SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS RESEARCH ON ORGANIC WINTER …SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS RESEARCH ON ORGANIC WINTER WHEAT ... In this framework, Rudolf Steiner, a phylosophus born in Austria, professor

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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA DOCTORAL SCHOOL

AGRICULTURE FACULTY SPECIALIZATION: PHYTOTECHNIE

Eng. Marin Liviu TOMOŞ

SUMMARY OF PhD THESIS

RESEARCH ON ORGANIC WINTER WHEAT AND RYE CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR Univ.prof. dr. eng. LEON SORIN MUNTEAN

CLUJ-NAPOCA 2010

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INTRODUCTION

The organic farming system (similar to „biologic” or „ecologic” terms) is a “modern” plant growing, animal breeding and food processing system fundamentally different from the conventional farming system. The role of the organic farming system is to enhance the „clean” food production, more adequate to human methabolism, in compliance with the environment preservation issue and full respect for nature. The organic farming system contributes to the added value economic activities development and to the interest for rural areas growing.

From both objective and subjective reasons, wheat cultivation in the past few years in Romania is declining. This situation demands a serious economic efficiency analysis and a strategy to increase wheat cultivation profitability.

One prior condition for high and stable yields is the choice of the most suitable wheat variety in compliance to the region’s climate and soil particularities. Beyond the high yield potential, the chosen varieties have to be resistant to main stress factors and must have grain high quality potential.

Cultivated grains have to give satisfactory results in quantity and quality. Nowadays the quantity is overwhelmed by the quality issue. Consumers are more and more oriented to buy healthy food, and they are awared that healthy food is produced mainly in organic farming system.

Obviously, the yields level depends on the cultural methods, starting with the varieties choise and ending with the harvesting issue. The most suitable variety choise can not guarantee by itself good yields if the wide range of technological works are not properly applied. In the nowadays wheat technology the foundation for high yields starts from the crop settlement which consists of several technological sequences ment to lead to well developed crop fields.

In the nowadays social, economic and ecologic framework, worldwide, there is a general trend to swich from the conventional industrial, intensive farming system to organic farming, a „common sense” farming system which has to comply to the following major objectives:

- producing enough quantity, high quality and with reasonable costs food stuffs; - improving and preserving the natural environment and reducing the

pollution sources; - establishing the framework for food processors to supply the mankind with

healthy food, to guarantee the environment security, to enable increase of incomes, to give satisfaction of the workers and to create a balance in the man-nature harmony.

I express my deepest gratitude and consideration to. Mr. Professor LEON SORIN MUNTEAN, scientific coordinator of this Doctoral thesis, for the great honour he granted by accepting me in the group of PhD students and for his entire support from the first experimental protocol untill the fulfilment of the research work and written material.

I want to express also my sincerely gratitude to the Board of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Cluj-Napoca and especially to the Board of the Faculty of Agriculture for the overall outstanding research conditions. Special gratitude to the whole team from the Phytotechny Department for the granted support.

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My deepest consideration and the wormest thoughts to Mr. Eng. Ţandrău Nicolae, general manager of Minexfor Gmbh Deva and to Mr. Christian Haeni for the granted support in organizing and fullfilling the research in the experimental fields from Chimindia (Hunedoara county) and Fireteaz (Arad county).

Also, I experess special thanks to Dr. Vasile Moldovan and Dr. Rozalia Kadar , from the Agricultural Research and Development Station Turda for their valuable suggestions according to documentation and relization of final form of the thesis.

And I adress my deepest gratitude to my family members for their unconditionned generosity and moral support.

CHAPTER 1 THE ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM WORLD WIDE

AND IN ROMANIA

1.1. THE ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM WORLDWIDE

The modern organic farming system hystory begins at the end of the previous century, when some illuminates people, mainly from Germany, have started to analyse the gap between mankind and nature and tried to give sollutions to end this situation.

In this framework, Rudolf Steiner, a phylosophus born in Austria, professor and founder of anthroposofy, set up in 1924 a new farming concept where the farm was treated as a selfsupporting system.

One of his students, Ehrenfried Pfeiffer, has developed this theory and named it „the biodinamic farming system”. The main principles which were driving this type of thinking were as following: to apply rational cultural techniques, no matter if classic or new ornes, which to comply to “the Steiner methamorphosys” – plant, animal, humans – everything being related to air, water and soil and driven by a spiritual force; to promote new principles such as diversity preservation (diversity and biodiversity); to enhance the chemical elements and substance recycling, to hinder the polluant substances spread and to promote the new agriculture schools knowledge and knowhow; development of enable research and discovery of new biodynamic concepts and methods.

In fact, the organic farming system has been developed at the end of 1970’s together with the growing influence of the „green” movements, when both farmers and consumers started to be concerned by the environmental issues. The movement has started in the northern european countries (Denmark, Germany, The Nederlands) and then has spreaded to Mediteranean countris (France, Italy, Greece) and USA. Thus there have been established the first organic farmers associations.

The countries with the largest organic management acreage worldwide are: Australia (11,8 million ha), Argentina (3,1 million ha), China (2,3 million ha) and U.S.A. (1,6 million ha). However, the number of organic farmers and the share between organic and conventional farming systems are best represented in Europe. There has been noticed a spectacular growth in organic-farming acreage in the North America and Europe of more than half million hectares, compared to the 2004 status. In most countries around the globe organic farming is showing an uptrend, but there are also some downtrend countries, such as: China, Chile and Australia (SOEL-FiBL 2007).

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Spania990000

Germania870000

Uruguai; 930000

India 1030000

Italia 1150000

China 1550000

SUA 1670000

Brazilia 1770000

Argentina 2780000

Australia 12020000

FFiigg..11..33.. FFiirrsstt 1100 ccoouunnttrriieess iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd wwiitthh oorrggaanniicc ffaarrmmllaanndd sshhaarreess

SSoouurrccee:: SSOOEELL--FFIIBBLL,, 22000077

1.2. ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM IN ROMANIA

The organic farming system relies, on one hand, on human willing to comply the natural environment rules, and on the other hand, on the imperative of saving the human habitats, where the soil fertility and biodiversity are basic components which have to be preserved and improved.

In Romania, the organic farmland share has increased more than six times in the last five years, from 17,438 ha in 2000 to 110,400 ha in 2005 and 143,000 ha in 2006. It has been foreseen a growth in organic acreage of 1.7% in 2007, to about 250,000 ha, and of 2.72% untill 2010 (up to 400,000 ha).(Source: M.A.R.D. Communications of inspection and certification bodies).

The wheat yield harvested untill the 22nd of august was of only 3 milion to in 2007, with 44% lower than the 2006 yield (5.4 milion to). (Source: National of Statistics Institute)

From many points of wiew, the organic farming in Romania is at the first steps. More developed is the conceptual issue, as an result of experience gained after 16 yeard of theoretical and applied studies and researches and of steady promotion by several NGO’s such as: The Romanian Association for Sustenable Agriculture, The Romanian Organic Farmers Association „BIOTERRA”, The ”AGROECOLOGIA” Association.

Taking into consideration that organic farming can give solutions to solve the small size household farms problems (land crumbling, decline in farmers number and physical condition / farmers aging, rudimentary technology, subsistance management) and knowing that Romania’s potential for organic land management is about 25% of the total farmland, the organic farming system development has to become a state policy (Toncea, 2000).

Suprafaţa (ha) Surface(ha)

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CHAPTER 2

THE RESEARCH CURRENT STATUS ON WHEAT AND RYE

CULTIVATION IN ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEM

Wheat cultivation worldwide Among the factors which are enabling the wheat cultivation spread wordwide

we note the climate conditions, the soil quality and the economic framework. The most suitable regions for wheat cultivation are the temperate areas in the north and south from Ecuator. In theese areas it’s concentrated the worlds’ most impoprtant wheat acreage and here there are registered the highest yields.The most suitable regions for wheat cultivation are those where there are enough rain falls during crops brotherhood, spire and earing stages. The light period, intensity and spectrum, determine the wheat distribution around the globe. (Muntean, and colab.,2003)

CHAPTER 3

THE STUDY OBJECTIVES. THE SOIL AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS IN WHICH RESEARCHES WERE DONE.

