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Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
A. Morandi, M. Breschi, M. Fabbri,U. Melaccio, P. L. RibaniLIMSA Laboratory of Magnet Engineeringand Applied SuperconductivityDEI Dep. of Electrical, Electronic andInformation EngineeringUniversity of Bologna, Italy
International Workshop onSupercapacitorsand Energy Storage
Bologna, Thursday - June 27 2019
2
(Super)Inductor
Store energy by flux accumulation
Science and Technological domain:Superconductors
(Super)Capacitor
Store energy by charge accumulation
Science and Technological domain:Electrochemistry
Electric Energy Storage
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• Superconductors
• SMES technology
Concepts and state of the art
Applications
• The DRYSMES4GRID Project
Outline
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• MetalsNb 9.25 KTc 7.80 KV 5.40 KNbTi 9.8 K
• Intemetallics (A15)Nb3Ge 23.2 KNb3Si 19 KNb3Sn 18.1 KNb3Al 18 KV3Si 17.1 KTa3Pb 17 KV3Ga 16.8 KNb3Ga 14.5 K
• “Unusual”Cs3C60 40 KMgB2 39 KBa0.6K0.4BiO3 30 KHoNi2B2C 7.5 KGdMo6Se8 5.6 KCoLa3 4.28 K
(Some) known superconducting materials
• Cuprates - Ln-SuperconductorsGdBa2Cu3O7 94 KYBa2Cu3O7-d 93 KY2Ba4Cu7O15 93 K
• Cuprates - Bi-SuperconductorsBi1.6Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Sb0.1Cu3Ox 115 KBi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10 110 KBi2Sr2CaCu2O9 110 K
Low
Tc
High
Tc
Fusio
n an
d ac
cele
rato
rs, M
RI, S
MES
MRI
, SM
ES,C
able
s
Cabl
es, F
CL, r
otat
. mac
hine
s,SM
ES, M
RI
YBCO coated conductors• Biaxial texturing is needed which can only be obtained by means of epitaxial growth
• AMSC (USA)
• D-Nano (D)
• Superpower (USA)
• Fujikura (J)
• SuperOx (Ru)
• Bruker (D)
• SuNam (Korea)
Less complex approach / less performing tapes
IBAD (Ion Beam Assisted Deposition)RABiTS (Rolling Assisted Bi-Axially Textured Substr.)
More complex approach / more performing tapes
• Complex technology & low yield - High cost, today (20-100 EUR/kAm)
Performance of practical Superconductors
Copper, water cooling
Copper, Air cooling
SuperpowerYBCO CC at 20 K
SuperpowerYBCO CC at 65KColumbus
MgB2 at 20K
SFCL, cables &transformersSFCL, cables &transformers
Motors& GeneratorsMotors& Generators
SMESSMES AdvancedmagnetsAdvancedmagnets
3.78 kW/dm3
0.15 kW/dm3
All superconductors have negligible losses compared to copper
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Market relevant Coated Conductor producers
Source: Bernhard Holzapfel – IndustrialCoated Conductor Production andProperties – EUCAS 2017 Geneva
Overall worldwide ever deliveredCC volume (4 mm equivalent) 3000 km
Expected delivered volume 2500 km/year in 20185000 km/year in 2020
Cost estimate of practical Superconductors
Power transm. &distribution
High field rotat.machines
Storage & extrahigh field rotat. machines
Costs assumption:• 20 €/kA/m for HTS
CC @ 77K-s.f.• 2 k€/km for 3×0.5
mm2 MgB2 tape• 5 k€/ton for Copper
• Today cost of HTS CC @ 77K-s.f. is 100 €/kA/m
• Short term projected cost is 20 €/kA/m
Near-term cost ofconductor,EUR/kA/m
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• SMES technology
Concepts and state of the art
Outline
PCS
Control andprotectionsystem
Coolingsystem
Superconductingcoil
gridCurrent leads
vacuum +MLI
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SMES – Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
2 22
0 0
1
2 2 2coil
B BE d d L I
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Advantages• High deliverable power• Virtually Infinite number of charge discharge cycles• High efficiency of the charge and discharge phase
(round trip)• Fast response time from stand-by to full power• No safety hazard
Critical aspects• Low storage capacity• Need for auxiliary power (cooling)• Standby losses
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Total heat load (to be removed)• Radiation• Heat invasion and Joule
loss of current leads• Electromagnetic loss• Heat invasion of supports
Cooling
cold
coldhot
T
TTCOP
Carnot
removedheatofWatt
powerinputofWattCOP
3.01.0Carnot
Real
COPCOP
Tcold Thot
Pinput
Pcooling
TcCOP
(ideal)COP(real)
4.2 K 70.43 200 - 700020 K 14.00 40 - 14077 K 2.90 9 - 30
Th = 300 K
Cooling methods• Cryogen bath + vapor recondensation
[email protected] K, LH2@20 K, LNe @ 26 K, 2. LN2@63 K
• Conduction cooling“any” temperature
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…. but superconductors rely on cooling. Is cooling technology wellestablished, available and reliable enough?
