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Rhinoceros & TigerConservation ActSummary Report2001-2003

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Front:Greater one-horned rhinoceros in tall grass habitat of Kaziranga National Park in India’snortheastern state of Assam.International Rhino Foundation

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s mission is working with others to conserve, protectand enhance fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats for the continuing benefit ofthe American people. We are the only agency of the U.S. Government with that primarymission. The Service also supports the Department of the Interior’s Strategic Plan toinvolve various partners such as State and local governments, communities, federallyrecognized Tribes, non-governmental organizations, and private citizens.

The Service’s Division of International Conservation and its partners worldwide supportthese goals through cross-border cooperation to preserve the habitats that sustainmigratory and endangered species. The leadership, knowledge, and cooperation ofinternational partners is crucial to ensure the global conservation of these species andtheir habitats.

A child living in the vicinity of Russia’s tiger habitat created this painting for an artcompetition. The competition was a component of an education program supported by theRhinoceros and Tiger Conservation Fund to develop support for tiger conservation amongyoung people.Artwork property of Khabarovsk Wildlife Foundation

Rhinoceros & TigerConservation ActSummary Report2001-2003

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Government and non-government personnel of Lao PDR, working with WildlifeConservation Society staff (top), are conducting a tiger camera trap survey (center) of thecountry’s most promising tiger habitat. Resulting camera trap photographs include thetiger (bottom) and its prey, a sambhar (right), in Nam Et Phou Louey National ProtectedArea.Wildlife Conservation Society

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Introduction

Rhinos and tigers are powerful globalsymbols of our wildlife heritage. Theirlarge size and dominant ecological positionleaves us in awe of them. Conservation ofthese species and the extensive habitatsthey require supports many other speciesand leads to tangible benefits for peoplesuch as maintenance of watersheds; openspace; ecological balance; eco-tourism,education and sustainable employmentopportunities; and maintenance ofbiodiversity including the gene pools ofmany wild species important to man. Thedecline of rhinos and tigers is a matter ofglobal concern.

“The tiger is theworld’s largestcat and a globalicon for wildlifeconservation.Across thetiger’s rangecarefulplanning mustbe done to allowtiger to survivein landscapesincreasinglydominated byhumans.”

Tony Lynam,Wildlife Conservation

Society

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An adult white rhinoceros at Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve in KwaZulu Natal,South Africa.USFWS/Richard G. Ruggiero

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Status

There are five rhino species. Two occur inAfrica: the black rhino and the white rhino.Three occur in Asia: the Indian rhino, theJavan rhino and the Sumatran rhino. Thetiger occurs only in Asia and has fivesurviving subspecies: the Bengal,Indochinese, Sumatran, South China andAmur tiger.

By the end of the 19th Century thesouthern subspecies of Africa’s white rhinohad been decimated by farmers andhunters and only 50 to 200 survived. Today,although poaching pressure is still intense,the southern subspecies’ survival is one ofthe world’s greatest conservation successstories with a population approaching11,670 animals. It is the most abundant ofall rhino taxa and bears witness to thebenefits of strong law enforcement andmanagement. In contrast to this, thenorthern subspecies of the white rhino,which once ranged in large numbersthroughout north-central Africa south ofthe Sahara, has been reduced to only 30individuals located in the DemocraticRepublic of Congo’s Garamba NationalPark. The white rhino lives in long-andshort-grass savannahs.

Africa’s black rhino lost a larger numberof individuals than any other species in thelast century. Due to poaching, itspopulation fell from 65,000 in 1970, to 2,300in 1992, a 96% decrease. Since then, intenselaw enforcement efforts have allowed thepopulation to recover to approximately3,100. This species lives primarily ingrasslands, savannahs and tropicalbushlands.

Asia’s greater one-horned rhino lives innorthern India and southern Nepal. Itinhabits riverine grasslands and adjacentwoodlands. It is another conservationsuccess story. Intensive conservationefforts provided by Indian and Nepalesewildlife authorities have allowed thisspecies to recover from less than 200 in theearly years of the 20th Century to around2,400 at present.

Fewer than 300 Sumatran rhinos survive invery small, highly fragmentedpopulations, primarily in Indonesia andMalaysia. The Sumatran rhino inhabitsrainforest in hilly and mountainous areas.Its numbers have declined by 50 percentdue to poaching over the last 18 years,making this the most endangered rhinospecies.

The Javan rhino, living in lowland tropicalforest, has the smallest population of therhino species with fewer than 60 animalssurviving in one population in Indonesiaand fewer than ten surviving in onepopulation in Vietnam. This rhino isthreatened by poaching, loss of habitat,inbreeding and vulnerability tocatastrophic events due to its smallpopulation size. Recent surveys indicatethere may be no adult males remaining inthe Vietnamese population.

The Caspian, Javan, and Balinese tigersubspecies went extinct in the 20th Centuryleaving only the Bengal, Indochinese,Sumatran, South China, and Amur tigerextant in the wild in the later years of thecentury.

Approximately 400 Amur tigers survivetoday in coniferous, scrub oak, and birchwoodlands mostly in eastern Russia, witha few in northeastern China and perhapsnorthern North Korea. They arethreatened by habitat fragmentation anddegradation, low prey density, illegalhunting and development projects.Vigorous anti-poaching activities for thistiger and its prey along with habitatconservation are needed to enable itssurvival and return to habitats in China.Amur tigers are the largest tigers in bodysize.

The South China tiger of central andeastern China is considered theevolutionary antecedent of all tigers. Itoccurred in montane, subtropicalevergreen forests. This tiger’s status isnow vague as recent surveys have not

With a totalworldpopulation ofsome 12,000,the southernwhiterhinoceros isthe mostabundant ofrhinocerossubspecies.Approximately95% of theworlds whiterhinos arefound in onecountry–South Africa.

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Amur TigerViktor Yudin

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found evidence that it remains in the wild(47 survive in China’s zoos). Its declineresulted from uncontrolled huntingcompounded by extensive deforestationand probable reduction in available preyleading to population fragmentation andincreased vulnerability to local extinctions.This is the rarest of the five living tigersubspecies, the most threatened, and theclosest to extinction.

The Indochinese tiger of Thailand, Burma,southern China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam,and peninsular Malaysia occurs indeciduous and tropical evergreen forestsand is estimated to have a population ofbetween 1,200 and 1,800. Many of thesetigers are subject to poaching and habitatencroachment, fragmentation, andisolation.

The Sumatran tiger numbers about 400and is found only on the Indonesian islandof Sumatra. It occurs primarily in tropicalmoist forests of the islands five nationalparks and is threatened by loss of habitatand poaching. Since 1900 an estimated 80%of the tropical forest habitat that oncecovered the island has been converted toagriculture and other human uses. Theremaining habitat is increasinglyfragmented, isolated, and degraded. Thistiger has the darkest coat and is thesmallest of the tiger subspecies.

The Bengal tiger has an estimated wildpopulation of between 3,159 and 4,715.Most of these animals live in India, Nepal,Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Burma. Theyoccur in a wide variety of habitatsincluding broad-leaved humid forests ofsouth India, dry thorn forests ofnorthwestern India, Sundarban mangroveswamp on the border of India andBangladesh, and tall grasslands of Indiaand Nepal at the foot of the Himalayas.Although wild Bengal tiger populationsare considered more secure thansubspecies found elsewhere in Asia, thereexists the potential for their rapid demisethrough recently increased levels ofpoaching and poisoning.

“For over aquarter century,there has been ahigh level ofpublic concernfor tigers,leading tomajorinvestments inconservationefforts. However,wild tigerscontinue to beunder gravethreat, and theirpreservationnow requires,more than everbefore,informedconservationinterventionsguided byreliableecologicalknowledge.”K. Ullas Karanth and

James D. Nichols

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Rhinoceros andTiger ConservationFund

The Convention on International Trade inEndangered Species of Wild Fauna andFlora (CITES), the U.S. EndangeredSpecies Act, and the laws of many othercountries attempted to place controls onthe sale of and trade in rhino and tigerproducts. Much of this trade was for use inoriental medicine and for souvenirs.

None-the-less, most rhino and tigerpopulations have continued to suffer fromthe effects of poaching and habitatdestruction. The U.S. Congress, realizingthat the survival of these species willultimately depend upon on-the-groundconservation in range countries, passedthe Rhinoceros and Tiger ConservationAct of 1994 (as amended 1998). The Actestablished the Rhinoceros and TigerConservation Fund (Fund) to assist in theconservation of rhinoceros and tigers. TheFund is implemented by the U.S. Fish andWildlife Service through a competitivegrant program by supporting conservationprograms of range countries and theCITES Secretariat.

This Fund supports rhinoceros and tigerconservation projects that strengthen lawenforcement, acquire information neededfor management through populationsurveys and monitoring, develop localsupport for conservation throughenvironmental education, strengthenhabitat and nature reserve management,and promote sustainable development toremove human pressure on these species’habitats.

The Fund received its first appropriationin 1996. A summary of Fund activity from1996 through 2000 (for 105 grants) waspresented in two earlier reports that areavailable on the Internet at http://international.fws.gov. Activity from 2001through 2003 involved 253 proposals from21 countries. After review of these propos-als, 100 grants were awarded totaling$2,830,112, which generated an additional$6,749,939 in matching funds and in-kindcontributions (a 239 percent return).

India’s Valmiki Tiger Reserve iscontiguous with Nepal’s Royal ChitwanNational Park and Parsa WildlifeSanctuary. A wildlife biologist placed atValmiki with support from the Fund isstrengthening the Reserve’s managementcapability.Wildlife Trust of India/Ashok Kumar

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Thirty-six percent of the matching fundsand in-kind contributions originated fromthe range countries. Additional recent andhistorical information on expenditure ofthe funds can be found on pages 44 thru 47of this report.

