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Suprematism and Constructivism

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Kazimir Malevich

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Page 1: Suprematism and Constructivism
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Black  Square.  Kazimir  Malevich,  1914-­‐1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  79.6  x  79.5  cm.  The  Tretyakov  Gallery,    Moscow,  Russia.  

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SupremaFsm  

•  Kazimir  Malevich,  Founder  

•  Russia  1915-­‐1919  •  Pure  and  simple  

combinaFons  of    geometric  forms  

•  ReacFon  to  classic  representaFonal  art  and  Cubo-­‐Futurism  

•  Philosophical  idealism  that  sFrred  up  a  debate  during  the  Modern  Movement  

Suprema/sm.  Kazimir  Malevich,  1917-­‐1918.  Oil  on  canvas.  106  x  70.5  cm.  Stedelijk  Museum,  Amsterdam,  Netherlands.  

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Kazimir  Malevich  

•  Born  near  Kiev  in  1878  •  ATended  the  Kiev  School    

of  Art  at  age  19  

•  Moved  to  Moscow  in  1905  at  the  start  of  the  December  RevoluFon  

•  Worked  at  Roerburg’s  avant-­‐garde  studio  

•  Also  worked  with  avant-­‐garde  arFsts  Larionov    and  Goncharova  

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Flowergirl.  1903.  Oil  on  canvas.  80  x  100  cm.  The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia  

Summer  Landscape.  Oil  on  canvas.  48.5  x  55  cm  

The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  

Rest.  Society  in  Top  Hats.  1908.    Watercolors,  gouasche  on  cardbord.  23.8  x  30.2  cm    The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  

Head  of  a  Peasant  Girl.  1912  -­‐1913.  Oil  on  canvas.  72  x  74.5.  Stedelijk  Museum,  Amsterdam,  Netherlands.  

Kazimir  Malevich’s  Early  Work  

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Victory  Over  the  Sun  

•  Russian  Futurist  Opera  •  Costumes  and  set  design  by  Kazimir  Malevich  •  Where  Black  Square  is  first  seen  as  a  cloth  backdrop  

•  Poetry  by  Aleksei  Kruchenyk  •  Music  by  Mikhail  Matyushin  

Fat  Man.  Sketch  of  a  costume  for  the  opera  "Victory  over  the  Sun"  by  M.  Matushin.  1913.  Paper,  pencil.  27  x  21  cm.  

Someone  Wicked.  Sketch  of  a  costume  for  the  opera  "Victory  over  the  Sun"  by  M.  Matushin.  1913.  Paper,  pencil.  27  x  21  cm.  

Undertaker.  Sketch  of  a  costume  for  the  opera  "Victory  over  the  Sun"  by  M.  Matushin.  1913.  Paper,  pencil.  27  x  21  cm.  

Many  and  One.  Sketch  of  a  costume  for  the  opera  "Victory  over  the  Sun"  by  M.  Matushin.  1913.  Paper,  pencil.  27  x  21  cm.  

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0.10.  The  Last  Futurist  PainFng  ExhibiFon  

•  December  1915  in  Petrograd  

•  Malevich  showcased  36  SupremaFst  painFngs  along  with  a  published  manifesto  

•  Tatlin  quarreled  with  Malevich  •  Held  a  discussion  on  SupremaFsm  •  Performed  live  painFng  of    

a  Cubist  painFng  

Black  Square.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  106  x  106  cm.  The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  

Black  Cross.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  106  x  106  cm.  The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  

Black  Circle.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  105  x  105  cm.  The  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg,  Russia.  

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Suprema/st  Composi/on:  White  on  White.  1918.  Oil  on  canvas  79.4  x  79.4  cm.  

Red  Square.  Visual  Realism    of  a  Peasant  Woman  in  Two  Dimensions.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  53  x  53  cm.  

Suprema/sm  with  Blue  Triangle  and  Black  Square.    1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  66.5  x  57  cm.  

Suprema/sm  with  Eight  Rectangles.  

1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  57.5  x  48.5  cm.  

SupremaFst  PainFngs  by  Malevich  

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Suprema/sm.  (Supremus  #56).  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  80.5  x  71  cm.  

