ymn g` 6~f H}l}y~# 4::8. Fm mvztmyymn fey tmzm`~hìm. Fm hcyg

mvztmyymn fey nmyetm ~g khbm h igàmyyeg`. Fm |hy ztgn}imn dmagtm

O.K.A.I.# Z}`m h~ 4.:: z.k. g` 98y~ Gi~gdmt# 4::8. Fm |hy ztgn}imn hlhe`

g` 8y~ @gqmkdmt# 4::8 |fm` fm khnm h y~h~mkm`~ }`nmt Ymi~eg` 81> ga ~fm

Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm# |feif |hy tmigtnmn.

]zg` igkzcm~eg` ga e`qmy~elh~eg`# h ifhtlmyfmm~ |hy aecmn |fmtm}zg`

iglèhìm ga ~fm gaamìm |hy ~hbm`. ^fm ihym |hy }c~ekh~mcu igkke~~mn ~g

~fm Ig}t~ ga Ymyyeg`y du ~fm cmht`mn Khley~th~m du h` gtnmt nh~mn 9tn

Oh`}htu# 4::4.

Dmagtm ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm# Zgceim E`yzmi~gt Necez Dfhybht

Yfe`nm &Z\+=9% khnm h` hzzceih~eg` z}tzgt~mn ~g dm }`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:< ga

~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm g` gt hdg}~ 48y~ Khtif# 4::4 zthue`l agt

lth`~ ga zhtng` ~g B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8%. ^fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm

zhyymn h` gtnmt g` 9tn Hztec# 4::4 lth`~e`l zhtng` ~g fek.

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ZTGYMI]ÊG@ IHYM

Hy zmt ~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga ~fm B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% g` |feif ~fm

ztgymi}~eg` zteìezhccu tmcemy }zg`# fm fekymca# Yh`~gyf B}kht Tgu &H9%

h`n Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H4% |mtm e` ymhtif ga dm~~mt ihtmmt ztgyzmi~y h`n

hcc ~ftmm ga ~fmk nmienmn ~g ~tu ~fmet c}ib e` ~fm ie~u ga Dgkdhu. Yeìm ~fmu

fhn `g zchim ~g y~hu# Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H4% ig`~hi~mn ~fm hzzmcch`~ |fg

|hy# h~ ~fm tmcmqh`~ ~ekm# ceqe`l e` Z}`m. Fm |hy hdcm ~g htth`lm h ~mkzgthtu

hiigkkgnh~eg` agt hcc ga ~fmk h~ B}nhcm Zh~ec Hh`lh` Ygiem~u e` Z}`m.

Hy zmt B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8%# ~fmu fh~ifmn h zch` ~g mht` htg}`n 8:

~g 8= chiy du ben`hzze`l ~|g Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht,y &H8,y% atem`ny du

nmkh`ne`l th`ygk atgk ~fmet ahkecemy. Hzzmcch`~ ey yhen ~g dm ~fm khy~mt

ke`n dmfe`n ~fm m`~etm zch`2 e~ |hy fm |fg fhn acgh~mn ~fm enmh ga

ben`hzze`l. Hiigtne`l ~g fek# fm fhn ~|g atem`ny ga fey e` ke`n# `hkmcu

Hdfeomm~ Bg~fhte# |fgym ah~fmt |hy h ngi~gt# h`n Bht~ebtho# &~fm nmimhymn%

|fgym ah~fmt |hy ~fm Kh`hlmt e` @HDHTN. Dg~f ~fm ahkecemy# hy zmt ~fm

hzzmcch`~# dme`l teif# e~ |hy mvzmi~mn ~fh~ ~fmu |g}cn dm hdcm ~g lm~ h fma~u

y}k ga kg`mu hy th`ygk }zg` ben`hzze`l me~fmt ga ~fmk. Hy zmt fey zch` ea

hù neaaei}c~emy htgym ~fmu |g}cn becc ~fm qei~ek. Fm ~gcn ~fmk ~fh~ ~fmu

|g}cn i}~ ~fm dgnu e`~g zemimy h`n ~ftg| ~fmk h~ ygkm zchim ha~mt z}~~e`l

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~fmk e` neaamtm`~ dhly. Fm hybmn hcc ~ftmm# |fm~fmt ~fmu |mtm tmhnu agt y}if

h zch`. Hcc ga ~fmk ig`ym`~mn.

Gìm hcc ga ~fmk hltmmn# Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht &H8% hybmn B}kht

Lh}thq &Z\+8% ~g ztmzhtm h cey~ ga ht~eicmy ~fmu |g}cn tmx}etm agt z}~~e`l ~fey

zch` ga ~fmety e`~g hi~eg`. G` ~fm cey~ |mtm Fhibyh| Dchnmy h`n h yeibcm e`

ihym ~fmu fhn ~g i}~ ~fm dgnu. Hcyg g` e~ |mtm tgzmy agt ~ue`l }z ~fm qei~ek2

Zgcu~fm`m dhly agt z}~~e`l e` zemimy ga ~fm nmhn dgnu2 tmve` dhly agt z}~~e`l

e` ~fm zgcu~fm`m dhly ig`~heè`l ~fm zemimy ga ~fm nmhn dgnu2 Yek ihtny agt

}ye`l kgdecm zfg`my ~g ig`~hi~ ~fm ahkecu ga ~fm qei~ek h`n chy~cu Nm~~gc ~g

dm }ymn hy h nmgngth`~.

^fm nhu ~fmtmha~mt Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht &H8% hcyg yfg|mn ~fmk ~fm

zchim ~fmu |g}cn dm hdcm ~g neyzgym ga ~fm dgnu e` ihym hù `mmn htgym

~fmtmagt. G` ~fm yhkm nhu# e` ~fm mqmè`l# hcc ~fm hii}ymn yfea~mn ~g

Hkhtzhce Ygiem~u |feif |hy ztgqenmn ~g ~fmk du h` hlm`~ ga ~fm hzzmcch`~.

E~ |hy h~ ~fm yhen zchim ~fh~ ~fmu nmienmn ~g z}~ ~fmet zch` e`~g hi~eg`. ^fmu

yzm`~ ~fm tmy~ ga ~fm nhu z}tifhye`l ~fm e~mky g` ~fm cey~ ~fmu fhn ztmzhtmn

~fm èlf~ dmagtm# tmx}eye~m hkg}`~ |fmtmagt |hy ztgqenmn du ~fm hzzmcch`~.


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^fmtmha~mt g` 1~f H}l}y~# ~fm hzzmcch`~ ~temn ~g ig`~hi~ dg~f Hdfeomm~

Bg~fhte h`n Bht~ebtho. Fm ig}cn `g~ lm~ e` ~g}if |e~f Hdfeomm~ Bg~fhte# d}~

fm |hy hdcm ~g ztgi}tm ~fm ig`~hi~ `}kdmt ga ~fm nmimhymn. Fm hyy}tmn hcc

~ftmm ga ~fmk ~fh~ du ~fm `mv~ nhu fm |g}cn dm hdcm ~g dte`l Bht~ebtho ~g ~fm

ach~. \fm` hybmn du g~fmty# fg| fm ig}cn dm yg y}tm# fm mvzche`mn ~fh~ fm

fhn ztgkeymn fek h zht~u e` ig``mi~eg` |e~f fey khttehlm h`n# hiigtne`l ~g

fek# Bht~ebtho |g}cn `mqmt tma}ym# ea fm ey e`qe~mn ~g h zht~u.

@mv~ nhu# e.m.# g` ~fm


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Fg|mqmt ~fm ceam ga ~fm nmimhymn ig}cn fhqm dmm` yhqmn fhn ~fm

ch`ncgtn ga ~fm hzht~km`~ |fg fhn igkm ~g ifmib }z g` fey ach~ ~fm `mv~

kgtè`l y}yzmi~mn hù~fe`l ag}c e` ~fm fg}ym# d}~ }àgt~}`h~mcu fm nen `g~.

Hzztmfm`ne`l ~fh~ ~fmu kelf~ dm ih}lf~# Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht &H8% h`n

B}kht Lh}thq &Z\8% nmienmn ~fh~ e~ |g}cn `g cg`lmt dm yham ~g bmmz ~fm

nmimhymn hceqm h`n ~fh~ e~ |hy e` ~fmet dmy~ e`~mtmy~ ~g becc fek. ^g m`n fey ceam

~fm hzzmcch`~ h`n Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H4% ~emn h tgzm htg}`n fey `mib h`n

z}ccmn h~ e~ atgk dg~f m`ny. ^fm nmimhymn ~temn ~g y~t}llcm d}~ fey kgqmkm`~

y~gzzmn ha~mt ygkm~ekm. Fey nmhn dgnu |hy ~fm` nthllmn ~g ~fm ~gecm~.

Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht &H8% ~fm` ymzhth~mn ~fm fmhn ga ~fm nmimhymn |e~f

~fm fhibyh| dchnm h`n h yeibcm. Fm ~fm` bmz~ ~fm fmhn e` h zgcu~fm`m dhl.

^fmtmha~mt fm ymzhth~mn dg~f ~fm fh`ny ga ~fm nmimhymn. ^fm fh`ny ~gg |mtm

bmz~ e` zgcu~fm`m dhly. Fm ~fm` hybmn Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H4% ~g i}~ ~fm

cmly ga ~fm nmimhymn# |feif fm nen. B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% h`n Yhòmmd

B}kht Tgu &H4% zhibmn ~fm cmly e`~g ymzhth~m dhly.

Hzztgvekh~mcu ~|g fg}ty |mtm yzm`~ e` i}~~e`l ~fm dgnu ga ~fm

nmimhymn. ^fmu ~fm` neyzgymn ga ~fmym dhly ig`~heè`l ~fm dgnu zht~y ga ~fm

nmimhymn h~ neaamtm`~ zchimy. ^fmu hcyg neyzgymn ga ~fm dmcg`le`ly ga ~fm

nmimhymn e` h yekecht ahyfeg`. ^fmu ~fmtmha~mt hcyg icmhtmn gaa hcc ~fm e~mky

atgk ~fm ach~.

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^fm `mv~ nhu ~fmu hlhe` ihccmn }z ~fm ahkecu ga ~fm nmimhymn

nmkh`ne`l th`ygk atgk ~fmk mqm` ~fg}lf ~fmu fhn hctmhnu beccmn ~fmet

qei~ek. ^fmu |mtm hyy}tmn du ~fm ahkecu ~fh~ ~fmu |g}cn lm~ ~fm th`ygk

kg`mu d}~ `mmnmn ygkm kgtm ~ekm ~g htth`lm e~. E~ |hy ~fey ltmmn ga ~fmety

|feif }c~ekh~mcu cmhn ~g ~fmet httmy~.

O]NLKM@^ GA FM ^TEHC O]NLM

^fm ztgymi}~eg` mvhke`mn => |e~`myymy |fecm ~|g |e~`myymy |mtm

mvhke`mn du ~fm nmamìm. Tmcue`l ztekhtecu g` ~fm yhen mqenmìm# ~fm

o}nlkm`~ ga ig`qei~eg` h`n ym`~mìm |hy tmigtnmn du ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y

O}nlm. ^fm cmht mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm ig`qei~mn hii}ymn @g.8 ga ~fm gaamìmy

z}èyfhdcm }`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:4 tmhn |e~f Ymi~eg` 84:+D hy hcyg }`nmt

Ymi~eg`y 91>+H tmhn |e~f 84:+D ga ~fm E`neh` Zm`hc Ignm. Fm |hy ym`~mìmn

~g nmh~f. Hii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9 |mtm ig`qei~mn ga ~fm gaamìmy z}èyfhdcm

}`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:4 tmhn |e~f Ymi~eg` 84:+D hy hcyg }`nmt Ymi~eg`y 91>+H

tmhn |e~f 84:+D ga ~fm E`neh` Zm`hc Ignm. ^fmu |mtm ym`~mìmn ~g y}aamt

telgtg}y ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam. Dmyenmy# hcc ~fm hii}ymn |mtm ag}`n l}ec~u ga

~fm gaamìmy }`nmt Ymi~eg`y 96< tmhn |e~f 84:+D 2 4:8 tmhn |e~f 84:+D ga

~fm E`neh` Zm`hc Ignm h`n Ymi~eg`y > h`n 4= ga ~fm E`neh` Htky Hi~ h`n

|mtm ym`~mìmn agt qhteg}y ~mtky hiigtne`lcu.

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IG@^M@ÊG@Y THEYMN

Kt. Y}yfec B}kht# cmht`mn ymègt ig}`ymc hzzmhte`l g` dmfhca ga ~fm

hzzmcch`~ e` Iteke`hc Hzzmhc @g.8>% ig}cn `g~ fhqm dmm`

tmcemn }zg` du ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm e`hyk}if ~fmtm |mtm

m`g}lf kh~mtehcy ~g yfg| ~fh~ |fm` ~fm ifhtlm yfmm~ |hy aecmn g` 5~f

@gqmkdmt# 4::8 `g`m ga ~fm hii}ymn |hy ztgn}imn# n}te`l ~fm zmtegn

5.88.4::8 h`n 8.8.4::4. Yeìm Z\+8 |hy `g~ ztgn}imn e` Ig}t~ ~fmtm

|hy `g giihyeg` agt fek ~g eàgtk ~fm Khley~th~m ~fh~ fm |hy `g~ ~fm

h}~fgt ga Ht~eicm D.

&eee% ^fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm ig}cn `g~ fhqm mvmtieymn e~y o}teynei~eg`

}`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:< ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm fhqe`l tmlhtn ~g

~fm ahi~ ~fh~ ~fm tmx}etmkm`~y hy ig`~he`mn e` y}d+ymi~eg` &>% ga

Ymi~eg` 9:1 ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm fhn `g~ dmm` igkzcemn

|e~f.

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&eq% Hy lth`~ ga zhtng` ~g B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% |hy eccmlhc# fey mqenmìm

ig}cn `g~ fhqm dmm` ~hbm` e`~g ig`yenmth~eg` hy h |e~`myy mvhke`mn

g` dmfhca ga ~fm ztgymi}~eg` h`n ~fm yhkm yfg}cn fhqm dmm`

ig`yenmtmn ~g dm h y~h~mkm`~ khnm du ~fm hii}ymn hlhe`y~ fey g~fmt ig+

hii}ymn g`cu hy m`qeyhlmn }`nmt Ymi~eg` 9: ga ~fm E`neh` Mqenmìm

Hi~.

&q% Hy ~fm ztgymi}~eg` ihym fe`lmy g` ~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga B}kht Lh}thq

&Z\+8% h`n ~fm ieti}ky~h`~ehc mqenmìm# |fmtm}zg` ~fm ig}t~y dmcg|

fhqm tmcemn }zg` dme`l `g~ ig`yey~m`~ |e~f l}ec~ ga ~fm hii}ymn2 ~fm

hzzmcch`~ ey m`~e~cmn ~g hix}e~~hc.

