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extracts the substrate, which is redissolved in waterafter the alcohol is evaporated off. Table 1 gives theoxygen uptake in c.mm. of the various combinationsof enzyme, substrate and vanadium after half an hourat pH 6.7 and 370 C. 0.5 cc enzyme suspension andabout 10 per cent. of the amount of substrate presentin one guinea pig liver was used in a total volume of2.0 cc in the Warburg vessels.

TABLE 1

02 uptakec.mm.

Enzyme ..................... 0Enzyme + vanadate ............ 0Vanadate + substrate .... 0Enzyme + substrate .................. 12Enzyme + vanadate + substrate .. 119

Work on the chemical identification of the substrateis now proceeding. Experiments have shown that it isprobably not an amino acid, amine, simple alcohol oraldehyde, purine, low fatty acid, choline, succinate,cholic acid, citrate, lactate, pyruvate, glucose orascorbic acid. It is probably a phospholipid.As vanadium is found in small traces in all tissues

these results raise the question whether it has a normalcatalytic function in the body and whether it is anessential element.

FREDERICK BERNHEIMMARY L. C. BERNHEIMI

DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SUBTER-RANEAN MEMBERS OF THREE

FIELD GRASSESA COMPARATIVE study was made of the roots and root

hairs in upper soil levels for oats, winter-rye and Ken-tucky bluegrass. Soil samples 3 inches in diameterand 6 inches deep (42 cubic inches) were taken fromthe fields by means of a cutting tube, and measure-ments made of the included subterranean plant parts.Total lengths of both roots and root hairs were used incomputing the extent and surface exposed by theunderground members. In Tables 1 and 2 the valuesgiven are the average of the three soil samples surveyedfor each species.

TABLE 1ROOTS*

Total Total Total rootnumber of length of surface

roots roots (ft.) (sq. In.)

Oats ................4,700 150 50Rye ............ 6,400 210 78Bluegrass 84,500' 1,260 330

* Per soil sample (42 cubic inches).

In a comparison of the cultivated rye plants grownin competition with a non-competing greenhouse ryeplant, previously surveyed,' it was found that the field

1 H. J. Dittmer, Am. Jour. Bot., 24: 417-420, 1937.

TABLE 2ROOT HAIRS*

Total num- Totalber of length of

root hairs root hairs(in millions) (miles)

Oats ...... 6.3Rye ........... .12.5Bluegrass ...... 51.6

* Per soil sample (42 cubic inches).

4.910.032.0

Total roothair surfaco

(sq. ft.)

3.78.2

16.9

rye had approximately 5 times the niumber of roothairs per unit of root length as the non-competinggreenhouse plant. However, the indoor plant had farmore and longer roots, and consequently a greater totalnumber of root hairs.Assuming that roots and root hairs were evenly dis-

tributed throughout the samples, one cubic inch of soilfrom this oats field would have approximately 110 rootsand 150,000 root hairs, with a combined length ofabout 630 feet and a surface area of 15 square inches.A similar cube of soil from a field of winter rye wouldhave approximately 150 roots and 300,000 root lhairswith a combined length of 1,300 feet and a surface ofabout 30 square inches. Kentucky bluegrass wouldhave, per cubic inch of soil, approximately 2,000 rootsand 1,000,000 root hairs, with a combined length ofover 4,000 feet and a surface area of about 65 squareinches. When it is considered that these grasses havefrom 150,000 to 1,000,000 root hairs per cubic inch ofsoil their importance in the physics of the soil is ob-vious. From the standpoint of their usefulness as soilbinders oats would be least efficient, rye iintermediateand bluegrass far superior to either of the others inretarding erosion.

HOWARD J. DITTMERDEPARTMENT oF BOTANY,STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

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17

Table of ContentsThe Purpose of Anatomy. CeUs

and Tissues. The Skeleton.

Joints. The Muscular System.The Circulatory System. The

Lymphatic System. The Nervous

System. The Eye. The Ear.

The Skin and Subcutaneous Tis-

sue. The Respiratory System.The Digestive System. The Uri-nary System. The Female Re-

productive System. The Male

Reproductive System. DuctlessGlands. Surface Anatomy. Glos-sary.

1-

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