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Honors World History
Summer Assignment ReviewWhat do you know?
September 2015
Part I. Know your terminology! Old and New – Getting Started….
DEFINITION
This branch of study focuses on a wide variety of subjects, introduced in elementary school and continuing into high school; includes various aspects of “the human experience” – how humans interact with each other & their world; history and geography are examples.
AND THE ANSWER IS…
The
Social
Studies
History
This branch of knowledge deals with past events. It studies significant events (wars, etc.) that have affected a nation or institution usually including an explanation of their causes.
Geography
This science dealing with the earth’s surface and such elements as climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, population, land use, industries, or states; how humankind interacts with the physical world – how humanity impacts the environment & how the environment impacts humanity
Political Science
This discipline studies how people govern themselves & is especially interested in how people attain ruling positions in their society, how many maintain those positions, and the consequences of their actions on those they govern. It answers the questions: how do people get power and how do they keep it?
A major focus is government.
Archaeology
The scientific study of historic or prehistoric peoples and their cultures by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other such remains, especially those that have been excavated.
Economics
This science deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of mankind. The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisify their wants and needs. (Hint: focuses on money, jobs, resources, consumers, and producers.)
Criminology
The study of criminals and the methods of correcting and or treating such behavior.
SociologyThe study of the development, organization, functioning, and classification of human societies; the study of human relationships – emphasis on marriage and the family.
Psychology
The science of behavior and mental processes – studies the brain – the mind, mental states, and processes.
Democracy
Government of the people; A form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them
Republic
Government where people elect others to represent them
The United States has this form of government and NOT a true democracy
Culture
All the things that make up a people’s entire way of life
Examples include language, arts and literature, government, religion, customs and traditions.
Terrorism
The use of violence and threats - intimidation and fear – to apply political pressure and achieve one’s goal
Example: The attacks on September 11, 2001 against the United States
Fundamentalism
Strict adherence to any set of basic ideas or principles
At times, includes a deep rooted conservative belief system that is extreme and can be dangerous
League of Nations
An international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (ending WW I)
NO longer exists Was replaced by
the United Nations
Segregation
The act of setting apart one group of people from the main body or group; to isolate; to separate and discriminate against
In the United States, leaders, such as Dr. Martin Luther King, protested against this practice in the American South.
Trade deficit
The condition that exists when the value of what a country imports exceeds the value of what it exportsaka an unfavorable balance of trade
Urbanization
-Movement of people from rural areas to cities-The growth of cities-Taking on characteristics of a city
Westernization
Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture (Western Europe, United States)
Dictator
A person who has (takes) absolute power
A ruler who has total, unrestricted control of a government without hereditary succession
NOT a king Examples:
Germany’s Adolf Hitler, Italy’s Benito Mussolini
Civil Disobedience
-The refusal to obey unjust laws-The refusal to obey certain laws in order to influence the government-May be associated with such techniques as boycotting, picketing, and nonpayment of taxes
Genocide
The deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group
Example: Holocaust
Cambodia – 1970s
Outsourcing
The practice of obtaining goods or services from an outside source.
Example: To save money, many U.S. companies closed their American factories to open ones in China due to cheaper labor costs.
Conspicuous Consumption Public enjoyment
of possessions that are known to be costly so that one’s ability to pay for such things is flaunted
(showing off, “Look what I got!”)
Censorship
Restriction to access ideas and information
Can be done to all forms of info – books, plays, news reports, movies, TV programs, songs, etc. for the purpose of suppressing parts deemed objectionable on moral, political, or military grounds.
Censorship
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Founded in 1960/1961 by nations that export large amounts of petroleum: formed to establish oil-exporting policies and set prices.
Members are Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. Ecuador and Gabon were members but withdrew in 1992 and 1995 respectively
Cultural Relativism
Studying another culture using that culture’s standards in order to better understand it;
The belief that cultural ideas vary among societies as moral and ethical standards are unique to each group based on what each group believes to be good/bad/right/wrong;
No group is better than another – just different
Ethnocentrism
=>Judging other cultures/ people by the standards of your own culture believing yours is best/ superior;=>Belief in the natural superiority of the nation, culture, or group to which one belongs, often accompanied by feelings of dislike for “others”
Communism
Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx;
According to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole;
Called for worldwide revolution
Supporters included Vladimir Lenin (Russia) and Mao Zedong (China)
This is Karl Marx pictured above.
Socialism
System in which people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses
Suffrage
The right to vote
Women rally for the right to vote!
Oligarchy
Form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique;
Government by the few.
Domestic Policy
Issues (laws, government programs, and administrative decisions) that relate to a particular nation’s problems and interests – within that nation’s borders
Does NOT involves other countries
Is NOT foreign policy
“issues
here at
home”
Constitution
A framework for government
A document that identifies what a government can and cannot do, how it is structured, etc.
Bureaucracy
government by many bureaus, administrators, and petty officials.
the body of officials and administrators, especially of a government or government department.
excessive multiplication of, and concentration of power in, administrative bureaus or administrators.
characterized by excessive red tape and routine.
Civil Service
those branches of public service concerned with all governmental administra-tive functions outside the armed services.
those employed in these branches.
a system or method of appointing government employees on the basis of competitive exams, rather than by political patronage (by what you know and not who you know…)
Foreign Policy
a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.
a policy governing international relations
A cartoonist’s depiction…
Anarchy
state of society without government or law
Synonyms: chaos, disruption,turbulence
Deforestation
The process/ practice of clearing trees
Global warming
an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.