&qe% E` hù qem| ga ~fm kh~~mt ~fm x}hce~u ga ~fm mqenmìm hnn}imn du ~fm

ztgymi}~eg` ey y}if agt |feif ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u ig}cn `g~ dm ekzgymn#

zht~ei}chtcu e` qem| ga ~fm ahi~ ~fh~ ~fm ~tehc ig}t~ fhn mttg`mg}ycu fmcn

~fh~ ~fmtm |hy `g ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy ~fmtmagt.

^fm cmht`mn ig}`ymc agt ~fm Y~h~m# fg|mqmt# y}zzgt~mn ~fm ekz}l`mn

o}nlkm`~ hy tmlhtny ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u g` ~fm hzzmcch`~. E` y}zzgt~ ga

Iteke`hc Hzzmhc @g. >=4 ga 4::1 tmch~e`l ~g Yhòmmqb}kht Khfm`nthzthyhn

Tgu &H4% h`n Yh`g~fyb}kht Yfteohechc Tgu &H9% e~ |hy htl}mn ~fh~ ~fm

ym`~mìm h|htnmn ~g ~fmk |hy yfgibe`lcu e`hnmx}h~m h`n ~fh~ ~fm yhkm dm

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m`fhìmn ~g zm`hc~u ga nmh~f# yeìm ~fm itekm ~fmu fhn igkke~~mn ahccy

|e~fe` ~fm z}tqem| ga jthtmy~ ga ~fm thtm ihymy,.

E~ |hy }tlmn ~fh~ Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H4% h`n Yh`~gyf B}kht Tgu

&H9%# dme`l mx}hc zht~u ~g ~fm itekm# fhqe`l fhn zchumn yekecht tgcm e` ~fm

igkkeyyeg` ~fmtmga# ~fmu hcyg nmymtqmn h|htn ga nmh~f zm`hc~u. E~ |hy

a}t~fmtkgtm htl}mn ~fh~ ~fmtm |hy `g~ h ye`lcm ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìm e`

ahqg}t ga ~fm hii}ymn ~g h|htn ~g ~fmk ~fm cmyymt zm`hc~u ga ceam

ekzteyg`km`~.

X]MYÊG@Y E@QGCQMN

^|g zteìezhc x}my~eg`y# ~fmtmagtm# |feif hteym agt g}t ig`yenmth~eg`

htm ?+

&H% \fm~fmt ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm hi~mn eccmlhccu e` lth`~e`l

zhtng` ~g B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% 2 h`n

&D% \fm~fmt ~fm ihym e` fh`n ih` dm yhen ~g dm h jthtmy~ ga thtm ihymy,

yg hy ~g m`hdcm ~fm ig}t~y dmcg| ~g h|htn ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u.

CMLHCEÛ GA ^FM GTNMT LTH@Ê@L ZHTNG@

\m yfhcc aety~ nmhc |e~f ~fm gtnmt ga ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm

lth`~e`l zhtng` ~g B}kht Lh}thq &Z\ 8%.

89


14/100

Ymi~eg`y 9:1 h`n 9:< ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm# 851 ga 85=4%2&d% hù gaamìm z}èyfhdcm |e~fekzteyg`km`~ |feif khu mv~m`n ~g ymqmùmhty gt |e~f h kgtm ymqmtm ym`~mìm.

&9% Mqmtu Khley~th~m |fg ~m`nmty h zhtng` }`nmty}d+ ymi~eg` &8% yfhcc tmigtn+

&h% fey tmhyg`y agt yg nge`l&d% |fm~fmt ~fm ~m`nmt |hy gt |hy `g~hiimz~mn du ~fm zmtyg` ~g |fgk e~ |hykhnm2h`n yfhcc# g` hzzceih~eg` khnm du ~fmhii}ymn# a}tèyf fek |e~f h igzu ga y}iftmigtn atmm ga igy~.

8>


15/100

&>% Mqmtu zmtyg` hiimz~e`l h ~m`nmt ga zhtng`khnm }`nmt y}d+ymi~eg` &8%+

&h% yfhcc dm mvhke`mn hy h |e~`myy e` ~fmIg}t~ ga ~fm Khley~th~m ~hbe`l iglèhìm ga~fm gaamìm h`n e` ~fm y}dymx}m`~ ~tehc# eahù2&d% yfhcc# }`cmyy fm ey hctmhnu g` dhec# dmnm~he`mn e` i}y~gnu }`~ec ~fm ~mtke`h~eg` ga~fm ~tehc.

&=% \fmtm h zmtyg` fhy hiimz~mn h ~m`nmt gazhtng` khnm }`nmt y}d+ymi~eg` &8% h`n fhy dmm`mvhke`mn }`nmt y}d+ymi~eg` &>%# ~fm Khley~th~m~hbe`l iglèhìm ga ~fm gaamìm yfhcc# |e~fg}~khbe`l hù a}t~fmt e`x}etu e` ~fm ihym+

&h% igkke~ e~ agt ~tehc+&e% ~g ~fm Ig}t~ ga Ymyyeg` ea ~fm

gaamìm ey ~tehdcm mvic}yeqmcu du ~fh~Ig}t~ gt ea ~fm Khley~th~m ~hbe`liglèhìm ey ~fm Ifema O}neiehcKhley~th~m 2&ee% ~g h Ig}t~ ga Yzmiehc O}nlmhzzge`~mn }`nmt ~fm Iteke`hc Ch|Hkm`nkm`~ Hi~# 85=4# &>1 ga 85=4%#ea ~fm gaamìm ey ~tehdcm mvic}yeqmcu du~fh~ Ig}t~ 2

&d% e` hù g~fmt ihym# khbm gqmt ~fm ihym ~g~fm Ifema O}neiehc Khley~th~m |fg yfhcc ~tu~fm ihym fekymca.

9:


16/100

Ymi~eg` 9:1# ~f}y# mkzg|mty ~fm Ifema O}neiehc Khley~th~m gt h

Km~tgzgce~h` Khley~th~m gt h Khley~th~m ga ~fm Aety~ ichyy e`x}ete`l e`~g gt

~tue`l ~fm gaamìm ~g ~m`nmt h zhtng` ~g y}if zmtyg` g` ig`ne~eg` ga fey

khbe`l h a}cc h`n ~t}m neyicgy}tm ga ~fm |fgcm ga ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy |e~fe`

fey b`g|cmnlm tmch~e`l ~g ~fm gaamìm h`n ~g mqmtu g~fmt zmtyg` igìmt`mn#

|fm~fmt hy zteìezhc gt hdm~~gt# e` ~fm igkkeyyeg` ~fmtmga. ^fm yhen

ztgqeyeg` e`neyz}~hdcu hzzcemy ~g ~fm ihymy ~tehdcm mvic}yeqmcu du h Ig}t~ ga

Ymyyeg`y.

^fm Khley~th~m ~m`nmte`l zhtng` ey tmx}etmn ~g tmigtn fey tmhyg`y agt

yg nge`l h`n ~g a}t~fmt tmigtn |fm~fmt ~fm ~m`nmt |hy gt |hy `g~ hiimz~mn du

~fm zmtyg` ~g |fgk e~ |hy khnm. Y}d+ymi~eg` &>% ga Ymi~eg` 9:1 ga ~fm Ignm

ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm kh`nh~my ~fh~ y}if h zmtyg` hiimz~e`l ~m`nmt ga

zhtng` k}y~ dm mvhke`mn hy h |e~`myy e` ~fm ~tehc. Y}d+ymi~eg` &=% ga

Ymi~eg` 9:1 ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm ztgqenmy ~fh~ |fmtm h zmtyg`

fhy hiimz~mn ~m`nmt ga zhtng` khnm }`nmt y}d+ymi~eg` &8% h`n fhy dmm`

mvhke`mn }`nmt y}d+ymi~eg` &>%# ~fm Khley~th~m ~hbe`l iglèhìm ga ~fm

gaamìm yfhcc igkke~ e~ agt ~tehc# |e~fg}~ khbe`l hù a}t~fmt e`x}etu e` ~fm

ihym.

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17/100

\fm~fmt ~fm ~mtky $g` ~fm yhkm ig`ne~eg`$ gii}tte`l e` Ymi~eg` 9:% ga Ymi~eg` 9:1

~fmtmga h`n hy e` ~fm e`y~h`~ ihym hzht~ atgk ~fm z}tzgt~mn y~h~mkm`~ khnm du

B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% }`nmt Ymi~eg` 81> ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc

Ztgimn}tm# |feif fhn dmm` tm~thi~mn# hy `g g~fmt y~h~mkm`~ fhn dmm` ~hbm`

atgk fek du ~fm cmht`mn Khley~th~m# ~fm gtnmt lth`~e`l zhtng` e` fey ahqg}t

|hy eccmlhc# ey ~fm x}my~eg`.

E` g}t gzeèg`# ~fm y}dkeyyeg` ga Kt. Y}yfec B}kht ngmy `g~ kmte~

hiimz~hìm.

Y}d+ymi~eg` &>% ga Ymi~eg` 9:1 ey ztgimn}thc e` `h~}tm. E~ ey `mimyyhtu

~g dm agccg|mn g`cu du h Khley~th~m hy fm |g}cn `g~ fhqm hù o}teynei~eg` ~g

~tu ~fm ihym fekymca. ^fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm dmagtm |fgk ~fm ihym ey

igkke~~mn agt ~tehc k}y~ dm eàgtkmn hy ~g g` |fh~ dhyey zhtng` fhn dmm`

~m`nmtmn.

Ymi~eg` 9:< ngmy `g~ ig`~he` hù y}if ig`ne~eg`. ^fm zg|mt ga ~fm

cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm ey e`nmzm`nm`~ ga ~fm ztgqeyeg`y ig`~he`mn e` Ymi~eg`

9:1 ~fmtmga. ^fm ig`ne~eg` km`~eg`mn e` Ymi~eg` 9:< tmamty ~g ~fm ig`ne~eg`

chen ng|` e` y}d+ymi~eg` &8% ga Ymi~eg` 9:1# `hkmcu ~fh~ ~fm zmtyg` e` |fgym

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18/100

ahqg}t ~fm zhtng` fhy dmm` ~m`nmtmn# |ecc khbm h a}cc h`n ~t}m neyicgy}tm ga

~fm |fgcm ga ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy |e~fe` fey b`g|cmnlm. ^fm zg|mt ga h

Ymyyeg`y Ig}t~ ey `g~ fmnlmn |e~f hù g~fmt ig`ne~eg`.

^fm gtnmt ga cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm nh~mn 9tn Hztec# 4::4 yfg|y ~fh~

~fm cmht`mn O}nlm `g~ g`cu hzzcemn fey ke`n g` ~fm hzzceih~eg` &Mv~. Z+ ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm gt ~g tmigtn h

ymzhth~m y~h~mkm`~ ga ~fm yhen |e~`myy agt ~fm z}tzgym ga igkzcue`l |e~f ~fm

ztgqeyeg`y ga Ymi~eg` 9:1 ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm# ~fm x}my~eg` hy

~g |fm~fmt fm fhn tm~thi~mn atgk fey igàmyyeg` gt `g~ |g}cn `g~ dm ga k}if

tmcmqhìm hy tmlhtny mvmtieym ga zg|mt du ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm }`nmt

Ymi~eg` 9:< ga ~fm Ignm.

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19/100

\m khu# fg|mqmt# `g~eim ~fh~ ~fm cmht`mn Khley~th~m e` fey mqenmìm

ih~mlgteihccu gze`mn ~fh~ B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% fhn ~gcn fek ~fh~ fm fhn `g~

yel`mn ~fm yhen hzzceih~eg` tm~thi~e`l fey igàmyyeg`. E~ khu dm ~fh~ ~fm yhen

ahi~ |hy `g~ dgt`m g}~ atgk ~fm o}neiehc tmigtny# |feif |mtm ym`~ ~g ~fm

cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm |e~f ~fm gtnmt ga igkke~~hc# d}~ ~fm` |m fhqm `g

tmhyg` ~g neydmcemqm ~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga ~fm cmht`mn Khley~th~m.

Y~tg`l tmcehìm fhy dmm` zchimn du ~fm cmht`mn ymègt ig}`ymc }zg` h

o}nlkm`~ ga ~fey Ig}t~ e` Thkzhc Ze~f|h Thfenhy h`n G~fmty q. Y~h~m ga

Khfhthyf~th R855> Y}zz &4% YII % EZI tmhn |e~f Ymi~eg` 9:< EZI# hyhnke~~mncu ha~mt ~fm lth`~ ga zhtng` du ~fm gtnmtnh~mn 4>.>.8565. E~ ey g`cu ha~mt ~fm lth`~ ga zhtng` ~fh~~fm y~h~}y ga h` hii}ymn ey ifh`lmn e`~g ~fh~ ga h|e~`myy h`n ~fm ch| mòge`y }zg` ~fm Ig}t~y ~gtmigtn ~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga ~fm hzztgqmt ekkmneh~mcuha~mt zhtng` ey lth`~mn ~g fek yg ~fh~ fm khuig`yenmt fekymca dg}`n du ~fh~ y~h~mkm`~ h`nahec}tm ~g ng yg h~ ~fm ~tehc |g}cn tm`nmt fek cehdcmagt ztgymi}~eg`. ^fh~ mvmtieym |hy `g~ zmtagtkmne` ~fey ihym.$

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20/100

E~ |hy ig`~m`nmn ~fh~ e~ |hy gdcelh~gtu g` ~fm zht~ ga ~fm cmht`mn

Ymyyeg`y O}nlm ~g igkzcu |e~f ~fm tmx}etmkm`~y ga Y}d+ymi~eg` &>% ga

Ymi~eg` 9:1 ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm. \m# |e~f tmyzmi~# ig}cn `g~

ae`n ~fh~ hù y}if ztgzgye~eg` ga ch| |hy chen ng|` e` ~fm yhen o}nlkm`~ hy

y}if.

H dhtm zmt}yhc ga ~fm yhen nmieyeg` icmhtcu lgmy ~g yfg| ~fh~ ~fm

mqenmìm ga hzztgqmt |hy ag}`n ~g dm |fgccu }`~t}y~|gt~fu h`n }`tmcehdcm.

E` ~fh~ ye~}h~eg`# ~fm ig}t~ tmathe`mn e~ymca atgk mvztmyye`l hù gzeèg` hdg}~

~fm maami~ ga ~fm hccmlmn `g`+igkzcehìm |e~f ~fm ztgqeyeg`y ga Ymi~eg`

9:1&>% ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm tmhn |e~f Ymi~eg` 9:< ~fmtmga.

E` ~fm ihym dmagtm }y ~fm zhtng` lth`~mn du ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm

|hy cmlhc. \fmtmhy ~fm zhtng` |hy lth`~mn g` 9.:>.4::4# Z\+8 |hy

mvhke`mn g` 45.:=


21/100

nmice`mn ~g fgcn ~fh~ g`cu dmih}ym ygkm nmchu fhn gii}ttmn e` lth`~e`l

zhtng`# `g tmcehìm ig}cn dm zchimn ~fmtm}zg`. E~ |hy a}t~fmtkgtm gze`mn

~fh~ |fh~ |hy kh`nh~gtu |hy ~fm mvhke`h~eg` ga ~fm hiigkzceim. @g`+

mvhke`h~eg` ga ~fm hzztgqmt h~ ~fm igkke~~hc y~hlm du ~fm igkke~~e`l

Khley~th~m# ea tmi~eaemn ch~mt# |g}cn `g~ cmhn ~g hù ztmo}neim ~g ~fm hii}ymn#

y~h~e`l?