10 kW cooling power at 77 K12 W input / W cold30000 hours maintenance
50 kW cooling power at 77 K12 W input / W cold30000 hours maintenance
Turbo-Brighton
Steffen Grohmann - ESAS Summer School 2016, Bologna, IT
Yes. It is!
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PCS - Power Conditioning System
L
C
Vdc
ISMES
• A controlled power is transferred from the DC bus to the grid bymeans of the inverter
• The voltage of the DC bus is kept constant by the SMES by means ofthe two quadrant chopper
Voltage source converter (VSC)
DC/AC –Bidirectional inverter
DC/DC –Two quandrant chopper
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L
C
Vdc
ISMES
P = 0
If no power is delivered/absorbed the SMES operates in short circuitCurrent free-wheels in the chopper
Von IGBT = 0.5 1.5 VVon DIODE = 0.5 1 V
Losses are producedduring the stand-by
PIGBT = ISMES Von IGBT
PDIODE = ISMES Von DIODE
Pstand-by = 1 10 kW / kA
Stand-by Loss
• Time constant of RL circuit of typical SMES (1-5 MJ) during the standbyphases in the order of hundreds of seconds
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Japan
Germany
EM LaucherJapan
USA
Japan
Italy
France
GermanyPower modulatorFlicker
Gridcompensation
The state of the art of SMES technology
The DRYSMES4GRID project:• 500 kJ / 200 kW SMES• MgB2 @ 20 K• Cryogen free cooling
[email protected]@4.2K
[email protected]@4.2K
1G HTS@20K
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The Kameyama SMES
10 MW – 1 s SMES system
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Applications
Outline
1. Protection of sensitive customers and auxiliary services
• Harmonic compensation• Power factor correction
Auxiliary network services provided by the PCSduring normal operation (mitigated penalty due tocooling and idling)
Power interruption iscancelled by the SMES
Grid outage
Grid outage
1 MW – 5 s case
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2. Leveling of impulsive/fluctuating loads by SMESPl
oad
• Continuous management of high power makes cooling and idling loss negligible• No battery can be considered due to the prohibitive number of cycles• Advantages brought by SMES can be significant also for moderate size systems
• AC loss may be a limiting factor
Pgrid Pload
Sizing of the supply system based on average ratherthan peak power
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DTT - Divertor Tokamak Test Facility 150 MW × 80 s (1.2 GJ) – 1 per hour
Research facilities with pulsed power
Industry± 1-10 MW × 20 min – continuous
More cases with reduced size should be looked for in industry (press, rolling mills, punchers …)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30time, mimutes
0
10
20
30
40
50
Railway substation± 20 MW × 3 min – continuous
JapanSource 10.1109/TASC.2005.849333
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3. Hybrid SMES - Battery systems
Complementary characteristics exploited
• Battery provides long term basepower – hence energy
• SMES provides peak power andfast cycling
Advantages:
• Reduced power rating of batteries• Reduced energy rating of SMES• Reduced wear and tear of batteries
(no minor cycling)Qualitative (not a real case)
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• Stephentown,NY, since 2011
• HazleTownship, PE,since 2014
Flywheels perform between 3,000 and 5,000 full depth-of-discharge cycles a year.
