Super Size MeSuper Size Me

My Love Affair With OreosMy Love Affair With Oreos

EsophagusEsophagus

Lining is more serous than mucousLining is more serous than mucous Transport bolus to stomachTransport bolus to stomach Cardiac sphincter at its endCardiac sphincter at its end

Oral digestionOral digestion

MasticationMastication BolusBolus AmylaseAmylase Salivary glands Salivary glands TongueTongue eDeglutition (to swallow)eDeglutition (to swallow)

Goblet cells make mucous (so Goblet cells make mucous (so we don’t digest ourselves!)we don’t digest ourselves!)

Stretching your stomach causes Stretching your stomach causes GASTRIN (hormone) release for GASTRIN (hormone) release for Hydrochloric Acid to get released Hydrochloric Acid to get released

from parietal cellsfrom parietal cells

Chief Cells produce all types of Chief Cells produce all types of enzymes for proteins and enzymes for proteins and

carbodydrates (proteases/amylases)carbodydrates (proteases/amylases)

Gastrin: an endocrine hormone in Gastrin: an endocrine hormone in stomach lining which when stomach stomach lining which when stomach stretches it tells other stomach lining stretches it tells other stomach lining glands to produce hydrochloric acid, glands to produce hydrochloric acid, parietal cells. (G cells)parietal cells. (G cells)

Goblet cells produce mucous to Goblet cells produce mucous to protect stomach liningprotect stomach lining

Chief cells produce protein, fat and Chief cells produce protein, fat and CH enzymesCH enzymes

Intrinsic factor is also in the lining of Intrinsic factor is also in the lining of the stomachthe stomach

What does intrinsic factor do?What does intrinsic factor do?

It absorbs extrinsic factor AKA It absorbs extrinsic factor AKA vitamin B12 which does what?vitamin B12 which does what?

Vitamin B12)necessary to the Vitamin B12)necessary to the maturation of RBC’smaturation of RBC’s

Who can’t produce intrinsic factor Who can’t produce intrinsic factor and what disease do they commonly and what disease do they commonly develop?develop?

Pernicious anemia; a type of anemia Pernicious anemia; a type of anemia common among the elderly. Taking common among the elderly. Taking more vitamin B12 won’t help them if more vitamin B12 won’t help them if they can no longer produce intrinsic they can no longer produce intrinsic factor so…..they need B12 shots factor so…..they need B12 shots weekly to keep their energy levels weekly to keep their energy levels up.up.

Stomach digestionStomach digestion

ChymeChyme Hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid PepsinPepsin GastrinGastrin Pyloric sphincterPyloric sphincter AlcoholAlcohol PoisonsPoisons

DuodenumDuodenum

U shapedU shaped Bile duct and pancreatic duct empty Bile duct and pancreatic duct empty

herehere Bile from liver for fat emulsificationBile from liver for fat emulsification Pancreatic juice (Exocrine pancreas)Pancreatic juice (Exocrine pancreas)

for food digestion.for food digestion.

Duodenum (first part of Duodenum (first part of intestinesintestines

DigestionDigestion

We require carbon based foods to We require carbon based foods to provide fuel for our energy provide fuel for our energy productionproduction

Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are Fats, carbohydrates and proteins are all energy sourcesall energy sources

We convert food to energy (ATP) and We convert food to energy (ATP) and excrete water, wastes both liquid and excrete water, wastes both liquid and solids.solids.

What is the process of breaking down What is the process of breaking down foods readying them for absorption foods readying them for absorption into the blood called?into the blood called?

What is the cellular process of further What is the cellular process of further utilizing food products to produce utilizing food products to produce energy?energy?

DigestionDigestion

MetabolismMetabolism

The Alimentary CanalThe Alimentary Canal

Long muscular canal from the mouth to Long muscular canal from the mouth to the anus. Includes the mouth, tongue, the anus. Includes the mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, large intestine, rectum, ileum, jejunum, large intestine, rectum, anusanus

Mucous lined, produces enzymes, absorbs Mucous lined, produces enzymes, absorbs nutrients and vitamins and water and nutrients and vitamins and water and mineralsminerals

Expels waste products of digestion and Expels waste products of digestion and metabolismmetabolism

How is the digestive system How is the digestive system innervated (stimulated innervated (stimulated neurologically): CNS or the ANS?neurologically): CNS or the ANS?

