The Cold WarSuperpowers Against One Another

Do Now 04/29/19

Complete the LEFT side your Anticipation Guide “What I thought BEFORE the unit”

After WWII

• At the end of World War II, America and the Soviet Union were the strongest countries left standing.

• The Soviet Union was a communist country, where the government controlled the economy, and was ruled by a brutal dictatorship.

• The United States was a democratic country with a free economy.

Soviet Union

• Communist• Ruled by dictator

Strongest after WWII

United States

• Democratic • Free

economy

Post War Europe

• Cities, factories, and farmland destroyed throughout Europe.

• Result: Economies in ruin… food shortages, famine, disease, and unemployment.

• Britain had heavy debt and continued to depend on United States.

• Result: Ultimately, gave independence to India in 1947, because they could not afford the colony anymore.

WWII Ends

• At the end of the war, the US facilitates the new government of Japan.

• Japanese forces are removed from China –civil war starts as they fight against/for communism

• Japanese forces are removed from Korea –civil war starts as they fight against/for communism

• Japanese forces are removed from Vietnam – civil war starts as they fight against/for communism

The Yalta Conference

• Yalta Conference (1945) ended WW2.

• The “Big Three” meet there (Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill) to determine what should happen with Germany.

• Germany is divided into 4 zones: French, British, and American zones (becomes democratic West Germany in1949), and the Soviet Union’s zone (becomes communist East Germany).

• Berlin (the former capital) was also divided into zones.

• https://youtu.be/bu17c_3OTHw

How did it begin?

Meanwhile in Europe– After WW2 Russia,wanted to make sureit would never beattacked by Germanyagain…

To make sure of thisRussia took overseveral countriesthat lay between herand Germany – whichit would use to actas a BUFFER ZONEof protection…

How did the US & USSR go from allies to enemies?

Uneasy alliance

• Different economic and political systems

Development of atomic bomb

• Stalin resents U.S. hid atomic bomb

COLD WAR: conflict between nations carried on by political and economic means rather than direct conflict

Four Alliances Clash

The Potsdam Conference

• July 1945 conference with U.S., Great Britain, and Soviet Union

Stalin does not allow free, multiparty elections

in Poland

• Bans democratic parties

Soviets want reparations from Germany; Truman

objects

U.S. emerges from war as great economic power

• Wants Eastern European raw materials, markets

Do Now 04/30/19Complete the Capitalism vs Communism Group Activity

Issue Capitalist View (USA) Communist view (USSR)

Government A two party democracy. Elections

are held to vote for someone as

President.

A one party state. There were

elections but the Communist Party

was the only party allowed. Stalin

ruled as a dictator.

Economy Land and industry are owned by

private businesses and run them

to make a profit. Some people are

very rich and some are very poor.

Land and industry are owned by

the state. There is security of work

but lack of competition, resulting in

poor quality goods. Everyone

earns about the same.

Freedom More political freedom.

Newspapers can criticise the

government. Freedom to travel

wherever you want.

Strict censorship. Criticism of the

govt could land you in prison. You

couldn’t travel outside the USSR

or Soviet block.

Cold War Simulation –Capitalism vs Communism

1. Each person will receive a Position and Income Card

a. 3 people will receive a Wealthy Card and $20

b. 5 people will receive a Skilled Laborer Card and $10

c. Everyone else will get a Poor Peasant Card and $3

2. You will be selecting food for a week – I’ll be collecting money as I come around

3. Once your purchases have been made, complete question #1 – I’ll also collect remaining money.

CHANGE OVER!!!!!!!Let’s try that again, shall we. This time, everyone will get the same amount of money

Cold War Simulation – Capitalism vs Communism

In a different color, make your purchases again with your new

amounts

Answer question #2 on your sheet

Reflection – How did you make out with

the change?

Tensions Mount

• Soviet Union also has great economic and military strength

• Unlike U.S., Soviet Union suffered heavy devastation on own soil

• Installs communist rule in satellite nations (countries it dominates)

• 1946 Stalin announces that war between communism and capitalism inevitable

• https://youtu.be/co5ut5cfquk

Small Group Activity 04/30/19• Now, we will work on a small group activity to

get you better prepared for The Cold War.

• Each of you will have the “Cold War Facts” sheet with reading information on the front and timeline items on the back.

• In your small groups of 4-5, create a paper plate timeline. Be sure to illustrate your timeline. When we post them up, we need to have clear dates, actions and illustrations.