THE SEEDING MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS

Studies have been conducted in two different ecologic locations, in Chimindia, Hunedoara county and in Firiteaz, Arad county.

There have been studied four winter wheat varieties: GK Kalasz -Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare, Arieşan -Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare, GK Betadur -Triticum turgidum ssp turgidum conv. durum, Franckenkorn -Triticum aestivum spp.spelta and one rye variety: Suceveana.

3.4.1. Factors and graduations in the winter wheat research

The A factor – variety, with the following graduations:

a1 – GK Kalasz variety- Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare, a2 - Arieşan variety Triticum aestivum spp. vulgare, a3 – GK Betadur variety -Triticum turgidum ssp turgidum conv. durum, a4 - Franckenkorn variety -Triticum aestivum spp.spelta,

. The B factor - fertilization, with the following graduations:

b1 - unfertilized b2 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with the Biofertilizer Azotofertil - doze 10l/ha b3 - fertilized in green (in springing) with the Biofertilizer Ecofertil P - doze 10 l/ha b4 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with the Biofertilizer Azotofertil - doze 10l/ha

+ fertilized in green (in springing) with the on leaves Biofertilizer Biomit Plussz - doze 4 l/ha

b5 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with balega-corn doze 0.5 kg/ha + fertilized in green (in springing) with balega-corn doze 0.5 kg/ha + silice-corn doze 5 g/ha, biodynamic fertilizers.

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3.4.2. Variants in the Suceveana rye variety research

v1 – unfertilized v2 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with the Biofertilizer Azotofertil - doze 10l/ha v3 - fertilized in green (in springing) with the Biofertilizer Ecofertil P - doze 10 l/ha v4 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with the Biofertilizer Azotofertil - doze 10 l/ha

+ fertilized in green (in springing) with the on leaves Biofertilizer BIOMIT PLUSSZ - doze 4 l/ha

v5 - fertilized on soil (before seeding) with balega-corn doze 0.5 kg/ha + fertilized in green (in springing) with balega-corn doze 0.5 kg/ha + silice-corn doze 5 g/ha, biodynamic fertilizers.

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS REGARDING THE PLANTS NUMBER IN WINTER INGRESS AND EGRESS

4.1.4. The average number of winter wheat plants in winter ingress and egress on Chimindia experimental field

Table 4.10. TThhee aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr ooff wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ppllaannttss iinn wwiinntteerr iinnggrreessss aanndd eeggrreessss

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099)) VVaarriieett

yy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee 22000077 22000088 22000099 33 yyeeaarrss aavveerraaggee

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

KKaallaasszz Unfertilized 304 272 346 325 330 312 326,67 303,00 On soil fertilization 338 322 378 366 367 345 361,00 344,33 In green fertilization 345 323 398 384 361 339 368,00 348,67 On soil+in green fertilization I

361 340 408 389 393 381 387,33 370

On soil+in green fertilization II

362 343 411 397 395 383 389,33 374,33

AAvveerraaggee 342 320 388 372 369 352 366,33 348,00 AArriieessaann Unfertilized 350 298 416 395 408 389 391,33 360,67

On soil fertilization 353 326 439 421 446 429 412,67 392,00 In green fertilization 376 359 447 435 441 423 421,33 405,67 On soil+in green fertilization I

409 382 473 460 463 447 448,33 429,67


405 400 483 471 467 451 451,67 440,67

AAvveerraaggee 379 353 458 436 445 428 427,33 405,67 BBeettaadduurr Unfertilized 343 252 388 351 374 359 368,33 320,67

On soil fertilization 343 319 392 375 386 367 373,67 353,67 In green fertilization 372 322 403 387 383 364 386,00 357,67 On soil+in green fertilization I

415 339 434 389 422 407 423,67 378,33


382 343 417 394 424 411 407,67 382,67

AAvveerraaggee 371 315 407 379 398 382 392,00 358,67 FFrraannkkeennkk

oorrnn ((ssppeellttaa))

Unfertilized 188 171 309 300 305 297 267,33 256,00 On soil fertilization 207 201 327 317 328 325 287,33 281,00 In green fertilization 207 203 333 324 325 319 288,33 282,00 On soil+in green fertilization I

223 214 349 339 337 334 303,00 295,67


216 213 345 336 341 337 300,67 295,33

AAvveerraaggee 208 200 333 323 327 322 289,33 281,67

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TTaabbllee 44..1133..

TThhee aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr ooff wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ppllaannttss iinn wwiinntteerr iinnggrreessss aanndd eeggrreessss ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee

22000077 22000088 22000099 33 yyeeaarrss aavveerraaggee Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

GGKK KKaallaasszz Unfertilized 318 294 346 325 339 328 334,33 315,67 On soil fertilization 368 354 378 366 372 363 372,67 361,00 In green fertilization

370 347 398 384 367 355 378,33 362,00

On soil+in green fertilization I

393 365 408 389 396 388 399,00 380,67


393 365 411 397 401 390 401,67 384,00

AAvveerraaggee 368 345 388 372 375 365 377,00 360,67 AArriieessaann Unfertilized 370 314 416 395 412 399 399,33 369,33

On soil fertilization 370 343 439 421 443 437 417,33 400,33 In green fertilization

397 377 447 435 438 428 427,33 413,33


431 401 473 460 469 461 457,67 440,67


420 416 483 471 472 465 458,33 450,67

AAvveerraaggee 398 370 458 436 447 438 434,33 414,67 GGKK BBeettaadduurr Unfertilized 370 294 388 351 381 374 379,67 339,67

On soil fertilization 370 354 392 375 403 394 388,33 374,33 In green fertilization

397 347 403 387 398 391 399,33 375,00


431 365 434 389 422 416 429,00 390,00


401 367 417 394 423 417 413,67 392,67

AAvveerraaggee 394 345 407 379 405 398 402,00 374,00 FFrraannkkeennkkoorrnn

((ssppeellttaa)) Unfertilized 193 176 309 300 304 297 268,67 257,67 On soil fertilization 210 203 327 317 331 326 289,33 282,00 In green fertilization

210 205 333 324 328 322 290,33 283,67


227 217 349 339 346 341 307,33 299,00


219 216 345 336 347 341 303,67 297,67

AAvveerraaggee 212 203 333 323 331 325 292,00 283,67

4.2.1. The average number of rye plants in winter ingress and egress on Chimindia experimental field

The analysis of data (table 4.15 and figure 4.9.) show that at the experimental

field Chimindia , the rye variety Suceveana had in the autumn an enough uniformity emergence, with an average number of 439 plants/ m2, for the variant fertilized on soil + in green I, and respectively, 394 plants / m2 for unfertilized variant

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TTaabbllee 44..1155.. TThhee rryyee ((CCvv.. SSuucceevveeaannaa)) aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr ooff ppllaannttss iinn wwiinntteerr iinnggrreessss aanndd eeggrreessss

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099)) VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn

sscchheemmee 22000077 22000088 22000099 33 yyeeaarrss

aavveerraaggee Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

SSuucceevveeaannaa Unfertilized 364 356 444 435 412 392 406,67 394,33 On soil fertilization 365 357 463 454 439 423 422,33 411,33 In green fertilization 393 386 475 463 433 417 433,67 422,00 On soil+in green fertilization I

428 424 481 469 441 425 450,00 439,33


416 412 481 474 443 429 446,67 438,33

AAvveerraaggee 393 387 469 459 434 417 432,00 421,00

4.2. 2. The average number of rye plants in winter ingress and egress on Fireteaz experimental field

The analysis of data (Table 4.17 and figures 4.10., 4.11) show that in the experimental field Fireteaz , the rye variety Suceveana had in the autumn an uniformity emergence, with an average number of 431 plants/ m2, for the variant fertilized on soil + in green I, and respectively, 388 plants / m2 for unfertilized variant


TThhee aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr ooff rryyee ppllaannttss iinn wwiinntteerr iinnggrreessss aanndd eeggrreessss ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee

22000077 22000088 22000099 33 yyeeaarrss aavveerraaggee

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

Winter ingress

Winter egress

SSuucceevveeaannaa Unfertilized 370 359 433 407 417 398 406,67 388,00 On soil fertilization 370 361 448 428 431 414 416,33 401,00 In green fertilization 397 389 452 439 438 422 429,00 416,67 On soil+in green fertilization I

431 426 469 461 447 436 449,00 441,00


419 415 477 468 453 441 449,67 441,33

AAvveerraaggee 399 390 456 441 437 422 430,67 417,67

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS REGARDING THE PHENOLOGICAL DATA. THE VEGETATION CYCLE

In the grown season 2006-2007 at the both experimental fields Chimindia

and Fireteaz, the wheat and rye growth stage have been developed in the drought conditions, with 368 mm rainfall ( Chimindia ) and respectivelly 268 mm ( Fireteaz). The most affected by the dry conditions was GK Kalasz variety which react by delayed of each growth stage. Ariesan variety had o good behaviour in the same condition. The spelta variety Franckenkorn which later with 11 days in maturity, comparatively with the others.