$4%

ga ~fm It.ZI. Ymi~eg` 9:< ztgqenmy h igkzcm~mztgimn}tm agt tmigtne`l ~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga h`hiigkzceim y}domi~ g`cu ~g igkzcehìm gaig`ne~eg`y yzmieaemn e` Y}d+ymi~eg` &8% ga Ymi~eg`9:1. ^fm ch| kh`nh~my ~fm yh~eyahi~eg` ga ~fm Ig}t~lth`~e`l zhtng`# ~fh~ ~fm hii}ymn |g}cn khbm ha}cc h`n ~t}m neyicgy}tm ga ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy |e~fe`fey b`g|cmnlm tmch~eqm ~g ~fm gaamìm h`n ~g mqmtug~fmt zmtyg` igìmt`mn# |fm~fmt hy zteìezhc gthdm~~gt# e` ~fm igkkeyyeg` ~fmtmga. E~ ey `g~`mimyyhtu ~g igkzcu |e~f ~fm tmx}etmkm`~ gaYmi~eg` 9:1&>% |fm` ~fm zhtng` ey ~m`nmtmn du ~fm^tehc Ig}t~. ^fm ^tehc Ig}t~# e` ~fey ihym fhy ~hbm`hcc ztmih}~eg`y e` igkzcue`l |e~f ~fm ztgqeyeg`y ga~fm Ymi~eg` 9:1&8% dmagtm ~m`nmte`l zhtng` ~ghii}ymn Tho}# |fg ch~mt hzzmhtmn hy Z\. 4. \m ng`g~ ae`n hù qegch~eg` ga ch| gt eccmlhce~u e` ~fmztgimn}tm agt ~m`nmte`l ~fm zhtng` h`n tmigtne`l~fm y~h~mkm`~ ga Z\.4.$

48


22/100

Ea e~ ey ~g dm fmcn ~fh~ e` mhif h`n mqmtu ihym zhtng` ih` g`cu dm

lth`~mn h~ ~fm eè~ehc y~hlm# ~fm zg|mt igàmttmn }zg` ~fm Ymyyeg`y O}nlm ~g

lth`~ }`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:< ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm agt hcc e`~m`~ h`n

z}tzgt~ yfhcc dmigkm g~egym.

^fm gtnmt ga ~fm cmht`mn o}nlm lth`~e`l zhtng` ~g ~fm Hzztgqmt#

B}kht Lh}thq ey# ~fmtmagtm# cmlhc h`n qhcen.

CH\ G@ NMH^F ZM@HCÛ

H Ig`y~e~}~eg` Dmìf ga ~fey Ig}t~ e` Dhifh` Ye`lf q. Y~h~m ga

Z}òhd R&856:% 4 YII 16>[ tmzmccmn ~fm ifhccm`lm ga ig`y~e~}~eg`hce~u ~g

nmh~f zm`hc~u du chue`l ng|` ~fm athkm|gtb ch| g` ~fey zge`~. Dhifh`

Ye`lf &y}zth% ymtqmy hy h |h~mtyfmn kgkm`~ e` ~fm fey~gtu ga nmh~f zm`hc~u

o}teyzt}nmìm e` E neh hy e~ ymqmtmn E`neh` o}neiehtu,y `gtkh~eqm

hkdeqhcmìm g` ~fm y}domi~.

E~ |hy ztg`g}ìmn ha~mt ~fm `m| cmleych~eqm zgceiu &e` agtk ga ymi~eg`

9=>&9% ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm# 85


23/100

ihym# |feif fhn chen ng|` h` e`~mtztm~h~eg` ga ymi~eg` 9=>&9% |hy Thom`nth

Zthyhn q. Y~h~m ga ]~~ht Zthnmyf R&851[.

Dhifh` Ye`lf ig}t~ `g~mn ~fh~ nmh~f zm`hc~u ey hib`g|cmnlmn e` ~fm

ig`y~e~}~eg`. Hcyg ~fm `m| ym`~mìe`l ztgimn}tmy |mtm fmcn ~g dm ~g dm e` ~fm

`h~}tm ga yhaml}htny h`n hy h l}enhìm ym`~mìe`l. ^fm ym`~mìe`l ztgimn}tm

|hy ~hbm` ~g dm gtem`~e`l ~fm nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ ~g|htny hzzceih~eg` e` qmtu

ymcmi~eqm ye~}h~eg`y. G` ~fm hagtmkm`~eg`mn tmhygè`l# ~fm ig}t~ }zfmcn nmh~f

z}èyfkm`~# y}dy~h`~eqmcu h`n ztgimn}thccu.

^fmtm htm ~ftmm dtghn qhc}my mkmtle`l atgk Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth%?

8. E@NEQEN]HCE_MN YM@^M@IE@L

Agt h` maami~eqm igkzcehìm ga ym`~mìe`l ztgimn}tm }`nmt ymi~eg`

9=>&9% h`n ymi~eg` 49=&4% It.Z.I# y}aaeiem`~ neyitm~eg` ey h ztm+ig`ne~eg`.

Y~tei~ ifh``mce`l ga neyitm~eg` |g}cn hcyg lg hlhe`y~ ~fm ag}`ne`l zteìezcmy

ga ym`~mìe`l hy e~ |ecc ztmqm`~ ~fm ym`~mìe`l ig}t~ ~g enm`~eau h`n |melf

qhteg}y ahi~gty tmch~e`l ~g ~fm itekm h`n ~fm iteke`hc y}if hy i}czhdece~u#

ekzhi~ g` ~fm ygiem~u# lthqe~u ga gaamìm# kg~eqm dmfe`n ~fm itekm m~i.

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25/100

E` ~fey ig`~mv~# Yhedh``h q. Y~h~m ga Bht`h~hbh R&4::=% > YII 81=[

khbmy h` e`~mtmy~e`l tmhne`l. ^fm hii}ymn ~fmtme` |hy h ceam ig`qei~. \fecm

g` zhtgcm# fm igkke~~mn k}tnmt ga fey |eam h`n nh}lf~mt. ^fey Ig}t~

ym`~mìmn fek ~g nmh~f g` h tmhygè`l# |feif maami~eqmcu khnm nmh~f

z}èyfkm`~ kh`nh~gtu agt ~fm ih~mlgtu ga gaam`nmty ymtqe`l ceam ym`~mìm#

gzeè`l?

$....H zteyg`mt ym`~mìmn ~g ceam ekzteyg`km`~ eydg}`n ~g ymtqm ~fm tmkhe`nmt ga fey ceam e` zteyg`}`cmyy ~fm ym`~mìm ey igkk}~mn gt tmke~~mn h`n~fh~ y}if ym`~mìm ig}cn `g~ dm mx}h~mn |e~f hù

aevmn ~mtk. &Ymm Lgzhc Qe`huhb Lgnym qy. Y~h~m gaKhfhthyf~th R&8518% 9 YIT >>:[. Ea ~fh~ dm yg#~fmtm ig}cn dm `g ekzgye~eg` ga h ymig`n ceam ~mtkg` ~fm hzzmcch`~ dmagtm }y hy e~ |g}cn dm hkmhè`lcmyy mvmtieym.86. E` ~fm ~mm~f ga Ymi~eg` >4


26/100

e`~g zchu. Ea ~fm ig}t~ fhy `g gz~eg` yhqm ~g ekzgym~fm ym`~mìm ga nmh~f# e~ ey kmhè`lcmyy ~g fmht ~fmhii}ymn g` ~fm x}my~eg` ga ym`~mìm h`n e~ dmigkmyy}zmtac}g}y ~g y~h~m ~fm tmhyg`y agt ekzgye`l ~fmym`~mìm ga nmh~f. ^fm dch~h`~ tmhyg` agt ekzgye`l~fm ym`~mìm ga nmh~f e` y}if h ihym ey ~fh~ ~fm ch|igkzmcy ~fm ig}t~ ~g ekzgym ~fh~ ym`~mìm. ^fmth~eg ga Dhifh` Ye`lf# ~fmtmagtm# ey ~fh~# nmh~fym`~mìm ey Ig`y~e~}~eg`hc ea e~ ey ztmyitedmn hy h`hc~mt`h~eqm ym`~mìm agt ~fm gaamìm ga k}tnmt h`nea ~fm `gtkhc ym`~mìm ztmyitedmn du ch| agtk}tnmt ey ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam.$

O}y~eim G. Ife``hzzh Tmnnu# O. e` fey igì}tte`l gzeèg` hltmmn |e~f

~fm khogte~u gzeèg` h`n gdymtqmn?

$4=. O}nlmn e` ~fm celf~ yfmn du Kh`mbh Lh`nfeh`n Dhifh` Ye`lf# e~ ey ekzgyyedcm ~g }zfgcnYmi~eg` 9:9 hy qhcen. Ymi~eg` 9:9 mvic}nmy o}neiehcneyitm~eg`. ^fm yihcmy ga o}y~eim htm tmkgqmn atgk~fm fh`ny ga ~fm O}nlm yg ygg` hy fm ztg`g}ìmy~fm hii}ymn l}ec~u ga ~fm gaamìm. Yg ae`hc# ygettmqgihdcm h`n yg ettmy~e~}~hdcm Ryei ettmy}yie~hdcm[ey ~fm ym`~mìm ga nmh~f ~fh~ `g ch| |feif ztgqenmyagt e~ |e~fg}~ e`qgcqmkm`~ ga ~fm o}neiehc ke`n ih`dm yhen ~g dm ahet# o}y~ h`n tmhyg`hdcm. Y}if h ch|k}y~ `mimyyhtecu dm y~elkh~eymn hy htde~thtu h`ngzztmyyeqm. Ymi~eg` 9:9 ey y}if h ch| h`n e~ k}y~lg ~fm |hu ga hcc dhn ch|y. E hltmm |e~f ku CgtnIfema O}y~eim ~fh~ Ymi~eg` 9:9# E`neh` Zm`hc Ignm#k}y~ dm y~t}ib ng|` hy }ìg`y~e~}~eg`hc.$

rYmm hcyg Tmumy q. T. R&4::4% ]BZI 88 ? 84 DFTI 485[# F}lfmy# T.

q. &Yhe`~ C}ieh% R&4::4% ]BZI 84[# Agv q. ^fm X}mm` &4::4% 4 HI 46>#

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Dg|m q. ^fm X}mm` &4::1% 8 \CT 8149 h`n Ightn ! Gty. q. ^fm H~~gt`mu

Lm`mthc &Ltm`hnh%# &4::


28/100


29/100


30/100

gaam`nmt. ^fey eyy}m |hy hcyg theymn e` ~fm >6~f tmzgt~ ga ~fm Ch|

Igkkeyyeg`. Ieti}ky~hìmy |feif khu `g~ fhqm dmm` zmt~e`m`~ e`

ig`qei~eg` ih` hcyg zchu h` ekzgt~h`~ tgcm e` ~fm ymcmi~eg` ga ym`~mìm.

Gdomi~eqm h`hcuyey ga ~fm ztgdhdece~u ~fh~ ~fm hii}ymn ih` dm tmagtkmn h`n

tmfhdece~h~mn ih` dm g`m y}if ecc}y~th~eg`. E` ~fey ig`~mv~# l}enmce`m `g. > e`

~fm cey~ ga Ke~elh~e`l Ieti}ky~hìmy hy dgt`m g}~ du Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% ey

tmcmqh`~. ^fm ig}t~ fmcn?

&>% ^fm ztgdhdece~u ~fh~ ~fm hii}ymn ih` dmtmagtkmn h`n tmfhdece~h~mn. ^fm Y~h~m yfhcc du

mqenmìm ztgqm ~fh~ ~fm hii}ymn ngmy `g~ yh~eyau~fm ig`ne~eg`y 9 h`n > hdgqm.

E` ae`m# Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% kh`nh~mn enm`~eaeih~eg` ga hllthqh~e`l h`n

ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìm tmch~e`l ~g itekm h`n ~fm ig`qei~ ~g dm igccmi~mn e`

~fm ym`~mìe`l fmhte`l.

4&D% @h~}tm ga Ig`~m`~ ga Thtmy~ ga thtm Nei~}k

Thtmy~ ga thtm nei~}k dtmh~fmy ceam e` $yzmiehc tmhyg`y$ }`nmt ymi~eg`

9=>&9%. E` ~fey ig`~mv~# Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% chen ng|` h a}`nhkm`~hc

~ftmyfgcn e` ~fm agccg|e`l ~mtky?

9:


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32/100

nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ hy ~fm ahqg}tmn zm`hc~u# ~g ihttu g}~ h` gdomi~eqm

hyymyykm`~ ga ahi~y ~g yh~eyau ~fm mvimz~eg`y e`lthe`mn e` ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm

nei~}k. ^fm dhibltg}`n h`hcuyey cmhne`l ~g ~fm igìc}yeg` ~fh~ ~fm ihym

dmcg`ly ~g thtmy~ ga thtm ih~mlgtu k}y~ igàgtk ~g felfmy~ y~h`nhtny ga

o}neiehc telgt h`n ~fgtg}lf`myy hy ~fm `gtk }`nmt h`hcuyey ey h`

mvimz~eg`hccu httg| mvimz~eg`.

H igìc}yeg` hy ~g ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm hyzmi~ |e~f tmyzmi~ ~g h kh~~mt

yfhcc m`~hec enm`~eaeih~eg` ga hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy

tmch~e`l dg~f ~g ~fm itekm h`n ~fm iteke`hc. E~ |hy e` ~fey ig`~mv~ `g~mn?

$^fm mvztmyyeg` $yzmiehc tmhyg`y$ e` ~fm ig`~mv~ ga~fey ztgqeyeg`# gdqeg}ycu kmh`y $mvimz~eg`hctmhyg`y$ ag}`nmn g` ~fm mvimz~eg`hccu lthqmieti}ky~hìmy ga ~fm zht~ei}cht ihym tmch~e`l ~g ~fmitekm hy |mcc hy ~fm iteke`hc$

I}teg}ycu e` Thqoe hcehy Thk Ifh`nth q. Y~h~m ga Thohy~fh`# R&8551% 4

YII 8


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agt ig`yenmth~eg` ga hzztgzteh~m z}èyfkm`~ e` hiteke`hc ~tehc. ^fm Ig}t~ |ecc dm ahece`l e` e~y n}~uea hzztgzteh~m z}èyfkm`~ ey `g~ h|htnmn agt hitekm |feif fhy dmm` igkke~~mn `g~ g`cu hlhe`y~~fm e`neqen}hc qei~ek d}~ hcyg hlhe`y~ ~fm ygiem~u ~g|feif ~fm iteke`hc h`n qei~ek dmcg`l. ^fmz}èyfkm`~ ~g dm h|htnmn agt h itekm k}y~ `g~ dmettmcmqh`~ d}~ e~ yfg}cn igàgtk ~g h`n dmig`yey~m`~ |e~f ~fm h~tgie~u h`n dt}~hce~u |e~f|feif ~fm itekm fhy dmm` zmtzm~th~mn# ~fm m`gtke~uga ~fm itekm |htth`~e`l z}dcei hdfgttmìm h`n e~yfg}cn $tmyzg`n ~g ~fm ygiem~u,y itu agt o}y~eimhlhe`y~ ~fm iteke`hc$...$

\m htm `g~ gdceqeg}y ~fh~ ~fey ihym fhy dmm` agccg|mn e` h~ cmhy~ 1

nmieyeg`y ga ~fey ig}t~ e` |feif nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ fhy dmm` h|htnmn e` chy~ 5

umhty# d}~# e` g}t gzeèg`# e~ |hy tm`nmtmn zmt eì}tehk. Dhifh` Ye`lf

&y}zth% yzmieaeihccu `g~mn ~fm agccg|e`l g` ~fey zge`~?