• You must have all of the events represented, so make sure to spread out your work and use your time wisely!

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Do Now 05/01/19

The Cold War Begins

• The Cold War:

• The “Cold War”—post-war time of tension between communist and anti-communist countries, especially between the Soviet Union and United States

• Tension increased over time, especially as communism spread to new countries

• https://youtu.be/nKAw9f5YcfU

What is the Cold War?

• The Cold War began after WW II (1945).

• It was a sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western world, dominated by the United States with NATO and other allies versus powers in the Eastern world, dominated by the Soviet Union with its Warsaw Pact and other allies.

• The Soviet Union held satellite states especially in the Warsaw Pact in Eastern Europe as well as in Asia.

• The US held a sphere of influence in many nations, especially in Central and South America and Asia.

• The Cold War began after the USA/Soviet Union temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the USA as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences.

• The Cold War ended in 1991 with the fall of the Soviet Union.

Why is it called a “Cold War?”• Brinksmanship

• Moving towards war between the U.S. and Soviet War (without going across the ‘brink’) in an attempt to make the other guy ‘blink’

• Berlin Airlift• Cuban Missile Crisis

• Proxy Wars• Indirect fights between the superpowers through

third countries• Korea• Vietnam• Afghanistan • Many, many other smaller ones

• Arms Race• Flex your muscles/weapons without having to use

them • ICBMs

• Spies, etc.• Keep one step ahead of the enemy

The Cold War Begins

• After the war ends, the Soviet Union refuses to remove the troops that had been used to kick out the Germans from countries in Eastern Europe (ex. Poland, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia).

• These countries become “satellite” countries of the USSR – meaning they were clustered around the Soviet Union and the Soviets controlled their governments and economies.

The Cold War Begins

• 1945—1949: Germany is Divided

• Superpowers struggle over Germany

• Over time, “West Germany” formed and was supported by the anti-communist United States

• “East Germany” formed and was controlled by the communist Soviet Union

• Berlin, which was INSIDE East Germany, was similarly divided

• Tension rose as the United States supported West Berlin despite its location inside Soviet-controlled East Germany

The United Nations

an international organization – intended to facilitate cooperation in:

• international law,

• international security,

• economic development,

• social progress,

• human rights,

• world peace.

founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations

The General Assembly – all members have 1 vote each

The Security Council has 15 members – 5 permanent members have Veto Power (China, France, UK, USSR and US)

NATO Alliances

• Berlin Blockade increases

West’s fear of Soviet aggression

• Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, the Netherlands, and Portugal joined US and Canada on April 4, 1949 to form North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• A defensive military alliance

• First time America entered an alliance during peacetime

Warsaw Pact

• Started May 14, 1955

• Also known as the Warsaw Treaty Organization

• Military alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist countries

• Soviet leaders wanted to stop the US and NATO from spreading capitalism

SEATO

• SouthEast Asia Treaty Organization, also known as the Manila Pact

• Formed September 8, 1954

• Formed by US diplomat George Kennan, US President Dwight Eisenhower and US Secretary of State John Dulles

• An extension of the Truman Doctrine – worked to stop the spread of communism in Southeast Asia.

• Countries with representation – Australia, New Zealand, France, Pakistan, The Philippines, Thailand, Great Britain and the US

Small Group Activity

05/01/19

You may choose to break this down more in your small groups

of 4.

Small Group Activity 05/01/19Once the small group portion is complete, you will individually answer the following. If you do not finish in class, you will need to finish this portion for homework.

Do Now 05/02/19

Iron Curtain• Coined by Winston Churchill

• March 1946

• Described Soviet control over Eastern European countries

• Stalin used Churchill’s words to persuade his people that the US and Great Britain were enemies of the Soviet Union

“A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victory…From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe…All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in…the Soviet sphere, and all are subject in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and…increasing measure of control from Moscow.”

–Winston Churchill

The “Iron Curtin Falls”

• 1946—1949: The “Iron Curtain” Falls

• Over time, Eastern European countries, including East Germany, became communist

• These “satellite nations” were controlled mostly by dictators loyal to the Soviet Union

• The “Iron Curtain”—term for the new “barrier” that isolated Soviet-controlled countries in Eastern Europe

• Tension rose as Americans feared a further spread of communism

• The United States feared that West Berlin, now “behind” the Iron Curtain, could fall to communism

Cold War Containment

• 1947: “Containment” Policy Begins

• Containment

• Containment—American foreign policy of keeping communism from spreading

• War-torn, economically unstable countries were vulnerable to communism

• Truman Doctrine—Truman’s policy stopped communism in Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid

Cold War Containment

• In 1947, U.S. President Harry Truman announced that America would help the countries of Greece and Turkey fight attempts to turn them into communist countries and allies of the Soviet Union.