Beacon power FW ±20 MW frequency regulation plant
~7’ tall, 3’ in diameter2,500 pound rotor massSpins up to 15,500 rpm100 kW, 25 KWh(charge and discharge)
130 m
20 × 10 × 0.1 kW fly-wheel units
No loss data available
110 m
8 T
Operating field 8 TToroidal diameter (outer) 70 mPoloidal diameter 2 m
±20 MW frequency regulation plantfeasible based on SMES
4. Frequency regulation – grid level
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5. Combined use with synergistic technologies
A 350kW/2.5MWh Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES)pilot plant was completed and tied to grid during2011-2014 in England.
Fundraising for further development is in progress
• LAES is used as energy intensive storage• Large cooling power (not all) is available for SMES
due to the presence of Liquid air at 70 K• SMES is used as power intensive storage
Effective hybrid (Energy intensive +Power intensive) storage can beconceived based on combined useof SMES and LAES
A 1-2 MW – 5 min ratingmay be of interest
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• The DRYSMES4GRID Project
Outline
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• Transmission and distribution• Dispersed generation, active networks and storage• Renewables (PV and Biomass )• Energy efficiency in the civil, industry and tertiary sectors• Exploitation of Solar and ambient heat for air conditioning
MISE - Italian Ministry of Economic DevelopmentCompetitive call: research project for electric power grid
The DRYSMES4GRID Project
Partners• University of Bologna• ICAS - The Italian Consortium for ASC, Frascati (Rome)• RSE S.p.A - Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico, Milan• CNR – SPIN, Genoa
Project DRYSMES4GRID funded
• Budget: 2.7 M€• Time: June 2017 – June 2020
+1 Year
Project Coordinator:• Columbus Superconductors SpA, Genova, Italy
• developm. of dry-cooled SMES based on MgB2• 500 kJ – 200 kW / full system
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Grid LoadSW
vlil
DC/ACinverter
DC/DCchopper
viii
ig
iSMES
vg
vDC
Control hardware (and algorithms)+ Quench detector
The DRYSMES4GRID system
operator inputsP*, Q*, v*, ….
coolingsystem
chop
per
dum
pre
sisto
r
inve
rter
switc
h
dry-cooled MgB2 coil
• Electromagnetic & Mechanical design of the coil completed• Thermal design (connection to cryocooler/s) in progress• Control algorithms (logic, schemes, parameters) defined• Manufacturing of the coil & cooling system• Design and Manufacturing of Power Hardware
Inner radius, mm 300Height, mm 1200.6Number of layers 10Number of turns per layer 522Length of cable, km 10.1Voltage of the dc bus, V 750Current at SOC min, A 266.6Current at SOC max, A 467Field on conductor (at Imax), T 1.63I/Ic ratio (at Imax) 0.6Inductance, H 6.80Total eneregy (at Imax), kJ 741Deliverable energy, kJ 500.4Dump resistance, 2,14Max adiabatic hot spot temp., K 95.6
tape with 500 m Cu strip+ 250 m insulation(G10 Fiber Glass + epoxy )
Main characteristics of the designed 500 kJ / 200 kW SMES coil
• The SMES cannot be discharged belowImin = 267 A if the power of 200 kW is tobe supplied/ absorbed (Imin = P/Vdc)
• The designed coil fullfills the specifics(200 kW – 2,5 s) with an operaingtemperature T ≤ 16 K and a max. currentImax = 467 A
0
1.20
9 m
0.3 m
18,5 mm
1 m
m co
pper
pla
te–
to cr
yooc
oler
s
3 m
m st
eel f
orm
er
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Test Site: RSE Distributed Energy Resources Test FacilityA real low voltage microgrid that interconnects different generators, storage systemsand loads to develop studies and experimentations on DERs and Smart Grid solutions.
20000 m2 areaSupplied by MV Grid800 kVA - 23 kV/400 V transf.
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• SMES is an established power intensive storage technology.
• Improvements on SMES technology can be obtained bymeans of new generations superconductors compatible withcryogen free cooling (MgB2 and HTS).
• Cooling and standby losses needs to be carefully consideredwhen evaluating the viability of SMES systems.
• SMES and Supercapacitors have very similar characteristics.Careful investigation needs to be done in order to choosethe most suitable solution.
Conclusion