$...^fm ztmym`~ cmleych~eqm zgceiu neyimtèdcm atgkYmi~eg` 49=&4% tmhn |e~f Ymi~eg` 9=>&9% ey ~fh~ eàeve`l ~fm nmltmm ga z}èyfkm`~ gt khbe`l ~fmifgeim ga ym`~mìm agt qhteg}y gaamìmy# eìc}ne`lg`m }`nmt Ymi~eg` 9:4 ga ~fm Zm`hc Ignm# ~fm ig}t~yfg}cn `g~ igàe`m e~y ig`yenmth~eg` $zteìezhccu$gt kmtmcu ~g ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy ig``mi~mn |e~f~fm zht~ei}cht itekm# d}~ hcyg leqm n}mig`yenmth~eg` ~g ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy ga ~fmiteke`hc$

Yfeqhoe J Nhnuh Yfh`bht Hcfh~ q. ^fm Y~h~m ga Khfhthyf~th#

RHET4::5YI=1[# Kgfh` H``h Ifhqh` q. Y~h~m ga Khfhthyf~th

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R&4::6%88YII889[# Dh`~} q. ^fm Y~h~m ga ].Z.# R&4::6%88YII889[# Y}toh

Thk q. Y~h~m ga Thohy~fh`# R&8551%1YII4[ htm ~fm nmieyeg`y |fmtm Thqoe Thg &y}zth% fhy dmm`

agccg|mn. E~ ngmy `g~ hzzmht ~fh~ ~fey ig}t~ fhy ig`yenmtmn hù ke~elh~e`l

ieti}ky~hìm gt h ieti}ky~hìm tmch~e`l ~g iteke`hc h~ ~fm ym`~mìe`l zfhym

e` kgy~ ga ~fmym ihymy. E~ ey hzzhtm`~ ~fh~ Thqoe Thg &y}zth% fhy `g~ g`cu

dmm` ig`yenmtmn d}~ hcyg tmcemn }zg` hy h}~fgte~u g` ~fm zge`~ ~fh~ e` fme`g}y

itekmy# ieti}ky~hìmy tmch~e`l ~g iteke`hc htm `g~ zmt~e`m`~.

4&D% Hc~mt`h~eqm Gz~eg` ey agtmicgymn

H`g~fmt hyzmi~ ga thtmy~ ga thtm ngi~te`m |feif `mmny ymteg}y

ig`yenmth~eg` ey e`~mtztm~h~eg` ga ch~~mt zht~ ga ~fm nei~}k + $~fh~ g}lf~ `g~ ~g

dm ng`m yhqm e` ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy |fm` ~fm hc~mt`h~eqm gz~eg` ey

}`x}my~eg`hdcu agtmicgymn.$ Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% y}llmy~mn ymcmi~eg` ga

nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ hy ~fm zm`hc~u ga chy~ tmygt~ |fm`# hc~mt`h~eqm z}èyfkm`~

ga ceam ekzteyg`km`~ |ecc dm a}~ecm h`n ymtqmy `g z}tzgym. nmh~f z}èyfkm`~#

hy |ecc dm neyi}yymn e` nm~hec h ce~~cm ch~mt# x}hce~h~eqmcu y~h`ny g` h qmtu

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neaamtm`~ agg~e`l atgk g~fmt ~uzmy ga z}èyfkm`~y. E~ ey }èx}m e` e~y ~g~hc

ettmqgihdece~u.

Eìhtimth~eg`# ceam gt g~fmt|eym# zg~m`~ehccu ymtqmy kgtm ~fh` g`m

ym`~mìe`l heky. Nm~mttmìm# eìhzhie~h~eg`# tmfhdece~h~eg` h`n tm~ted}~eg` +

hcc m`ny htm ihzhdcm ~g dm a}t~fmtmn e` neaamtm`~ nmltmmy# du ihcedth~e`l ~fey

z}èyfkm`~ e` celf~ ga ~fm gqmthtife`l zm`hc zgceiu. D}~ ~fm yhkm ngmy `g~

fgcn ~t}m agt ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u. E~ ey }èx}m e` e~y hdygc}~m tmomi~eg` ga ~fm

zg~m`~ehc ga ig`qei~ ~g tmfhdece~h~m h`n tmagtk. E~ mv~e`l}eyfmy ceam h`n

~fmtmdu ~mtke`h~my ~fm dme`l# ~fmtmagtm z}~y h` m`n hù~fe`l ~g ng |e~f ~fm

ceam. ^fey ey ~fm del neaamtmìm dm~|mm` ~|g z}èyfkm`~y. Dmagtm ekzgye`l

nmh~f zm`hc~u# ~fmtmagtm# e~ ey ekzmth~eqm ~g ig`yenmt ~fm yhkm.

Thtmy~ ga thtm nei~}k# hy neyi}yymn hdgqm# fe`~y h~ ~fey neaamtmìm

dm~|mm` nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ h`n ~fm hc~mt`h~eqm z}èyfkm`~ ga ceam

ekzteyg`km`~. ^fm tmcmqh`~ x}my~eg` fmtm |g}cn dm ~g nm~mtke`m |fm~fmt

ceam ekzteyg`km`~ hy h z}èyfkm`~ |ecc dm zge`~cmyy h`n igkzcm~mcu nmqgen

ga tmhyg` e` ~fm ahi~y h`n ieti}ky~hìmy ga ~fm ihym7 Hy neyi}yymn hdgqm# ceam

ekzteyg`km`~ ih` dm yhen ~g dm igkzcm~mcu a}~ecm# g`cu |fm` ~fm ym`~mìe`l

hek ga tmagtkh~eg` ih` dm yhen ~g dm }`hifemqhdcm. ^fmtmagtm# agt yh~eyaue`l

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~fm ymig`n mvimz~eg` ~g ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm ngi~te`m# ~fm ig}t~ |ecc fhqm ~g

ztgqenm icmht mqenmìm hy ~g |fu ~fm ig`qei~ ey `g~ ae~ agt hù be`n ga

tmagtkh~gtu h`n tmfhdece~h~eg` yifmkm. ^fey h`hcuyey ih` g`cu dm ng`m |e~f

telgt |fm` ~fm ig}t~ agi}ymy g` ~fm ieti}ky~hìmy tmch~e`l ~g ~fm iteke`hc#

hcg`l |e~f g~fmt ieti}ky~hìmy. ^fey ey `g~ h` mhyu igìc}yeg` ~g dm

nmiezfmtmn# d}~ Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% ym~y ~fm dht qmtu felf du e`~tgn}i~eg`

ga Thtmy~ ga thtm ngi~te`m.

E` Zhìffe q. Y~h~m ga ].Z.# R&8556% < YII 8


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yhen nmami~ ekzhetmn fey ihzhie~u ~ghzztmieh~m ~fm iteke`hce~u ga fey ig`n}i~.

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ahi~y h`n ch| h`n# ea `mimyyhtu# ha~mt ~hbe`l hnne~eg`hc mqenmìm# igkm ~g e~y

g|` igìc}yeg`y g` ~fm kh~mtehc g` tmigtn e` tmlhtn ~g ~fm ig`qei~eg` ga ~fm

hii}ymn &h`n ~fm ym`~mìm% e`nmzm`nm`~cu ga ~fm qem| mvztmyymn du ~fm

Ymyyeg`y O}nlm.

4&N% Ym`~mìe`l O}y~eaeih~eg`y e` Fme`g}y Itekmy

E~ fhy dmm` gdymtqmn# lm`mthccu h`n kgtm yzmieaeihccu e` ~fm ig`~mv~ ga

nmh~f z}èyfkm`~# ~fh~ ym`~mìe`l ey ~fm dellmy~ ihy}hc~u e` itekmy ga dt}~hc

h`n fme`g}y `h~}tm. G}t ihze~hc ym`~mìe`l o}teyzt}nmìm ey ~fe` e` ~fm ym`ym

~fh~ ~fmtm ey qmtu ce~~cm gdomi~eqm neyi}yyeg` g` hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l

ieti}ky~hìmy. E` kgy~ y}if ihymy# ig}t~y fhqm g`cu dmm` ig`yenmte`l ~fm

dt}~hce~u ga itekm e`nmv. ^fmtm khu dm g~fmt ahi~gty |feif khu `g~ fhqm

dmm` tmigtnmn.

\m k}y~ hcyg zge`~ g}~# e` ~fey ig`~mv~# ~fh~ ~fmtm ey `g ig`ym`y}y e`

~fm ig}t~ g` ~fm }ym ga $ygiehc `mimyye~u$ hy h ygcm o}y~eaeih~eg` e` nmh~f

z}èyfkm`~ kh~~mty. ^fm ~my~ |feif mkh`h~my atgk Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% e`

icmht ~mtky ey ~fh~ ~fm ig}t~y k}y~ m`lhlm e` h` h`hcuyey ga hllthqh~e`l h`n

ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy |e~f h` gzm` ke`n# tmch~e`l dg~f ~g itekm h`n ~fm

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iteke`hc# ettmyzmi~eqm ga ~fm lthqe~u gt `h~}tm ga itekm }`nmt ig`yenmth~eg`.

H neyzhyyeg`h~m h`hcuyey# g` ~fm hagtmkm`~eg`mn ig}`~y# ey h k}y~. ^fm

ig}t~y |fecm hno}nle`l g` ceam h`n nmh~f k}y~ m`y}tm ~fh~ telgt h`n ahet`myy

htm leqm` ztekhiu gqmt ym`~ekm`~y h`n mkg~eg`y.

E` Zhìffe &y}zth%# ~fm ig}t~ ng|`zchumn ~fm fme`g}y `h~}tm ga itekm

h`n tmcemn g` ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy e` ~fm ae`hc gzeèg`. ^fm ig}t~ fmcn?

$4:. \m fhqm mv~thi~mn ~fm hdgqm tmhyg`y ga ~fm

~|g ig}t~y g`cu ~g zge`~ g}~ ~fh~ e~ ey ~fm yhqhlmtugt dt}~hc kh``mt e` |feif ~fm beccmty zmtzm~th~mn~fm hi~y g` ~fm qei~eky eìc}ne`l g`m ce~~cm ifecn|feif fhn zmty}hnmn ~fm ~|g ig}t~y ~g ifggymnmh~f ym`~mìm agt ~fm ag}t zmtyg`y. @g ng}d~dt}~hce~u cggky chtlm e` ~fm k}tnmty e` ~fey ihymzht~ei}chtcu ga ~fm gcn h`n hcyg ~fm ~m`nmt+hlmnifecn. E~ khu dm ~fh~ ~fm kh``mt e` |feif ~fmbecce`ly |mtm zmtzm~th~mn khu `g~ du e~ymca yfg|hù celf~mt yenm d}~ ~fh~ ey `g~ qmtu zmi}ceht gt qmtuyzmiehc e` ~fmym becce`ly. Dt}~hce~u ga ~fm kh``mt e`|feif h k}tnmt |hy zmtzm~th~mn khu dm h ltg}`nd}~ `g~ ~fm ygcm ite~mteg` agt o}nle`l |fm~fmt ~fmihym ey g`m ga ~fm $thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy$ hye`neih~mn e` Dhifh` Ye`lf ihym. E` h |hu# mqmtuk}tnmt ey dt}~hc# h`n ~fm neaamtmìm dm~|mm` g`matgk ~fm g~fmt khu dm g` hiig}`~ ga ke~elh~e`l gthllthqh~e`l amh~}tmy y}ttg}`ne`l ~fm k}tnmt.$

>:


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mx}hccu ~t}m ~fh~ h chtlm `}kdmt ga iteke`hcy lg}`z}`eyfmn ~fmtmdu e`itmhye`l iteke`hcy e` ~fmygiem~u h`n ch| cgye`l e~y nm~mttm`~ maami~. E~ ey hcygh ~t}eyk hy gdymtqmn e` ~fm ihym ga Y~h~m ga K.Z. q.Yfuhky}`nmt ^teqmne RYII h~ z.4 YII 19


44/100

khbe`l ~fm ygiem~u a}t~fmt q}c`mthdcm htm hcyg `g~hzzhtm`~. Fm fhn `g ztmqeg}y iteke`hc tmigtn.$

^fm ig}t~ hcyg y~h~mn ~fm ch| e` ~fm agccg|e`l ~mtky?

$4:. Mqmtu k}tnmt ey h fme`g}y itekm. Hzht~ atgkzmtyg`hc ekzceih~eg`y# e~ ey hcyg h itekm hlhe`y~ ~fmygiem~u d}~ e` mqmtu ihym ga k}tnmt nmh~f zm`hc~uey `g~ ~g dm h|htnmn. ]`nmt ~fm ztmym`~ cmlhczgye~eg`# ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam ey ~fm `gtkhc t}cmagt z}èyfe`l itekm ga k}tnmt h`n ym`~mìm ganmh~f# hy fmcn e` neaamtm`~ ihymy tmamttmn ~g hdgqm#|g}cn dm h|htnmn g`cu e` ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy.H `}kdmt ga ahi~gty htm ~g dm ~hbm` e`~g hiig}`~

`hkmcu# ~fm kg~eqm ga ~fm itekm# ~fm kh``mt ga ~fmhyyh}c~# ~fm ekzhi~ ga ~fm itekm g` ~fm ygiem~u hy h|fgcm# ~fm zmtyg`hce~u ga ~fm hii}ymn#ieti}ky~hìmy h`n ahi~y ga ~fm ihym hy ~g |fm~fmt~fm itekm igkke~~mn# fhy dmm` igkke~~mn agtyh~eyaue`l hù be`n ga c}y~# ltmmn gt e` z}ty}hìmga h`~e+ygiehc hi~eqe~u gt du |hu ga gtlhèmnitekm# nt}l ~thaaeibe`l gt ~fm cebm. Ifhìmy gaeàcei~e`l ~fm ygiem~u |e~f h yekecht iteke`hc hi~~fh~ ey ~g yhu q}c`mthdece~u ga ~fm kmkdmty ga ~fmygiem~u h~ ~fm fh`ny ga ~fm hii}ymn e` a}~}tm h`n}c~ekh~mcu hy fmcn e` ymqmthc ihymy# ke~elh~e`l h`nhllthqh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy ga mhif ihym fhqm ~g dmig`yenmtmn h`n h dhchìm fhy ~g dm y~t}ib. ^fmcmht`mn Y~h~m ig}`ymc hy e`neih~mn mhtcemt fhyhctmhnu e`neih~mn ~fm hllthqh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy dutmhyg` ga |feif e~ fhy dmm` qmfmkm`~cu }tlmn ~fh~ym`~mìm ga nmh~f nmymtqmy ~g dm igàetkmn.$

\fm~fmt ztekhiu yfg}cn dm hiigtnmn ~g hllthqh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy gt

ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy ey `g~ ~fm x}my~eg`. Ig}t~ ey n}~u dg}`n du qet~}m

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ga Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% ~g mx}hccu ig`yenmt dg~f h`n ~fm` ~g htteqm h~ h

igìc}yeg` hy ~g tmyzmi~eqm |melf~y ~g dm hiigtnmn. \m htm hcyg dg}`n du

~fm yzete~ ga Ht~eicm 8> h`n Ht~eicm 48 |feif agtimy }y ~g hngz~ h zteìezcmn

hzztghif ~g ym`~mìe`l. ^fey gqmthtife`l zgceiu acg|e`l atgk Dhifh` Ye`lf

&y}zth% hzzcemy ~g fme`g}y itekmy hy k}if hy e~ hzzcemy ~g tmch~eqmcu cmyy

dt}~hc k}tnmty. ^fm ig}t~ e` ~fey tmlhtn fmcn?