Highlights of the Fund’s 2001 - 2003 grantawards include:

n Assessments of tigers in Bangladesh’sSundarban river swamp, Burma’sproposed Hukaung Valley TigerReserve, Cambodia’s Lumphat WildlifeSanctuary, Indonesia’s Bukit BarisanSelatan National Park, and certainnature reserves of India’s state ofMaharashtra, China’s Jiangxi, Fujian,Zhejiang, Hunan and Hubei provinces,and Russia’s Khabarovsk Krai;

n Rhino population monitoring in SouthAfrica’s Eastern Cape Province (GreatFish River Reserve and Addo ElephantPark), Mpumalanga Province (fivereserves) and KwaZulu-Natal Province(Mkhuze Game Reserve); on Kenya’slands under the purview of theAssociation of Private Land RhinoSanctuaries; in Namibia’s Kunene andErongo regions; and in Zimbabwe;

n Field-based, on-the-job training in rhinomonitoring, habitat assessment, andmanagement for historicallydisadvantaged rangers and studentsfrom the Eastern Cape Government andthe University of Fort Hare in SouthAfrica;

n Continued development of a means tosurvey the Javan rhino of Indonesia andVietnam using DNA obtained from fecalmaterial;

n Enhanced housing for Kenya’s LewaWildlife Conservancy anti-poaching unitto improve morale and bring aboutbetter security;

n Increased law enforcement forSumatran rhinos in Indonesia andMalaysia, and continued anti-poachingactivities for Javan rhinos in Indonesiaand Vietnam;

n A rhino conservation education campaign for 60 schools on Namibia’scommunal lands having high qualityblack rhinoceros habitat;

n Strengthened law enforcement for tigersat Russia’s Sikhote-Alinskiy BiosphereNature Reserve, Lazovsky State NatureReserve, a complex of tiger habitats insouthwest Primorye Krai, tiger habitats

“The NepaleseTerai (lowlands)is one of thepremier hot spotsfor largemammalconservation inAsia. Forexample, RoyalChitwanNational Parkand the adjacentParsa WildlifeReserve form acomplex thatsupports thesecond largestpopulation of thegreat one-hornedrhinoceros, about30-35 elephantsand one of thelargest tigerpopulations onthe Indiansubcontinent.”

Mahindra ShresthaNepal Department of

National Parks andWildlife

Conservation

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in Khabarovsk Krai and Cambodia’stiger habitats outside nature reserves;

n Horn and shoulder microchip marking ofrhinos in South Africa’s KwaZulu-NatalProvince to allow individual identificationof rhino horns and carcasses recoveredafter being poached;

n Translocation of rhinos in Nepal toreestablish populations;

n Improved mobility for the anti-poachingunits at Ithala Game Reserve and TembeElephant Park in South Africa’sKwaZulu-Natal Province and anenhanced security network to preventrhino poaching at Tanzania’s NgorongoroConservation Area;

n Collaborative efforts to conserve theAmur tiger in habitats adjacent to theRussia-China border;

n Policy framework and managementguidelines development forreintroduction of black rhinoceros toZambia;

n Restoration of watering points andfences at Lake Nakuru National Park insupport of the Kenya Wildlife Service’sBlack Rhinoceros MetapopulationManagement Program;

n A brochure to inform traditionalmedicine practitioners in the U.S. of thelaws conserving rhinos and tigers;

“Viewed on aregional scale,rhinos probablyspread along theflood plains atthe base of theworld’s highestmountain rangebecause of thepresence of thehighlyproductive butlow diversitygrasslandcommunity thatflanked SouthAsia’s majorriver systems.”

Nepal RhinoConservation

StrategyNepal’s

Department ofNational Parks and

WildlifeConservation

n Formal courses presented in India onlaw enforcement and nature reservemanagement for forest officials of tigerrange countries;

n Research on black rhinoceros olfactorycommunication and possible impacts oftranslocation on embryonic and fetalsurvival to enhance rhinometapopulation management;

n Environmental education camps forchildren living adjacent to importanttiger habitats in Nepal, anenvironmental education workshop forteachers working in the vicinity ofRussia’s Sikhote-Alinskiy BiosphereNature Reserve and development of anature museum at that reserve, anenvironmental education action plan andconference for teachers andconservationists in Russia’s KhabarovskKrai, conservation awareness programsat India’s Manas and Satpura nationalparks, Central Vietnam’s tiger corridor,and Thailand’s Huai Kha KhaengWildlife Sanctuary;

n An assessment of black rhinocerosmanagement in Namibia and SouthAfrica for use in planning futurerecovery efforts; and

n A standardized survey of Amur tigerprey in the Russian Far East andnortheast China.

With the support of the Fund, a Nepali forest officer studied rhino movement through acorridor joining Nepal’s Royal Chitwan National Park and another habitat.Wildlife Institute of India/Jhala

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Bangladesh ForestOfficers andUniversity ofMinnesota staffexamine tracks leftby a tiger when itcrossed a tidal creekin the Sundarbanswamp (top).Periodic counts ofthese tracks, carriedout in astandardizedmanner, will provideinformation on therelative abundanceand populationtrends of wild tigers(center) in theswamp. A forestofficer, workingtoward his PhD. onthe project, measuresa track (bottom).University of Minnesota

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On-the-GroundResultsSundarban TigerAssessment

The Sundarban, located on the Indian-Bangladesh border, is a vast river swampformed by the confluence of the Ganges,Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers justbefore their waters enter the Bay ofBengal. It is believed to be home to one ofthe largest remaining tiger populations inSouth Asia and due to twice-a-day tidalinundation, is the most unique habitat inwhich the tiger resides. It is also one of themost intensively utilized areas wheretigers still occur in high numbers.

Ecologists have suggested that in theSundarban, the tiger influences preypopulations and through these species hasa controlling effect on forest dynamics. Iftiger numbers decrease, there could be acascading impact on the entire system.One such effect would undoubtedly bemore human pressure.

With support from the Fund, theBangladesh Forest Department isconducting a four-year study to obtaininformation on the tiger population’snatural history, behavior, ecology, andpopulation dynamics. This is a prerequisitefor tiger conservation if it is to beeffectively incorporated into the area’secosystem management plan.

The project involves development of a costefficient tiger population monitoringsystem based on encounter rates of tracksalong medium sized waterways. Telemetrybehavioral studies are being used tocalibrate this index to estimate actualabundance of tigers. The remote sensingcomponent of this project is developing amethodology for monitoring forestcondition. This will allow a rigorous,scientific and unbiased approach to detectchange in forest condition and is critical tothe management of the Sundarban forboth sustained use of forest products andbiodiversity conservation.

“The tiger isimportant notonly as anindicator ofbiologicalintegrity of theSundarban: ithas animportantsymbolic,aesthetic,ecological andeconomic rolefor the citizensof Bangladesh.”

J. L. David Smith,University of

Minnesota

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Trainees practiceindividualidentification ofrhinoceros (top) toproduce data formetapopulationmanagement atKenya’s LakeNakuru NationalPark.

Rhino, such as thissouthwestern blackrhinoceros (bottom),are individuallyidentified by using asystem based on earnotches, horn sizeand shape, and anyother outstandingcharacteristics.Individualidentification inturn allows forintensivemanagement so as toincrease rhinocerospopulation size asquickly as possible.

Far right, a south-central blackrhinocerosphotographedduring a rhinomonitoring exerciseat Mkhuze GameReserve inKwaZulu-NatalProvince, SouthAfrica. With over1,000 individualsthis is the mostabundant of theblack rhinosubspecies.

World Conservation Union (IUCN) African Rhino Specialist Group.

Save the Rhino Trust, Namibia.

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Managing the Blackand White Rhinocerosfor MaximumPopulation Growth.

In Africa, rhino recovery efforts haveconcentrated on law enforcement andintensive management to maximize thesurvival and reproductive output of rhinopopulations. Range states and cooperatingpartners are expanding use of rhinometapopulation management, meaningthat the members of a given rhinosubspecies found in a given country aremanaged as a single herd. This approachrequires intensive monitoring (based onear notching and individual recognition) inthe wild to better assess survival andreproductive rates. When rhino populationgrowth falls below certain targets or whenherd size expands beyond a certainthreshold (usually thought to be at 75% ofecological carrying capacity); managementactions, such as translocating rhino backto currently unoccupied but historicrange, are implemented.

The Fund supported two regional projectsand eight national projects that enhancedbiological management of rhinopopulations by monitoring. These projectsincluded:

n Updating and revising a standardizedrhino monitoring training moduledeveloped by the World ConservationUnion’s African Rhino Specialist Group.The module includes a trainers guideand a reference guide for trainees. Thusfar 14 management agencies in 7 rangestates have adopted the materials;

n Capture, ear-notching, and radiocollaring of some 50 black rhinoceros inZimbabwe by the World Wide Fund forNature’s Southern African RegionalProgram Office and partners to furthermetapopulation management goals;

n Ear notching of some 30 of the easternsubspecies of the black rhinoceros onLewa and Sweetwaters rhino sanctuariesin Kenya. Jointly implemented by theAssociation of Private Land RhinoSanctuaries and the Kenya WildlifeService, this project is a strong exampleof a private/public partnership forconservation.

“Experience in anumber of(rhino)populations hasshown it ispossible formulti-observerteams,including fieldrangers withlimited formaleducation, tocollect qualityrhino ID dataas part of theirusual duties.”

African RhinoSpecialist Group

Wildlands Trust

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“Poaching onits own canwipe out theremainingSumatranrhinopopulations.In Indonesia’sKerinci SeblatNational Park,for example,the rhinopopulation wasdecimatedwithin adecade bypoaching, froma population ofover 300individuals toits current sizeofapproximatelytenindividuals.”

Ridwan AbdulRahman,

Leuser InternationalFoundation

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Anti-poaching Unitsfor Sumatran Rhinos

The Sumatran rhino (Dicerorhinussumatrensis) is a critically endangeredspecies. Historically it occurred from thefoot hills of the Himalayas in India andBhutan, throughout Burma, Thailand andMalaysia, to the islands of Sumatra andBorneo.

