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Supplementation & Feeding of Game
Ulrich Müller, Voermol Feeds
Traditional >>> Modern
Prof W. Van Hoven
• 1960 3 private game ranches. • 2014 20m ha, 70% private ownership • Increase in demand & drastic increase in prices Buffalo R18m 2011 >>> R42m 2014 • R10b to GDP • Growth in turnover over past 15 years 20.3% p.a.
Dr G. Dry, WRSA
Traditional >>> Modern
Modern Game Farming - fences - intensive & more species - game is moved - tourism - hunting; meat, trophy - commercial pressure - breeding projects; Buffalo, Sable, Roan, ... - better utilization of biomass - marginal land
Modern Game Farming
Feeding & supplementation becomes
general practice &
is important
COMPLICATED
- specie differences - vegetation types / condition - stocking rates - feed selection & intake - measurements/evaluation - parasites, diseases - very little research - perception’s - “clean” image
Dr M. Clauss (2000)
RUMINANT
• Four stomachs Rumen, reticulum, omasum & abomasum • Utilize urea (NPN) • Digest fiber • Produce B vitamins
RUMEN
• In symbiosis with micro-organisms • Regular supply of nutrients Protein, energy, minerals, trace minerals
• Anaerobic environment • Constant temperature 38 - 42°C
• pH around 6.5 • Constant movement
grass
longish, fibre-like particles
“fibre mat”: large particles of low density
small particles of high density
gas layer
liquid layer
The stratification of rumen contents
Dr M. Clauss, 2000
SUPPLEMENTATION
The feeding of small amounts
to grazing livestock
Principles
- supplement the limiting nutrient season / grazing - improve utilization of grazing - improve production
Soil eating (Geophagia)
Often due to mineral deficiency e.g. Na; Mg; P; S; Cu; Co and Mn
McDowell, 2003; Kreulen & Jager, 1984
Salt (NaCl)
• Requirement 9.0mg/kg BW (Robbins, 1993) • Na deficiency widespread; Cl not. • Toxicity is reached at 4% of diet (NRC, 2005) • Rock salt • Water
Tend to have negative effect on the intake of supplements
Phosphorus (P)
• Natural grazing deficient • Production growth, fertility • P is unpalatable • Best source: MCP / P21 & P acid • Other sources: DCP / P18, bone meal
Supplement with trace minerals !
Green gazing: Phosphorous (P)
Phosphate Block
Rumevite P6 / P12 Superfos
“By correct supplementation the
estimated NE value of low quality roughages can be increased by up to 34%”
- Todorov, Zagdsuren, Tserendulam & Badam, 1983.
Protein
Important for growth & lactation
Game Block 15% prot.; urea free all species
Protein Block 28% prot.; 7.82% urea
safe for all game Ekonolek 24% prot.; urea
safe for all game
Dry grazing: Protein
Feeding of Game
- Captivity - Small area’s - Boma’s - Breeding project’s - Drought
Feeding of Game
Ruminate Feed Other Wild 1/3 1/3 1/3 Captivity less less more
“trouble in the morning effects the whole day”
“normally selects feed item with highest energy content”
Dr M. Clauss, 2000
FIBRE
Digestible fibre – source of energy Given as maximum % crude fibre 200g/kg High fibre >>> low energy
lignin adf ndf
Trophy ?
Trophy
• Allow young males to reach maturity • ±5 – 10% reach trophy quality • Optimal age about 5 years
Balanced nutrition can speed-up process
Balanced Nutrition
Horn Formation
• Complex process • Formation of keratins
Nutrients for Horn Formation
• Amino Acids Sulphur containing ams microbial protein • Calcium Ca:P sometimes too wide • Zinc (Zn) component in 200+ enzymes organic Zn • Copper (Cu) activation of enzymes • Selenium (Se) excessive supplementation could
be problematic • Vit. A • Biotin
Biotin
• Vit. H or B7 • Promotes healthy skin, eyes, hair and liver • NB in keratinisation process • Ruminants produce B-vitamins ... Biotin grains >>> Low pH >>> deficiency • Same for Vit. B1, Thiamine
Lucerne hay
• Can replace browse need to select • Wastage ±50% other species • Feed in racks or nets • Low in P & high in Ca availability of P >3:1 • Supplement • Careful .... could be costly cost of nutrients
0
10
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0 5 10 15 20 25Crude protein (% dry matter)
Solu
ble
carb
ohyd
rate
s (%
dry
mat
ter) Grass/Lucerne
BrowseDomestic pelletsGame pellets3 brands
Nutrient composition
Dr M. Clauss (2000)
maintenance
Lucerne
Voermol Game Pellet
Voermol Game Pellet
Organic Zn, Mn, Cu & Se
Energy TDN 65% ME 9.8MJ/kg
Recommendation
feed at 1% of body weight
recommended intake 150g – 250g /50kg body weight
feed ad libitum
Home Mixing • Reduce costs • Use self produced ingredients • Pellets ±8% Molasses meal • Complete / Maintenance 30% - 40% hay • Supplementary feed 15% - 30% hay • Quality of ingredients • Peanut hay mould, Aflatoxin’s • Balanced Prot, energy, Min, trace min, vit. ....
Feeds Protein Fibre TDN P Min, trace
min, Vit A % % % %
Game Pellets 14 16 62 - 68 0.30 Drought Pellets 10 20 55 0.20
Lucerne hay 15 30 56 0.26 Maize meal 8.5 4 82 0.25 Molasses meal 4 10 67 0.07 Super 18 18* 10 65 0.60 * 4.54% urea
Improvement vs. Cost • Protein 10% >> 14% ±R250/ton • Energy 62% >> 65% >> 68% ±R300 - R400/ton • Biotin ±R150/ton • Organic tm ±R50/ton • Vit. E • Thiamin • Bedgen 40