$O}nlmy yfg}cn `mqmt dm dcggn~fety~u. Fh`le`l gak}tnmtmty fhy `mqmt dmm` ~gg lggn agt ~fmk. Ahi~yh`n ael}tmy hcdme~ eìgkzcm~m# a}tèyfmn du ~fm]èg` ga E`neh# yfg| ~fh~ e` ~fm zhy~ Ig}t~y fhqmeàcei~mn ~fm mv~tmkm zm`hc~u |e~f mv~tmkm

eàtmx}mìu + h ahi~ |feif h~~my~y ~g ~fm ih}~eg`h`n igkzhyyeg` |feif ~fmu fhqm hc|huy dtg}lf~~g dmht g` ~fm mvmtieym ga ~fmet ym`~mìe`lneyitm~eg` e` yg lthqm h kh~~mt. E~ ey# ~fmtmagtm#ekzmth~eqm ~g qgeim ~fm igìmt` ~fh~ ig}t~y# henmndu ~fm dtghn ecc}y~th~eqm l}enmce`my e`neih~mn du }y#|ecc neyifhtlm ~fm g`mtg}y a}ì~eg` |e~f mqmtkgtmyit}z}cg}y ihtm h`n f}kh`m igìmt`# netmi~mnhcg`l ~fm felftghn ga cmleych~eqm zgceiu g}~ce`mn e`Ymi~eg` 9=>&9%# qe.# ~fh~ agt zmtyg`y ig`qei~mn gak}tnmt# ceam ekzteyg`km`~ ey ~fm t}cm h`n nmh~fym`~mìm h` mvimz~eg`.$

4&M%. Z}dcei Gzeèg` e` Ihze~hc Ym`~mìe`l

E~ ey hcyg ~g dm zge`~mn g}~ ~fh~ z}dcei gzeèg` ey neaaei}c~ ~g ae~ e` ~fm

thtmy~ ga thtm kh~tev. Zmgzcm,y zmtimz~eg` ga itekm ey `me~fmt h` gdomi~eqm

ieti}ky~hìm tmch~e`l ~g itekm `gt ~g ~fm iteke`hc. Zmtimz~eg` ga z}dcei ey

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mv~th`mg}y ~g ig`qei~eg` hy hcyg ym`~mìe`l# h~ cmhy~ e` ihze~hc ym`~mìe`l

hiigtne`l ~g ~fm kh`nh~m ga Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth%.

Thtmy~ ga thtm zgceiu h`n cmleych~eqm zgceiu g` nmh~f z}èyfkm`~ khu

`g~ dm myym`~ehccu ~}`mn ~g z}dcei gzeèg`. Mqm` ea ztmy}km ~fh~ ~fm lm`mthc

zgz}chim ahqg}ty h cedmthc NZ zgceiu# hc~fg}lf ~fmtm ey `g mqenmìm ~g ~fey

maami~# |m ih` `g~ ~hbm `g~m ga e~. \m htm lgqmt`mn du ~fm nei~}k ga Dhifh`

Ye`lf &y}zth% hiigtne`l ~g |feif ceam ekzteyg`km`~ ey ~fm t}cm h`n nmh~f

z}èyfkm`~ ey h` mvimz~eg`. \m htm hcyg lgqmt`mn du ~fm Ig`y~e~}~eg` ga

E`neh. Ht~eicm 8> h`n 48 htm ig`y~e~}~eg`hc yhaml}htny h`n nmae`m ~fm

athkm|gtb agt y~h~m e` e~y a}ì~eg`y# eìc}ne`l zm`hc a}ì~eg`y. ^fmu

e`~tgn}im qhc}my ga e`y~e~}~eg`hc ztgztem~u# e` ~mtky ga ahet`myy#

tmhyg`hdcm`myy h`n mx}hc ~tmh~km`~ ifhccm`lm |e~f tmyzmi~ ~g ztgimn}tm ~g dm

e`qgbmn du ~fm y~h~m e` e~y nmhce`ly |e~f zmgzcm e` qhteg}y ihzhie~emy#

eìc}ne`l hy h ig`qei~. ^fm zgye~eg` ey# ea ~fm y~h~m ey ztmihteg}ycu zchimn ~g

hnkeèy~mt h zgceiu |e~fe` ~fm igàe`my ga Ht~eicm 48 h`n 8># e~ yfg}cn dm

hzzcemn kgy~ yzhte`lcu. ^fey qem| acg|y atgk Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% h`n e~

~fey celf~# |m htm hathen ~fh~ Ig`y~e~}~eg` ngmy `g~ zmtke~ }y ~g ~hbm h tm+cggb

g` ~fm ihze~hc z}èyfkm`~ zgceiu h`n kmm~ ygiem~u,y itu agt o}y~eim ~ftg}lf

~fey e`y~t}km`~.

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50/100

`g~ dm t}cmn g}~. H`ntm| Hyf|gt~f# h cmhne`l hihnmkei e` ~fm aemcn ga

ym`~mìe`l# |fg fhy dmm` h~ ~fm im`~mt ga ym`~mìe`l tmagtky e` ].B.#

mn}ih~my }y ga ~fm ztgdcmky e` ahi~gte`l e` z}dcei gzeèg` e` ~fm ym`~mìe`l.

Fm &|e~f Keifhmc Fg}lf%# gdymtqmy e` h` ht~eicm# Ym`~mìe`l h`n ~fm

Icekh~m ga Gzeèg` &8551# Iteke`hc Ch| Tmqem|%?

$^fm qem|y ga ym`~mìe`l fmcn du zmgzcm g}~yenm~fm iteke`hc o}y~eim yuy~mk++ $~fm lm`mthc z}dcei$++|ecchc|huy dm ekzgt~h`~ mqm` ea ~fmu yfg}cn `g~ dmnm~mtke`h~eqm e` ig}t~. ]àgt~}`h~mcu# ~fm igìmz~ gaz}dcei gzeèg` e` tmch~eg` ~g ym`~mìe`l zthi~eimy ey

ga~m` mkzcgumn e` h y}zmtaeiehc gt yekzcey~ei |hu. E`~fey yfgt~ ht~eicm |m fhqm enm`~eaemn ~|g khogtneaaei}c~emy |e~f ~fm }ym ga ~fm igìmz~. Aety~# kmkdmtyga ~fm z}dcei fhqm e`y}aaeiem`~ b`g|cmnlm ga hi~}hcym`~mìe`l zthi~eimy. Ymig`n# ~fmtm ey h yelèaeih`~ d}~k}if+`mlcmi~mn ney~eì~eg` dm~|mm` zmgzcm,y y|mmze`lekztmyyeg`y ga ym`~mìe`l h`n ~fmet qem|y e` tmch~eg`~g zht~ei}cht ihymy ga |feif ~fmu b`g| ~fm ahi~y. \fmè~ ey ztgichekmn ~fh~ ~fm z}dcei ~fe`b ~fm ig}t~y htm ~ggcmèm`~# dg~f ~fmym neaaei}c~emy htm }y}hccu y}zztmyymn.

^g ig`y~t}i~ ym`~mìe`l zgceiu g` ~fey ach|mn h`nzht~ehc `g~eg` ga z}dcei gzeèg` ey ettmyzg`yedcm.Imt~he`cu# ~fm htl}km`~ ey fhtn ~g tmyey~ ~fh~ z}dceiigàenmìm e` ~fm ch| k}y~ dm khe`~he`mn. E~ ey hcygfhtn ~g tmyey~ ~fm ztgzgye~eg` ~fh~ z}dcei igàenmìm e`ym`~mìe`l ey cg| h`n ztgdhdcu ahcce`l. Fg|mqmt# yeìm~fm ih}ymy ga ~fey cem `g~ e` ym`~mìe`l zthi~eim d}~ e`keyeàgtkh~eg` h`n key}`nmty~h`ne`l# h`n &htl}hdcu%e` ahi~gty g`cu ney~h`~cu tmch~mn ~g iteke`hc o}y~eim#th~ifm~e`l }z ~fm ym`~mìe`l ~hteaa ey fhtncu h th~eg`hc|hu ga tmlheè`l z}dcei igàenmìm.

^fey ey `g~ ~g nmù ~fh~ ~fmtm ey zgce~eihc ihze~hc ~gdm khnm# h~ cmhy~ e` ~fm yfgt~ ~mtk# du myzg}ye`l

=:


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dt}~hce~u ga kh``mt ga ~fm h~~hib ig`yenmtmn e~ h ae~ ihym agt ~fm ekzgye~eg` ga

nmh~f ym`~mìm.

E` Kgfh` H``h Ifhqh` &y}zth% ~fm ig}t~ }zfmcn ~fm nmh~f ym`~mìm

ekzgymn g` h ymtehc thzey~. ^fm hii}ymn fhn hctmhnu dmm` ig`qei~mn ~|eim agt

~fm thze`l h ke`gt letc# d}~ g` ~fm aety~ giihyeg` fm |hy h|htnmn h ym`~mìm

g`cu ga ~|g umhty h`n g` ~fm ymig`n# ym`~mìm ga ~m` umhty telgtg}y

ekzteyg`km`~ g`cu. \fm` ~fm hii}ymn |hy ig`qei~mn ga thze`l h`n

k}tnmte`l ~|g ke`gt letcy hlhe`# ~fm ig}t~ tma}ymn ~g e`~mtamtm |e~f ~fm nmh~f

ym`~mìm h|htnmn du ~fm cg|mt ig}t~y.

E` Dh`~} q. Y~h~m ga ]~~ht Zthnmyf R4::6 &8:% YIHCM 991[ ~fm

hii}ymn fhn# ha~mt thze`l h yev umht gcn letc# ~temn ~g igìmhc fey itekm du

e`ymt~e`l h y~eib e` fmt qhle`h |feif }c~ekh~mcu tmy}c~mn e` ih}ye`l fmt nmh~f.

^fm ig}t~ `g~mn ~fh~ ~fm nmzthqmn hi~y ga ~fm hii}ymn g`cu nmymtqmn h nmh~f

ym`~mìm.

E` Yfeqhoe J Nhnu Yfh`bht Hcfh~ &y}zth% ~fm hii}ymn fhn thzmn h`n

k}tnmtmn h è`m umht gcn letc. ^fey Ig}t~ ~fmtme` tmomi~e`l ~fm htl}km`~ ~fh~

~fm ig`qei~eg` fhqe`l dmm` dhymn e` ieti}ky~h`~ehc mqenmìm# nmh~f zm`hc~u

=1


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9&N% Neaamte`l gzeèg` e` g~fmt ihymy

\fecm nmhce`l |e~f h kh~~mt hy ~g |fm~fmt nmh~f zm`hc~u yfg}cn dm

h|htnmn gt `g~# hc~fg}lf ~fm ig}t~ gtne`htecu |g}cn cggb ~g ~fm ztmimnm`~y#

d}~# ~fey dmigkmy mv~tmkmcu neaaei}c~# ea `g~ ekzgyyedcm# e` ~fm ig`~mv~ ga ~fm

ihymy neyi}yymn hdgqm. ^fmtm ey `g }èagtke~u ga ztmimnm`~y# ~g yhu ~fm cmhy~.

E` kgy~ ihymy# ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u fhy dmm` haaetkmn gt tma}ymn ~g dm haaetkmn

du }y# |e~fg}~ chue`l ng|` hù cmlhc zteìezcm.

E` Hcgbm @h~f N}~~ h`n gty. q. Y~h~m ga \my~ Dm`lhc# R4::1 &89%

YIHCM >1


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mvmtieym. ^fmtm yfg}cn hcyg dm y}aaeiem`~ ichte~u fhqe`l tmlhtn ~g ~fm

cmle~ekh~m hek ga ~fm kmhy}tm e` x}my~eg`. Ig`y~e~}~eg` ga E`neh ztgqenmy agt

yhaml}htny ~g leqm ~fm e`neqen}hc hnmx}h~m ztg~mi~eg` hlhe`y~ htde~thtu

ekzgye~eg` ga iteke`hc z}èyfkm`~.

Hc~fg}lf ~fmym x}my~eg`y htm `g~ }`nmt ig`yenmth~eg` h`n ih``g~ dm

hnntmyymn fmtm h`n `g|# |m ih``g~ fmcz d}~ gdymtqm ~fm lcgdhc kgqm h|hu

atgk ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u. Ch~my~ y~h~ey~eiy yfg| ~fh~ 896 `h~eg`y fhqm `g|

hdgceyfmn ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u e` me~fmt ch| gt zthi~eim &`g mvmi}~eg`y agt 8:

umhty%. G}t g|` `melfdg}ty# @mzhc h`n Df}~h` htm zht~ ga ~fmym hdgce~egèy~

`h~eg`y |fecm g~fmty eìc}ne`l Zfecezze`my h`n Yg}~f Bgtmh fhqm hcyg

tmim`~cu oge`mn ~fm hdgce~egèy~ ltg}z# e` ch| h`n e` zthi~eim tmyzmi~eqmcu. \m

htm hcyg h|htm ~fh~ g` 86 Nmimkdmt 4::


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Aety~cu# nmh~f zm`hc~u ey km`~eg`mn e` ~fm Ig`y~e~}~eg` &agt e`y~hìm

}`nmt Ht~eicm 818 h`n Ht~eicm &9% |feif |hy dtg}lf~ e` ~g neyiezce`m

~fm ig}t~y g` nmh~f zm`hc~u du khbe`l ceam ekzteyg`km`~ ~fm t}cm h`n nmh~f

zm`hc~u mvimz~eg`.