• Viewed as the beginning of the Cold War.

• Even though the main struggle was between the Soviet Union and America, they never engaged in a direct, all-out "hot war" from the beginning until the end in 1991.

Cold War Containment• U.S. establishes policy of containment (measures to

prevent spread of communism)

• Truman Doctrine- “it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

• - provided economic and military aid to nations threatened by internal or external opponents

• Marshall Plan- provided $13 billion in economic aid to European countries after WWII- caused communism to lose appeal

Do You Think the Marshall Plan Was a Good Idea?

Cold War Containment

• The CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) was created to (in part) spy on countries to help fight communism

• Tension rose as the United States was now resisting the spread of communism

The Marshall Plan

• 1948—1949: The Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift

• The Marshall Plan—Congress spent billions of dollars to stabilize countries in Western Europe and keep communism contained

The Berlin Blockade

• Soon after, Stalin blockaded West Berlin from Marshall Plan aid

• Stalin Figured ‘if you are going to contain me, I’ll contain you!’

• closed the roads into West Berlin

• Another reason for the Berlin blockade

• West Berlin presented a problem for Totalitarian style gov. in Eastern Europe

The Berlin Airlift

• Berlin Airlift—The US and Great Britain bypassed the blockade with airplanes and saved West Berlin from communism

• For over 11 months, they air dropped food and supplies into Berlin to feed the starving citizens, after Stalin’s Berlin Blockade invoked

• Tension rose since the United States grew more aggressive to contain communism

Cold War Tensions Increase

• Cold War Tensions Increase:

• Truman’s handling of the Cold War was less successful in his second term

• Fear of communism and war from the Soviet Union caused a “Second Red Scare” in the United States

Do Now 05/02/19

Watch the following two short clips.

https://youtu.be/bAbZZmPifhQ https://youtu.be/_-w0Up-212g

Afterwards, we will discuss how both videos were used as propaganda in every American school during the heat of the Arms Race.

Nuclear Arms Race

• An arms race indicates a rapid increase in the quantity or quality of instruments of military power by rival states in peacetime.

• August 29, 1949: Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb

• 1952 : United States detonated the first hydrogen bomb. This was an even more powerful version of the nuclear bomb

• 1953: Soviets explode their first Hydrogen Bomb

• As both sides continued to develop new and more powerful weapons, the fear of what would happen if war broke out spread throughout the world.

• It is estimated that by 1961 there were enough nuclear bombs built to destroy the world.

• Tension rose as both sides feared spies and nuclear war

• BOTH COUNTRIES UTILIZED PROXY WARS TO PUSH THEIR AGENDAS – Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

Hydrogen Bomb

“H-BOMB” -THOUSANDS more powerful than the

A-Bomb

United states tested first h bomb – 1952

Soviets tested h bomb – 1953

The Hydrogen Bomb & The Nuclear Canon

“Castle Bravo” Test -The Largest Bomb Ever

Detonated by the Uited States)

“Tsar Bomba” Soviet UnionTest The Largest Bomb Ever Detonated

in History

Putting it into Perspective

“Red China”

• October 1949: China Falls to Communism

• Despite Marshall Plan aid, China became communist

• Containment had failed in one of the world’s largest countries

• Tension rose as American containment efforts escalated in Southeast Asia

• More to come…

The Korean War

• 1950-1953: The Korean War

• In 1950, communist North Korea invaded South Korea, crossing the border at the 38th parallel, which challenged containment policy

• More to come…

The 2nd Red Scare

The Second Red Scare—time in the United States of high fear of communism and nuclear war during the Cold War

The Fear of Communism Spreads

• Fear #1: Communist Spies

• HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)—this group in Congress investigated communist spies

• Alger Hiss—HUAC exposed this high-ranking US government official as a communist spy

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg—this couple was executed after Julius was exposed as a Manhattan Project spy

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Fidel Castro became the communist leader of Cuba in 1959.

• Cuba is the first communist nation in Latin America.

• In 1961, a U.S. spy plane flew over Cuba and took pictures of Soviet missiles being assembled.

• Soviets placed missiles in Cuba (90 miles of American coast) since the US had missiles in Turkey

• President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba.