The species has been declining forcenturies, mainly because of persistenthunting for the horn and other parts, thatare used for Asian medicinal purposes.Loss of habitat is a comparatively newthreat for the species, but is becomingmore significant with the continuingremoval of tropical forests throughoutSoutheast Asia. About 300 individuals stillsurvive in small populations mostly in thenational parks and wildlife reserves ofIndonesia and Malaysia.

All major populations are being guardedagainst excessive poaching by thedeployment of anti-poaching units. Theseunits operate in areas with viable rhinopopulations, concentrating on the coreareas of the rhino distribution and onareas where rhinos are most vulnerablefrom poaching, such as near salt licks oron major game trails. The Fund issupporting these units at Bukit BarisanSelatan (two units) and Way Kambas (fiveunits) national parks in southern Sumatra,at Leuser Ecosystem in northernSumatra (ten units), and in peninsularMalaysia (four units in Taman NagaraNational Park and nine units in otherareas). This intensified anti-poachingactivity has slowed the decline ofSumatran rhinos and is stabilizing theworld population. However, the loss ofthree rhinos in Bukit Barisan Selatan(approximately 10% of that population)since April 2001 emphasizes thecontinuing need for effective anti-poachingefforts.

A Sumatran rhino (left) caught in a leg holdsnare placed on the ground (top right) inIndonesia’s Bukit Barisan Selatan NationalPark ultimately died (center right).Removal of snares is a major contribution ofthe Rhino Protection Units (bottom).IRCP/IRF

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Two eastern black rhinoceros face off at a watering point in the Mkomazi RhinoSanctuary in Tanzania. Once abundant and shot as pests by colonial land managers, theeastern black rhinoceros numbers only some 500 individuals in the wild today. Studiessuggest that fighting between bulls may account for 50% of (male) mortality in someblack rhino populations.Tony Fitzjohn George Adamson Wildlife Preservation Trust

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Applied Research onTranslocating theBlack Rhinoceros

Protecting and translocating rhinos backinto a suitable habitat are cornerstones ofrhino metapopulation management.Translocated rhinos sometimes fail todisperse and occupy new habitat optimallyand their removal has sometimes leftpatches of underutilized habitat ratherthan increasing available habitat forremaining animals. The Fund issupporting an ongoing five year appliedresearch project being implemented bythe Zoological Society of San Diego andthe University of Port Elizabeth in SouthAfrica, to address dung and urine-mediated olfactory communication inrhinos. It is anticipated that this projectwill result in a toolbox of techniques thatcan be used to manipulate the way rhinosdisperse into new and previously occupiedrange following translocations.

Although translocation of pregnant rhinocows is common practice, controversycurrently surrounds this practice becauseit has been alleged that capture,immobilization, and reintroduction of rhinomay cause embryonic or fetal loss. Toaddress this concern the Fund hassupported three years of work by theFossil Rim Wildlife Center and localpartners that use ultrasonography todetect pregnancy in immobilized rhinoscaptured for translocation, ear notching,and other management programs. Byfollowing these rhinos to parturition andassessing the survival of calves versus acontrol group, it will be possible for thefirst time to better answer the question ofwhether or not certain managementactions, such as capture, significantlydecrease parturition frequency and calfsurvival in rhinos.

“Translocation isused to(i) establishrhinopopulations insafe andhistorical partsof their rangefrom which theyrecently becameextinct;(ii) maintaingenetic diversityby encouraginginter-breedingbetweenotherwiseseparate, buthistoricallyconnectedpopulations, and(iii) maximizepopulationgrowth rates bymaintainingrhino densitiesbelow ecologicalcarryingcapacity.”Zoological Society of San Diego,

Center for Reproduction ofEndangered Species

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“The tiger is avery powerfulsymbol in China.But more than asymbol, the Amurtiger, as othertiger sub-species,is considered a“key species” inbiodiversityconservation.Because the tigerneeds anadequate numberof large preyspecies and largeexpanses ofsuitable habitatto survive, thetiger is anindicator of ahealthyecosystem. Itsconservationwould lead to thepreservation of arange of otherspecies andhabitat valuableto people while itsextinction wouldreflect the failure

Over 5,000 snares have been removed from the Reserve with Fund support. The extensivenetwork of snares in the Reserve was a key reason for low prey densities, and the virtualabsence of both the Amur tiger and Amur leopard.Wildlife Conservation Society

A staff member of Hunchen Nature Reserve in northeast China searches for snares. Howmany can you spot in this picture?Wildlife Conservation Society

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TransboundaryRussia/ChinaCollaboration

The Amur tiger formerly occurredthroughout the Russian Far East fromLake Baikal to the Sea of Japan as well asin northeast China and the KoreanPeninsula. Today the only viablepopulation (estimated at around 350 adulttigers in 1996) is found adjacent to the Seaof Japan in Primorskii and southernKhabarovskii Krais in the Russian FarEast. This population may still have somecontact with a remnant population inChina’s provinces of Heilongjiang (five toseven tigers estimated in the winter of1998 - 1999) and Jilin (seven to nine tigersestimated in the winter of 1997 - 1998).

Despite the dangerously low populationsof tigers and their prey in Heilongjiangand Jilin, the presence of extensive tractsof forested land and their proximity totigers and prey in Russia are cause foroptimism that the present range of theAmur tiger could expand back into China.

Building upon the October 2000International Workshop to Develop aRecovery Plan for the Wild Amur TigerPopulation (Harbin, China), theTransboundary Amur Tiger Project,guided by the Wildlife ConservationSociety, is using policy level governmentcontacts to foster a cooperative effortbetween China and Russia to conserve theAmur tiger (and Far Eastern leopard)through the establishment of corridorsand new nature reserves, and thedevelopment of appropriate land-useregimes on both sides of their border.

The Fund has contributed to this effortthrough support of the internationalworkshop to develop the recovery plan, aninternational meeting to standardize preysurveys, conduct of prey surveys inKhabarovsk, Heilongjiang and Jilinprovinces, tiger monitoring in KhabarovskKrai, environmental education activities inKhabarovsk, Heilongjiang and Jilinprovinces, and continued efforts tofacilitate contacts between relevantagencies of both countries.

to preserve orrestore theintegrity of anaturalecosystem. Theloss of the Amurtiger would besymbolic for theChinese people,who revere thisanimal, and itwould alsorepresent animportantecological loss.”

HeilongjiangForestry

Departmentand the Wildlife

ConservationSociety

Amur TigerWCS/John Goodrich

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Black RhinoPopulation Expansioninto the TsavoEcosystem

Kenya is a stronghold for the easternsubspecies of the black rhinoceros with88% or roughly 420 individuals of theworld’s total population. Kenya’s TsavoEast and West national parks comprisethe largest nature reserve available tobuild numbers of this subspecies forrestoration efforts. With rhino numbersincreasing steadily in the Ngulia RhinoSanctuary, a ring-fenced sanctuary withinTsavo West, the African WildlifeFoundation and the Kenya Wildlife Servicehave entered into a bold partnership tofree release rhino to the adjacent TsavoEast National Park.

Thus far this partnership has releasedover 40 rhinos into Tsavo East, a richhabitat thought to be large enough for atleast 2,500 black rhinos. To help make thispotential conservation success story areality, the Fund has provided improvedhousing, vehicular support, equipment,and advanced training for Kenya WildlifeService rangers at both Ngulia and TsavoEast national parks. Provision of thisfunding has enhanced law enforcement andmonitoring efforts crucial to rhino survivaland management by raising the livingstandards and morale of the rangers,thereby emphasizing the importance oftheir work. Though 12 of the free releaserhinos have been lost to poaching, theirrange has been expanded in Tsavo East tosome 4,000 square kilometers, or about40% of the park’s surface area.

An eastern black rhinoceros at theNgorongoro Conservation Area inTanzania, site of a successful black rhinoconservation partnership between theNgorongoro Conservation Authority, theTanzanian Government, the AfricanWildlife Foundation, and the FrankfurtZoological Society.African Wildlife Foundation.

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“The translocationof rhinos fromNepal’s RoyalChitwanNational Park toRoyal BardiaNational Parkalso benefitted theChitwanpopulation byreducing thepotential forconflict withhumans along thepark’s boundariesas well asreducingpressure onChitwan’s rhinohabitat.”

WWF-Nepal Program

Twenty-two domestic elephants (top) participated in the capture ofrhinos (right) at Nepal’s Royal Chitwan National Park in 2002.After the rhinos were sedated (center), they were loaded into largecrates and trucked 500 km west to Royal Bardia National Park wherethey were released (bottom).WWF-Nepal Program

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Royal Bardia NationalPark Rhino PopulationReaches Target

The greater one-horned rhinoceros(Rhinoceros unicornis) was onceabundant throughout the flood plains ofSouth Asia’s Ganga, Brahmaputra andSindh rivers and their large tributariesbetween the Indo-Burmese border in theeast and Pakistan in the west. WithinNepal, it ranged throughout the lowlandsand nearby foothills of the southernportion of the country. Poaching andhabitat encroachment from agriculturalexpansion eventually isolated theseanimals to the Chitwan valley, whereapproximately 1,000 were recorded untilthe early 1950s.

By the 1960s the Chitwan population wasreduced to less than 100 individuals. Sincethen, efforts to conserve remaining habitatand stop poaching elevated this populationto 544 individuals by the year 2000. As thisrecovery occurred, concern developed thatthis lone population of Nepal’s rhinos wasvulnerable to disease, poaching and othernatural disasters. As a result, 83 rhinoswere translocated from Royal ChitwanNational Park to Royal Bardia NationalPark (300 kilometers to the west ofChitwan) from 1986 through 2003. Thisbrought the Bardia population to theconservation goal of approximately 100animals and reestablished a second viablerhino population for Nepal. The Nepalesegovernment, under the Terai Arc pro-gram, plans to establish a third populationin the Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve westof Bardia where five rhinos are currentlyfound.