United Nations
An international organization established after WW II with the goal of maintaining peace and cooperation in the international community;
Still exists today
Self-determination
the choosing of a people regarding what form of government they will have, without reference to the wishes of any other nation, especially by people of a territory or former colony
Trade Surplus
Situation in which a country exports more than it imports;
aka a favorable balance of trade
World Trade Organization
an international organization based in Geneva that monitors and enforces rules governing global trade
Laissez - faire
Policy allowing business(es ) to operate with little or no governmental interference;
The practice of noninterference in the affairs of others;
“hands off”
Monarch
a hereditary sovereign, as a king, queen, or emperor.
NATO
A military alliance between several North Atlantic states to safeguard them from the presumed threat of the Soviet Union’s communist bloc (basically, the United States and our non-communist allies);
Countries from several other regions later joined this alliance
Still exists North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Capitalism
Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit.
Globalization
extending to other or all parts of the world
Socialization
a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identify and learns the norms, values, and behavior (dos and don’ts), basically the culture of the group in which he resides.
Propaganda
Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause;
Any persuasive communication designed to influence people’s beliefs, opinions, emotions, or actions.
Part II. Consider the Source!
What is the difference between
primary and secondary
sources?
Define in your own words…
PRIMARY SOURCES:
A first hand account An eye-witness’
description Information from
the time period being studied
SECONDARY SOURCES:
AN ACCOUNT FROM SOMEONE NOT LIVING DURING THE TIME PERIOD
MAY USE PRIMARY SOURCES TO HELP REACH CONCLUSIONS AND INCORPORATE INTO THE COMMENTARY
SOMEONE FROM THE OUTSIDE LOOKING IN
SOMEONE COMMENTS ON THE PAST
Is it primary or secondary?Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I Have A Dream” speech
Primary Source
Is it primary or secondary?Vietnam War soldiers’ letters home
Primary Sources
Is it primary or secondary?The Diary of Anne Frank
Primary
Primary or Secondary?YOUR history textbook…
Secondary
Primary or Secondary?An encyclopedia
Secondary
Primary or Secondary?The Gandhi Movie starring Ben Kingsley
Secondary
Part III. Historical Eras
See if you can identify the following eras based on the descriptions provided….
Enlightenment
By the early 1700s, European thinkers felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind. Through the use of reason, insisted these thinkers, people and government could solve every social, political, and economic problem. In essence, these writers, scholars, and philosophers felt they could change the world. For example, John Locke talked about all people having “natural rights” and that governments need to respect their citizens’ natural rights. Not all agreed with Locke. For example, Thomas Hobbes had different views which further contributed to this age.
American Revolution
Beginning in 1776 with Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and ending in 1781 with the British surrender at Yorktown, this conflict was inspired by Enlightenment thinkers. Its success gave hope to freedom fighters around the world.
French Revolution
With the rally cry of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the masses challenged their country’s absolute monarch. It officially started on July 14, 1789, also known as Bastille Day. Participants were inspired by the Americans and their fight for independence.
Age of Absolutism
From 1550 – 1800, a number of powerful kings and queens ruled Europe. They exercised tremendous influence and control over the people they ruled. Examples include Louis XIV of France, King Philip II of Spain, and King Charles I of England.
Louis XIV
Renaissance
From 1300 – 1650, exciting changes, which originated in Italy, spread throughout western Europe. This era, whose name means “rebirth,” marked the transition from medieval times to the early modern world. It was the age of such greats as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael. da Vinci’s Mona
Lisa
Industrial Revolution
From 1800 – 1914, this time period saw a shift in how things were made. Human and animal labor was first replaced by steam power and then electricity. Factories dotted the landscape. Production soared. Started in Great Britain but the United States became a production leader by the 20th century.
Cold War
From 1945 – 1991, a state of tension and hostility between nations aligned with the United States on one side (non-communist) and the Soviet Union (communist) on the other that rarely led to direct armed conflict. The Korea and Vietnam Wars occurred during this time. This era was also known for its nuclear arms race.
World War I
From 1914-1919, the Great War, as it was called back then, was the largest conflict in history up to that time. The French mobilized almost 8.5 million men, the British nearly 9 million, the Russians 12 million, and the Germans 11 million. This conflict ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
World War II
From 1939 – 1945, this was the deadliest war in human history. It began with Hitler’s invasion of Poland, engulfed Europe and Asia, and eventually involved the United States after Pearl Harbor was attacked in 1941. The United States forced a Japanese surrender by dropping atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. “The Big Three”
Interwar Era
From 1919 to 1939, this is the age when such dangerous dictators as Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler came to power.
Age of New Imperialism
From 1800 – 1914, Europe had gained considerable power. Encouraged by their new economic and military strength, Europeans embarked on a path of aggressive expansion that is this age. In just a few decades, beginning in the 1870s, Europeans brought much of the world under its influence and control.
The Modern World
The 20th-21st centuries Noted for such genocides as those in
Armenia, Ukraine, the Holocaust, Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda
Has seen tremendous medical and technological improvements
Often referred to as “the information age” Can YOU identify AND explain the
importance of these tragedies and triumphs?
Looking forward to a GREAT year of historical study together…
Be sure to bring a pencil for the test!