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The grown season 2007-2008 have been characterized by normal rainfall conditions which ashured good watter suplies for all critical growth stages.

Finaly in the grown season 2008-2009, those four varieties showed their particularity according to development stage.

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS REGARDING THE WEEDS INCIDENCE There are 17 varieties of dicotiledonates weeds occuring in the crop fields,

out of which 12 anual varieties and 5 perennial varieties. In the 2007 - 2009 farming seasons climate conditions the weed varieties number and incidence is fluctuating depending on the variant and field location. The prevailfog weed varieties observed were the perennial dicotiledonates (Convolvulus arvensis, Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis and Equisetum arvense).

CAPITOLUL 7

RESULTS REGARDING THE OUTPUT COEFICIENTS AND GRAIN

QUALITY PARAMETERS

The average results of three years for each variety and on each fertilization variant show that Ariesan had the best reaction to fertilization, overyielded the check variant with 1209 kg. The variety GK Betadur also overyielded the check with 1108/ha, followed by GK Kalasz with 1048 kg and the last Franckenkorn ( 645 kg/ha )

7.1.2. Winter wheat 1000 kernel weight in 2007, 2008, 2009 farming seasons and the 2007-2009 average

The results for 1000 kernel weight – average for 2007-2009 farming seasons in the Chimindia experimental field are presented in table 7.8. The best result was obtained by Franckenkorn variety, followed by Arieşan, GK Betadur and GK Kalasz varieties.

TTaabbllee 77..88.. WWiinntteerr wwhheeaatt 11000000 kkeerrnneell wweeiigghhtt (( ggrraammss ))((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077 -- 22000099))

VVaarriiaanntt VVaarriieettyy GGKK KKaallaasszz AArriieeşşaann GGKK BBeettaadduurr FFrraanncckkeennkkoorrnn

Unfertilized 40.71 44.04 40.33 47.45 On soil fertilization 41.21 47.45 43.27 47.73 In green fertilization 41.53 48.79 43.89 49.36 On soil+in green fertilization I

43.27 50.36 46.03 53.10


43.89 51.83 46.93 54.30

The results for 1000 kernel weight – average for 2007-2009 farming seasons

in the Fireteaz experimental field are presented in table 7.10. The best result was obtained by Franckenkorn variety, followed by Arieşan, Betadur and Kalasz varieties.

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WWiinntteerr wwhheeaatt 11000000 kkeerrnneell wweeiigghhtt (( ggrraammss)) ((FFiirreetteeaazz 22000077 -- 22000099))



44.12 50.76 46.53 52.45


44.23 50.83 46.72 53.72

7.1.3. Seed Purity Degree in 2007, 2008, 2009 farming seasons and the 2007-2009 average

The results for Seed Purity Degree – average for 2007-2009 farming seasons in the Chimindia experimental field are presented in table 7.14.

TTaabbllee 77..1144.. SSeeeedd ppuurriittyy ddeeggrreeee (( %% )) aavveerraaggee ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriiaanntt VVaarriieettyy

GGKK KKaallaasszz AArriieeşşaann GGKK BBeettaadduurr FFrraanncckkeennkkoorrnn Unfertilized 99.1 99.2 99.2 99.2 On soil fertilization 99.3 99.3 99.3 99.3 In green fertilization 99.3 99.4 99.4 99.4 On soil+in green fertilization I 99.4 99.6 99.5 99.5 On soil+in green fertilization II 99.4 99.7 99.4 99.5

The results for Seed Purity Degree – average for 2007-2009 farming seasons

in the Fireteaz experimental field are presented in table 7.18.

TTaabbllee 77..1188.. SSeeeedd ppuurriittyy ddeeggrreeee (( %% )) aavveerraaggee ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))


Unfertilized 98.9 99.2 99.2 99.2 On soil fertilization 99.1 99.3 99.3 99.3 In green fertilization

99.2 99.4 99.4 99.4


99.3 99.6 99.5 99.5


99.3 99.7 99.4 99.5

7.1.4. Seed Moisture content in 2007, 2008, 2009 farming seasons and the 2007-2009 average

The registered figures in the Chimindia experimental field show the seeds to range in the „dry” category for all the studied winter wheat varieties (Tables 7.22 and 7.26 ).

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TTaabbllee 77..2222.. SSeeeedd mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt –– aavveerraaggee ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

Variante Variant

AAnnaalliizzaa eeffeeccttuuaattăă

SSooiiuull

Kalasz Arieşan Betadur Franckenkorn Unfertilized Moisture (%) 12.5 13.2 12.3 11.0 On soil fertilization Moisture (%) 13.0 12.9 12.5 10.9 In green fertilization Moisture (%) 12.6 12.8 12.2 10.7 On soil+in green

fertilization I Moisture (%) 13.0 12.8 12.2 10.7

TTaabbllee 77..2266.. SSeeeedd mmooiissttuurree ccoonntteenntt (( %% )) aavveerraaggee ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriiaanntt

VVaarriieettyy GGKK KKaallaasszz AArriieeşşaann GGKK BBeettaadduurr FFrraanncckkeennkkoorrnn


13.0 12.8 12.2 10.7

7.1.5. Quality parameters (3 years average) in Chimindia experimental field

The results regarding the grain quality parameters, 3 years average, are presented in table 7.27. The figures show very good results for the weight test, gluten content, hardness and protein content for Franckenkorn variety, followed by Ariesan, GK Betadur and GK Kalasz varieties. The grain moisture content is lower than 14% for all the studied varieties.

TTaabbllee 77..2277.. QQuuaalliittyy ppaarraammeetteerrss ((33 yyeeaarrss aavveerraaggee)) ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

PPrroodduuss

MM..HH ((kkgg//hhll))

UU ((%%))

GGll.. ((%%))

II..DD ((mmmm))

SStt.. ((%%))

CC.. SS

PPrr.. ((%%))

CCuull..

II..CC ((sseecc..))

CC..PP

N A

GGKK KKaallaasszz 75,80 14,10 26,80 2,00 28 1,60

12,20 Light

yellow 208/sec G

0,40 1,20

AArriieeşşaann 79,00 14,30 28,0 6,00 34 1,00

14,25 grey 284/sec G 0,30 0,70

GGKK BBeettaadduurr 76,50 14,60 27,60 4,00 30 1,40

12,90 Yellow light red

276/sec G 0,40 1,00

FFrraanncckkeennkkoorrnn 76,50 14,00 28,80 7,50 30 1,53

14,80 Foxiness 282/sec G 0.56 0.93

TW-Test Weight M- Moisture content Gl - Gluten W - white B - black

Pr - Protein Col - Colour FN - Falling number SG - Swelling gluten

H - hardness WI - Waste impurities BQ - Baking quality G - good

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The results regarding the grain quality parameters, 3 years average on Fireteaz, are shown in table 7.28. The figures show very good results for the weight test, gluten content, hardness and protein content for Franckenkorn variety, followed by Ariesan, Betadur and Kalasz varieties. The grain moisture content is lower than 14% for all the studied varieties.

Table 7.28 QQuuaalliittyy ppaarraammeetteerrss ((33 yyeeaarrss aavveerraaggee)) ffoorr wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt

((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

PPrroodduuss

MM..HH ((kkgg//hhll))

UU ((%%))

GGll.. ((%%))

II..DD ((mmmm))

SStt.. ((%%))

CC.. SS

PPrr.. ((%%))

CCuull..