The Fund provided grants to the WorldWildlife Fund - Nepal Program in 2000 and2002, which contributed to the Nepalgovernment’s translocation of 20 rhinos toBardia and participation in thetranslocation exercise by forestry officialsfrom India’s state of Assam.

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One of 47 captive South China tigers heldin China’s zoos.Minnesota Zoo, The Tiger Foundation and the StateForestry Administration, P.R. China

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The Chinese State Forest Administration,in collaboration with the Tiger Foundation,conducted a South China tiger (Pantheratigris amoyensis) assessment in theprovinces of Jiangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang,Hunan and Hubei in south-central China.The South China tiger is the rarest of thefive living tiger subspecies and the mostcritically endangered. They have not beenrecorded in the wild by officials for 25years.

To prepare for this assessment, more than100 Chinese Forestry Staff, universitystudents and local volunteers were trainedand/or briefed in tiger surveymethodology, interview procedures andremote camera set-up, operation and care.During the field surveys remote cameraswere placed in potential habitat tophotograph tigers, their prey, and humandisturbance. Remote mountain trails andridges in potential tiger reserves wereinvestigated to verify and document recentand historical evidence of tiger presence,prey presence and trends, habitat quality,and human disturbance. Informalinterviews were conducted with localvillagers to assess their knowledge ofwildlife, and document livestockmanagement practices, local land andresource use, and conservation attitudes.

After surveying eight potential tigerreserves and assessing the availableevidence, it was concluded that no viable(greater than 50 adult tigers) wild SouthChina tiger populations remain. It is,however, possible that there may be asingle tiger or a few isolated tigers stillremaining at sites not surveyed.

While the overall results weredisappointing, this assessment wassignificant as it advanced communicationbetween Chinese conservationists andinternational tiger specialists, andprovided information that will be useful asoptions for restoration of a viable tigerpopulation are considered.

In Search of WildSouth China Tigers

“Over the last 40years, wildpopulations ofthe South Chinatiger havedeclined fromthousands to ascatteredfew...the lasttime one wasbrought intocaptivity wasnearly 30 yearsago.”

Ron Tilson,The Tiger

Foundation

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Surveys and MonitoringAssessment of Tigers and Prey inLumphat Wildlife Sanctuary, NortheastCambodiaDepartment of Nature Conservation andProtection, Ministry of Environment$11,126 + $10,450—A prerequisite tostrengthening the management of thesanctuary. Funding partners: WildlifeConservation Society and World WildlifeFund.

Black Rhino Monitoring and Habitat UseStudies, Great Fish River Reserve,Eastern Cape Province, South AfricaUniversity of Fort Hare $19,939 + $9,805—Training of field biologists anddevelopment of a rhino habitat and rhinomonitoring and management program atthe Great Fish River Reserve, home to thelargest population of black rhino (80)inhabiting the valley bushveld ecosystem.Funding partners: University of FortHare and the Eastern Cape ProvinceGovernment.

Survey Assessment and Conservation ofthe Sumatran Tiger in Bukit BarisanNational Park, IndonesiaWildlife Conservation Society $32,830 +$104,157—Continuation of a long-termresearch and monitoring program,initiated in 1998, to assess the currentstatus of tigers in the park. Fundingpartners: Wildlife Conservation Societyand Save the Tiger Fund.

Monitoring of White and Black RhinoSub-Populations in MpumalangaProvince as Part of a Meta-PopulationStrategy, South AfricaMpumalanga Parks Board. $28,655 +$31,202—Reintroduction and monitoring ofblack rhinoceros at the Songimvelo GameReserve and enhanced monitoring andmanagement of rhinoceros at a total of fivereserves in the Mpumalanga Province,South Africa. Funding partner:Mpumalanga Parks Board.

Assessment of Forest Corridor linkingDudhwa National Park andKaterniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, IndiaBombay Natural History Society $28,380+ $6,276—To determine feasibility ofrestoring habitat in the corridor. Fundingpartner: Bombay Natural History Society.

Rhino Monitoring Mkhuze GameReserve, South AfricaWildlands Trust $21,750 + $12,427—Development and implementation of acomprehensive rhino monitoring programfor rhinoceros at the Mkhuze GameReserve in KwaZulu-Natal. Fundingpartners: Wildlands Trust and EzemveloKwaZulu-Natal Wildlife.

Projects Funded ByProgram AreaAppropriated Funds:$2,830,112Matching Funds andIn-KindContributions:$6,749,939

Bold/italic type within

individual summary

indicates project matching

funds.

A field ranger at the Ithala Game Reserve inKwaZulu-Natal South Africa monitoring awhite rhinoceros. The fund invests heavilyin rhino metapopulation management, seenas crucial to rhinoceros survival and rangeexpansion in the long term.Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife

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GIS Capacity Building of the CambodiaTiger Team and Development of aCambodia Spatial Tiger InformationSystemUniversity of Minnesota $12,730 + $8,398—Strengthen data management capability ofpersonnel operating under the projectknown as the Cambodian CommunityBased Tiger Conservation Project.Funding partners: University ofMinnesota and Environmental SystemsResearch Institute (ESRI).

Monitoring of the Black RhinocerosPopulations of the Addo ElephantNational Park in South AfricaSouth African National Parks $27,917 +$48,809 —To continue, improve, andinstitutionalize a monitoring program forthe black rhinoceros populations of theAddo Elephant Park in South Africa.Black rhino are thought to exist well belowcarrying capacity at Addo and intensivemanagement of these populations isneeded to maximize reproductive output.Funding partners: South AfricanNational Parks, Danish Cooperation forEnvironment and Development, DavidShepherd Wildlife Foundation, BarbaraDelano Foundation.

Genetic Analysis of the JavanRhinoceros in Relation to ItsManagement, Indonesia and VietnamColumbia University’s Center forEnvironmental Research andConservation (CERC) $29,105 + $31,800 —Second year of funding to developdemographic and genetic data on the Javanrhinos of Ujung Kulon National Park,Indonesia, and Cat Tien National Park,Vietnam. Funding partner: CERC.

Ear Notching of Black Rhinos on LewaWildlife Conservancy and SweetwatersRhino Sanctuary, KenyaAssociation of Private Land RhinoSanctuaries, Kenya $10,482 + $9,066—Improve monitoring and metapopulationmanagement of some 60 eastern blackrhinoceros inhabiting the Lewa andSweetwaters sanctuaries in Kenya byconducting ear notching and dailymonitoring of the animals. Fundingpartners: Lewa Wildlife Sanctuary andSweetwaters Rhino Sanctuary.

South China Tiger Field Survey:Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi and FujianProvincesThe Tiger Foundation $26,900 + $52,756—training and equipment for field surveyteams of the Chinese State ForestryAdministration (SFA) on censustechniques for wild South China tigers.Funding partners: The Tiger Foundation,The Minnesota Zoo Foundation, Save

China’s Tigers, South Lakes Wild AnimalPark, The Sumatran Tiger Trust, ColbyCollege, and China’s State ForestryAdministration.

In Situ Ultrasonographic ReproductiveEvaluation of the Female BlackRhinoceros and White Rhinoceros inSouth Africa (Year 1 )Fossil Rim Wildlife Center $18,790 +$66,150—Combine ultrasound with earnotching and/or radio collaring to monitorpregnant rhino post capture and documenteffects of capture and other managementactions on embryo and fetal viability.Funding partners: Fossil Rim WildlifeCenter, South African National Parks, andInternational Rhino Foundation.

In Situ Ultrasonographic ReproductiveEvaluation of Female Black Rhinocerosand White Rhinoceros in South Africa(Year 2)Fossil Rim Wildlife Center $13,300 +$77,150—Applied research on the possibleeffects of intensive management of femaleblack and white rhinoceros onreproductive success. Funding partners:Fossil Rim Wildlife Center, South AfricanNational Parks, International RhinoFoundation, and Tapeats Fund.

In Situ Ultrasonographic ReproductiveEvaluation of the Female BlackRhinoceros and White Rhinoceros inSouth Africa (Year 3)Fossil Rim Wildlife Center $22,300 +$63,650—Applied research on the possibleeffects of intensive management of femaleblack and white rhinoceros onreproductive success. Funding partners:South African National Parks and FossilRim Wildlife Center.

A Meeting on Tiger Survey Techniquesfor Bangladesh’s SundarbanUniversity of Minnesota $12,766 + $6,000—Produced a tiger assessment strategy.Funding partners: University ofMinnesota, the Bangladesh ForestDepartment, and the WildlifeConservation Society.

Revision of African Rhino SpecialistGroup’s updated “Sandwith” Course forField Rangers in Rhino ID Monitoringand Holding of Second Course to TrainTrainers Using the Revised Course,AfricaIUCN Survival Service CommissionAfrican Rhino Specialist Group $43,303 +$15,72—Improve, standardize, anddisseminate the African Rhino SpecialistGroups training course for field rangers inrhino population monitoring in six(African) rhino range states. Fundingpartners: Southern African Development

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Community Regional Program for RhinoConservation, North West Parks andTourism Board, Ecoscot ConsultancyServices, Ezemvelo KwaZulu NatalWildlife.

Status, Behavior and Ecology of the Tigerin the Sunderban of Bangladesh (Year 1)University of Minnesota $35,270 +$140,500—Training and equipment neededto strengthen a Bangladesh ForestDepartment assessment of the tigerpopulation inhabiting the Sundarban.Funding partners: University ofMinnesota, Bangladesh ForestDepartment, Wildlife ConservationSociety, Asian Development Bank, and theSave the Tiger Fund.

Status, Behavior and Ecology of the Tigerin the Sunderban of Bangladesh (Year 2)University of Minnesota $39,636 +$48,240—Assistance to the BangladeshForest Department in acquiring base lineinformation on the status of tigers in theSundarban river swamp. Fundingpartners: University of Minnesota,Bangladesh Forest Department, WildlifeConservation Society, Asian DevelopmentBank, and the Save the Tiger Fund.

