Sundaland

Whatisun-Austronesianaboutthisareaandwhy?

TobiasWeberUniversityofKiel

tweber@isfas.uni-kiel.de

APLL12virtual,Oslo,June18–20,2020

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TheMekong-Mamberamolinguisticarea(Gil2015)

MainlandSoutheastAsia

Wallacea

Sundaland

Philippines

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Sundaland !  Biogeographical

areainSW-SEA!  largerlandmass

until12kyBP!  Malay

Peninsula,Sumatra,Borneo,Java,Baliandsurroundingislands

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Sundaland Indigenouslanguages:!  ca.250languages!  majority:

Austronesian(severalbranchesofMalayo-Polynesian)

!  minority(ca.20lgs):Austroasiatic(Aslian)

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Sundaland

!  dominatedbylargeislands!  historicallydominatedbylargeseaempires!  dominatedbyfewlargelanguages(Malay,Javanese,etc.)

"  expectations:densilypopulatedareasofJavaandneighboringislandsbehavelikeaspreadzone(Nichols1992,1997);morphosyntacticsimplificationduetolarge-scaleL2acquisition(cf.Trudgill2011)

!  fringezones:smalllanguages,morediversity,behavinglikeNichols’s(1997)accretionzones

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Genetics Genome-widestudybyLipsonetal.(2014):!  ISEApopulations

showancestryclosertotheaboriginalpopulationsofTaiwanthantothemainland

"  Austronesiansignal!  ButSundalandalso

showsancestrycommonwithAustroasiaticpopulationsofthemainland

"  couldindicatethatAustroasiaticlanguageswerepresentinWISEA!  newerpublications(e.g.Hudjashovetal.2017)alsofoundaMSEAsignal

inSundaland

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Goalsandmethodology !  Questions:

!  InwhatwaysaretheANlanguagesofSundalandun-AN?!  Howcanthedeviationsbeexplained

!  Methodology:searchforfeatureswrtwhichthelanguagesofSundalandsystematicallydeviatefromthelanguagesofthePhilippines,whichkeptaconservativeprofileclosertoProto-Malayo-Polynesian(andProto-AN)

!  featuresanddataaretakenfromDonohueetal.’s(2013)phonotacticsandextendedWALSdatabases1

!  possibleexplanationsfordeviations:!  contactinfluence:substrate,borrowing!  functionalpressure!  extra-linguisticfactors(geography,culture,etc.)

!  here:discussionofsomeselectedfeatures

1IthankMarkDonohueforprovidingandhelpingmewithdataandmaps.

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Numberofvowels Key:whitecircle:sixorfewercontrastivevowelqualities;lightgreycircles,7or8contrastivevowelqualities;darkgreycircles,9or10contrastivevowelqualities;blackcircles,11ormorecontrastivevowelqualities(Donohuefc.)

Philippines/SSundaland/Wallacea:≤6vowels

MSEA/NSundaland:≥7vowels

!  ANlgsofSundalandacquiredvowels!  pointstosubstrateinfluence:!  SundalandlgsnexttoMSEAhavelargestvowelinventories

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Numberofvowels

Kapampangan (Philippines) / Tetun (Wallacea) i u e o a

Thai (MSEA) i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ a + diphthongs + length distinction

Karo Batak (N Sumatra) i ɯ u e ə o a + diphthongs

Kerinci Malay (C Sumatra) i ɨ u e ə o ɛ ɔ a + diphthongs

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Nasalconsonantinventories Key:whitecircle:m-n-ɲ-ŋ;blackcircle:m-n-ŋ;whitetriangle:m-n-ɲ;greydiamond:m-n(Donohuefc.)

Philippines:/mnŋ/

MSEA/Sundaland:/mnɲŋ/

!  /mnɲŋ/alsoreconstructedforProto-MP!  Philippinelgslost/ɲ/:notconservative,butinnovative!  substrateinfluencemighthavehelpedpreservethe/mnɲŋ/

patterninSundaland

Wallacea:mixed

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Coronalasymmetry:/t ̪/and/d/

Donohuefc.

!  presentinSundalandandfurthereast!  alsofoundinsomeAustroasiaticlgsofMSEAandsomeFormosanlgs!  shouldprobablybereconstructedforProto-AN(Ross1992);lostinthePhilippines!  mightalsobeanancientpatternofSundaland

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Sesquisyllabicity

Donohuefc.

!  shortunstressedfirstsyllable+fullstressedsecondsyllable(e.g.Malay[bəˈrat] ‘heavy’)

!  SundalandpatternswithMSEA,alsofoundinsomeWallacealgs!  acquiredbyANthroughsubstrateinfluence

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WordorderontheclauselevelKey:filleddiamond:verb-initial;whitecircle:verb-medial;greysquare:verb-final(Donohuefc.)