Which nervous system specifically Which nervous system specifically stimulates it and which inhibits it?stimulates it and which inhibits it?

Autonomic NS: the parasympathetic Autonomic NS: the parasympathetic stimulates the digestive system while stimulates the digestive system while the sympathetic system inhibits it.the sympathetic system inhibits it.

What would you get if you are under What would you get if you are under stress and try to eat at the same stress and try to eat at the same time? time?

Gas, indigestion, ulcersGas, indigestion, ulcers

What enzymes are produced in the What enzymes are produced in the stomach lining?stomach lining?

What can the stomach absorb?What can the stomach absorb?

GERDSGERDS

Name three causes of GERDSName three causes of GERDS

  •   • alcohol use  • overweight  • alcohol use  • overweight  • pregnancy  • smokingAlso, certain pregnancy  • smokingAlso, certain foods can be associated with reflux foods can be associated with reflux events, including:  • citrus fruits  • events, including:  • citrus fruits  • chocolate  • drinks with caffeine  • chocolate  • drinks with caffeine  • fatty and fried foods  • garlic and fatty and fried foods  • garlic and onions  • mint flavorings  • spicy onions  • mint flavorings  • spicy foods  • tomato-based foods, like foods  • tomato-based foods, like spaghetti sauce, chili, and pizzaspaghetti sauce, chili, and pizza

Hiatal herniaHiatal hernia

Hiatal hernia in endoscopeHiatal hernia in endoscope

Longitudinal and annular sm. Longitudinal and annular sm. Mm. Mm.

Small IntestineSmall Intestine Jejunum(proximal 2/3’s of sm. int. and Jejunum(proximal 2/3’s of sm. int. and

Ileum (distal 1/3 of sm. Int.)Ileum (distal 1/3 of sm. Int.) 24 feet long24 feet long Only small in diameterOnly small in diameter For food absorbtion (CH, fats, proteins)For food absorbtion (CH, fats, proteins) Villi with crypts of Lieberkuhn betweenVilli with crypts of Lieberkuhn between LactealsLacteals PeristalsisPeristalsis

DuodenumDuodenum

Has a hormone in the lining of its Has a hormone in the lining of its wall called cholecystekinin which wall called cholecystekinin which stimulates the bile duct to squirt bile stimulates the bile duct to squirt bile into the duodenum.into the duodenum.

What is bile for?What is bile for?

It’s an emulsifying agent (like soap) It’s an emulsifying agent (like soap) which mixes fats in your food in the which mixes fats in your food in the duodenum with water soluble duodenum with water soluble enzymes to digest them called enzymes to digest them called lipases.lipases.

The pancreas also releases an The pancreas also releases an endocrine hormone into the endocrine hormone into the duodenum named?duodenum named?

Insulin; insulin allows Insulin; insulin allows sugars/starches (carbohydrates) to sugars/starches (carbohydrates) to move across the walls of your blood move across the walls of your blood vessels to get out of your blood and vessels to get out of your blood and into your cells for metabolizinginto your cells for metabolizing

No insulin means diabetes mellitusNo insulin means diabetes mellitus

What are the valleys in between What are the valleys in between the villi called?the villi called?

Crypts of LieberkuhnCrypts of Lieberkuhn

Large Intestine (colon)Large Intestine (colon)

Primarily for water absorbtionPrimarily for water absorbtion Produces feces from residues of Produces feces from residues of

digestiondigestion AppendixAppendix Ascending, transverse, descending, Ascending, transverse, descending,

sigmoid leading to rectum and anussigmoid leading to rectum and anus

Caecum,Caecum, Ileocaecal junctionIleocaecal junction Ascending colon, transverse colon, Ascending colon, transverse colon,

descendingdescending Sigmoid colon, rectumSigmoid colon, rectum

HerpesHerpes Herpes Simplex (cold sores or fever Herpes Simplex (cold sores or fever

blisters) but also causes genital blisters) but also causes genital herpes. Both are contagious, episodic, herpes. Both are contagious, episodic, painful, lifelong, rapidly growing in painful, lifelong, rapidly growing in our population and worldwide, 45 our population and worldwide, 45 million in U.S. alonemillion in U.S. alone