Desert-dwelling Black Rhino Monitoringand Perceptions of CommunitiesTowards Rhino Conservation in North-Western NamibiaSave the Rhino Trust (SRI) $33,700 +$220,450—Conduct monitoring of thedesert-adapted southwestern subspeciesof the black rhinoceros and work with localcommunity natural resource managementgroups in the Kunene and Erongo regionsof Namibia to conserve rhinos oncommunal lands. Funding partners:David Shepherd Wildlife Foundation andSRI, Darwin Initiative.

Monitoring of the Amur Tiger Populationin Khabarovsk Krai, RussiaWildlife Management Institute-Far EastBranch $14,170 + $5,440—Conduct of anannual monitoring program of tigers andtheir habitat on select study sites.Funding partners: Wildlife ManagementInstitute-Far East Branch andKhabarovsk Krai Ecology Committee.

Studies on Black Rhinoceros inZimbabwe During the National EarNotching ProgramWorld Wide Fund for Nature, SouthernAfrican Regional Program Office $35,340+ $87,710—Capture, ear notching, radiocollaring, and emergency veterinary careto enhance the security and improvemonitoring of black and white rhinocerosin Zimbabwe. Funding partner: WWFSouthern African Regional ProgramOffice.

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

A black rhinoceros cow and calf at the Mkhuze Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal SouthAfrica. With support from the Fund, the Wildlands Trust has provided badly needed rhinomonitoring support to the Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife Conservation Service staff.Wildlands Trust.

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Distribution and Dynamics of Tiger andPrey Populations in Maharashtra, India(Year 1)Wildlife Conservation Society $28,154 +$46,345—To develop a state-widedistribution map of tigers, carry outadvanced level monitoring of tiger andprey populations on selected sites, andtrain state forestry officials in variousmonitoring techniques. Funding partner:Wildlife Conservation Society.

Distribution and Dynamics of Tiger andPrey Populations in Maharashtra, India(Year 2)Wildlife Conservation Society $23,450 +$33,180—To support a study of thedistribution of tigers throughout the state,identify the state’s breeding populationsand meta-populations, and intensivelymonitor tigers and their prey in threenature reserves. Funding partners:Wildlife Conservation Society and the Savethe Tiger Fund.

Kenya Black Rhinoceros PopulationPerformance Dynamics and StatusReportingKenya Wildlife Service $20,432 + $27,520—Monitoring and metapopulationmanagement of the eastern blackrhinoceros in Kenya so as to maximizepopulation growth. Funding partners:Save the Rhino International/Chester Zoo,Darwin Initiative/Zoological Society ofLondon, and the recipient.

A Mini-workshop to Coordinate UngulateSurvey Efforts in Russia and NortheastChinaWildlife Conservation Society $12,800 +$3,100—Workshop brought togetherRussian, Chinese, and American scientiststo develop a consensus on how to conductungulate surveys in tiger habitats ofnortheast China and the Russian Far East.Funding partner: Wildlife ConservationSociety.

Khabarovsk Krai Ungulate Pilot Study,Russia (Year 1)Wildlife Management Institute-Far EastBranch $14,661 + $8,700—A project todetermine effectiveness of tiger preysurvey methodology developed at anungulate survey workshop. Fundingpartner: Wildlife Management Institute-Far East Branch.

Khabarosk Krai Ungulate Study, Russia(Year 2)Wildlife Conservation Society $45,225 +$14,000—Support for a survey of theungulate prey of tigers inhabiting the krai.To allow comparison of data, survey usedfield methodology and data analysismethods that were standardizedthroughout the Amur tiger’s occupied

habitat. Funding partner: WildlifeManagement Institute-Far EasternBranch.

Support for Black Rhino Monitoring inLowveld Conservancies, ZimbabweWorld Wildlife Fund Southern AfricanRegional Program Office (WWF SARPO)$43,380 + $237,998—To enhance themetapopulation management and securityof some 200 black rhinoceros beingmanaged in a custodianship agreementbetween private landowners and theGovernment of Zimbabwe. Fundingpartners: Bubiana and Save ValleyConservancies, and the World WildlifeFund Southern African Regional ProgramOffice.

Establishment of a Community BasedTiger Monitoring Network throughoutthe Terai of NepalUniversity of Minnesota $28,637 + $7,864—Enlistment of villagers across Nepal’sterai to act as citizen rangers gatheringdata needed to assess tiger usage of forestlands outside reserves. Fundingpartners: University of Minnesota and theInternational Trust for NatureConservation.

Status of Amur Tiger Prey Populationsin Northeast ChinaCollege of Wildlife Resources, NortheastForestry University $33,480 + $2,305—Map the distribution of prey species anddetermine their population size, and meandensity in the eastern WandashanMountains of Heilongjiang Province,China. Funding partners: NortheastForestry University, Heilongjiang WildlifeConservation Association, andHeilongjiang Forestry Bureau.

The Establishment of the Hukaung ValleyTiger Reserve in Burma (Year 1)Wildlife Conservation Society $39,880 +$38,700—Assess the tiger population,habitat threats, and human activities in theHukaung Valley which is situated within aglobally significant hot spot forbiodiversity. Confirmation of a viablebreeding population will providejustification needed for final designation ofthe reserve. Funding partner: WildlifeConservation Society.

The Establishment of Hukaung ValleyTiger Reserve in Burma (Year 2)Wildlife Conservation Society $43,210 +$50,110—Support to continue study oftiger status, land use patterns, and socio-economic status of people in the valley.Also includes construction of basic parkinfrastructure, and initiation of parkconservation. Funding partner: WildlifeConservation Society.

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Survey of Amur Tiger Prey Status andDynamics in Jilin Province, ChinaJilin Provincial Wildlife ConservationAssociation $30,101 + $6,800—Survey usedfield methodology and data analysismethods standardized throughout theAmur tiger’s occupied habitat. Fundingpartner: Jilin Provincial WildlifeConservation Association.

Siberian Tiger Project: Research andAction, a Two-pronged Approach, RussiaWildlife Conservation Society $40,000 +$177,810—Study of the dispersal patternsof young tigers and barriers to theirdispersal in the vicinity of Sikhote-AlinReserve, Primorskii Krai. Informationobtained will contribute to understandingof tiger/human conflict. Funding partner:Save the Tiger Fund and the WildlifeConservation Society.

Survey, Assessment and Conservation ofIndochinese Tiger in Lao PDRWildlife Conservation Society $31,260 +$68,846—Support to train a national tigerassessment field team and carry out apilot assessment of the status of tiger andprey populations and incidents of livestockdepredation in a nature reserve. Fundingpartner: Save the Tiger Fund and theWildlife Conservation Society.

Assessment of the Rhinoceros Populationin Lao PDRWorld Wide Fund for Nature - IndochinaProgram $23,713 + $10,084—To assess thestatus of rhino in three locations where arecent survey of awareness of rhino amonglocal people indicated rhino may still bepresent. Funding partners: World WideFund for Nature - Indochina Program andNational University of Laos.

Conservation Education 2001/2002Public Awareness and Socio-economicDevelopment for Communities Living inthe Periphery of Manas National Park,Assam, India (Year 1)Dolphin Conservation Society $34,065 +$5,757—Public awareness activities ontiger conservation, a socio-economicsurvey, and small scale socio-economicactivities all directed at winning supportamong local people for the conservationprogram of the park, conducted 2001/2002.Funding partner: Dolphin ConservationSociety.

Public Awareness and Socio-economicDevelopment for Communities Living inthe Periphery of Manas National Park,Assam, India (Year 2)Dolphin Conservation Society $41,495 +$6,100—To continue development ofsupport among local people forconservation of the park and the tigers and

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

Amur TigerArtwork by Konstantin N. Tkachenko, RTCF Grant ProjectOfficer, Bolshekhekhtsirsky State Nature Reserve, Russia

35

tiger prey that inhabit it, conducted 2003/2004. Funding partner: DolphinConservation Society.

Rhino—“Back From the Brink” —Educational FilmAfrican Environmental Film Foundation$10,000 + $129,340—Development of aneducational film documenting the historyof the destruction and now the conserva-tion of the rhinoceros in Africa; the film toserve as a catalyst to public support forrhino conservation efforts. Fundingpartner: African Environmental FilmFoundation.

Conservation in Central Vietnam’s TigerCorridorWorld Wide Fund for Nature—IndochinaProgram $34,780 + $53,940—Raiseawareness, build technical capacity, andconduct surveys relevant to tigerconservation in a corridor of habitat.Funding partners: World Wide Fund forNature-Indochina Program and the forestprotection departments of Thua Thien-Hue, Kon Tum, and Quang Nam provinces.

The Central Vietnam Tiger Corridor—Species Based Landscape ConservationWorld Wide Fund for Nature - IndochinaProgram $29,990 + $125,606—To increasethe effectiveness of law enforcement andobtain tiger population information neededfor management in the tiger corridor ofthe Central Annamite Mountain Region.Funding partners: World Wide Fund forNature - Denmark, Save the Tiger Fund,World Wide Fund for Nature - Japan,Worldwide Fund for Nature - UnitedKingdom, Worldwide Fund for Nature -United States, and US Agency forInternational Development.

Kids for Environment, NamibiaUgab Wilderness School $33,499 +$25,522—Environmental education andtraining of trainers in communal landssignificant to the desert-adapted blackrhinoceros in the Kunene and Erongoregions of Namibia. Funding partners:Ugab Wilderness School, Namibia NatureFoundation and Save the Rhino Trust.

Churia Hill Environmental AwarenessProgram, NepalEnvironmental Camps for ConservationAwareness $19,964 + $3,162—Environmental education camps forchildren, a community forest trainingprogram for adults, and a workshop toorient village development committeemembers to environmental concerns all ina significant corridor of tiger habitat.Funding partner: Environmental Campsfor Conservation Awareness.