SupremaFsm.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  101.5  x  62  cm.  

Soccer  Player  in  the  Fourth  Dimension.  1915.  Oil  on  canvas.  70  x  44  cm.  

Malevich  ConFnued  

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Supremus  Group  •  Founded  by  Malevich  •  SupremaFsm  in  Moscow,  1918  

•  Included  Liubov  Popova,  Aleksandra  Ekster,  Nikolai  SueFn,  Ivan  Puni,  and  others  

Arhitectonic  Pain/ng.  Liubov  Popova,  1917.  Oil  on  canvas  80  x  90.5  cm.    The  Museum  of  Modern  Art,  New  York  

Suprema/st  Composi/on.  Nikolai  SueFn,  1922.  Acrylic  on  paper  45  x  30  cm.  

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UNOVIS  (Union  of  New  Art)  •  Formed  by  Malevich  in  1920  

at  the  Vitebsk  Art  School  •  Group  applied  SupremaFst  

techniques  to  propaganda,  street  decoraFons,  brochures,  and  speaker  rostrums  

•  El  Lissitzky,  work  overlaps  with  ConstrucFvism  

UNOVIS,  Vitebsk  Art  CommiTee  Handbill,  no.1,  20  November  1920.  State  Russian  Museum,  St.  Petersburg.  

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ConstrucFvism  •  Began  in  Russia  in  the  early  

1920’s  with  a  presence  in  Germany  

•  Styles  spread  throughout  Europe  and  reached  LaFn  America  

•  “Art  is  dead!”  –  rejecFon  of  the  “Art  for  art’s  sake”  idea  that  came  before  it  

•  Focused  on  uFlity  and  art  for  a  social  and  poliFcal  purpose  

•  DevoFon  to  pracFcal  and  industrial  design  

Produce  More  Tanks,  El  Lissitzky  with  Nikolai  Troshin.  1942.  Lithography.    

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•  3-­‐Dimensional  and  Architectural  work  

•  Posters,  street  designs,  stamps,  magazines  

•  Photography  and  photomontage  

ConstrucFvism  

USSR  in  Construc/on,  El  Lissitzky  with  Sophie  Küppers,  no.  1.  1937.  Devoted  to  the  Workers’-­‐Peasants  Red  Navy.  Lithography  and  gravure.  

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Russia  under  ConstrucFon  

•  Time  of  the  Russian  RevoluFon  and  WWI  

•  Successful  Bolshevik  RevoluFon  in  1917  

•  Bolshevik  Party  under  Vladimir  Lenin  and  Leon  Trotsky  overthrew  the  authoritarian  Tsar  aristocracy  

•  Russian  Civil  War  between  the  Bolsheviks  (“red”)  and  the  anF-­‐Bolsheviks  (“whites”)  

Beat  the  Whites  With  the  Red  Wedge,  El  Lissitzky,  1920.  

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The  Third  ExhibiFon  of  the  OBMKhU    (Society  of  Young  ArFsts)  

•  Moscow,  1921  •  3-­‐Dimensional  

experiments  in  construcFon  

•  ScienFfically  invesFgated  systems  of  construcFon  that  could  be  applied  to  funcFonal  and    uFlitarian  work    

•  Loss  of  private  market  for  art  ajer  the  Bolshevik  RevoluFon  pushed  arFsts  into  a  role  of  reorganizing  the  Russian  culture  

InstallaFon  of  the  third  OBMOKhU  exhibiFon,  Moscow,  May  1921.  “Veschch”  no.1/2,  1922.  

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Vladimir  Tatlin  

•  Founder  of  ConstrucFvism  •  Born  in  1885,  grew  up    

in  Kharkov  •  Entered  the  Penza  School  of  

Art  in  1904,  became  a  well-­‐known  painter  

•  Came  to  Moscow  in  1910  and  entered  the  Moscow  College  of  PainFng,  Sculpture,  and  Architecture  

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Beginning  of  ConstrucFvism  

Corner  Relief  (detail)  Vladimir  Tatlin.  1914-­‐1915.  