Chdgte`l }`nmt ~fm hagtmkm`~eg`mn ig`y~the`~y# ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u |hy

fmcn ig`y~e~}~eg`hc. ^fey haaetkh~eqm tmyzg`ym ~g ig`y~e~}~eg`hce~u ga nmh~f

zm`hc~u ztmym`~mn h`g~fmt igkzceih~mn ifhccm`lm |feif tmch~mn ~g

hnkeèy~th~eg` ga nmh~f zm`hc~u gt e` g~fmt |gtny# ym`~mìe`l ga ihze~hc

z}èyfkm`~. ^fey fhy dmm` }èqmtyhccu ig`yenmtmn hy h qmvmn x}my~eg` ga ch|

h`n zthi~eim h`n fhy `g~ dmm` yh~eyahi~gtecu nmhc~ |e~f e` hù o}teynei~eg` yg

aht.

E~ ey e`~mtmy~e`l ~g `g~m fmtm ~fh~ ~fey Ig}t~ gze`mn e` Y~h~m ga Z}òhd

q. Ztmk Yhlht h`n Gty. RO^ 4::6 &


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hy h` mvimz~eg`hc zm`hc~u# neaamtm`~ atgk hù g~fmt z}èyfkm`~# h`n nen chu

ng|` h zgceiu ztmyitez~eg` g` ym`~mìe`l# |hu dhib e` 856:.

\m fhqm hcyg `g~eimn ~fh~ e` `}kmtg}y nmieyeg`y ga ~fey ig}t~#

ig`y~e~}~eg`hc l}hth`~mmy fhqm dmm` e`qgbmn h~ ygkm y~hlm ga ihze~hc

ym`~mìe`l. Yekechtcu# thtmy~ ga thtm nei~}k ~hbmy e~y igcg}t atgk

ig`y~e~}~eg`hc l}hth`~mmy.

8. $O]YÊIM$ E@ IHZE^HC YM@^M@IE@L

O}y~eim k}y~ dm ~fm aety~ qet~}m ga ~fm ch| ga ym`~mìe`l. H ym`~mìe`l

ig}t~ k}y~ ig`yenmt e~ymca ~g dm h $agt}k ga zteìezcm$. ^fm im`~thc enmh ga

y}if h agt}k ey e~y ig`~e`}e`l igkke~km`~ ~g e`fmtm h ngi~te`hc hzztghif

htg}`n h igtm `gtkh~eqm enmh. $Zteìezcmn tmhygè`l$ acg|e`l atgk o}neiehc

ztmimnm`~ gt cmleych~eg` ey ~fm ztmkeym atgk |feif ~fm ig}t~y nmteqm ~fm

zg|mt. ^fm kgqmkm`~ ~g ztmymtqm y}dy~h`~ehc o}neiehc neyitm~eg` ~g

e`neqen}hcem ym`~mìmy |e~fe` h th`lm ga z}èyfkm`~y hcyg fhy e~y dhyey e`

~fm ig}t~,y hdece~u ~g leqm zteìezcmn tmhygè`l.

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^fm ichek ga ym`~mìe`l ~g dme`l h zteìezcmn mvmtieym ey qmtu ekzgt~h`~

~g ~fm e`nmzm`nm`~ h`n }`zht~eyh` ekhlm ga o}neiehtu. T. q. \ecchmt~ &85=9%#

8:= I.I.I. 815

&8568% agt kgtm g` $agt}k ga zteìezcm$2 agt kgtm g` o}y~eim h`n ym`~mìe`l

ymm Qg` Fetyif h`n H`ntm| Hyf|gt~f# ^fm Ym`~mìe`l ^fmgtu Nmdh~m?

Ig`qmtlmìm e` G}~igkmy# Neqmtlmìm e` Tmhygè`l Ztgzgt~eg`h~m

Ym`~mìe`l? Mvzcgte`l ^fm Zteìezcmy# Gvagtn ]èqmtye~u Ztmyy# 4::=%

^fmtm ey h a}`nhkm`~hc tmch~eg`yfez dm~|mm` ~fm cmle~ekhiu ga ym`~mìm

dmcg`le`l ~g h zht~ei}cht zg~mìu h`n ~fm tmhyg`y hiigtnmn du ~fm ig}t~ ~g

o}y~eau ~fm yhkm. ^fey acg|y atgk ~fm e`fmtm`~ `h~}tm ga z}èyfkm`~ |feif

ih` dm }`nmty~ggn hy h igmtieqm agtim e`qgbmn du ~fm y~h~m agt h cmle~ekh~m

z}tzgym. E~ |hy Dm`~fhk |fg yhen ~fh~ $hcc z}èyfkm`~ e` e~ymca ey mqec. ]zg`

~fm zteìezcm ga }~ece~u# ea e~ g}lf~ h~ hcc ~g dm hnke~~mn# e~ g}lf~ g`cu ~g dm

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ig`y~e~}~eg`hccu zmtkeyyedcm gt `g~. ^fm y}domi~+kh~~mt ga e`x}etu ey fg|

neyitm~eg` }`nmt ymi~eg` 9:4 khu tmy}c~ e` htde~thte`myy e` hi~}hc ym`~mìe`l.

Ymi~eg` 9:4 hy fmcn du Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% ey `g~ h` mvhkzcm ga ch| |feif

ey htde~thtu g` e~y ahim d}~ ey h` e`y~hìm |fmtm ch| khu fhqm dmm` htde~thtecu

hnkeèy~mtmn.

E` Y|hku Yfthnnh`h`nh &y}zth%# ~fey ig}t~ `g~mn htde~thte`myy+e`+ahi~

ztmqhcm`~ e` ~fm ihze~hc ym`~mìe`l ztgimyy |e~f mv~thgtne`htu ih`ng}t?

$Ig}zcmn |e~f ~fm nmaeiemìu ga ~fm Iteke`hcO}y~eim Yuy~mk ey ~fm chib ga ig`yey~mìu e` ~fmym`~mìe`l ztgimyy mqm` du ~fey Ig}t~. E~ ey `g~mnhdgqm ~fh~ Dhifh` Ye`lf chen ng|` ~fm zteìezcm ga~fm Thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy. Khiffe Ye`lf# agt zthi~eihchzzceih~eg` ituy~hcceymn ~fm zteìezcm e`~g aeqmnmaeè~m ih~mlgtemy ga ihymy ga k}tnmt h`n e` nge`lyg hcyg ig`yenmthdcu m`chtlmn ~fm yigzm agtekzgye`l nmh~f zm`hc~u. D}~ ~fm }àgt~}`h~m tmhce~uey ~fh~ e` ch~mt nmieyeg`y `me~fmt ~fm Thtmy~ ga thtmihymy zteìezcm `gt ~fm Khiffe Ye`lf ih~mlgtemy|mtm agccg|mn }èagtkcu h`n ig`yey~m`~cu. E` Hcgbm@h~f N}~~h q. Y~h~m ga \my~ Dm`lhc Ye`fh O. lhqmygkm qmtu lggn ecc}y~th~eg`y atgk h `}kdmt gatmim`~ nmieyeg`y e` |feif g` yekecht ahi~y ~fey Ig}t~~ggb ig`~thtu qem|y g` leqe`l nmh~f zm`hc~u ~g ~fmig`qei~ &ymm zhthlthzfy 8=> ~g 864# zz.=:>+=8:YIHCM%. Fm ae`hccu gdymtqmn ~fh~ jig}t~y e` ~fmkh~~mt ga ym`~mìe`l hi~ neaamtm`~cu hc~fg}lf ~fmahi~ ye~}h~eg` khu hzzmht ~g dm ygkm|fh~ yekecht,h`n a}t~fmt je~ ey mqenm`~ ~fh~ neaamtm`~ dmìfmy fhn~hbm` neaamtm`~ qem| e` ~fm kh~~mt,. Bh~o} O. e` fey


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h` enm`~eaeih~eg` ga h zggc ga mx}eqhcm`~cu ieti}ky~hìmn ihze~hc nmam`nh`~y.

^fm lthqe~u# h~}tm h`n kg~eqm tmch~e`l ~g itekm |ecc zchu h tgcm zchu h tgcm

e` ~fey h`hcuyey.

@mv~ y~mz |g}cn dm ~g nmhc |e~f ~fm y}domi~eqe~u e`qgcqmn e` ihze~hc

ihymy. ^fm ekztmieyeg` ga ~fm enm`~eaeih~eg` ga hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l

ieti}ky~hìmy fhy ~g dm keèkemn. E~ ey ~g dm `g~mn ~fh~ ~fm kh`nh~m ga

mx}hce~u ich}ym hzzcemy ~g ~fm ym`~mìe`l ztgimyy th~fmt ~fh` ~fm g}~igkm.

^fm igkzhth~eqm tmqem| k}y~ dm }`nmt~hbm` `g~ ~g ifh``mc ~fm ym`~mìe`l

neyitm~eg` hqhechdcm ~g ~fm ig}t~y d}~ ~g dte`l e` ig`yey~mìu e` enm`~eaeih~eg`

ga qhteg}y tmcmqh`~ ieti}ky~hìmy.

^fm hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy fhqm ~g dm ymzhth~mcu

enm`~eaemn }`nmt h telgtg}y kmhy}tm. Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth%# |fm` kh`nh~my

zteìezcmn ztmimnm`~ dhymn ym`~mìe`l# igkzmcy ihtma}c yit}~eù ga

ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy h`n hllthqh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy h`n ~fm` ahi~gte`l

e` h ztgimyy du |feif hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy hzzmhte`l

atgk ~fm zggc ga igkzhthdcm ihymy ih` dm igkzhtmn.


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^fm |melf~ |feif ey hiigtnmn du ~fm ig}t~ ~g zht~ei}cht hllthqh~e`l

h`n ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy khu qhtu atgk ihym ~g ihym e` ~fm `hkm ga

e`neqen}hcemn ym`~mìe`l# d}~ h~ ~fm yhkm ~ekm tmhyg`y agt hzzgt~eg`km`~ ga

|melf~y yfhcc dm agt~figke`l. Y}if h igkzhteyg` khu zge`~ g}~

mvimyyeqm`myy hy hcyg |ecc fmcz tmzmc htde~thte`myy gdomi~eg`y e` a}~}tm.

H ym`~mìe`l fmhte`l# igkzhth~eqm tmqem| ga ihymy h`n yekechtcu

hllthqh~e`l h`n ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìmy h`hcuyey ih` g`cu dm leqm` h lg du

ea ~fm ym`~mìe`l ig}t~ gz~y agt h ceam ekzteyg`km`~.

9. ^FM $THTMY^$ GA $THTM IHYMY$

Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% chen ng|` e~y a}`nhkm`~hc ~ftmyfgcn e` ~fm

agccg|e`l ~mtky?

$H tmhc h`n hdene`l igìmt` agt ~fm nelè~u gaf}kh` ceam zgy~}ch~my tmyey~hìm ~g ~hbe`l h ceam~ftg}lf ch|,y e`y~t}km`~hce~u. ^fh~ g}lf~ `g~ ~g dmng`m yhqm e` ~fm Thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy |fm` ~fmhc~mt`h~eqm gz~eg` ey }`x}my~eg`hdcu agtmicgymn.$


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^g ~th`ych~m ~fm zteìezcm e` ym`~mìe`l ~mtky# aety~cu# e~ khu dm

`mimyyhtu ~g my~hdceyf lm`mthc zggc ga thtm ihze~hc ihymy. Gìm ~fey lm`mthc

zggc ey my~hdceyfmn# h ykhccmt zggc ga thtm ihymy khu fhqm ~g my~hdceyfmn ~g

igkzhtm h`n htteqm h~ h ae`ne`l ga Thtmy~ ga thtm ihym.

>. HTÊICM 48

Telf~ ~g ceam# e` e~y dhtmy~ ga ig``g~h~eg` |g}cn ekzcu telf~ ~g kmtm

y}tqeqhc. E` ~fey agtk# telf~ ~g ceam ey ~fm kgy~ a}`nhkm`~hc ga hcc telf~y.

Ig`ymx}m`~cu h z}èyfkm`~ |feif heky h~ ~hbe`l h|hu ceam ey ~fm lthqmy~

z}èyfkm`~. Ihze~hc z}èyfkm`~ ekzgymy h ceke~h~eg` g` ~fm myym`~ehc

ig`~m`~ ga ~fm a}`nhkm`~hc telf~ ~g ceam# mceke`h~e`l e~ ettm~temqhdcu. \m

tmhcem ~fm hdygc}~m `h~}tm ga ~fey telf~# e` ~fm ym`ym ~fh~ e~ ey h yg}tim ga hcc

g~fmt telf~y. G~fmt telf~y khu dm ceke~mn# h`n khu mqm` dm |e~fnth|` h`n

~fm` lth`~mn hlhe`# d}~ ~fmet }c~ekh~m ceke~ ey ~g dm ag}`n e` ~fm ztmymtqh~eg`

ga ~fm telf~ ~g ceam. Telf~ ~g ceam ey ~fm myym`~ehc ig`~m`~ ga hcc telf~y }`nmt ~fm

Ig`y~e~}~eg`. Ea ceam ey ~hbm` h|hu hcc# g~fmt telf~y imhym ~g mvey~. Yg}~f

Hateih` ig`y~e~}~eg`hc ig}t~ e` Y q. Khb|hùh`m R855> &9% YH 616 &H%[

ihz~}tmy ~fm it}v ga telf~ ~g ceam e` agccg|e`l ~mtky?


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$]àhe~fa}c f}ydh`ny# }ìfhy~m |eqmy h`n }`t}cuifecntm` htm `g~ agt ~fh~ tmhyg` ~g dm ym`~mìmn ~gnmh~f ea ~fmu igkke~ k}tnmty }ìg``mi~mn |e~f ~fmy~h~m ga ~fmet mx}h~eg` |e~f ~fmet ahkecu h`n atem`ny.^fm zhyye`l ga ~fm ym`~mìm ga nmh~f k}y~ mceie~ ~fmltmh~my~ igìmt` h`n ygceie~}nm ga ~fm O}nlm dmih}ym#~fh~ ey g`m ym`~mìm |feif ih``g~ dm tmihccmn.$

^fmtmagtm# e` ~fm ig`~mv~ ga z}èyfkm`~y# ~fm ztg~mi~eg`y mkh`h~e`l

atgk Ht~eicm 8> h`n Ht~eicm 48 fhqm ~g dm hzzcemn e` ~fm y~tei~my~ zgyyedcm

~mtky. H~ ~fey o}ì~}tm# e~ ey dmy~ ~g zge`~ g}~ ~fh~ ~fm m`y}e`l neyi}yyeg`#

hc~fg}lf hzzceihdcm e` ig`y~e~}~eg`hce~u ig`~mv~# ey ihttemn g}~ e` ~fm ig`~mv~

ga ym`~mìe`l ga nmh~f z}èyfkm`~. E` mqmtu ihze~hc ym`~mìm ihym# e~ k}y~ dm

dgt`m e` ke`n ~fh~ ~fm ~ftmyfgcn ga thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy ey eàgtkmn du

Ht~eicm 8> h`n 48# g|e`l ~g ~fm e`fmtm`~ `h~}tm ga nmh~f zm`hc~u. Zgy~

Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth%# ihze~hc ym`~mìe`l fhy igkm e`~g ~fm agcny ga

ig`y~e~}~eg`hc hno}neih~eg`. ^fey ey du qet~}m ga ~fm yhaml}htny m`~tmìfmn e`

Ht~eicm 8> h`n 48 ga g}t ig`y~e~}~eg`.

