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Supporting Solid ScienceJubilee Seminar

Committee for Public Information Finnish Advisory Board of Research Integrity

Shared principles of responsible research and innovation

Foundation for international collaboration

Marja MakarowAcademy of Finland

12.9.2012 House of Science and Letter

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The Grand Challenges

• Mankind and planet Earth are menaced by threats, ”Grand Challenges”

• Such as lack of renewable energy sources, emerging infectious diseases, scarcity of food or clean water, aging population, poverty, mass migration, global warming

• The impact of the GCs can be managed by research

• Global problems require global solutions by global collaboration between local actors

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Thus, a new approach is needed • The GCs are all societal problems, and need systemic solutions

By multi-level activities policy, strategy and implementation

By multi-stakeholder collaboration public-private partnershipsBy multidisciplinary research humanities & social sciences with science & technology

• Understanding global implications of man’s behavior needs understanding of social and cultural values, religions and beliefs, morals and prejudices

• Socio-enonomic analyses needed to support evidence-tested political decisions

• Intl collaboration needs coordination, alignement of tasks, division of labour, requires pooling of national and supranational resources

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Horizon2020Supranational thematic home for GC research • Horizon2020 largely concentrating on GC themes and innovation

(2014-2020; up to 80 B€ suggested)

• Proposed research themes: (Finnish ones in brackets)

• Health, aging, well-being (Aging population and individuals)• Food safety, sustainable agriculture, bioeconomy, oceans• Safe, clean and efficient energy production (Sustainable energy)• Smart environmentally friendly traffic• Climate issues and raw materials (Northern climate and environment)• Safe and innovative societies (A healthy everyday for all)• (Dialogue of Cultures)• (Knowledge and know-how in the media-society)

• Criteria: excellence, implementation potential, foreseen impact

• Large multinational consortia to address GC themes, co-funded from national sources

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Prerequisite for global collaboration:

Commmon understanding of ethical principles

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International efforts addressing research integrity• 2000 ESF: Policy Briefing “Good Scientific Practice in research and scholarship”

• 2003 All European Academies: “Memorandum on Scientific Integrity”

• 2008 ESF: Survey Report: “Stewards of Integrity: Institutional approaches to promote and safeguard Good Research Practice in Europe”

• 2009 OECD: Global Science Forum: “Investigating Research Misconduct. Allegations in International Collaborative Research Projects: a Practical Guide”

• 2010 ESF Member Organisation Forum: “European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity”

• 2010 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity: “Singapore Statement on Research Integrity”

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European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity

•Applies all fields of science and humanities•Focuses on standards of integrity while

conducting research•Stimulates creation of institutional settings that

promote and safe-guard research integrity•Sets standards across Europe that can

eventually be applied world-wide•Is canon for self regulation, not a set of laws

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The Code is embedded in Report“Fostering Research Integrity in Europe”

• Background and rationale• European CoC for Research Integrity• Implementation and awareness • Governance structures• Recommendations for the future

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Principles for Research Integrity

• Researchers, research institutes, universities, academies and funding organisations commit to principles of scientific integrity

• Honesty• Reliability• Objectivity• Impartiality • Open communication• Duty of care• Fairness• Responsibility for future science generations

• Employers have a responsibility to promote a culture of research integrity

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Forms of research misconduct

Most serious forms• Fabrication• Falsifiction• Plagiarism

New trends• Researchers: misdemeanours e.g. ‘adjustment’ of data, ‘cutting corners’, hiding ‘unwelcome’ observations

• Institutions: improper dealing with infringements, e.g. attempts to cover up, insufficient protection of whistle-blowers, violation of due process

• Politicians: production of copy-pasted PhD theses for career advancement, universities neglecting control

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Recommendations for good research practice

• Proper research procedures Design, analysis, documentation, reporting, publicity

• Responsible research procedures Respect for colleagues, safety, care for object of research

• Data management Storage, access

• Publication-related conduct Honesty, speed, authorship, conflict of interest

• Reviewing/editorial issues Honesty, fairness, accuracy, confidentiality, conflict of interest

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Recommendations for collaborative research

• Between individuals: Partners should agree to conduct research according to norms and standards defined in the Code of Conduct for Research Integrity

• Inter-institutional: Alleged misconduct should be dealt with according to policies and procedures applicable in the country of the partner with primary responsibility, in line with the Code of Conduct for Research Integrity

• Cross-border: Internationally funded researchers should sign agreement beforehand, e.g. standard plate text of the OECD Global Science Forum

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Next Steps

• Harmonisation (as far as possible) of existing regulations and codes with the European Code of Conduct

• Implementation by funding and performing organisations, academies, universities

• Monitoring the implementation of the Code

• Supporting international exchanges in European/global conferences

• Promoting the Code as an instrumental element in debates on international collaborative research

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Summary of analysis of governance models

• Agency-specificFrance, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Spain, Switzerland

• Agency-specific with national oversightFinland, Hungary, Netherlands, Sweden, UK

• NationalDenmark, Norway, Poland

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Development of Code an all-European effort

28 major organisations in 20 countries participated

• Research funding organisations• Research performing organisations• Academies• All European Academies (58 member academies)• European University Association (>1000 member universities)

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Research funding organisations

Austria Austrian Science Fund (FWF)Belgium Research Foundation Flanders (FWO)

Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS)Switzerland Swiss National Science FoundationCzech Republic Czech Science FoundationGermany German Research Foundation (DFG)Denmark Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation Finland Academy of FinlandCroatia National Foundation for Science, Higher Education and Technological DevelopmentIreland Health Research Board (HRB)Lithuania Research Council of Lithuania Luxembourg National Research FundNorway Research Council of NorwaySweden Swedish Council for Working Life & Social Research

Swedish Research CouncilSlovak Republic Slovak Research and Development AgencyTurkey Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

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Research performing organisations

• France National Institute of Health and Medical Research  (Inserm) National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS)

• Germany Max Planck Society• Italy National Research Council (CNR)• Lithuania Lithuanian State Science and Studies Foundation• Spain Council for Scientific Research (CSIC)

Academies

• Switzerland Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences• Czech Republic Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic• Finland Delegation of the Finnish Academies of Science and Letters• Netherlands Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW)

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New pact between Research, Policy, Industry, Media, Civil Society

Researchers • Aim at highest level of originality and quality • Enter into global multi-disciplinary collaborationsPolicy makers and funding agencies• Ensure funding for free research, innovation and international collaborationIndustry• Collaborate with academic researchers in spirit of open innovationMedia• Inform citizens about advancement of science Citizens• Understand science and its importance for society

Cross-cutting prerequisite for this pact• Mutual trust, based on integrity of all actors