“It is an acceptedfact that theedges of anywildlife popula-tion or plantcommunity’shabitat is themost susceptibleto impactslimitingdistributionand populationgrowth. TheAmur tiger isno exception.KhabarovskiiKrai is thenorthern edge ofAmur tigerrange, and thissouthern speciesexists here inwhat must becalled extremeconditions.Negativeimpacts moreintensely, andmoredramatically,affect thepopulation inKhabarovskiiKrai than in thecentral portionof tiger range inPrimorskiiKrai.”Wildlife Management

Institute.FarEastern Branch

Reproduction of “Rules on People’sBehavior and Livestock Maintenance inAmur Tiger Habitat,” RussiaPhoenix Fund $5,775 + $1,360 —Reprintand distribute an additional 4,000brochures through nature reserves,environmental law enforcement agencies,environmental non-governmentorganizations, and scientific and researchinstitutes to better inform people andreduce human/tiger conflict. Fundingpartner: Phoenix Fund.

Environmental Education Workshop forTeachers Working in Vicinity of Sikhote-Alinskiy Biosphere Nature Reserve,RussiaSikhote-Alinskiy Biosphere State NatureReserve $9,126 + $1,845 —To guidesecondary teachers in using the reserve asa resource in their teaching relevant totiger conservation. Funding partners:Sikhote-Alinskiy Biosphere State NatureReserve and the district EducationDepartment.

Action Plan and Conference onEnvironmental Education, Khabarovsk,RussiaThe Wildlife Foundation-Khabarovsk.$30,441 + $20,300—To design a regionalenvironmental education program directedat enlightening local people on problemsconfronting Amur tiger conservation.Funding partner: The WildlifeFoundation-Khabarovsk.

Development of a Nature Museum,RussiaSikhote-Alinskiy Biosphere State NatureReserve $25,564 + $11,029—Organize anddesign exhibits and exhibit hallsaddressing tigers, associated species andtheir habitat for the new InformationCenter and Nature Museum of thereserve. Funding partner: Sikhote-Alinskiy Biosphere State Nature Reserve

Sustainable Conservation Awareness forRural Communities in Huai KhaKhaeng Buffer Zone, ThailandRoyal Forest Department of Thailand.$8,930 + $9,374. Continuation of a program(begun under an earlier RTCF grant) todevelop support for tiger conservationamong people living adjacent to Thailand’sWestern Forest Complex. Fundingpartner: Royal Forest Department ofThailand

An Educational Kit for the Schools ofPrimorye, RussiaPhoenix Fund $10,880 + $2,888—Development, publishing and distributionof posters and a teacher’s guideaddressing tiger biology, habitat, preyspecies, breeding and threats to survival

36

for use in the krai’s biological educationcurriculum for secondary schools.Funding partners: Phoenix Fund and thePrimorsky Institute for Further Trainingof Educators.

Teachers for Tigers: Training Teachersand other Educators to Teach How WeMight Save the World’s Greatest Cat,IndiaZoo Outreach Organization $45,307 +$67,100—Support for training publicschool teachers and zoo educators to teachtiger conservation more effectively usingeducational tools designed specifically forthis purpose. Funding partners: ZooOutreach Organization and the WildlifeConservation Society.

Law EnforcementRhino Protection and Monitoring Units,Cat Tien National Park, VietnamWorld Wide Fund for Nature - IndochinaProgram. $35,100 + $87,765—Tostrengthen law enforcement activities forthe Javan rhino population, increase datagathering, and maintain public awarenesson conservation efforts among local people.Funding partner: World Wide Fund forNature - Asian Rhino and Elephant ActionStrategy.

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

“The need forpublic awarenessof andcommitment toconservation ofbiodiversity hasnever been morecrucial over theentire Earth. Inbiodiversity-richcountries, such asthe tropics inAsia, there is amyriad of ways toexploit natureand naturalresourcesunsustainablyand it is a well-known fact thatthese countriesare losing farmore, far fasterthan temperatecountries.”

Sally Walker, ZooOutreach

Organization

An Indian teacher, attending a Teachers forTigers workshop, investigates educationalmaterials designed to teach students howscientists identify tigers in a study area bycomparing tigers’ stripe patterns in cameratrap photos.WCS/Tom Naiman

37

Acquisition of Motorcycles to EnhanceLaw Enforcement Activities and AreaCoverage within and outside the Reserve,KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaEzemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife $15,600+ $154,232—Provide motorcycles toimprove antipoaching patrolling of therhino habitat at the Ithala Game reserve,home to the third largest rhino populationin the Province of KwaZulu-Natal, SouthAfrica. Funding partner: EzemveloKwaZulu-Natal Wildlife.

Continued Operation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units in Way KambasNational Park, Sumatra, IndonesiaInternational Rhino Foundation $36,350 +$52,183—Continue and further reinforceoperation of anti-poaching law enforcementteams for Sumatran rhinos at the parkduring 2001/2002. Funding partners:International Rhino Foundation (withsupport from Gilman InternationalConservation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom,The Anna Merz Trust, American Associa-tion of Zoo Keepers’ Bowling for RhinosProgram and Save the Rhino Interna-tional), World Wide Fund for Nature-Indonesia, World Wildlife Fund-UnitedStates, and the Government of Indonesia.

Continued Operation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units (RPUs) in Way KambasNational Park, Sumatra, IndonesiaInternational Rhino Foundation $46,206 +$30,804—Support for operation of thepark’s RPUs in 2003/2004. Fundingpartners: International Rhino Foundation(with support from Gilman InternationalConservation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom,The Anna Merz Trust, AmericanAssociation of Zoo Keepers’ Bowling forRhinos Program and Save the RhinoInternational), World Wide Fund forNature-Indonesia, World Wildlife Fund-United States, and the Government ofIndonesia.

Continuation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units in PeninsularMalaysia: Taman NegaraInternational Rhino Foundation $25,120 +$133,930—Continue and further reinforceoperation of Sumatran rhino protectionunits at the park, 2001/2002. Fundingpartners: International Rhino Foundation(with support from The Howard GilmanFoundation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, theCincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, andthe Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association),

Save the Tiger Fund, and the Governmentof Malaysia.

Continuation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units (RPUs) in PeninsulaMalaysia: Taman Negara National ParkInternational Rhino Foundation $45,240 +$166,700—Support for operation of sevenRPUs in the park, 2003/2004. Fundingpartners: International Rhino Foundation(with support from Gilman InternationalConservation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, theCincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, theGreater Los Angeles Zoo Association, andthe American Zoo and AquariumAssociation Tiger Species Survival Plan(SSP)), Save the Tiger Fund, and theGovernment of Malaysia.

Continuation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units in PeninsularMalaysia: Trengganu, Pahang, Johore,Kelantan, and PerakInternational Rhino Foundation $32,747 +$216,930—Continue and furtherstrengthen operation of Sumatran rhinoprotection units in Peninsular Malaysia atthese locations, 2001/2002. Fundingpartners: International Rhino Foundation(with support from The Howard GilmanFoundation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, theCincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, andthe Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association),Save the Tiger Fund, and the Governmentof Malaysia.

Continuation of Sumatran RhinoProtection Units (RPUs) in PeninsulaMalaysia: Rhino Areas other thanTaman Negara National ParkInternational Rhino Foundation $29,640 +$120,500—Support for operation of sixRPUs, 2003/2004. Funding partners:International Rhino Foundation (withsupport from Gilman InternationalConservation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom, theCincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, theGreater Los Angeles Zoo Association, andthe American Zoo and AquariumAssociation Tiger Species Survival Plan(SSP)), Save the Tiger Fund, and theGovernment of Malaysia.

Rhino Protection Units for BukitBarisan Selatan National Park,Sumatra, IndonesiaInternational Rhino Foundation $36,109 +$125,232—Support for two of the sixSumatran rhino protection units (RPUs)currently deployed in the park. Funding

38

partners: International Rhino Foundation(with support from The Howard GilmanFoundation, The Walt Disney CompanyFoundation, Disney’s Animal Kingdom,The Anna Merz Trust, and the Bowling forRhinos Program of the AmericanAssociation of Zoo Keepers), WWF-Indonesia, World Wildlife Fund-UnitedStates, the Critical EcosystemPartnership Fund (CEPF), and theGovernment of Indonesia.

Continuation of Rhino Protection andMonitoring Units in Ujung KulonNational Park, Java, IndonesiaInternational Rhino Foundation $42,926 +$89,149—Support for two units at the park.Funding partners: International RhinoFoundation (with support from TheHoward Gilman Foundation, The WaltDisney Company Foundation, Disney’sAnimal Kingdom, and The Anna MerzTrust), WWF-Indonesia and theGovernment of Indonesia.

Support for Black Rhino Surveillance inthe Ngorongoro Conservation Area,TanzaniaAfrican Wildlife Foundation $36,000 +$84,320—Development and implementationof a comprehensive black rhino securityand monitoring program at theNgorongoro Conservation Area inTanzania. Funding partners: AfricanWildlife Foundation and NgorongoroConservation Area Authority.

Wildlife Inspection in Khabarovsk Krai,RussiaWildlife Hunting ManagementDepartment $29,485 + $10,605—Strengthen law enforcement patrols andconservation education to increase localpeople’s support of measures to conservetigers and other wildlife. Fundingpartner: Wildlife Hunting ManagementDepartment-Khabarovsk.

Refurbishment and Extension of theSecurity Housing Network for theConservation of the Black and WhiteRhinoceros on Lewa WildlifeConservancy and Surrounding Areas,KenyaLewa Wildlife Conservancy, Kenya $39,015+ $10,689—Improvement of housing andfield stations in support of the (black andwhite rhinoceros) anti-poaching units atthe Lewa Wildlife Sanctuary. Fundingpartner: Lewa Wildlife Sanctuary.

Strengthening Reserve Anti-poachingEfforts, RussiaSikhote-Alin Biosphere State NatureReserve $25,527 + $58,357—Satellitetelephones, fuel and spare parts for a

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

The bushmeat trade—the commercial sale ofwildlife as a source of meat protein—isresponsible for the maintenance of vastnumbers of (wire) snare lines throughoutmuch of the African continent. In Africa,rhino are not usually the targets of suchsnares, but they do fall victim to them, oftenreceiving deep wounds that become septicand cause a lingering death.Wildlands Trust.