Ht~eicm 48 ekzgymy ~|g be`ny ga ceke~h~eg`y# |feif gqmtchz e` ~fmet

tmhif# g` z}èyfkm`~y?

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Ahet`myy ~g hù ihze~hccu ym`~mìmn ig`qei~# ~fmtmagtm# tmx}etmy h`

hyymyykm`~ ga ~fm tmch~eqm ztgztem~u ga ~fm ym`~mìm. Dmih}ym ga ~fmet

ettmqgihdece~u h`n ymqmte~u# ~fm Ig`y~e~}~eg` tmx}etmy ltmh~mt tmcehdece~u h`n

ahet`myy atgk ym`~mìe`l ig}t~y agt ihze~hc ym`~mìmy ~fh` agt `g`+ ihze~hc

ym`~mìmy.

>&D%. Ztgzgt~eg`hce~u Tmx}etmkm`~

^fm Ih`hneh` Ifht~mt ga Telf~y khbmy ztgqeyeg` agt ~fm ceke~h~eg` ga

telf~y ~ftg}lf h lm`mthc ich}ym. Ymi~eg` 8 ga ~fm Ifht~mt zmtke~y y}if

tmhyg`hdcm ceke~h~eg`y g` Ifht~mt telf~y $hy ih` dm nmkg`y~thdcu o}y~eaemn e`

h atmm h`n nmkgith~ei ygiem~u$. E` T. q. Ghbmy# R8561[ 8 Y.I.T. 8:9 e~ |hy

fmcn ~fh~ e` gtnmt ~g maami~ h ceke~h~eg`# ~fmtm fhy ~g mvey~ h y}aaeiem`~

gdomi~eqm ~g |htth`~ ~fm ceke~h~eg` ga ~fm telf~ e` x}my~eg`. ^fmtm yfg}cn hcyg

dm ztgzgt~eg`hce~u dm~|mm` ~fm ceke~h~eg` h`n y}if gdomi~eqm. E` h atmx}m`~cu+

ie~mn zhyyhlm# Neibyg`# O. nmyitedmn ~fm igkzg`m`~y ga ztgzgt~eg`hce~u hy

agccg|y?

$^fmtm htm# e` ku qem|# ~ftmm ekzgt~h`~igkzg`m`~y ga h ztgzgt~eg`hce~u ~my~. Aety~# ~fmkmhy}tmy hngz~mn k}y~ dm ihtma}ccu nmyel`mn ~ghifemqm ~fm gdomi~eqm e` x}my~eg`. ^fmu k}y~ `g~ dmhtde~thtu# }àhet gt dhymn g` etth~eg`hcig`yenmth~eg`y. E` yfgt~# ~fmu k}y~ dm th~eg`hccu

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84/100


85/100

ztmieymcu# ey o}y~ gt nmymtqmn.$ &Ymm H`~fgù Dg~~gky# ^fm Zfecgygzfu h`n

Zgce~eiy ga Z}èyfkm`~ h`n Ym`~mìe`l# e` ^fm Zgce~eiy ga Ym`~mìe`l

Tmagtk 4: &I.K.Q. Ichtbyg` ! T. Kgtlh` mny.# 855=%%

Zteìezcm ga zt}nmìm# m`}ìeh~mn du Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth% ey yg}`n

ig}`ymc g` ~fey ig}`~ |feif yfhcc y~h`n }y e` lggn y~mhn + |fm`mqmt e` ~fm

leqm` ieti}ky~hìmy# ~fmtm ey neaamtmìm ga gzeèg` |e~f tmyzmi~ ~g hù

ym`~mìe`l ztgz'th~eg`hcm# gt y}domi~eqe~u e`qgcqmn e` ~fm nm~mtkeè`l

ahi~gty# gt chib ga ~fgtg}lf`myy e` igkzcue`l |e~f ~fm ym`~mìe`l ztgimn}tm#

e~ |g}cn dm hnqeyhdcm ~g ahcc e` ahqg}t ga ~fm $t}cm$ ga ceam ekzteyg`km`~

th~fmt ~fh` e`qgbe`l ~fm $mvimz~eg`$ ga nmh~f z}èyfkm`~.

YM@^M@IE@L E@ ^FEY IHYM + DHIFH@ YE@LF ^MY^

Cm~ }y `g| mvhke`m ~fm tmcmqh`~ ahi~gty tmch~e`l ~g ym`~mìe`l e` ~fey

ihym# bmmze`l e` ke`n ~fm cm~~mt h`n yzete~ ga ~fm Dhifh` Ye`lf &y}zth%.

B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% fhy leqm` ~fm nm~hecy ga ~fm eìenm`~. \m fhqm

hctmhnu `g~mn fey y~h~mkm`~ dmagtm ~fm ig}t~ ztekhtecu g` ~fm nmzgye~eg` ga

~fm yhen Hzztgqmt# B}kht Lh}thq# |fmtm}zg` ~fm ztgymi}~eg` tmcemy ~g

my~hdceyf ~fh~ ~fm hii}ymn nmymtqmy ~fm fhtyfmy~ z}èyfkm`~.

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86/100

Hii}ymn @g. 8 fg|mqmt fhy h neaamtm`~ y~gtu ~g ~mcc. Hy zmt fek fm

fekymca# B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% h`n Bht~ebtho &~fm nmimhymn% fhn y~hlmn h

ahbm ben`hzze`l ~g mv~thi~ kg`mu atgk Bht~ebtho,y zhtm`~y. E~ ey mqenm`~ atgk

fey nmzgye~eg` ~fh~ hcc zmtyg`y e`qgcqmn |mtm e` ~fm èlf~ ga ~fm eìenm`~

fhqe`l h zht~u h~ fey ach~ ye~}h~mn e` Hkthzhce Ygiem~u. ^fmu |mtm nt}`b.

^fmu fhn |h~ifmn kgqemy hcc èlf~ g` ~fm QIT. ^fmu khnm h zfg`m ihcc h~

~fm tmyenmìm ga ~fm ah~fmt ga Bht~ebtho# nmkh`ne`l th`ygk. E~ |hy ng`m g`cu

g` ~fm y}llmy~eg` ga B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8%# ~fm Hzztgqmt. E~ |hy fm |fg

fhn y}llmy~mn ~fh~ ~fmu ig}cn mht` h lggn hkg}`~ ztm~m`ne`l ~g ben`hz

ygkmg`m hkg`ly~ ~fmk. Bht~ebtho |hy ifgym` yeìm fey ah~fmt |hy atgk h

|mhc~fu ahkecu. E~ |hy Bht~ebtho fekymca |fg fhn nehcmn fey ah~fmt,y `}kdmt

h`n fh`nmn gqmt ~fm zfg`m ~g B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8%.

Hy zmt ~fm hzzmcch`~# ~fmu fhn ig`~e`}mn ~fm zht~u mqm` g` ~fm `mv~

nhu. Yeìm hcc ~fm cex}gt fhn dmm` ig`y}kmn fm fekymca h`n ~fm nmimhymn fhn

h~ hdg}~ >.:: z.k. lg`m g}~ ~g z}tifhym ygkm kgtm cex}gt. ^fmtmha~mt fm fhn

cma~ ~fm zchim ~g aeèyf fey |gtb h`n |fm` fm ihkm dhib# fm ag}`n Bht~ebtho

cue`l e` atg`~ ga ~fm ~gecm~ fhqe`l y}y~he`mn fmhn eò}temy. \m khu `g~eim fey

y~h~mkm`~y atgk ~fm o}nlkm`~ ga ~fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm e` ~fm agccg|e`l

~mtky?

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87/100

$^fmtmha~mt# hy fm fhn ygkm |gtb# fm ntgzzmnBht~ebtho ~g ~fh~ ach~ h`n |m`~ ~g aeèyf fey |gtb.

^fmtmha~mt# |fm` fm ihkm dhib ~g ~fh~ ach~# fm yh|Bht~ebtho cue`l e` atg`~ ga ~fm ~gecm~ y}y~heè`l fmhneò}tu. Hzztgqmt + B}kht Lh}thq h`n fey ~|gatem`ny ag}`n atelf~m`mn h`n |gttemn. fmtmha~mt#|fm` fm e`x}etmn |e~f ~fmk hy ~g |fh~ fhzzm`mn#B}kht Lh}thq ~gcn fek ~fh~ ha~mt Bht~ebthodtg}lf~ dg~~cmy ga T}k# fm nt}`b qmtu ahy~ h`n lg~nte`b qmtu fmhqecu h`n |fecm lge`l ~g ~fm ~gecm~#amcc ng|` m~i. ^fmtmha~mt# |fm` fm y}llmy~mn ~g~hbm Bht~ebtho ~g h ngi~gt# hzztgqmt B}kht Lh}thqyhen ~fh~ yeìm fm khnm th`ygk ihcc# `gdgnu |g}cndmcemqm ~fmk ~fh~ Bht~ebtho amcc }ìg`yieg}yhiienm`~hccu ha~mt nte`be`l fmhqecu. fmtmha~mt#hzztgqmt B}kht Lh}thq ~gcn fek ~fh~ e` ahi~Bht~ebtho ey nmhn h`n fm fhy igàetkmn du

ifmibe`l fey z}cym. Ha~mt fmhte`l ~fey# fm lg~ qmtuyihtmn h`n ~gcn B}kht Lh}thq ~fh~ ~fmu k}y~eàgtk zgceim h`n `g|# ~fm ogbm fhy lg`m ~gg aht.D}~# B}kht Lh}thq ~gcn ~fh~ fm fhy ~fg}lf~ hdg}~mqmtu~fe`l h`n hybmn fek ~g neyzgym ga ~fmkg~gtiuicm ga Bht~ebtho. Hiigtne`lcu# fm cma~ ~fmach~ h`n }`nmt km`~hc y~tmyy h`n amht# fm |h`nmtmnfmtm h`n ~fmtm h`n ae`hccu hdh`ng`mn ~fmkg~gtiuicm e` |mm fg}ty ga kgtè`l. ^fmtmha~mt#fm nen `g~ lg dhib ~g ~fm ach~ ga Hkthzhce Ygiem~u.G` 5.6.4::8 e` ~fm mqmè`l# fm tmimeqmn zfg`m ihccga B}kht Lh}thq &Z.\.8% hybe`l fek ~g igkm ~gK}kdhe h~ Nhnht ekkmneh~mcu h`n ~ftmh~m`mn fek~fh~ ea fm nen `g~ lg hy zmt fey netmi~eg`y ~gK}kdhe# fm |ecc eàgtk fey `hkm ~g ~fm zgceim.

^fmtmagtm# fm agccg|mn |fh~mqmt |hy dme`l ~gcn duhzztgqmt B}kht Lh}thq. \fm` fm |m`~ ~g ZhtemthFg}ye`l Ygiem~u ach~ h~ @helhg`# K}kdhe# fm yh|B}kht Lh}thq &Z.\.8% h`n Hii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9~fmtm. ^fmtm fm |hy ~gcn du B}kht Lh}thq&Z.\.8% ~fh~ fm fekymca h`n fey hyygieh~my fhqmneyzgymn ga ~fm nmhn dgnu ga Bht~ebtho h`n a}t~fmt

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~gcn fek ~fh~ ~fm ah~fmt ga Bht~ebtho ey y~ecc tmhnu ~gzhu th`ygk h`n ~fh~ fm |g}cn dm ym`ne`l ~fmhkg}`~ ~g K}kdhe h`n fm &B}kht Lh}thq Z.\.8%|ecc igccmi~ ~fm hkg}`~. ^fmtmha~mt |fm` B}khtLh}thq &Z.\.8% |m`~ ~g igccmi~ ~fm hkg}`~ gath`ygk# fm |hy hybmn du B}kht Lh}thq &Z.\.8%~g y~h`n `mht H`nfmte Thec|hu Y~h~eg`.Hiigtne`lcu# |fm` fm |hy y~h`ne`l `mht H`nfmteThec|hu Y~h~eg`# zgceim hcg`l |e~f B}kht Lh}thq&Z.\.8% ihkm ~fmtm h`n hiigy~mn fek. ^f}y#hiigtne`l ~g Hii}ymn @g. 8 Yh`~gyfb}khtDhteuht# nmh~f ga Bht~ebtho ey hiienm`~hc h`n feynmhn dgnu ey neyzgymn ga du B}kht Lh}thq&Z.\.8% h`n fey atem`ny. D}~# fm ngmy `g~ b`g| hy~g fg| ~fm nmhn dgnu ga Bht~ebtho |hy neyzgymnga.$

\m khu hcyg `g~eim ~fm tmhygè`l ga ~fm ig}t~y dmcg| e` ekzgye`l

nmh~f ym`~mìmy g` ~fm hzzmcch`~. ^fm cmht`mn Ymyyeg`y O}nlm hy tmlhtny ~fm

hzzmcch`~ g~mn?

$...E~ ey Yh`~gyfb}kht Dhteuht,y khy~mtke`n|feif |hy tmyzg`yedcm agt ~fm }c~ekh~m hi~ ga dt}~hcbecce`l ga Bht~ebtho h`n e~ ey# Rfm[ |fg netmi~mn ~fmhii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9# yg hcyg# B}kht Lh}thq&Z\+8% ~g ih~if fgcn Bht~ebtho |fecm y~th`l}ch~eg`h`n a}t~fmt e~ ey# Rfm[ |fg netmi~mn Hii}ymn @gy. 4h`n 9 h`n hzztgqmt B}kht Lh}thq &Z\+8% ~g i}~~fm nmhn dgnu ga Bht~ebtho. @g~ g`cu ~fey# d}~ e~ ey#Rfm[ |fg hi~mn `hy~cu h`n e`f}kh`cu kh``mt du~|ey~e`l telf~ cml ga Bht~ebtho |fm` g`m ga ~fmg~fmt hii}ymn ig}cn `g~ i}~ e` ~fm telf~ cml gaBht~ebtho. ^fmtmagtm# E hk ga ~fm gzeèg` ~fh~ e~|ecc `g~ dm zgyyedcm ~g tmagtk h`n tmfhdece~h~m ~fmhii}ymn @g.8 du ekzgye`l Rh[ keèk}k ym`~mìmga ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam. Fmìm# E fgcn ~fh~ ~fey eyh thtmy~ ga thtm ihym.$

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^fm ym`~mìm |hy haaetkmn du ~fm Felf Ig}t~ y~h~e`l?

