Suprasegmental PhonemesSuprasegmental Phonemes( 초분절음소 )

   stress ( 강세 )

pitch ( 억양 )

juncture ( 연접 )

Stress

within a word within a phrase Primary ´ ´ Secondary ` ^ Tertiary ` Weak ˘ ˘

• permit,  graduate,  conflict, content,  • remarkable             remarkable invention • praiseworthy   praiseworthy remark • blooming      blooming plant

Only one primary stress can occur in a phrase, and the strongest is normally near or at  the end.

• a tall building, in the pantry, very happy,

way out, goes for beer, Jack and Jill

the day before yesterday, get up early,

ladies and gentlemen, up and down

• call the thief a liar,  run for the practice,

• call the liar a thief,  practice for the run

• an unknown thief,  the downtown bakery,

Grammatical Stress Pattern

• compound noun ´ ` black board• modifier + noun ^ ´ cute baby• verb + object ^ ´ wish happiness• verb + adverb ^ ´ pushed off

compound noun ´ `

paperback, bluebird, high school,

dining-room, walking stick,

rocking chair, flying teacher,

shortcake, mailman, green house

modifier + noun ^ ´

• sick nurse, poor house,

(cf. sicknurse, poorhouse, workhouse)

• mowing machine, working man,

• dancing teacher, dirty boy,

• English teacher, French English teacher

verb + object ^ ´

• They love birds.

• They are baking apples.

• They are making boxes.

• They are racing horses.

verb + adverb ^ ´

• You must look out. Watch out. • The tent had been pushed over.             cf. lookout, pushover

• The information is not to be handed out. • The handout of the proceedings will be given.

• She doesn't want to come down. • What a comedown she had.

• George is always cutting up. • George is an inveterate cutup.

Intonation Contours

• rising terminal ↑ 3• sustained terminal → 2• lowering terminal ↓ 1

• I'm going home.

• Her dog found the bone there in the back yard.

• Are you there?

• All the occupants of the car seemed dazed by the shock.

• He accidentally drowns a wanted man.

• He accidentally drowns a wanted man.

• He gave the library books.

• He gave the library books.

More and more doctors are specializing.

More and more doctors are specializing.

Juncture( 연접 )

• /ayskrim/   /ɪtslɪd/ 

• /naytret/   /nudart/ 

• /ki:pstɪkɪŋ/  /ıtsprez/  • /ðætstʌf/   

Juncture( 연접 ) /ayskrim/    [ay+skrim] I scream.               [ays+khrim] ice cream

/naytret/    [nay+tret] nitrate              [nayt+ret] night rate

/ki:pstɪkɪŋ/  [kip+stɪkɪŋ]  keep sticking               [kips+tɪkɪŋ]  keeps ticking

/ðætstʌf/    [ðæt+stʌf] that stuff                 [ðæts+tʌf] that's tough

• /ɪtslɪd/   [ɪt+slɪd] it slid           [ɪts+lɪd] its lid

• /nudart/  [nu+dart] new dart           [nud+art] nude art

• /ıtsprez/  [ıt+sprez] it sprays             [ıts+prez] its praise