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SupernationalismSupernationalism Why Do States Why Do States
Cooperate with Each Cooperate with Each Other?Other?
Future of world’s Future of world’s sovereign states sovereign states challenged by challenged by globalization globalization
States are willingly States are willingly transferring authority transferring authority to regional to regional organizationsorganizations Established primarily Established primarily
through economic through economic cooperationcooperation
SupranationalismSupranationalism DefinitionDefinition
Growing trend to organize Growing trend to organize political and economic political and economic affairs at the international affairs at the international level rather than national level rather than national levellevel
Refer to entities in which Refer to entities in which three or more countries three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military economic, or military reasons.reasons.
Created so that states can Created so that states can collectively reach a collectively reach a common goal they may common goal they may not be able to reach not be able to reach independentlyindependently
IssuesIssues If a country threatens other If a country threatens other
states, supranational states, supranational organizations may impose organizations may impose sanctionssanctions
Punishments in the form of Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic economic and/or diplomatic limitslimits
Example: IraqExample: Iraq
Growth of Supranational Growth of Supranational alliances challenges alliances challenges conceptions of state conceptions of state sovereigntysovereignty
Often must give up some Often must give up some powerspowers
Example: European UnionExample: European Union Countries were reluctant Countries were reluctant
to give up their currencies to give up their currencies and covert to the Euroand covert to the Euro
Political and Military Political and Military CooperationCooperation
International and regional International and regional organizations were organizations were established primarily to established primarily to prevent a third world war in prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and the twentieth century and protect countries from a protect countries from a foreign attackforeign attack
Some examples:Some examples: League of Nations (post WWI)League of Nations (post WWI) United NationsUnited Nations Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact NATONATO ASEANASEAN European UnionEuropean Union African UnionAfrican Union
United Nations
Created at the end of Created at the end of WWII by AlliesWWII by Allies
Comprised 49 states in Comprised 49 states in 19451945
By 2007 had 192 By 2007 had 192 membersmembers
Three major increasesThree major increases 1955: liberated European 1955: liberated European
countriescountries 1960: 17 new countries 1960: 17 new countries
from Africafrom Africa 1990s: 26 former 1990s: 26 former
communist countries and communist countries and microstatesmicrostates
Today more than 200 Today more than 200 member statesmember states
Most extensive Most extensive supranational supranational organization ever organization ever establishedestablished
United NationsUnited Nations Members can vote to Members can vote to
establish a peace-keeping establish a peace-keeping forceforce Can request states to Can request states to
contribute military forcescontribute military forces
Plays an important part in Plays an important part in trying to separate warring trying to separate warring groups in Eastern Europe, groups in Eastern Europe, Middle East, and sub-Middle East, and sub-Saharan AfricaSaharan Africa UN often lacks enough UN often lacks enough
troops to maintain peacetroops to maintain peace
Any one of 5 members of Any one of 5 members of permanent security permanent security council can veto peace council can veto peace operationsoperations
Tries to maintain Tries to maintain neutralityneutrality Difficult in many casesDifficult in many cases
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina
Despite shortcomings Despite shortcomings represents a forum represents a forum where all states can meet where all states can meet and vote on issues and vote on issues without resorting to warwithout resorting to war
Regional Military Regional Military AlliancesAlliances
In addition to joining the In addition to joining the United Nations, many United Nations, many states joined military states joined military regional alliances after regional alliances after WWIIWWII Led to emergence of two Led to emergence of two
superpowers U.S. and superpowers U.S. and U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.
Era of Two SuperpowersEra of Two Superpowers Both U.S. and U.S.S.R. Both U.S. and U.S.S.R.
deployed forces into different deployed forces into different regions of the worldregions of the world
Balance of powerBalance of power Roughly equal strength Roughly equal strength
between opposing alliancesbetween opposing alliances
Both demonstrated they Both demonstrated they would use military power would use military power if neededif needed U.S.S.R.U.S.S.R.
Hungary, CzechoslovakiaHungary, Czechoslovakia U.S.U.S.