• After 2 weeks of intense negotiations, the missiles were removed.

Communism in Latin America

• Castro begins attempting to spread communism throughout Latin America with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1970s and 1980s.

• El Salvador – Cuban and Soviet troops fight against the U.S.

• Nicaragua – rebels known as the Sandinistas overthrew the government with aid from Castro and the Soviets. The U.S. helped a group known as the “contras” (means “against” in Spanish) in the struggle with the Sandinistas.

Khrushchev and Destalinization

• Khrushchev takes over in 1956

• Begins “destalinization” policy

• Purging the country of Stalin’s memory

• Wants peaceful competition with capitaliststates

The Space Race

• There was also a race in science and education between the two countries

• The Soviets were the first to launch a satellite (Sputnik) into space. (1957).

• In response, the U.S. placed an emphasis on math and science in schools, and NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) was created.

• America launched its own satellite into space in 1958.

• Americans were the first to land on the moon in 1969.

Cold War in the Skies

• Eisenhower believed that both countries should be able to fly over each other’s territory to guard against surprise nuclear attacks

• Soviet Union – said no

• 1960, Soviets shot down a U-2 plane that was on a spy-flight over Soviet territory

Leonid Brezhnev Takes Control

• Brezhnev takes over after Khrushchev loses popularity

• Amongst other types of harsh policies, he limits freedom of speech and worship

• Censorship and secret police

• Brezhnev Doctrine – made sure that the satellite countries didn’t attempt to get rid of communism

Brinkmanship to Détente

• Brinkmanship – pushing to the brink (edge) of war

• Détente - a cooling of tensions

• This does NOT mean they stop fighting communism

• The two sides just agree to reduce the tension

SALT: Strategic Arm Limitation Talks

• SALT I (1972)

• Nixon flies to Moscow, becoming the first US President to do so since FDR.

• The US and USSR sign a 5-year agreement

• Limited number of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and Anti-ballistic Missiles (ABMs)

• Agreed not to test ICBMs

Helsinki Accords, 1975

• 37 countries (including USA and USSR) signed an agreement

• High point of détente

• USA recognised frontiers of Eastern Europe and Soviet dominance there

• Promise to respect basic human rights

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

SALT II: Strategic Arm Limitation Talks

• SALT II (1979)

• President Carter of USA tried to get further deals on arms limitations

• Slow progress

• 1979 – Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan

• Diplomatic links broken

• Carter withdrew US Olympic team from 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

The Fall of Communism

• Gorbachev, the Soviet leader elected in 1982, began three new programs that ultimately led to the break-up of the Soviet Union.

1. Perestroika: Restructured the economy by allowing free enterprise and profit making. Also created a Soviet Parliament for the 1st time since 1918.

2. Glasnost: “openness” people are allowed to write or say what they want about the government without fear.

3. Demokratizatsiya (1987): allowed for greater democracy in government; more than one person could run for public office.

STAR Wars: Strategic Defense Initiative

1983 – US scientists began working on the Strategic DefenseInitiative or “Star Wars”.

This was a kind of giant shield in space which would shoot down enemy missiles.

One reason for this was to bring down communism in the USSR by forcing the USSR to spend huge sums of money on arms rather than other investments.

Despite this, talks on reducing arms continued.

START: (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) aimed to reduce nuclear weapons but little progress was made and the treaty was never signed.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

New US & Soviet Relations

1980

Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980, referred to the Soviet Union as the “evil empire”.

1983

In 1983, he proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – also known as “Star Wars”, the program was intended to use space and ground defenses to protect the U.S. from a possible nuclear attack.

1985

In 1985, Gorbachev and Reagan meet for the first time and relations begin to improve.

1987

In 1987, they sign a treaty to reduce the number of nuclear weapons they each had, putting an end to the arms race.

The Breakup of the USSR

1989

The new freedoms in the Soviet Union encouraged peaceful revolutions in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria in 1989. Gorbachev promised the Soviet Union would stay out of these revolutions.

9 Nov. 1989

On November 9, 1989, the Brandenburg Gates were opened in Berlin. People in East and West Berlin were finally able to move about freely, and the Wall was torn down. Germany was reunited into one country in 1990.

Dec. 1991

All 15 Soviet republics declared their independence. In December 1991, Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War was over.

The Collapse of the Soviet Union

• December 1991, all satellite nations had declared independence

• Gorbachev resigns December 25, 1991

• Boris Yeltsin became Head of State

• Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic

• CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States

• Marks the death of the Soviet Union