II..CC ((sseecc..))

CC..PP..

N A

GGKK KKaallaasszz 75.7 13.2 21.7 5.9 22.51.50

11.20 Light

yellow 250/sec G

0,30 0.20

AArriieeşşaann 76.3 13.7 24.9 5.1 25.01.30

11.82 Light

yellow 188/sec G

0,20 1.10

GGKK BBeettaadduurr 72.9 13.0 24.5 4.1 22.01.50 11.50 Light

yellow 340/sec G

0,20 1.30

FFrraanncckkeennkkoorrnn 77.5 13.8 28.0 5.8 31.01.60

15.45 Yellow

light red 295/sec G

0.60 1.00

7.2. RESULTS REGARDING THE RYE YEILDS 7.2.1. Average rye yields 2007-2009

Average 3 years rye yields on Chimindia experimental field (table 7.29) analysis shows the best yield for the on soil + in green fertilization (II) variant (4699 kg/ha), followed by the on soil + in green fertilization (I) variant (4568 kg/ha), the in green fertilization variant (3922 kg/ha), the on soil fertilization variant (3668 kg/ha) and the unfertilized variant (3545 kg/ha).

Comparing the average 3 years figures to the witness results, it shows that Suceveana variety responds positively to all fertilization schemes.


TThhee aavveerraaggee rryyee yyiieellddss ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

iitt..nnoo..

VVaarriieettyy VVaarriiaanntt EEaarrss

aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr

GGrraaiinn aavveerraaggee

nnuummbbeerr//eeaarr

11000000 ggrraaiinn mmaassss

AAvveerraaggee yyiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa))

11 Suceveana Unfertilized 321 26 42 3545 22 Suceveana On soil fertilization 325 27 42 3668 33 Suceveana In green fertilization 339 27 42 3922

44 Suceveana On soil+in green

fertilization I 382 29 42 4568


fertilization II 386 29 42 4699

TW-Test Weight M- Moisture content Gl - Gluten W - white B - black

Pr - Protein Col - Colour FN - Falling number SG - Swelling gluten

H - hardness WI - Waste impurities BQ - Baking quality G - good

50

Average 3 years rye yields on Fireteaz experimental field (table 7.30.) analysis shows the best yield for the on soil + in green fertilization (II) variant (4274 kg/ha), followed by the on soil + in green fertilization (I) variant (4245 kg/ha), the in green fertilization variant (3668 kg/ha), the on soil fertilization variant (3444 kg/ha) and the unfertilized variant (3282 kg/ha).

Comparing the average 3 years figures to the witness results, it shows that Suceveana variety responds positively to all fertilization schemes.

TTaabbllee 77..3300.. TThhee aavveerraaggee rryyee yyiieellddss ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

iitt..nnoo..

VVaarriieettyy

VVaarriiaanntt

EEaarrss aavveerraaggee nnuummbbeerr

GGrraaiinn aavveerraaggee

nnuummbbeerr//eeaarr

11000000 ggrraaiinn mmaassss

AAvveerraaggee yyiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa))

11 Suceveana Unfertilized 309 26 38 3282

22 Suceveana On soil

fertilization 317 27 40 3444

33 Suceveana In green

fertilization 325 27 42 3668


fertilization I 360 26 42 4245


fertilization II 362 26 42 4274

7.2.2. 1000 kernel weight in 2007, 2008, 2009 farming seasons and average 2007-2009

Results on rye 1000 kernel weight for Chimindia experimental field (average 2007-2009) are presented in table 7.34. The best result was registered for the on soil + in green fertilization (II) variant, followed by the on soil + in green fertilization (I) variant, in green fertilization variant, on soil fertilization variant and the unfertilized variant.

TTaabbllee 77..3344.. 11000000 kkeerrnneell wweeiigghhtt (( TTKKWW )) ffoorr rryyee SSuucceevveeaannaa vvaarriieettyy ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriiaanntt PPaarraammeetteerr VVaalluueess

Unfertilized TKW(g) 42.1 On soil fertilization TKW (g) 43.7 In green fertilization TKW(g) 44.2 On soil+in green fertilization I TKW(g) 46.4 On soil+in green fertilization II TKW (g) 46.3

Results on rye 1000 grain mass for Fireteaz experimental field (average

2007-2009) are presented in table 7.38. The best result was registered for the on soil + in green fertilization (II) variant, followed by the on soil + in green fertilization (I) variant, in green fertilization variant, on soil fertilization variant and the unfertilized variant

51

TTaabbllee 77..3388.. 11000000 kkeerrnneell wweeiigghhtt (( TTKKWW )) ffoorr rryyee SSuucceevveeaannaa vvaarriieettyy ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriiaanntt PPaarraammeetteerr VVaalluueess

Unfertilized TKW(g) 42.7 On soil fertilization TKW (g) 44.7 In green fertilization TKW(g) 45.4 On soil+in green fertilization I TKW(g) 47.8 On soil+in green fertilization II TKW (g) 47.7

CHAPTER 8

RESULTS REGARDING THE YIELDS

8.1.4 Average winter wheat yields on Chimindia experimental field (2007-2009) Average winter wheat yields range between 2100 kg/ha and 5034 kg/ha. The

factors influence was detected every year. Average yields analysis for the four studied varieties (table 8.13) shows the

highest yields for Arieşan variety (4038,65 kg/ha) and Betadur variety (3234,76 kg/ha) with very significant and respectively distinguished significant differences. In the Frankencorn variety case the differences are very significant negative (-485,16 kg/ha). Variants comparision (table 8.13) regarding the variety factor influence, through the Duncan test tool is ranking the yields as following: Frankencorn variety (A), Kalasz variety (B), Betadur variety (C) and Arieşan variety (D).

TTaabbllee 88..1133 TThhee AA ffaaccttoorr ((vvaarriieettyy)) iinnfflluueennccee oonn tthhee wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077-- 22000099)) VVaarriieettyy YYiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa)) %% DDiiffeerreennccee

((kkgg//hhaa))

SSiiggnniiffiiccaannccee ooff ddiiffffeerreennccee

DDuunnccaann’’ss rraannkkiinngg

GGKK KKaallaasszz 3218,58 100 0 Mt. B

AArriieeşşaann 4038,65 125,5 820,07 *** D

GGKK BBeettaadduurr 3234,76 100,5 16,18 * C

FFrraannkkeennccoorrnn 2733,42 84,9 -485,16 000 A DDLL ((pp 55%%))// DDSS 55%%

DDLL ((pp 11%%)) DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

14,94 14,92-15,74 22,62 36,34

In average, in the three experimental years, through fertilization there have

been obtained high yields with very significant differences; the plus in the yields level was inbetween 9,4 and 27,1% according to the fertilization scheme (table 8.14). Duncan test data processing tool is ranking the fertilization variants as following: on soil + in green fertilization II (E – 3651,06 kg/ha), on soil + in green fertilization I (D – 3569,86 kg/ha), in green fertilization (C – 3323,22 kg/ha) and on soil fertilization (B -3144,39 kg/ha) (table 8.14).

52

Table 8.14. TThhee BB ffaaccttoorr ((FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn)) iinnfflluueennccee oonn wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa 22000077--22000099))

FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa))

%% DDiiffffeerreennccee

((kkgg//hhaa))



Unfertilized 2873,22 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 3144,39 109,4 271,17 *** B In green fertilization 3323,22 115,7 450,00 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I

3539,86 123,2 666,64 *** D


3651,06 127,1 777,83 *** E

DDLL ((pp 55%%))// DDSS 55%% DDLL ((pp 11%%))

DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

14,17 14,19-15,72 19,05 25,23

Average yields on Chimindia experimental field obtained through different fertilization schemes analysis shows higher yields, with very significant differences for all the studied varieties (table 8.15). The highest yields were registered for Arieşan variety (on soil + in green fertilization II – 4404,00 kg/ha), and the lowest yields for Frankencorn variety (unfertilized – 2366,78 kg/ha) (tables 8.15 and 8.16).