Dominican Republic, Dominican Republic, Grenada PanamaGrenada Panama
Military Cooperation in Military Cooperation in EuropeEurope
Post WWII most European Post WWII most European States joined one of two States joined one of two military alliancesmilitary alliances NATONATO
Designed to maintain a bipolar Designed to maintain a bipolar balance in Europebalance in Europe
Agreement between 16 statesAgreement between 16 states Prevent Soviet Union from Prevent Soviet Union from
overrunning West Germany overrunning West Germany and other smaller countriesand other smaller countries
Expanded to include former Expanded to include former Communist countriesCommunist countries
Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Military agreement among Military agreement among
Communist Eastern European Communist Eastern European to defend each otherto defend each other
7 members in 19557 members in 1955 Provided Soviet Union with a Provided Soviet Union with a
buffer of allied states between buffer of allied states between it and Germanyit and Germany
disbandeddisbanded
Regional OrganizationsRegional Organizations Organization on Security Organization on Security
and Cooperation in Europe and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)(OSCE) 56 members56 members
Includes U.S., Canada, and RussiaIncludes U.S., Canada, and Russia Founded in 1975Founded in 1975
Plays limited rolePlays limited role Forum for countries Forum for countries
concerned with conflictsconcerned with conflicts Especially in Caucasus and Especially in Caucasus and
BalkansBalkans
Organization of American Organization of American States (OAS)States (OAS) 35 states in Western 35 states in Western
HemisphereHemisphere Cuba was a member, suspended Cuba was a member, suspended
19621962 Promotes social, cultural, Promotes social, cultural,
political, and economic links political, and economic links among member statesamong member states
Africa Union (AU)Africa Union (AU) 53 Countries53 Countries Established in 2002Established in 2002 Replaced Organization of Replaced Organization of
African Unity (1963)African Unity (1963) Founded to seek an end to Founded to seek an end to
Colonialism and apartheid in Colonialism and apartheid in AfricaAfrica
New organization has New organization has placed more emphasis on placed more emphasis on promoting economic promoting economic integration in Africaintegration in Africa
China’s involvement? China’s involvement?
CommonwealthCommonwealth UK and 52 once British UK and 52 once British
coloniescolonies Economic and cultural Economic and cultural
cooperationcooperation
Economic CooperationEconomic Cooperation
Economic power is Economic power is becoming more becoming more important than important than military powermilitary power China, Japan and China, Japan and
Germany superpowersGermany superpowers Russia has slipped in Russia has slipped in
strengthstrength
Leading superpower Leading superpower not US or Russia but not US or Russia but the EU led by the EU led by GermanyGermany
Economic Economic supranationalismsupranationalism the integration of the integration of
three of more states three of more states for achieving for achieving collective economic collective economic goalsgoals
Example: European Example: European UnionUnion
European UnionEuropean Union Formerly known as:Formerly known as:
European Economic European Economic Community (1958)Community (1958)
Also called Common MarketAlso called Common Market European CommunityEuropean Community
Once more states joinedOnce more states joined
Established in 1958Established in 1958 Included: Belgium, France, Included: Belgium, France,
Italy, Luxembourg, the Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Netherlands, and West GermanyGermany
Designed to heal scars of Designed to heal scars of WWIIWWII
A European parliament is A European parliament is elected by the people in each of elected by the people in each of the member states the member states simultaneouslysimultaneously
Main goal is to promote Main goal is to promote development within the member development within the member states through economic states through economic cooperationcooperation
Became European Union in Became European Union in 19921992 Had economic, political, Had economic, political,
cultural, and judicial integration cultural, and judicial integration goalsgoals
The EuroThe Euro
Might become a military alliance Might become a military alliance as well in futureas well in future
Members of EUMembers of EU MembersMembers
Original countriesOriginal countries Belgium, France, Italy, Belgium, France, Italy,
Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Netherlands, West GermanyGermany
1980s- 12 countries1980s- 12 countries 2121stst century- 27 century- 27
countriescountries New member statesNew member states
Croatia is expected to Croatia is expected to become the 28th become the 28th member state of the EU member state of the EU on 1 July 2013 on 1 July 2013
There are five candidate There are five candidate countries: Iceland, countries: Iceland, Macedonia, Montenegro Macedonia, Montenegro Serbia and Turkey. Serbia and Turkey.