39

patrol vehicle, and field allowances foranti-poaching units. Funding partner:Sikhote-Alin Biosphere State NatureReserve.

Tembe Elephant Park, South AfricaEzemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, SouthAfrica $28,704 + $248,000—Purchase of avehicle to support the anti-poaching unit atTembe Elephant Park and Sileza GameReserve in KwaZulu-Natal. Thesereserves hold growing populations ofapproximately 25 black and 50 whiterhinoceros. Funding partner: EzemveloKwaZulu-Natal Wildlife.

Support for Reserve Anti-poachingProgram, RussiaLazovsky State Nature Reserve $20,926 +$55,900—Support of field equipment, apatrol vehicle, fuel, spare parts and asmall salary increase for anti-poachingteam members. Funding partners:Lazovsky State Nature Reserve andWorld Wide Fund for Nature.

Passive Transponder Marking ofRhinoceros in KwaZulu-Natal, SouthAfrica (Year 2)Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, SouthAfrica $9,775 + $8,764—Transponderimplantation into rhinoceros shoulders andhorns of some 750 rhino in KwaZulu-Natalto insure individual recognition ofcarcasses and horns so as to combat theillegal killing and trade of rhino. Fundingpartner: Ezemvelo KwaZulu-NatalWildlife.

Passive Transponder Marking ofRhinoceros in KwaZulu-Natal, SouthAfrica (Year 3)Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife. $6,350+ $7,752—Transponder implantation intorhinoceros shoulders and horns of some750 rhino in KwaZulu-Natal to insureindividual recognition of carcasses andhorns so as to combat the illegal killingand trade of rhino. Funding partner:Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife.

Tiger Enforcement Training CourseCITES Secretariat $20,000 + $61,964—Anintensive two week law enforcementtraining course to strengthen capacity ofenforcement personnel from tiger rangestates in combating poaching and illegaltrade. Funding partners: ConservationTreaty Support Fund and the WorldWildlife Fund-United States.

Training Program for Zambia WildlifeAuthority Wildlife Scouts, NorthLuangwa National ParkFrankfurt Zoological Society $18,050 +$29,346—Training of wildlife scouts to

“As black rhino’sare listed onCITESAppendix 1(mostthreatenedspecies) list, itis importantthat allNamibiansunderstand thesignificance oflooking after theblack rhino andtheirenvironment.We must createa love for thiscreature withthe leaders oftomorrow and toachieve this,they have to beinformed andeducated.”

Ugab WildernessSchool

enhance the security of black and whiterhinoceros being reintroduced into one oftheir former strongholds in Zambia.Funding Partners: Zambia WildlifeAuthority and the Frankfurt ZoologicalSociety.

Protection of Rhinoceros and TigerPopulations in the Leuser Ecosystem,IndonesiaLeuser International Foundation $29,760+ $54,456—Support for an anti-poachingunit to conserve Sumatran rhinos andtigers and a camera-trapping program inone of the core zones of the Ecosystem.Funding partners: Leuser InternationalFoundation and Leuser DevelopmentProgram.

The Wildlife Sanctuary Fund, Inc.,Northern Serengeti Rhino Project,TanzaniaThe Wildlife Sanctuary Fund, Inc. $30,000+ $109,340—Enhanced monitoring andlaw enforcement for black rhinoceros inthe Serengeti by building parkinfrastructure and providing field supportto game guards. Funding partners:Tanzania National Parks and The WildlifeSanctuary Fund, Inc.

Improved Coordination of Anti-poachingActivities in Southwest Primorye,RussiaTigris Foundation $25,900 + $63,100—Provision of wireless communicationequipment and training for anti-poachingteams to conserve Amur tigers, leopardsand their prey. Funding partners: TigrisFoundation, 21st Century Tiger, PhoenixFund, and the Save the Tiger Fund.

Provision of a Toyota Landcruiser forthe antipoaching unit at Ndumo GameReserve, KwaZulu-Natal South Africa.Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife$34,589 + $168,174 -Purchase of a vehicleto support the anti-poaching unit atNdumo Game Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal.Ndumo holds growing populations ofapproximately 22 black and 45 whiterhinoceros. Funding partner: EzemveloKwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife.

Community-Based Monitoring andProtection of Endangered Species inCambodia’s Largest Wildlife AreasCAT Action Treasury $36,355 + $90,888—Support for operational expenses(including support for a partnership withlocal law enforcement), provision ofessential equipment, and training for theTiger Conservation Program ofCambodia’s Wildlife Protection Office,2002/2003. Funding partner: Save theTiger Fund.

40

Community-Based Monitoring andProtection of Endangered Species inCambodia’s Largest Wildlife AreasCat Action Treasury $35,048 + $48,300—To continue monitoring wildlife,particularly tigers, their prey andelephants, investigating wildlife crime,responding with appropriate measures,and conducting wildlife awareness andeducation at the village level, 2003/2004.Funding partners: Save the Tiger Fundand the Royal Government of Cambodia.

Protection of Rhino and Elephant inGaramba National Park, DR CongoInternational Rhino Foundation $35,000 +$355,000—To conserve the last 30individuals of the northern subspecies ofthe white rhinoceros, now found only in theGaramba National Park in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo. Funding partners:United Nations (UNESCO), FrankfurtZoological Society, International ElephantFoundation, Save the Rhino International,and the International Rhino Foundation.

Protection of Sumatran Tiger in KerinciSeblat National Park, IndonesiaFauna and Flora International-IndonesiaProgram $45,190 + $100,461—Support toanti-poaching units operating in andaround the park. Funding partners: 21st

Century Tiger, Fauna and FloraInternational, and Save the Tiger Fund.

Support for the Anti-Poaching Unit atUmfolozi Game Reserve, KwaZulu-Natal,South AfricaEzemvelo Kwa-Zulu Natal Wildlife $51,042+ $253,000—To increase the security ofthe some 320 black rhinoceros and 1,680white rhinoceros at the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve complex. Fund-ing partner: Ezemvelo Kwa-Zulu NatalWildlife.

Enforcement Guide on Wildlife Crimes,ChinaEndangered Species Import ExportManagement Office $34,200 + $28,200—Toproduce and publish an enforcement guideon wildlife crime for dissemination toChina’s enforcement, prosecution andjudicial authorities. Funding partner:Endangered Species Import ExportManagement Office.

Capacity Building in Wildlife TradeMonitoring in Terai Arc Landscape,Nepal.World Wildlife Fund, Inc.$35,608+$28,627—Training in control ofillegal trade at both field and headquarterslevels, development of a wildlife tradedatabase, and an awareness campaign.Funding partner: World Wildlife Fund,Inc.

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

This wild Sumatran rhino, wallowing in a puddle, was photographed by an alertRhinoceros Protection Unit team member in Indonesia’s Way Kambas National Park.International Rhino Foundation

41

Nature Reserve ManagementDevelopment of Support for TigerConservation among Villagers Living onthe Fringe of Satpura National Park,Madhya Pradesh, IndiaLifeForce $29,172 + $53,839—Support forinfrastructure and staff needed toadminister a program of small loans tovillagers living adjacent to the park’s tigerhabitat. Funding partners: LifeForceCharitable Trust, Born Free Foundation,Madhya Pradesh State ForestDepartment, and the Madya PradeshTiger Foundation.

Lake Nakuru Park Rhino Sanctuary,Restoration of Fences and Water Supply,KenyaRhino Rescue Trust $34,357 + $34,687—Improvement of habitat for the blackrhinoceros at the Lake Nakuru NationalPark, home to some 10% (50) of the easternsubspecies of the black rhinoceros.Funding partner: Rhino Rescue Trust.

A Study of Tiger-Human Conflict in theBuffer Zone of Corbett Tiger Reserve,IndiaWildlife Society of India $17,594 +$24,099—Support for tiger-human conflictstudy needed for development of acomprehensive strategy to mitigate theconservation problems of the reserve.Funding partners: Wildlife Society ofIndia, Aligarh Muslim University’sDepartment of Wildlife Sciences, and TheCorbett Foundation.

Managing Black Rhino Dispersal,Range-Use, and Conflict Escalation AfterTranslocation for Meta-PopulationManagement, South AfricaZoological Society of San Diego, U.S.A.and University of Port Elizabeth, SouthAfrica $35,400 + $261,843—Appliedresearch into olfactory communication inthe black rhinoceros to facilitatereintroduction and maximize reproductiveoutput of black rhino populations. Fundingpartners: Zoological Society of San Diego,U.S.A., University of Port Elizabeth,South Africa, and a BiotechnologyIndustry Organization.

Evaluate the Status and Management ofBlack Rhino Populations ThroughoutSouth Africa and Namibia January 1999- December 2001The Rhino Management Group $2,632 +$2,632—Assessment of the performance ofsite specific and national rhinocerosmanagement plans during the period 1999-2001 in South Africa and Namibia so as toimprove rhino conservation actions in thefuture. Funding partners: ProvincialConservation Authorities in South Africa,

South African National Parks, the RhinoManagement Group, and the Ministry ofEnvironment and Tourism, Namibia.

Establishment of a Viable Population ofGreater One-horned Rhinoceros in RoyalBardia National Park, NepalWorld Wildlife Fund-Nepal Program$44,800 + $93,650—Ten rhinos moved fromNepal’s Royal Chitwan National Park toRoyal Bardia National Park. (An additionalten rhinos were moved under a fiscal year2000 grant.) Funding partners: WWF-US,WWF-UK, WWF-AREAS.

Training of Tiger Range State Officialsin Wildlife Management, IndiaGlobal Tiger Forum $20,000 + $38,435—Support for three months of training atthe Wildlife Institute of India for selectedtiger conservation staff of range countries(other than India), 2002/2003. Fundingpartner: Government of India.