TTaabbllee 88..1155.. TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn aanndd vvaarriieettyy ffaaccttoorrss iinntteerrrraaccttiioonn ((BB xx AA)) iinnfflluueennccee oonn

wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa))

%% DDiiffffeerreennccee ((kkgg//hhaa))



KKaallaasszz Unfertilized 2729,67 100 0 Mt. C On soil fertilization 3044,33 111,5 314,67 *** F In green fertilization 3263,11 119,5 533,44 *** H On soil+in green fertilization I

3444,56 126,2 714,89 *** I


3611,22 132,3 881,56 *** K

AArriieeşşaann Unfertilized 3592,67 100 0 Mt. JK On soil fertilization 3851,89 107,2 259,22 *** L In green fertilization 4048,22 112,7 455,56 *** M On soil+in green fertilization I

4296,44 119,6 703,78 *** N


4404,00 122,6 811,33 *** O

BBeettaadduurr Unfertilized 2803,78 100 0 Mt. D On soil fertilization 3084,78 110,0 281,00 *** G In green fertilization 3263,22 116,4 459,44 *** H On soil+in green fertilization I

3455,33 123,2 651,56 *** I


3566,67 127,2 762,89 *** J

FFrraannkkeennccoorrnn Unfertilized 2366,78 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 2596,56 109,7 229,78 *** B In green fertilization 2718,33 114,9 351,56 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I

2963,11 125,2 596,33 *** E


3022,33 127,7 655,56 *** F


DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

28,33 28,38-34,15 38,10 50,46

53

In average for all the fertilization variants, each year, there have been observed very significant yield differences for Arieşan variety. There were no differences registered for Betadur variety in the in green fertilization and on soil + in green fertilization (I) schemes. Frankencorn variety obtained lower yields compared to the witness in all fertilization variants (table 8.16).


TThhee vvaarriieettyy aanndd ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn ffaaccttoorrss iinntteerrrraaccttiioonn ((AA xx BB)) iinnfflluueennccee oonn wwiinntteerr wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099))

FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee

Variety Yield (kg./ha)

% Difference SSiiggnniiffiiccaannccee ooff

ddiiffffeerreennccee


Unfertilized Kalasz 2729,67 100 0 Mt. C Arieşan 3592,67 131,6 863,00 *** JK Betadur 2803,78 102,7 74,11 *** D Frankencorn 2366,78 86,7 -362,89 000 A

On soil fertilization

Kalasz 3044,33 100 0 Mt. F Arieşan 3851,89 126,5 807,56 *** L Betadur 3084,78 101,3 40,44 * G Frankencorn 2596,56 85,3 -447,78 000 B

In green fertilization

Kalasz 3263,11 100 0 Mt. H Arieşan 4048,22 124,1 785,11 *** M Betadur 3263,22 100 0,11 - H Frankencorn 2718,33 83,3 -544,78 000 C

On soil + in green fertilization I

Kalasz 3444,56 100 0 Mt. I Arieşan 4296,44 124,7 851,89 *** N Betadur 3455,33 100,3 10,78 - I Frankencorn 2963,11 86,0 -481,44 000 E

On soil +in green fertilization II

Kalasz 3611,22 100 0 Mt. K Arieşan 4404,00 122,0 792,78 *** O Betadur 3566,67 98,8 -44,56 00 J Frankencorn 3022,33 83,7 -588,89 000 F

DDLL ((pp 55%%))// DDSS 55%%

DDLL ((pp 11%%)) DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

29,33 28,38-34,15 40,56 56,52

8.2.4. Average winter wheat yields on Fireteaz experimental field (2007-2009)

Average yields analysis for the four studied varieties (table 8.29) shows the highest yields for Arieşan variety, differences being very significant positive compared to the witness (Kalasz variety). In the Betadur variety case there are no differences, as for Frankencorn variety, the yield differences are very significant negative (table 8.29).

54

Table 8.29. TThhee vvaarriieettyy ffaaccttoorr iinnfflluueennccee oonn wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss

((FFiirreetteeaazz 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa))




GGKK KKaallaasszz 3334,16 100 0 Mt. B AArriieeşşaann 4211,09 126,3 876,93 *** C

GGKK BBeettaadduurr 3323,89 99,7 -10,27 - B FFrraannkkeennccoorrnn 2808,89 84,2 -525,27 000 A


DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

42,12 42,07-44,38 63,79

102,47

In average, in the three experimental years, through fertilization, there have

been obtained high yields with very significant differences; the plus in the yields level was inbetween 7,3 and 24,9% according to the fertilization scheme (table 8.30). Duncan test data processing tool is ranking the fertilization variants as following: on soil + in green fertilization II (E – 3765,83 kg/ha), on soil + in green fertilization I (D – 3642,67 kg/ha), in green fertilization (C – 3437,33 kg/ha) and on soil fertilization (B -3236,00 kg/

TTaabbllee 88..3300.. TThhee BB ffaaccttoorr ((ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn)) iinnfflluueennccee oonn wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss

((FFiirreetteeaazz 22000077--22000099)) FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn

sscchheemmee YYiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa))


SSiiggnniiffiiccaannccee ooff ddiiffeerreennccee


Unfertilized 3015,69 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 3236,00 107,3 220,31 *** B In green fertilization 3437,33 114,0 421,64 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I

3642,67 120,8 626,97 *** D


3765,83 124,9 750,14 *** E


DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

36,28 36,33-40,24 48,78 64,61

In average, in the three experimental years, through the different fertilization

variants, there have been obtained higher wheat yields with very significant differences (table 8.31). The highest yields were registered for Arieşan variety (on soil + in green fertilization II – 4555,56,00 kg/ha), and the lowest yields for Frankencorn variety (unfertilized – 2477,67 kg/ha) (table 8.31 and 8.32)

55

TTaabbllee 88..3311.. TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn wwiitthh vvaarriieettyy ffaaccttoorrss iinntteerrrraaccttiioonn iinnfflluueennccee oonn wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss ((FFiirreetteeaazz 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn

sscchheemmee YYiieelldd

((KKgg//hhaa)) %% DDiiffffeerreennccee SSiiggnniiffiiccaannccee

ooff ddiiffeerreennccee DDuunnccaann’’ss rraannkkiinngg

GGKK KKaallaasszz Unfertilized 2877,67 100 0 Mt. CD On soil fertilization 3170,22 110,2 292,56 *** F In green fertilization 3356,11 116,6 478,44 *** G On soil+in green fertilization I

3518,67 122,3 641,00 *** H


3748,11 130,2 870,44 *** J

AArriieeşşaann Unfertilized 3788,67 100 0 Mt. J On soil fertilization 4018,33 106,1 229,67 *** K In green fertilization 4241,00 111,9 452,33 *** L On soil+in green fertilization I

4451,89 117,5 663,22 *** M


4555,56 120,2 766,89 *** N

GGKK BBeettaadduurr Unfertilized 2918,78 100 0 Mt. D On soil fertilization 3144,56 107,7 225,78 *** F In green fertilization 3337,33 114,3 418,56 *** G On soil+in green fertilization I

3559,33 121,9 640,56 *** H


3659,44 125,4 740,67 *** I

FFrraannkkeennccoorrnn Unfertilized 2477,67 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 2610,89 105,4 133,22 *** B In green fertilization 2814,89 113,6 337,22 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I

3040,78 122,7 563,11 *** E


3100,22 125,1 622,56 *** EF

DDLL ((pp 55%%))// DDSS55%% DDLL ((pp 11%%))

DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

72,55 72,67-87,43 97,57 129,21

In average, in the three experimental years, for all the fertilization schemes,

there have been obtained very significant positive yields differences for Ariesan variety, very significant negative yields differences for Frankencorn variety and no yields difference for Betadur variety fertilized on soil, in green an don soil + in green fertilization (I) scheme. (table 8.32)

56

TTaabbllee 88..3322.. TThhee vvaarriieettyy aanndd ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn ffaaccttoorrss iinntteerrrraaccttiioonn ((AA xx BB)) iinnfflluueennccee

oonn wwhheeaatt yyiieellddss ((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee

VVaarriieettyy YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa))