$...Mvhke`mn atgk hcc h`lcmy# |m ammc ~fh~ Z\ 8fhy my~hdceyfmn ~fh~ ~fm khe` htife~mi~ ga ~fmig`yzethiu ey H8. E~ |hy fh~ifmn du hcc ~fm hii}ymnh`n ihttemn g}~ hy zmt ~fm netmi~eg`y ga H8. H8yfg|mn mv~tmkm nmzthqe~u e` i}~~e`l ~fm nmhn dgnuh`n m`y}te`l ~fh~ e~ |hy neyzgymn ga. ^fm c}y~ agtkg`mu ig`~e`}mn ~ecc ~fm hii}ymn |mtm httmy~mn...$

Fg|mqmt |fecm ekzgye`l ~fm ym`~mìm ga ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam g`

Yhòmmd B}kht Tgu &H 4% h`n Yh`~gyf B}kht Tgu &H 9% ~fm cmht`mn

Ymyyeg`y O}nlm `g~mn?

$Hy aht hy ~fm Hii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9 htm igìmt`mn#e~ ey mqenm`~ atgk ~fm ztgqm` ahi~y ~fh~ ~fmuhiimz~mn ~fm zch` ga Hii}ymn @g. 8 g`cu agtkg`m~htu lhe`. ^fm zch` |hy zgyymyymn du hii}ymn@g. 8 g`cu. ^fm Hii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9 hy |mcc hy~fm hzztgqmt B}kht Lh}thq |mtm kg~eqh~mn duhii}ymn @g.8 Yh`~gyf B}kht Dhteuht h`n~fmtmagtm# ~fmu hcc fh~ifmn Rh[ iteke`hc ig`yzethiu.Fmìm e~ ih``g~ dm neyz}~mn ~fh~ ~fm Hii}ymn @gy.4 h`n 9 zht~eiezh~mn e` ~fm igkkeyyeg` ga R~fm[itekm h~ ~fm dmfmy~ ga Hii}ymn @g. 8 Yh`~gyfB}kht Dhteuht# |feif ih` dm ig`yenmtmn hy hke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìm. Ig`yenmte`l ~feyke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìm h`n hlmy ga Hii}ymn @gy.4 h`n 9# e` ku qem|# e~ |ecc dm o}y~ h`n ztgzmt ~gleqm ~fmk h` gzzgt~}è~u ~g tmagtk h`n tmfhdece~h~mdu ekzgye`l keèk}k ym`~mìm ga ceamekzteyg`km`~.$

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90/100

^fm Felf Ig}t~ tma}ymn ~g e`~mtamtm |e~f ~fm x}my~eg` ga ~fm ym`~mìm

g` ~fm yhen hii}ymn e` ~fm agccg|e`l |gtny?

$...^fg}lf e~ ey ~t}m ~fh~ H4 h`n H9 fhqm hi~eqmcuzht~eiezh~mn e` ~fm itekm# ~fm dthe` dmfe`n e~ ey H 8.H4 h`n H9 fhqm ihttemn g}~ nei~h~my ga H8. ^fey eyh ke~elh~e`l ieti}ky~hìm. Fmìm# |m htm `g~eìce`mn ~g m`fhìm ~fm ym`~mìm.$

^fm ngi~te`m ga ztgzgt~eg`hce~u# |feif hzzmhty ~g dm ~fm ztmkeym

|fmtm}zg` ~fm cmht`mn ~tehc o}nlm hy hcyg ~fm Felf Ig}t~ chen e~y ag}`nh~eg`

agt h|htne`l nmh~f zm`hc~u g` ~fm hzzmcch`~ fmtme`# ztgqenmy agt o}y~eaehdcm

tmhygè`l agt h|htne`l nmh~f zm`hc~u.

Fg|mqmt |fecm ekzgye`l hù ym`~mìm g` ~fm hii}ymn ~fm ig}t~ k}y~

hcyg bmmz e` ke`n ~fm ngi~te`m ga tmfhdece~h~eg`. ^fey# ig`yenmte`l Ymi~eg`

9=>&9% ga ~fm Ignm# ey myzmiehccu yg e` ~fm ihymy |fmtm ~fm ig}t~ ey ~g

nm~mtke`m |fm~fmt ~fm ihym h~ fh`n ahccy |e~fe` ~fm thtmy~ ga ~fm thtm ihym.

^fm tmhyg`y hyyel`mn du ~fm ig}t~y dmcg|# e` g}t gzeèg`# ng `g~

yh~eyau Dhifh` Ye`lf ^my~. Ymi~eg` 9=> &9% ga ~fm Ignm ztgqenmy agt h`

mvimz~eg`. Lm`mthc t}cm ga ngi~te`m ga ztgzgt~eg`hce~u# ~fmtmagtm# |g}cn `g~

hzzcu. \m k}y~ tmhn ~fm yhen ztgqeyeg` e` ~fm celf~ ga Ht~eicm 48 ga ~fm

Ig`y~e~}~eg` ga E`neh.

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hyy}km ~fh~ ymqmte~u ga z}èyfkm`~ igttmch~my ~g nm~mttmìm ~g h` mv~m`~

|feif o}y~eaemy ~fm tmy~tei~eg` ga ~fm kgy~ a}`nhkm`~hc f}kh` telf~ ~ftg}lf

~fm ekzgye~eg` ga ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u. ^fm lghc ga itekm tmn}i~eg` ih` dm

hifemqmn du dm~~mt zgceim h`n ztgymi}~eg` ymtqeim ~g ~fm yhkm gt h~ cmhy~ ~g h

ltmh~ mv~m`~ ~fh` du ~fm ekzgye~eg` ga ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u.

E` ~fey tmyzmi~# |m khu a}t~fmtkgtm hnn fmtm ~fh~ e` ~fm kgy~ tmim`~

y}tqmu ga tmymhtif ae`ne`ly g` ~fm tmch~eg` dm~|mm` ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u h`n

fgkeienm th~my# ig`n}i~mn agt ~fm ]è~mn @h~eg`y e` 8566 h`n }znh~mn e`

4::4# e~ |hy y~h~mn?

$... e~ ey `g~ zt}nm`~ ~g hiimz~ ~fm fuzg~fmyey ~fh~ihze~hc z}èyfkm`~ nm~mty k}tnmt ~g h khtle`hccultmh~mt mv~m`~ ~fh` ngmy ~fm ~ftmh~ h`n hzzceih~eg`ga ~fm y}zzgymncu cmyymt z}èyfkm`~ ga ceamekzteyg`km`~.$RYmm Tglmt Fggn# ^fm Nmh~f Zm`hc~u? H \gtcn+|enm Zmtyzmi~eqm# Gvagtn# Ichtm`ng` Ztmyy# ~fetnmne~eg`# 4::4# z. 49:[

RYmm hcyg Bm``mnu q. Cg}yeh`h &846 Y. I~. 41>8%[

KEÊLHÊ@L IETI]KY^H@IMY

Nm~mtke`h~eg`# hy ~g |fh~ |g}cn dm ~fm thtmy~ ga thtm ihymy# ey h

neaaei}c~ ~hyb fhqe`l tmlhtn ~g neaamtm`~ cmlhc zteìezcmy e`qgcqmn e` tmyzmi~

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96/100

ygcmcu nmzm`n }zg` ~fm ae`ne`ly htteqmn h~ agt ~fm z}tzgym ga tmigtne`l h

o}nlkm`~ ga ig`qei~eg`# d}~ hcyg ig`yenmt ~fm kh~~mt bmmze`l e` qem| ga

mqenmìmy |feif fhqm dmm` dtg}lf~ g` tmigtn g` dmfhca ga ~fm zht~emy h`n e`

zht~ei}cht ~fm hii}ymn agt ekzgye~eg` ga h cmyymt z}èyfkm`~. H y~h~mkm`~ ga

hzztgqmt e` tmlhtn ~g ~fm kh``mt e` |feif itekm fhy dmm` igkke~~mn qey+j+

qey ~fm tgcm zchumn du ~fm hii}ymn# g` ~fm g`m fh`n# h`n ~fh~ ga ~fm hzztgqmt#

g` ~fm g~fmt# k}y~ dm ~my~mn g` ~fm ~g}ify~g`m ga ~fm zt}nmìm ngi~te`m

^fm hii}ymn zmtyg`y |mtm `g~ iteke`hcy. ^fmu |mtm atem`ny. ^fm

nmimhymn |hy yhen ~g fhqm dmm` ymcmi~mn dmih}ym fey ah~fmt |hy teif. ^fm

kg~eqm# ea hù# |hy ~g igccmi~ ygkm kg`mu. ^fmu |mtm `g~ ztgamyyeg`hc

beccmty. ^fmu fhqm `g iteke`hc fey~gtu. Hcc |mtm }`mkzcgumn h`n |mtm

ymhtife`l agt ogdy.

A}t~fmt ea hlm ga ~fm hii}ymn |hy h tmcmqh`~ ahi~gt agt ~fm Felf Ig}t~

agt `g~ ekzgye`l nmh~f zm`hc~u g` hii}ymn @g. 4 h`n 9# ~fm yhkm y~h`nhtn

yfg}cn fhqm dmm` hzzcemn ~g ~fm ihym ga ~fm hzzmcch`~ hcyg |fg |hy g`cu ~|g

umhty gcnmt h`n y~ecc h ug}`l kh` e` hlm. Hii}ymn @gy. 4 h`n 9 |mtm hy

k}if h zht~ ga ~fm itekm hy ~fm hzzmcch`~. ^fg}lf e~ ey ~t}m# ~fh~ e~ |hy fm

|fg hccmlmncu ztgzgymn ~fm enmh ga ben`hzze`l# d}~ h~ ~fm yhkm ~ekm e~ k}y~

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`g~ dm agtlg~~m` ~fh~ ~fm yhen zch` |hy g`cu mvmi}~mn |fm` hcc ~fm zmtyg`y

e`qgcqmn lhqm ~fmet ig`ym`~ ~fmtm~g.

E~ k}y~ dm `g~mn ~fh~ ~fm neyitm~eg` leqm` ~g ~fm ig}t~ e` y}if ihymy

hyy}kmy g`mtg}y ekzgt~hìm h`n e~y mvmtieym dmigkmy mv~tmkmcu neaaei}c~

dmih}ym ga ~fm ettmqgihdcm ifhthi~mt ga nmh~f zm`hc~u. G`m ga ~fm zteìezcmy

|feif |m ~fe`b ey icmht ey ~fh~ ~fm ihym ey y}if |fmtm ~|g qem|y gtne`htecu

ig}cn dm ~hbm`# ekzgye~eg` ga nmh~f ym`~mìm |g}cn `g~ dm hzztgzteh~m# d}~

|fmtm ~fmtm ey `g g~fmt gz~eg` h`n e~ ey yfg|` ~fh~ tmagtkh~eg` ey `g~

zgyyedcm# nmh~f ym`~mìm khu dm ekzgymn.

Ymi~eg` 9=>&9% ga ~fm Ignm ga Iteke`hc Ztgimn}tm tmx}etmy ~fh~ |fm`

~fm ig`qei~eg` ey agt h` gaamìm z}èyfhdcm |e~f nmh~f gt e` ~fm hc~mt`h~eqm

|e~f ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam gt ekzteyg`km`~ agt h ~mtk ga umhty# ~fm o}nlkm`~

yfhcc y~h~m ~fm tmhyg`y agt ~fm ym`~mìm h|htnmn# h`n e` ~fm ihym ga ym`~mìm

ga nmh~f# ~fm yzmiehc tmhyg`y ~fmtmga.

\m ng `g~ ~fe`b ~fh~ ~fm tmhyg`y hyyel`mn du ~fm ig}t~y dmcg|

neyicgym hù yzmiehc tmhyg` ~g }zfgcn ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u. ^fm neyitm~eg`

lth`~mn ~g ~fm ig}t~y k}y~ dm mvmtieymn qmtu ih}~eg}ycu myzmiehccu dmih}ym ga

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~fm ettmqgihdcm ifhthi~mt ~g nmh~f zm`hc~u. Tmx}etmkm`~y ga ch| ~g hyyel`

yzmiehc tmhyg`y yfg}cn `g~ dm ig`y~t}mn ~g dm h` mkz~u agtkhce~u.

\m fhqm ztmqeg}ycu `g~mn ~fh~ ~fm o}neiehc zteìezcmy agt ekzgye~eg` ga

nmh~f zm`hc~u htm aht atgk dme`l }èagtk. \e~fg}~ lge`l e`~g ~fm kmte~y h`n

nmkmte~y ga y}if neyitm~eg` h`n y}domi~eqe~u# |m k}y~ `mqmt~fmcmyy tme~mth~m

~fm dhyei zteìezcm# y~h~mn tmzmh~mncu du ~fey Ig}t~# ~fh~ ceam ekzteyg`km`~ ey

~fm t}cm h`n nmh~f zm`hc~u h` mvimz~eg`. Mhif ihym k}y~ ~fmtmagtm dm

h`hcumn h`n ~fm hzztgzteh~m`myy ga z}èyfkm`~ nm~mtke`mn g` h ihym+du+

ihym dhyey |e~f nmh~f ym`~mìm `g~ ~g dm h|htnmn yhqm e` ~fm jthtmy~ ga thtm,

ihym |fmtm tmagtk ey `g~ zgyyedcm. Bmmze`l e` ke`n h~ cmhy~ ~fey zteìezcm |m

ng `g~ ~fe`b ~fh~ hù ga ~fm ahi~gty e` ~fm ztmym`~ ihym neyi}yymn hdgqm

|htth`~y ~fm h|htn ga ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u. ^fmtm htm `g yzmiehc tmhyg`y ~g

tmigtn ~fm nmh~f zm`hc~u h`n ~fm ke~elh~e`l ahi~gty e` ~fm ztmym`~ ihym#

neyi}yymn ztmqeg}ycu# htm# e` g}t gzeèg`# y}aaeiem`~ ~g zchim e~ g}~ ga ~fm

$thtmy~ ga thtm$ ih~mlgtu.

Agt ~fm tmhyg`y hagtmkm`~eg`mn# |m htm ga ~fm gzeèg` ~fh~ ~fey ey `g~ h

ihym |fmtm nmh~f zm`hc~u yfg}cn dm ekzgymn. ^fm hzzmcch`~# ~fmtmagtm#

e`y~mhn ga dme`l h|htnmn nmh~f zm`hc~u# ey ym`~mìmn ~g }`nmtlg telgtg}y

ekzteyg`km`~ agt ceam. Y}domi~ ~g ~fm kgneaeih~eg` e` ~fm ym`~mìm ga

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hzzmcch`~ &H8% km`~eg`mn fmtme`dmagtm# dg~f ~fm hzzmhcy ga ~fm hzzmcch`~ hy

hcyg ~fh~ ga ~fm Y~h~m htm neykeyymn.

...............................O.RY.D. Ye`fh[

................................O.RIutehi Ogymzf[

@m| Nmcfe2Khu 89# 4::5

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Documents

Supreme Court 2009 judgement regarding capital punishmemt