Training of Tiger Range State’s Officialsin Wildlife Management, IndiaGlobal Tiger Forum $29,736 + $26,250—Totrain tiger conservationists from tigerrange countries (other than India) at theWildlife Institute of India, 2003/2004.Funding partner: Government of India.

Formulation of Policy for RhinocerosManagement in ZambiaZambia Wildlife Authority $16,840 +$25,800—Develop a national policy to guidethe management of the black rhinocerosand the white rhinoceros in Zambia.Funding partner: Zambia WildlifeAuthority.

The Transboundary Amur Tiger Project,China (Year 1)Wildlife Conservation Society - ChinaProgram $39,681 + $33,500—To foster acooperative effort to conserve the Amurtiger and Far Eastern leopard in Russiaand China leading to establishment ofcorridors and new nature reserves, andthe development of appropriate land-useregimes, 2002/2003. Funding partner:Wildlife Conservation Society.

The Transboundary Amur Tiger Project,China (Year 2)Wildlife Conservation Society $49,976 +$40,971—Support to continue fostering acooperative effort between China andRussia to conserve the Amur tigerthrough the establishment of corridorsand new nature reserves, and theharmonization of wildlife and forestrypractices on both sides of the China-Russiaborder, 2003/2004. Funding partner:Wildlife Conservation Society.

42

Establishment of a Rhino Sanctuary forthe Breeding of White and BlackRhinoceros, UgandaRhino Fund Uganda $30,000 + $308,184—Construction of a rhino sanctuary toinitiate the steps needed to restore bothwhite and black rhinoceros to their nativehabitat in Uganda. Funding partners:United Nations Development Programand the European Union.

Habitat Management in the ExtensionArea of Royal Suklaphanta WildlifeReserve, NepalWorld Wildlife Fund, Inc. $35,098 +$34,962—To restore grassland andwetland habitat for tigers, tiger prey, andrhinos through improved managementand education of cattle herders. Fundingpartner: World Wildlife Fund, Inc.

Strengthening and Capacity Building ofThe Wildlife Areas Development andWelfare Trust, IndiaWildlife Areas Development and WelfareTrust $21,440 + $29,000—To strengthenthe Trust’s ability to raise and managefunds and carry out other activities insupport of the Forest Department ofAssam’s large mammal conservationprograms (for rhinos, tigers, elephants,and gibbons). Funding partners: WildlifeAreas Development and Welfare Trustand the International Rhino Foundation(with support from the Zoological Societyof San Diego and the Greater Los AngelesZoo Association).

Rhino Sanctuary Development atMkomazi Game Reserve, TanzaniaTony Fitzjohn/George Adamson AfricanWildlife Preservation Trust $30,350 +$130,000—Provision of a continuous high-quality water supply at the MkomaziRhino Sanctuary; an important source foreastern black rhinoceros being producedfor free release in Tanzania. Funding

Projects Funded ByProgram Area(continued)

“In order toprogresstowards a statein which thereisunderstandingand supportwithin andbetween localcommunitiesforconservationactions thatprotect tigersand theirhabitat, anatmosphere ofmutual trustand respectneeds to bedevelopedbetween therelevant ForestDepartmentstaff and thelocalcommunities.”

Thailand’s RoyalForest

Department

43

partner: Tony Fitzjohn/George AdamsonAfrican Wildlife Preservation Trust.

Strengthening the Management andProtection of Valmiki Tiger Reserve,Bihar, IndiaWildlife Trust of India $31,945 + $30,490—To place a trained biologist at the reserveto gather information for management,conduct law enforcement training, provideequipment, and develop local stakeholdersupport for management. Fundingpartner: Wildlife Trust of India.

Fencing of Weenen Nature Reserve,South AfricaKwaZulu-Natal Nature ConservationService.Project cancelled.

Expansion and Continued Support toNgulia Rhino Sanctuary in Tsavo,Kenya.African Wildlife Foundation $49,984 +$238,703—Increasing the area of theNgulia (eastern black) rhino sanctuary bysome 67% so that this source area for thefree release of black rhino can sustain abase population of some 90 rhino ratherthan the 30-40 currently possible.Funding partners: Kenya WildlifeService and the African WildlifeFoundation.

Substitutes for Tiger/Rhinoceros ProductsMedicinal Trade - Raising PublicAwareness About the Most ImmediateThreat to the Survival of Tigers andRhinos, USAWorld Wildlife Fund - United States$22,957 + $37,377—Production of abilingual (English/Chinese) brochure topublicize relevant U.S. laws onconservation of rhinos and tigers andencourage use of substitutes. Fundingpartner: World Wildlife Fund-UnitedStates.

Brochure produced for use in a campaign being carried out in theU.S. to reduce the demand for and illegal trade in TraditionalChinese Medicine products containing tiger bone and rhino horn.World Wildlife Fund-US

44

Grants — AfricaFiscal Years 2001-2003

Countries with Grants

45

Grants — AsiaFiscal Years 2001-2003

46

EightEightEightEightEight Y Y Y Y Year Summaryear Summaryear Summaryear Summaryear Summary of Grants of Grants of Grants of Grants of GrantsAAAAAwarded by Country and Specieswarded by Country and Specieswarded by Country and Specieswarded by Country and Specieswarded by Country and Species

Funding is in U.S. dollars

153,248

125,299

153,218

115,180

78,720

625,665

Black RhinosGrants FundingCountry

Botswana

Democratic Republicof Congo

Kenya

Namibia

South Africa

Tanzania

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

TOTAL

7

4

11

4

2

2

28

Africa

Funding

20,818

54,680

236,620

125,299

610,438

115,180

30,000

34,890

78,720

1,306,645

TotalGrants

1

2

10

4

34

4

1

2

2

61

Black and WhiteRhinosGrants Funding

3

20

1

26

83,372

438,009

30,000

586,271

White RhinosGrants Funding

1

2

3

6

20,818

54,680

19,211

94,709

153,248

125,299

153,218

115,180

34,890

78,720

625,665

47

Asia

Country

Bangladesh

Burma

Cambodia

China

India

Indonesia

Lao PDR

Malaysia

Nepal

Russia

Thailand

Vietnam

TOTAL

3

2

7

10

18

3

1

3

30

3

6

86

87,672

83,090

183,199

286,288

429,593

80,800

31,260

58,787

641,034

48,567

124,008

2,054,298

Funding

87,672

83,090

183,199

320,488

810,562

617,640

54,973

200,861

280,835

641,034

48,567

291,823

3,620,744

TotalGrants

3

2

7

11

32

21

2

7

10

30

3

15

143

Tigers and RhinosGrants Funding

1

11

7

6

4

3

32

34,200

301,824

260,500

182,747

104,544

53,420

937,235

79,145

276,340

23,713

18,114

117,504

114,395

629,211

3

11

1

1

3

6

25

Country

U.S.A.

TOTAL

North America & Europe

Tigers & RhinosGrants Funding

1

1

22,957

22,957

TigersGrants Funding

RhinosGrants Funding

TigersGrants Funding

RhinosGrants Funding Funding

22,957

22,957

TotalGrants

1

1

48

Eight-Eight-Eight-Eight-Eight-YYYYYear Summaryear Summaryear Summaryear Summaryear Summary of of of of ofAppropriationsAppropriationsAppropriationsAppropriationsAppropriations

Eight-Eight-Eight-Eight-Eight-YYYYYear ear ear ear ear Program BudgetProgram BudgetProgram BudgetProgram BudgetProgram BudgetSummarySummarySummarySummarySummaryU.S. Congressional RTCFappropriations

Administration costs

Additions to budget

Available for grants

Expended for grants

Matching funds leveraged

$ 5,136,500

$ 248,335

$ 75,326

$ 4,963,491

$ 4,950,346

$10,684,327

Annual Appropriations Amount Available for Grants*

Fiscal Year 1996 =

Fiscal Year 1997 =

Fiscal Year 1998 =

Fiscal Year 1999 =

Fiscal Year 2000 =

Fiscal Year 2001 =

Fiscal Year 2002 =

Fiscal Year 2003 =

Total

$ 194,000

$ 388,000

$ 388,000

$ 485,000

$ 675,605

$ 725,560

$ 920,000

$1,187,326***

$4,963,491

* Amount available for grants after removal of administration costs.

** Amount appropriated by the U.S. Congress for RTCF in fiscal year 2003.

*** Amount available from fiscal year 2003 RTCF appropriation ($1,112,000) plus$75,326 provided from other appropriated funds.

$ 200,000

$ 400,000

$ 400,000

$ 500,000

$ 696,500

$ 748,000

$ 1,000,000

$ 1,192,000**

$ 5,136,500

49

African Rhinos

All Rhinos & Tigers

Asian Rhinos

Asian Rhinos & Tigers

Tigers

31%

2%

6%

20%

41%

Distribution of FundsFiscal Years 2001, 2002, & 2003

White & Black

Sumatran

Indian

Javan

White

All Rhinos

Black

Law Enforcement

Protected AreaManagement

Tiger/Rhino ProductSubstitutes

ConservationEducation

Surveys &Monitoring

Among Target Species

Among Rhinoceros Species25%

19%

17%

8%

2%

4%

25%

Among Tiger Sub-Species

34%

18%

1%

12%

35%

Program Areas Funded

Organizational Funding

Country Governments

Country NGOs

International NGOs

17%

21%

62%

Grant Funds$2,830,112

Matching Funds &In-Kind Contributions

$6,749,939

30%

70%

Grant and Matching Funds

Amur

Indochina

Sumatran

All subspecies

South China

Bengal

26%

21%

13%

7%

2%

31%

For more information about the Fund,please contact:

Chief, Division of InternationalConservationU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Room 730Arlington, VA 22203703.358.1754

Back:The grasslands of the northeast Indian state of Assam provide habitat for greater one-horned rhinos, Bengal tigers, and Asian elephants.International Rhino Foundation

52

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Fish & Wildlife ServiceDivision of International ConservationWashington, DC 20240

http://www.fws.gov/http://international.fws.gov/

Spring 2004