NNeeffeerrttiilliizzaatt Kalasz 2877,67 100 0 Mt. CD Arieşan 3788,67 131,7 911,00 *** J Betadur 2918,78 101,4 41,11 - D

Frankencorn 2477,67 86,1 -400,00 000 A SSooll Kalasz 3170,22 100 0 Mt. F

Arieşan 4018,33 126,8 848,11 *** K Betadur 3144,56 99,2 -25,67 - F

Frankencorn 2610,89 82,4 -559,33 000 B VVeeggeettaaţţiiee Kalasz 3356,11 100 0 Mt. G

Arieşan 4241,00 126,4 884,89 *** L Betadur 3337,33 99,4 -18,89 - G

Frankencorn 2814,89 83,9 -541,22 000 C SSooll ++ vveeggeettaaţţiiee ((II))

Kalasz 3518,67 100 0 Mt. H Arieşan 4451,67 126,5 933,22 *** M Betadur 3559,33 101,2 40,67 - H

Frankencorn 3040,78 86,4 -477,89 000 E SSooll ++ vveeggeettaaţţiiee ((IIII))

Kalasz 3748,11 100 0 Mt. J Arieşan 4555,56 121,5 807,44 *** N Betadur 3659,44 97,6 -88,67 0 I

Frankencorn 3100,22 82,7 -647,89 000 EF

DDLL ((pp 55%%))// DDSS 55%%

DDLL ((pp 11%%)) DDLL ((pp 00,,11%%))

7,11 72,67-87,43 107,09 150,36

In the figure 8.8 is presented the reaction of the studied varieties from point

of view of the yield as results of different type of fertilization. It can be observed that Ariesan has the highest yield on all type of fertilization ( from 3788 kg/ha – check , to 4555 kg/ha at soil+in green fertilization II ).

57

Fireteaz 2007-2009

2877

.67 3788

.67

2918

.78

2477

.67

3170

.22 4018

.33

3144

.56

2610

.89

3356

.11 4241

.89

3337

.33

2718

.89

3518

.67

4451

.89

3559

.33

3040

.78

3748

.11

4555

.56

3659

.44

3100

.22

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

GK Kalasz Ariesan GK Betadur Franckenkorn

Soiul Variety

Pro

d. k

g/ha

Y

ield

s kg

/ha

Nefertilizat UnfertilizedSol SoilVegetaţie In green fertilizationSol+vegetaţie (I) Soil+In green fertilization (I)Sol+vegetaţie (II) Soil+In green fertilization(II)

Fig. 8.8 The influence of fertilization on wheat yields for all varieties

8.3.4 Average rye yields on the Chimindia experimental field, 2007-2009

On the Chimindia experimental field, in average, through fertilization (on soil, in green, on soil + in green fertilization I and on soil + in green fertilization II), Suceveana rye variety has registered higher yields compared to the unfertilized witness, the yields differences being very significant positive. The highest yields were obtained in the on soil + in green fertilization II variant (4299,89 kg/ha) and the lowest yields in on soil fertilization variant (3852,11 kg/ha table 8.36 and figure 8.12 ).


TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn ffaaccttoorr iinnfflluueennccee oonn rryyee yyiieellddss ((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa

%% DDiiffffeerreennccee ((kkgg//hhaa



SSuucceevveeaannaa Unfertilized 3548,22 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 3852,11 108,6 303,89 *** B In green fertilization 4000,11 112,7 451,89 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I 4181,67 117,9 633,44 *** D On soil+in green fertilization II 4299,89 121,2 751,67 *** E

DDLL ((pp 55%%))//DDSS 55%% 2288,,5511 2288,,5577--3311,,6611 DDLL ((pp 11%%)) 3388,,7755 DDLL ((pp 00..11%%)) 5511,,9900

58

Chimindia 2007-2009

3548.223852.11 4000.11 4181.67 4299.89

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Variante de fertilizareFertilization variants

Pro

d. k

g/ha

Yi

elds

kg/

ha

Nefertilizat UnfertilizedSol SoilVegetaţie In green fertilizationSol+vegetaţie (I) Soil+ In green fertilization(I)Sol+vegetaţie (II) Soil+ In green fertilization(II)

Figure 8.12 The influence of fertilization on yield of rye variety Suceveana for all variants of fertilization ( Chimindia )

8.4.4 Average rye yields on the Fireteaz experimental field, 2007-2009

In average, in the three experimental years, through fertilization, there have been obtained high yields with very significant differences; the plus in the yields level was inbetween 6,7 and 20,2% according to the fertilization scheme (table 8.40). Duncan test data processing tool is ranking the fertilization variants as following: on soil + in green fertilization II (E – 4455,56 kg/ha), on soil + in green fertilization I (D – 4333,56 kg/ha), in green fertilization (C – 4103,67 kg/ha) and on soil fertilization (B -3955,56 kg/ha).

TTaabbllee 88..4400.. TThhee ffeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn ffaaccttoorr iinnfflluueennccee oonn rryyee yyiieellddss ,,((FFiirreetteeaazz,, 22000077--22000099))

VVaarriieettyy FFeerrttiilliizzaattiioonn sscchheemmee YYiieelldd ((kkgg//hhaa

%% DDiiffffeerreennccee ((kkgg//hhaa



SSuucceevveeaannaa Unfertilized 3707,56 100 0 Mt. A On soil fertilization 3955,56 106,7 248,00 *** B In green fertilization 4103,67 110,7 396,11 *** C On soil+in green fertilization I 4333,56 116,9 626,00 *** D On soil+in green fertilization II 4455,56 120,2 748,00 *** E

DDLL ((pp 55%%))//DDSS 55%% 2288,,8899 2288,,9966--3322,,0033 DDLL ((pp 11%%)) 3399,,2277 DDLL ((pp 00..11%%)) 5522,,5599

59

Fireteaz 2007-2009

3707.56 3955.56 4103.67 4333.56 4455.56

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

Variante de feretilizareFertilization variants

Prod

.kg/

ha

Yie

lds

kg/h

a

Nefertilizat UnfertilizedSol SoilVegetaţie In green fertilizationSol+vegetaţie (I) Soil+In green fertilization(I)Sol+vegetaţie (II) Soil+In green fertilization(II)

Figure 8.12. The influence of fertilization on yield of rye variety

Suceveana for all variants of fertilization ( Fireteaz)

CHAPTER 9

RESULTS REGARDING THE WINTER WHEAT AND RYE

CULTIVATION ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

99..11.. RREESSUULLTTSS RREEGGAARRDDIINNGG TTHHEE WWIINNTTEERR WWHHEEAATT EECCOONNOOMMIICC PPEERRFFOORRMMAANNCCEE OONN CCHHIIMMIINNDDIIAA EEXXPPEERRIIMMEENNTTAALL FFIIEELLDD,, AAVVEERRAAGGEE FFOORR 22000077--22000099 FFAARRMMIINNGG SSEEAASSOONNSS

TTaabbllee 99..66.. TThhee mmaaiinn yyiieelldd aanndd eeccoonnoommiicc ppeerrffoorrmmaanncceess ppaarraammeetteerrss

((CChhiimmiinnddiiaa,, 22000077--22000099)) VVaarriieettyy AAvveerraaggee yyiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa)) YYiieelldd


((kkgg//hhaa))

RReevveennuuee ((lleeii))

%% ccoommppaarree

dd ttoo uunnffeerrtt..

EExxppeennddiittuurreess ((lleeii))

%% ccoommppaarreedd ttoouunnffeerrtt..

GGrroossss mmaarrggiinn

DDiiffff.. ttoowwiittnneessss ((LLeeii))

%% ccoommppaarreedd ttoo uunnffeerrtt..

Fertiliz. Unfertiliz. Fertiliz. Unfertiliz. Fertiliz.Unfertiliz. Fertiliz.Unfertiliz.