Pain/ng  Relief:  Selec/on  of  materials  Vladimir  Tatlin.  1914.  

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Tatlin’s  Tower  

•  Monument  to  the    Third  InternaFonal  

•  1919-­‐1920  •  Spiraled  upward  400  m  •  Iron,  glass,  steel  •  Never  built  

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Aleksandr  Rodchenko,  the  end  of  painFng  

•  ConstrucFvist  painter,  sculptor,  and  photographer  •  Monochrome  experiences  •  Ideals  differed  from  SupremaFsm  

Pure  Blue  Colour  1921  Private  collecFon  

Pure  Red  Colour  1921  Private  collecFon  

Pure  Yellow  Colour  1921  Private  collecFon  

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Rodchenko’s  ConstrucFvist  Work  Poster  for  Ba5leship  Potemkin,  1925.  

IllustraFon  for  the  magazine  'Young  Guard'  1924.  

Dobrolet.  1923.  

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El  Lissitzky  

•  Worked  with  Malevich  (UNOVIS)  

•  Worked  in  Germany  1922-­‐1925  

•  Translated  arFcles  from  Russian  arFsts  to  German  

•  Did  not  reject  the  arFsFc  aestheFcs  like  most  Russian  ConstrucFvists  

•  Graphic  designer,  photographer  

•  Help  spread  the  movement  through  his  extensive  travels  through  Europe  

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Flagpole  for  the  Soviet  pavilion  at  Pressa,  Cologne.  1928.  Gouache,  ink,  photo  collage  on  paper.  

USSR  in  ConstrucDon,  with  Sophie  Kuppers,  no.  10.  1934.  Devoted  to  

the  epic  of  the  Cheluskin  exploraFon.  Lithography  and  

gravure.  

Lissitzky’s  ConstrucFvist  Work  

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Design  for  a  window  mobile  for  a  bookstore  of  the  Land  and  Factory  Publishing  House.  1928.  Photo  collage,  gouache,  ink,  pencil  on  cardboard.  

MaqueTe  for  an  illustraFon  for  6  Tales  with  Easy  Endings.  1921-­‐22.  Photo  collage,  ink,  pencil  on  cardboard.  

Lissitzky’s  ConstrucFvist  Work  

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Soviet-­‐German  ConstrucFvism  •  ConstrucFvism  curriculum  at  

the  Bauhaus  in    Weimar,  Germany  

•  László  Moholy-­‐Nagy,  Hungarian  

•  Vladimir  and  Georgii  Stengerg,  brothers  from  Russia  who  designed  movie  posters  

•  Gustav  Klutsis,  Russian  designer  of  propaganda  posters  

•  “Veshch-­‐Gegenstand-­‐Objet”,  Soviet-­‐German  magazine  that  spread  the  idea  of  “ConstrucFon  Art”  ran  by  El  Lissitzky  and  Ilya  Ehrenburg  

El  Lissitzky  and  Ilya  Ehrenburg,  Veshch/Gegenstand/Objet  issue  #1-­‐2.  

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Movie  posters  from  the  Stenberg  Brothers,  Russia  1922-­‐1933.  

Photo  montages  by  Laszlo  Moholy-­‐Nagy  

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SupremaFsm’s  Influence  on  Graphic  Design  

•  SupremaFsm’s  use  of  geometric  shapes  show  up  in  today’s  Graphic  Design  world  frequently  

•  The  reducFon  methods  that  define  SupremaFsm  are  used  in  Graphic  Design  producFon  

•  Simplicity  and  white  space  are  used  in  magazine  layouts  today  

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(SupremaFsm?...  Maybe,  but  sFll  don’t  do  this.)  

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ConstrucFvism’s  Influence  on  Graphic  Design  

•  ConstrucFvism  introduced    the  dynamic  image/text  relaFonship  that  is  relevant  in  today’s  Graphic  Design    

•  Photo  collage  and  mixed  media  

•  Color  blocking  and  geometric  layouts  in  posters,  newspapers,  and  magazines  

•  ConstrucFvist  styles  show  up  in  today’s  visual  culture  

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