Philippines/NSundaland:V-initialRestofSEA:V-medial

!  V-initial:conservativeANpattern,V-medial:innovativeforAN!  Austroasiatic(oldestfamilyofMSEA)alsoreconstructedasV-initial(Jenny2015)!  V-initialmightthushavebeenmorewidespreadinbothMSEAandSundalandinthepast;

dominantinOldJavaneseandfoundinOldMalay;indicatesthattheshifttoV-medialinSundalandonlyoccurredinthelast2millennia

!  V-medialcouldhaveevolvedthroughlanguagecontactinvolvingL2speakers,esp.withthespreadofthenowlargelanguages;moreremotezonesstayedV-initial

!  V-medialisalsofoundinthemajorityofcontactlanguagesworldwide

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CorecasemarkingKey:greycircle:present;whitecircle:absent(MarkDonohue,p.c.)

!  presentinthePhilippinesandfringezonesofSundaland(andWallacea)!  mostlyfoundinV-initiallanguages!  rarelyfoundinV-mediallanguages(alsoworldwide)!  nocasemarking:contactpatterninvolvingL2learners

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VerbalagreementKey:whitecircle:noagreement;greycircle:onlyA;greytriangle:onlysubject;greydiamond:onlyP;blacksquare:threeagreementpositions(MarkDonohue,p.c.)

!  presentinWallaceaand(esp.remote)partsofSundaland!  potentiallysubstrateinfluence;innovativeinAN!  functionalpressure?>tendency:presenceofagrinV-initialstructures!  Philippinelanguages(mostlynoagreement)unusualinthisrespect

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TAMmarkingKey:red:obligatory;blue:optional(Donohueetal.2013)

!  ObligatoryinthePhilippinesand(esp.remote)partsofSundaland(andWallacea)

!  optionalintherest:probablysubstrateinfluenceinAN(Gil2015)!  butsimplificationthroughL2languagecontactmightalsohaveplayedarole!  optionalTAMmarkingisuncommonworldwide

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NumeralclassifiersKey:Blackcircle:obligatory;greycircle:optional;whitecircle:nonumeralclassifiers(MarkDonohue,p.c.)

!  ANlgsofSundalandadoptednumeralclassifiers!  substrateinfluence?possible,butnotealso:!  functionalpressuretoadoptnumeralclassifiers?!  classifiersareesp.foundinlgswithoutobligatorypluralmarking!  unusualbehaviorofthePhilippinelgs:noclassifiers,noobligatorypluralmarking

Sundaland:optional

MSEA/Wallacea:obligatoryPhilippines:absent

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PronounavoidanceforpolitenessKey:white:no;black:yes(MarkDonohuep.c.)

!  foundinMSEA,SundalandandsomelgsofWallacea!  inlanguageswithelaboratepolitenessdistinctions!  culturalpattern,influencedbycomplexhierarchicalsocieties!  esp.inlargesocietiesofMSEAandSundaland!  notpresenttothesameextentinsmallerlanguages

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Results !  Sundalandoftendoesnotbehaveuniformly,thelanguages

havedifferentgeographicalandsocio-culturalbackgrounds!  CentralspreadzoneofSundaland:dominatedbylargelanguages(esp.Malay,Javanese)thataremorphologicallysimplified

!  Fringezones(MalayPeninsula,BarrierIslands,remotepartsofBorneo):smalllanguages,morediversityandmorphologicalcomplexity

!  ThedifferenceswithPhilippinelanguagescanbetheresultofthefollowingfactors:!  substrateinfluencebypre-ANlanguagesinSundaland!  simplifiedpatterns,presumablyasaresultofL2contact!  functionalpressuretoconformtomorecommonpatterns!  culturalfactors!  innovationsinPhilippineratherthanSundalandlanguages!  differencescanalsobecausedbymorethanonefactor

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Results Substrateinfluencebypre-ANlanguagesofSundaland!  largenumberofvowels!  sesquisyllabicity!  developmentofagreement!  optionalTAMmarking!  developmentofnumeralclassifierssimplification,causedbyintense(L2)contact:!  V-medialclausestructure!  lossofcorecasemarking!  optionalTAMmarking(?...Ifnotsubstrateinfluence)Functionalpressuretoconformtomorecommonpatterns!  developmentofagreement(inV-initialclauses)!  developmentofnumeralclassifiersCulturalfactors:pronounavoidanceforpolitenessInnovationsinthePhilippines:lossof/ɲ/andofthecoronalasymmetry