GGKK KKaalláásszz 3611 2730 881 3697 2866 129 1980 1720 115% 1717 1146 571 150

AArriieeşşaann 4404 3593 811 4355 3582 122 1980 1720 115% 2375 1862 513 128

GGKK BBeettaadduurr 3567 2804 763 3661 2927 125 1980 1720 115% 1681 1207 473 139

SSppeellttaa 3022 2367 655 4488 3586 125 1980 1720 115% 2508 1866 642 134

There have been analysed the best variants results for 2007 farming season (on soil + in green fertilization and Biomit spraying) of each wheat variety compared to the own witness. The best result was observed for Franckenkorn variety, with +922 kg compared to the witness, and the worst result for Betadur variety, with only +623 kg. Kalasz variety, with +788 kg and Arieşan variety, with +712 kg, have had intermediate performances.

60

0,00 lei

1.000,00 lei

2.000,00 lei

3.000,00 lei

4.000,00 lei

5.000,00 lei

6.000,00 lei

Kalász Ariesan Betadur Franckenkorn

Valoarea realizata lei Revenue lei Cost per productie Expenditures lei Beneficiu Gross margin lei

Figure 9.1 Economic performance of the winter wheat varieties ( lei/ha ), Chimindia 2007-2009

9.2. RESULTS REGARDING THE WINTER WHEAT ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ON FIRETEAZ EXPERIMENTAL FIELD, AVERAGE FOR 2007-2009 FARMING SEASON

There have been analysed the best variants results for 2008 farming season (on soil + in green fertilization and Biomit spraying) of each wheat variety compared to the own witness. The best result was observed for Ariesan variety, with +956 kg compared to the witness, and the worst result for Franckenkorn variety, with only +789 kg. Kalasz variety, with +944 kg and Betadur variety, with +888 kg, have revealed intermediate performances.

TTaabbllee 99..1122.. TThhee mmaaiinn yyiieelldd aanndd eeccoonnoommiicc ppeerrffoorrmmaannccee ppaarraammeetteerrss

((FFiirreetteeaazz 22000077--22000099)) VVaarriieettyy AAvveerraaggee yyiieelldd

((kkgg//hhaa)) YYiieelldd


((kkgg//hhaa))

RReevveennuuee ((lleeii))

%% ccoommppaarreedd ttoouunnffeerrtt..

EExxppeennddiittuurreess ((lleeii))

%% ccoommppaarree

dd ttoo uunnffeerrtt..

GGrroossss mmaarrggiinn

DDiiffff.. ttoo wwiittnneessss

((LLeeii))

Fertiliz. Unfertiliz. Fertiliz. Unfertiliz. Fertiliz. Unfertiliz. Fertiliz.Unfertiliz.

GGKK KKaalláásszz

3748 2878 870 3811 2989 128 1730 1470 118 2081 1519 562

AArriieeşşaann 4566 3789 777 4490 3745 120 1730 1470 118 2760 2275 485

GGKK BBeettaadduurr

3659 2919 740 3637 2923 124 1730 1470 118 1907 1453 454

SSppeellttaa 3100 2478 622 4537 3647 124 1730 1470 118 2807 2177 630

61

0,00 lei

1.000,00 lei

2.000,00 lei

3.000,00 lei

4.000,00 lei

5.000,00 lei

6.000,00 lei

Kalász Ariesan Betadur Franckenkorn

Valoarea realizata lei Revenue lei Cost per productie Expenditures lei Beneficiu Gross margin lei

Figure 9.2 Economic performance of the winter wheat varieties ( lei/ha ), Fireteaz 2007-2009

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

10.1. THE PLANTS NUMBER IN WINTER INGRESS AND EGRESS

In the 2006-2007 farming season on Chimindia experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (379 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Franckenkorn variety (208 plants/sqm), and for Fireteaz experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (398 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Franckenkorn variety (212 plants/sqm).

As regarding the 2007-2008 farming season, on Chimindia experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (458 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Spelta variety (333 plants/sqm), and for Fireteaz experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (475 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Franckenkorn variety (321 plants/sqm).

In the 2008-2009 farming season, on Chimindia experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (458 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Franckenkorn variety (333 plants/sqm), respectively in Fireteaz experimental field, the biggest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan variety (467 plants/sqm), followed by Betadur and Kalasz

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varieties, and the lowest wheat plants number was obtained by Franckenkorn variety (324 plants/sqm).

The 3 years data obtained reveal that the highest wheat plants number in winter ingress was obtained by Ariesan and Betadur varieties and smaller figures for Kalasz and Franckenkorn varieties.

As regarding the difference between wheat plants number in winter ingress and egress, based on experimental data obtained, we can state that Ariesan and Franckenkorn varieties are more resistant than Betadur and Kalasz varieties to winter climate conditions.

The rye variety, in the experimental field Chimindia had a good germination. Number of plants in autumn was 433 /m2 in the variants soil+in green fertilization, respectively 394/m2 on the unfertilized variant.

In the experimental field fireateaz,rye had also a good germination, the number of plants being 431/m2 in the variant soil+in green fertilization and 388/m2 on unfertilized variant.

10.2. PHENOLOGICAL DATA

In the 2006-2007 farming season, in both experimental fields (Chimindia and Fireteaz), plants were growing in drought conditions (376 mm rain falls in Chimindia experimental field and 268 mm in Fireteaz experimental field) compared to minimum stated by many years experience. The most affected by dryness was Kalasz variety, thus it passed through each vegetation stage with a time lag. The inconvennient was diminished by the gentle winter conditions with moderate temperature. Ariesan variety has had the best behaviour. Franckenkorn (Spelta) is the most belated variety, delayed with 11 days. However, as being an extensive variety, Spelta has managed to rank the same place with Kalasz variety (an intensive variety) in that season.

The 2007-2008 farming season can be defined as an optimum rain falls year, mainly in the critical plants growing stages, thus the plants evolution was normal.

In 2008-2009 farming season, generaly speaking, as regarding the vegetation cycle period and caracteristics, the four wheat varieties have totaly proved their peculiar genotyphic features.

Rye is earlier than winter what, so in 20 june all the phenophases are passing, when the rye can be harverst.

The period of vegetation, in the year 2006-2007 was 251 days on Chimindia and 244 days on Fireteaz.

10.3. WEED INCIDENCE

In the first experimental year (the 2006-2007 farming season) it was impossible to appreciate if the cultivated variety has a significant influence on weed incidence, differences could result also from other factors influence. This farming seasons’ conclusion was that the perenial dicotiledonates group (including Equisetum arvense) could make problems for the organic wheat growers in this area due to the soil biologic potential, the specific climate conditions and the vegetation features of weeds in this group.

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Overall wheat plots analysis shows that organic winter wheat cultivation have to be done with the help of biofertilizers, which have a positive influence on crop behaviour, including weed incidence decrease.

In the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 farming seasons it was prooved that the cultivated variety can significantly influence the weed incidence. Thus, Ariesan variety was the best in the weed competition, followed by Betadur variety, while Franckenkorn (Spelta) variety has been the most susceptible to the specific weed incidence risk.

From the 3 years average data it was confirmed the hypothesis that biofertilizers usage in organic farming is leading to weed incidence decrease, the downtrend in weed number being very significant in all fertilization variants.

The weed problem is Cirsum arvense,which apear with a frequency under economic level of damages. This situation can be attribute to the fact taht winter wheat and rye follow in the crop season after pea+oat.

10.4. OUTPUT COEFICIENTS AND QUALITY PARAMETERS

The yields data for 2006-2007 farming season, on Chimindia experimental field, lead us to state that Ariesan variety has obtained the best yield (3900 kg/ha), followed by Kalasz variety (3300 kg/ha), Betadur variety (3233 kg/ha) and Franckenkorn variety (2800 kg/ha). In Fireteaz experimental field, Ariesan variety has realized the best yield (4033 kg/ha), followed by Kalasz variety (3400 kg/ha), Betadur variety (3333 kg/ha) and Franckenkorn variety (2867 kg/ha).

For the next farming season (2007-2008) in Chimindia experimental field it was revealed again the best yield for Ariesan variety (5034 kg/ha), followed by Betadur variety (4033 kg/ha), Kalasz variety (3967 kg/ha) and Franckenkorn variety (3300 kg/ha). In Fireteaz experimental field there were obtained the following yield levels: Ariesan variety (5167 kg/ha), Betadur variety (4134 kg/ha), Kalasz variety (4034 kg/ha) and Franckenkorn variety (3433 kg/ha).