New World OrderNew World Order
During Cold War, During Cold War, world divided into world divided into pro-communist and pro-communist and anti-communistanti-communist World power was World power was
balanced in such a bi-balanced in such a bi-polar worldpolar world
Geopolitical Geopolitical transition has transition has occurred since fall of occurred since fall of Soviet UnionSoviet Union
EconomicallyEconomically Many superpowers Many superpowers
dominate the marketdominate the market United StatesUnited States European UnionEuropean Union ChinaChina
MilitarilyMilitarily United States United States
maintains superpower maintains superpower statusstatus
Increasingly challenged Increasingly challenged by terrorism and other by terrorism and other types of warfartypes of warfar
WHY HAS TERRORISM WHY HAS TERRORISM INCREASED?INCREASED?
Terrorism by individuals or Terrorism by individuals or organizationsorganizations
Terrorism is the Terrorism is the systematic use of violence systematic use of violence by a group in order to by a group in order to intimidate a population or intimidate a population or coerce a government into coerce a government into granting its demandsgranting its demands
Terrorists attempt to Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives achieve their objectives through organized acts through organized acts that spread fear and that spread fear and anxiety throughout the anxiety throughout the populationpopulation
Terrorists consider Terrorists consider violence necessary as a violence necessary as a means of bringing means of bringing widespread publicity to widespread publicity to goalsgoals
Terrorism by Individuals Terrorism by Individuals and Organizationsand Organizations
Term Term terrorterror first used first used during French during French Revolution 1793Revolution 1793
Today Today TerrorismTerrorism used to used to describe actions of describe actions of groups operating outside groups operating outside governmentgovernment
Distinguishing terrorism Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of from other acts of violence sometimes violence sometimes difficultdifficult
Terrorism against Terrorism against AmericansAmericans
1988: Pan Am Flight 1031988: Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, ScotlandLockerbie, Scotland Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on
the groundthe ground
1993: World Trade Center1993: World Trade Center Car bombCar bomb Damaged buildingDamaged building Killed 6, injured 1,000Killed 6, injured 1,000
1995: Oklahoma City1995: Oklahoma City Car bombCar bomb Killed 168 people in Federal Killed 168 people in Federal
BuildingBuilding
1996: Saudi Arabia1996: Saudi Arabia Truck bomb killed 19 US Truck bomb killed 19 US
Soldiers, injured more than Soldiers, injured more than 100100
Targeted American apartment Targeted American apartment complexcomplex
1998: US Embassies1998: US Embassies Both Kenya and TanzaniaBoth Kenya and Tanzania BombedBombed Killed 190, wounded 5,000Killed 190, wounded 5,000
2000: USS 2000: USS ColeCole Bombed while in YemenBombed while in Yemen Killed 17 US ServicemenKilled 17 US Servicemen
OthersOthers Ted Kaczynski – the unabomberTed Kaczynski – the unabomber
Killed 3 people, injuring 23 othersKilled 3 people, injuring 23 others
Pan Am Flight 103Pan Am Flight 103
World Trade Center 1993World Trade Center 1993
Oklahoma City 1995Oklahoma City 1995
1996 Saudi Arabia1996 Saudi Arabia
1998: US Embassies1998: US Embassies
2000 USS 2000 USS ColeCole
September 11, 2001September 11, 2001
WTC and Pentagon attackedWTC and Pentagon attacked Over 3,000 diedOver 3,000 died
93 on American Airlines Flight 1193 on American Airlines Flight 11 65 on United Airlines Flight 17565 on United Airlines Flight 175 2,605 at the WTC2,605 at the WTC 64 on American Airlines Flight 7764 on American Airlines Flight 77 125 at the Pentagon125 at the Pentagon 44 on United Airlines Flight 9344 on United Airlines Flight 93
Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda Responsible for most Responsible for most
attacks in 1990s, as well attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11as Sept.11
Founded by Osama bin Founded by Osama bin LadenLaden Saudi billionaireSaudi billionaire
Moved to Afghanistan in Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Unionagainst Soviet Union Called the fight a Called the fight a jihadjihad Recruited Muslim militantsRecruited Muslim militants
Returned to Saudi Arabia Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was after war ended, but was expelledexpelled
Moved to Sudan but was Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks expelled for attacks against American in against American in 19941994
Issued a declaration of Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 war against US in 1996 because of US support of because of US support of Israel and supporting Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchySaudi Arabian monarchy
Issued a Issued a fatwafatwa (religious (religious decree) arguing the decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against wage a Holy War against the U.S.the U.S.
Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda Means “foundation”Means “foundation”
Created in 1990 to Created in 1990 to unite unite jihadjihad fighters fighters Membership around Membership around
20,00020,000
Located in 34 Located in 34 countriescountries Several “cells”Several “cells” Most live in ordinary Most live in ordinary
society, called society, called sleeperssleepers
Implicated in several Implicated in several bombingsbombings Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Turkey,
Britain, Egypt, JordanBritain, Egypt, Jordan
Not a single unified Not a single unified organizationorganization Number unknown Number unknown
Use religion to justify Use religion to justify attacksattacks
Al-Qaeda cellsAl-Qaeda cells
CellsCells SpainSpain KenyaKenya
Jemmah IsamiyahJemmah Isamiyah Southeast AsiaSoutheast Asia Concentrated in Concentrated in
IndonesiaIndonesia Several bombingsSeveral bombings
Oct 12, 2002- killed 202Oct 12, 2002- killed 202 Aug 5, 2003- killed 12Aug 5, 2003- killed 12 Sept 9, 2004- killed 11Sept 9, 2004- killed 11 Oct 1, 2005- killed 23Oct 1, 2005- killed 23
State Support for State Support for TerrorismTerrorism
Several Middle East Several Middle East states have supported states have supported terrorism in recent years terrorism in recent years by:by: Provide sanctuary for Provide sanctuary for
terrorists wanted by other terrorists wanted by other countriescountries
Supply weapons, money, Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other and intelligence to other terroriststerrorists
Plan attacks using Plan attacks using terroriststerrorists
LibyaLibya Accused of sponsoring Accused of sponsoring
terrorists in 1986 bombing of terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclubGermany nightclub
US relations poor with Libya US relations poor with Libya since 1981since 1981
U.S. responded with air strikes U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghaziin Tripoli and Benghazi
Libyan agents planted bombs Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772as well as on UTA Flight 772
UN Sanctions followedUN Sanctions followed Libya “renounced” terrorism in Libya “renounced” terrorism in
20032003
AfghanistanAfghanistan
Civil war began in 1973 when Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrownking was overthrown
5 years later a bloody coup was 5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Unionled by Soviet Union Sent in 115,000 troops into Sent in 115,000 troops into
Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellionMuslim fundamentalists rebellion
Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992government fell by 1992
Taliban gained control over most Taliban gained control over most of the countryof the country
6 years of Taliban rule came to 6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US an end in 2001 following US invasioninvasion Went after terroristsWent after terrorists Taliban harbored bin LadenTaliban harbored bin Laden
Removal of Taliban unleashed Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of new struggle for control of AfghanistanAfghanistan Taliban were able to regroup Taliban were able to regroup
IraqIraq Saddam became president in Saddam became president in
19791979
Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988stalemate in 1988 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds
1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait Led to Operation Desert Storm Led to Operation Desert Storm
(U.S. led)(U.S. led)
Allowed to stay in power as long Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons programas he disabled weapons program
U.S. linked Saddam to Al-QaedaU.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda U.S. invaded in 2003U.S. invaded in 2003
Changed to a focus on a new Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs regime change after no WMDs foundfound
Iraq is divided into 150 tribesIraq is divided into 150 tribes Most Iraqis have loyalty to Most Iraqis have loyalty to
tribes not governmenttribes not government Ethnic groups split into Ethnic groups split into
regionsregions Sunni vs Shiite warSunni vs Shiite war
IranIran
Hostile with U.S. since Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution1979 revolution The pro-US shah was The pro-US shah was
overthrownoverthrown Ayatollah Khomeini Ayatollah Khomeini
proclaimed Iran an Islamic proclaimed Iran an Islamic RepublicRepublic
Rewrote constitution of Rewrote constitution of IranIran
Today US worried about:Today US worried about: Iran harboring and aiding Iran harboring and aiding
terroriststerrorists Building nuclear weaponsBuilding nuclear weapons
PakistanPakistan Created after Partition in Created after Partition in
19471947
War of Terror has spilled War of Terror has spilled into Pakistaninto Pakistan
Pakistan is multi-ethnic Pakistan is multi-ethnic statestate Overwhelmingly MuslimOverwhelmingly Muslim
Taliban controls border Taliban controls border with Afghanistanwith Afghanistan Rugged, mountainous areaRugged, mountainous area Hid bin Laden in PakistanHid bin Laden in Pakistan