Tx.:Valtrex, Zovirax, Acyclovir Tx.:Valtrex, Zovirax, Acyclovir antivirals; keep it dormant, no cureantivirals; keep it dormant, no cure

Herpes Zoster (shingles; re-awakened Herpes Zoster (shingles; re-awakened chickenpox in the elderly)chickenpox in the elderly)

Cold Sore/fever blisterCold Sore/fever blister

Genital WartsGenital Warts

HerpesHerpes

Usually self limiting to the victim and Usually self limiting to the victim and with medications and good health, with medications and good health, sometimes never recur BUTsometimes never recur BUT

Are contagious even when no lesions Are contagious even when no lesions visable and also after lesions remit visable and also after lesions remit they are spread by shedding skin they are spread by shedding skin tissue! High stress and poor health tissue! High stress and poor health make them pop out again!make them pop out again!

Adenoma (polyp) easily Adenoma (polyp) easily removed during colonoscopyremoved during colonoscopy

Early colonoscopy after age 50 Early colonoscopy after age 50 every five yrsevery five yrs

Colon cancer is slow, takes tens Colon cancer is slow, takes tens years to convert a benign adenoma years to convert a benign adenoma (polyp) to a terminal malignant (polyp) to a terminal malignant carcinomacarcinoma

One of the few cancers that is One of the few cancers that is preventable and yet is the third most preventable and yet is the third most fatal after lung, breast/prostate CA fatal after lung, breast/prostate CA for most in U.S. don’t get for most in U.S. don’t get colonoscopycolonoscopy

Cholecystitis (inflamed gall Cholecystitis (inflamed gall bladder with stones) FFFFbladder with stones) FFFF

LiverLiver Vital organ which: produces our Vital organ which: produces our

proteins, antibodies, hormones, proteins, antibodies, hormones, stores sugar in the form of glycogen, stores sugar in the form of glycogen, is our main detoxifying organ, makes is our main detoxifying organ, makes clotting factors for blood clotting factors for blood (prothrombin/fibrinogen), cleans up (prothrombin/fibrinogen), cleans up dead blood cells, makes bile for the dead blood cells, makes bile for the emulsification of fats, and produces emulsification of fats, and produces 80% of our cholesterol!! That’s why 80% of our cholesterol!! That’s why high blood cholesterol runs in high blood cholesterol runs in families. Out diet only controls 20% families. Out diet only controls 20% of our blood’s cholesterol.of our blood’s cholesterol.

HepatitisHepatitis

Infection/inflammation of the liver. Infection/inflammation of the liver. Various causes: Toxins like ethanol Various causes: Toxins like ethanol consumption leading to cirrhosis consumption leading to cirrhosis (fatty and scarred liver) and various (fatty and scarred liver) and various viral infections.viral infections.

Symptoms: malaise, jaundice from Symptoms: malaise, jaundice from excess bilirubin from failure of liver excess bilirubin from failure of liver to cleanup old hemoglobin),loss of to cleanup old hemoglobin),loss of appetite.appetite.

Viral HepatitisViral Hepatitis Type A: fecal-oral route of transmission, Type A: fecal-oral route of transmission,

contaminated foods, mainly third world contaminated foods, mainly third world countries and day care centers, poor countries and day care centers, poor hygiene, shellfish,acute and self limiting, hygiene, shellfish,acute and self limiting, bed restbed rest

Type B:Blood borne only; drug addicts Type B:Blood borne only; drug addicts sharing needles, doctors/nurses at risk sharing needles, doctors/nurses at risk and STP; transmitted by exchanging and STP; transmitted by exchanging fluids by sex; Vaccine for all health care fluids by sex; Vaccine for all health care workers effective,workers effective,

Chronic Hep B leads to cirrhosis/liver CAChronic Hep B leads to cirrhosis/liver CA

Hepatitis CHepatitis C

HepatitisHepatitis

Ulcerative Colitis (Crohn’s Ulcerative Colitis (Crohn’s Disease)Disease)

Genetic Genetic AutoimmuneAutoimmune Episodic irritable bowel syndrome Episodic irritable bowel syndrome

(IBS)(IBS) Treated with anti-inflammatories and Treated with anti-inflammatories and

surgerysurgery Colostomy Colostomy

Inguinal HerniaInguinal Hernia

diverticulitisdiverticulitis