The fertilized variants have revealed the highest yields, no matter the wheat variety and the experimental field location.

The results regarding the grain quality parameters show very good results for the weight test, gluten content, hardness and protein content for Franckenkorn variety, followed by Ariesan, Betadur and Kalasz varieties. The grain moisture content is lower than 14% for all the studied varieties.

10.5. YIELDS

As refering to the fertilization variant influence on yields, there have been registered higher yields and a positive significant difference compared to the witness for all the studied varieties and fertilization schemes.

The Duncan test data processing ranks the variants in the following range: Ariesan variety – on soil + in green fertilization (II); Betadur variety - on soil + in green fertilization (I); Kalasz variety - on soil + in green fertilization (II); Franckenkorn variety - on soil + in green fertilization (I); a.s.o.

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The variety interraction on fertilization scheme is much more diversified as influence on the obtained yields and shows the overall superiority of Ariesan and Betadur varieties.

The rye variety Suceveana respond very well on fertilization, with a plus of yield ( >1000 kg/ha ) .in the experimental field Fireteaz was obtained lower yiels than in Chimindia location, but the fertilization is also important here.

The influence of fertilization is important on rye yield, so Suceveana variety has a positive reaction to this factor. All variants of fertilization given significant difference of yield as compared with check variant.

10.6. ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

Speaking of economic performance, in 2006-2007 farming season, Ariesan variety has won the first place by overtaking its own witness with more than 25%, which means that it answers very good to fertilization and nursing works. At the same time, Ariesan variety has registered the best gross margin (+64% compared to its own witness), followed by Kalasz, Spelta and Betadur varieties. As regarding the expenditures, these are higher in the fertilized variants case, in average by 12% compared to the witness.

The situation changes if we compare the revenue on acreage unit. Thus, Spelta variety, with a higher market price (+42% compared to other wheat varieties) brings an extra income of 37-45% compared to Kalasz and Betadur varieties.

Spelta variety, even in unfavourable climate conditions, like the 2006-2007 farming season, has a satisfactory behaviour and gives secure yields and economic advantage. If we consider the high probability of repeated unfavourable seasons, the variety selection must be done according to this fact.

Spelta variety has registered the highest profit not because of the best yield, but due to the higher market price (double compared to other wheat varieties). This variety could be always sold at double price (1,5 lei/kg compared to 0,9 lei/kg – the autumn 2008 market price). That’s why farmers should take into consideration to introduce this variety in organic cultivation.

In the above mentioned market conditions, although Ariesan variety obtains the best yields, its profit is with 58% lower than for Spelta variety.

The yield obtained by rye variety Suceveana under organic farmic at Chimindia was 4300 kg/ha in variant of fertilization on soil + in green and only 3548 kg/ha in unfertilizated variant. The market price of rye product ( grain ) in average in three years was 0.83 lei/kg, which result in an profit of 2239 lei/ha ( fertilized variant ) in comparison with 1805 lei/ha ( ufertilized variant ).

RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Choice of the most suitable varieties for organic cultivation

In organic farming, due to the peculiar technological features of this agricultural system, the basic criteria in choosing the varieties for cultivation must be related to: pests and deseases resistance, drought and other stress factors resistance.

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For organic cultivation, in hilly and mountaneous regions, we recommand the Franckenkorn and Arieşan winter wheat varieties. Kalasz variety, although being a high value variety, has proved an unconvincing behaviour in drought conditions.

Spelta variety is recommanded at least for two reasons: good resistance to extreme temperatures and drought conditions and the highest revenue (+50-70% compared to the other varieties).

2. The correct organic farming agrotechnical works application In organic farming, because of just a few methods to control the limitative

cultural factors, besides the suitable varieties choice, application of specific agrotechnical methods is strictly necessary.

The optimum moment for mechanical works and the use of the most suitable equipment is the guarantee of the main objectives fulfilment. Climate conditions, especially the rain falls in the planting season, are endengering the germinating layer preparation. The irregular plants emergence has a bad influence on the yields obtained.

From the studied winter wheat varieties, Ariesan variety has had the best behaviour to humidity absence and unsufficient soil works, while Spelta variety has been the most affected by the same unfavourable conditions.

It is better to wait for the optim moment to do the seed bed works than to follow the optimum seeding period, no matter what.

For the weed contol the agrotechnical works have a great importance. The weed curry can solve the weed problem up to 90%. We underline the great importance of the right choice of the nursing works period and it’s very important that the working machine to be adjusted in accordance with the soil moisture content and the phenological wheat plant stage.

It has been proved that biofertilizers use has a positive impact on weed incidence as well as on the wheat crop growing. The most efficient fertilization system for all the studied wheat varieties was the on soil + in green fertilization scheme.

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SELECTIVE REFERENCES

1. Apahidean M., Bodis A., Albert I., 2005, Cultivarea ecologica a legumelor, Rd. Risoprint Cluj Napoca pg. 10-16

2. Ardelean M, R. Sestraş, 1996, Ameliorarea plantelor horticole şi tehnică experimentală, Partea a II – a, Tehnică experimentală, îndrumător de lucrări practice, Tipo AGRONOMIA, Cluj – Napoca

3. Fiţiu A., Morar G. şi colab., 2003, Fertilizarea în agricultura ecologică, vol. Tehnologii în agricultura ecologică, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj- Napoca;

4. Fiţiu,A., 2003, Ghidul legumicultorului în agricultura ecologică. Editura Risoprint, Cluj-Napoca.

5. Guş P., Rusu T., Bogdan I., 2003 Agrotehnică indrumăror de lucrări practice Ed. Risoprint, Cluj- Napoca pg. 91-162

6. Luca E., Vârban D.I., Mihai Gh., Bodis A., Albert I., 2005 Tehnologii ecologice pentru cultura plantelor, Ed. Risoprit, Cluj- Napoca.pg. 5-15

7. Morar M., Rusu T., Albert I., 2005, Ghid de combatere a buruienilor în agricultura ecologica, ed. Risoprint Cluj Napoca;

8. Morar G., Marin S., 2004, Fitotehnie, Ed I. Ionescu de la Brad, Iasi; 9. Muntean L.S., Luca E., Fitiu A., Munteanu L., Munteanu S., Albert I.,2005,

Bazele agriculturii ecologice, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj Napoca; 10. Rusu T., Albert I., Bodis A., 2005, Metode si tehnici de productie în agricultura

ecologica, Ed. Risoprint, Cluj- Napoca ; 11. Rusu T., Albert I., Bodis A., 2007, Ecotehnica culturilor de câmp, Ed.

Risoprint, Cluj- Napoca; 12. Sin,Gh., 2000, Tehnologii moderne pentru cultura plantelor de câmp. Editura Ceres,

Bucureşti. 13. Stoleru V., Albert I., Cultivarea legumelor cu metode ecologice, Ed. Risoprint,

Cluj- Napoca; pg. 14-21, 34-35 14. Stoleru V., Albert I., Cultivarea legumelor cu metode ecologice, Ed. Risoprint,

Cluj-Napoca; 15. Tomoş L., 2010, Influenţa biofertilizatorilor privind nivelul producţiei de boabe

la cultura grâului de toamnă cultivat în sistem ecologic, Lumea Satului, Nr.8,(109) 16. Tomoş L., 2010, Research on organic winter wheat cultivation, Agricultura IXX,

1,2, sub tipar 17. Tomoş L., 2010, The influence of biofertilizers on grain yield level at rye

cultivated in ecological system, Agricultura IXX, 1,2,sub tipar 18. Toncea I., 1999, Agricultura ecologica în contextul agriculturii durabile.

Simpozion ASAS "Agricultura Durabila- Performanta"; 19. Toncea I., 2000, Ecological Agriculture Theory- A Point of View, Proceedings

of 13th International IFOAM Scientific Conference; 20. Toncea I., 2002, Ghid practic de agricultura ecologica: tehnologii ecologice de

cultivare a terenurilor, Editura AcademicPres, Cluj- Napoca; 21. Toncea I., R. Stoianov, 2002, Metode ecologice de protectia plantelor,Ed.

Stiintelor Agricole, Bucuresti;

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