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8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
1/19
UNIT 1
Scientific Measurement & Experimentation
Designing experiments
Induction
Making a generalization from repeated obseration !all plants
"ae green leaes# !la$s#
Deduction
%iguring t"ings out b means of an experiment in $"ic" $e
test a prediction or "pot"esis
'ariable
Somet"ing t"at can c"ange !(ualitatie) (uantitatie#
Dependent ariable
Measured or calculated
Independent ariable
*"anged b experimenter
Depends on
Dependent ariable Independent ariable
+ffects
*ontrolled ariable
,eld constant so t"e don-t influence results
SUMM+./ N0TES SE*0ND SEMESTE.%IN+
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
2/19
,pot"esis
+ prediction t"at is 2ustified $it" an explanation and testable
If33333333333 t"en333333333333because333333333333
*ontrol group
Trials in an experiment t"at are sometimes used to disproe
somet"ing
.andom error
+ll experiments inole some amount of uncertaint) no
measurement is perfect
4urpose
Statement t"at summarizes t"e reason for performing t"e
experiment
Multiple trials
Effect of random error minimized
*ollecting Data
engt"
T"e distance bet$een 5 points
Mass
6uantit of matter in an ob2ect
'olume
+mount of 7D space an ob2ect occupies
Temperature
+erage kinetic energ of particles
Independent isc"anged in
Dependent $ill beaffectedin some$a
+nexplanationbased onpreiouskno$ledge orexperience
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
3/19
Electric current
T"e flo$ of electric c"arge to a medium
Electric potential
T"e $ork per unit of electric c"arge in an electric field
4recision
,o$ carefull measured a (uantit is
SI Units
8ilo k 1999 1km : 1999m
,ecto " 199 1"m : 199mDeca da 19 1dam : 19m
;asic unit : m)
g) In order
to aoid parallax it is essential t"at our ee is at t"e same leel as
t"e t"ing ou are measuring>
%UN*TI0NS
;eaker "olding=mixing li(uids N0T measuring
Eaporating dis" to let a li(uid eaporate
*ruciblefor "eating at reall "ig" temperatures
Test tubeto "old li(uids) "eat t"ing up) mix t"ings !small (uantities of
li(uids) not er "ig" temperatures#
Erlenmeer flask "eating) mixing
?raduated clinder for measuring li(uids
?raduated pipette for more accurate measuring of li(uids
'olumetric pipette for een more accurate measuring of li(uids !onl
one olume#
'olumetric flask to prepare solutions of one specific concentration
%unnel pouring) filtering
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
5/19
Scoopulato transfer="old solids
4.0*ESSIN? D+T+
D/MENSI0N+ +N+/SIS
*elcius to 8elins
@5A7
*B 8
C5A7
ine grap" $"en 5 sets
of data to plot are numbers
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
6/19
Meancalculated b adding up all t"e results and diiding b total
number of trials
1>5 C 1>7 C 1>5 C 1> C 1>7 = mean : 1>F
Medianmedian alue is t"e one in $"ic" "alf of t"e results are greater
and "alf of t"e results are smaller !if it is an een number ou calculate
t"e mean of t"e 5 middle ones#
1>5
1>5
1>7
1>7
1>
Interpolationinoles using a grap" to determine unkno$n alues
$it"in a set of data
Extrapolation
inoles using a grap" to determine unkno$n alues
outside of a set of data !b extending trend line#
Slope .+TE !a GperH relations"ip#
Slope : rise =run
*onclusionans$er t"e purpose and support or refute "pot"esis
2ustif b referring to data analsis
explained using logic) possibl proposing a t"eor
Ealuationsources of error
suggestions for improement
implications !$" do results mater +re t"e useful#
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
7/19
UNIT 7ENE.?/
EnergJ abilit to do $ork or Gcause c"angeHKorkJ moing somet"ing L$ork : force x distance4otential EnergJ stored energ due to position !grait# andcomposition !*"emicals 4E#8inetic EnergJ energ of moement !"eat#
T"ermal EnergJ energ t"at all ob2ects "aedue to t"e random moement of t"eir particles
K0.8 : %0.*E DIST+N*EON x 7m : 1P Q 15N x 9>m : OQ 19N x19mm : >1Q
a$ of *onseration of EnergJ GEnerg can c"ange from oneform to anot"er) but cannot be created or destroedH
ex> *"emicals 4E 8E ?raitational 4E 8E "eat escapesinto space
,eating *ureJ grap" of temperature s> timeT,E.M+ ENE.?/
,eatJ flo$ of t"ermal energ from one ob2ect $it" "ig"ertemperature to an ob2ect $it" lo$er temperature
T"ermal EnergJ energ t"at all ob2ects "ae due to t"e!random# moement of t"eirparticles
Depend on 7factors
TemperatureJ aerage kinetic energ of particles
,eat *apacitJ t"e abilit !GcapacitH# to "old "eatS4E*I%I* ,E+T *+4+*IT/
Specific ,eat *apacitJ "o$ muc" "eat energ isneeded to "eat up 1kg of a substance b 1c
6 : c !x# m !x# T units @ Q/kg!x#c LT : TfR Ti,ig" ,eat *apacitJ "olds a lot of "eat) "eats up slo$l) coldsdo$n slo$l !ex> Kater#
o$ ,eat *apacitJ opposite 6uantit of "eat energ : specific "eat capacit !x# mass !x#temperature c"ange
6 : c !x# m !x# T1# 15Q of energ are needed to raise t"e temperature of 5g of
?raitational4E*"emical 4EElastic 4E
1# temperature5# mass7# "eat
K"en 5substances areput toget"er t"eparticles $it" "ig"speed bump intot"e ones $it"slo$ speedmaking t"e slo$
ones speed upand t"e fast onesslo$ do$n coming
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
8/19
$ater from 51c to 7Oc> *alculate t"e specific "eat capacit of$ater>
6: 15Q 6 : c !x# m !x# T*: c : 3336333333
M : 5g m !x# T
Tf : 7Oc c : 33315Q333
Ti : 51c 5g!x#1c
T : 1c c : F>1OA 3332333
g!x# c
*+0.IMET./*alorimetrJ measuring "eat transfer
+ssumptionJ 6+: @6;+ll of t"e "eat lost b G+H is gained b
G;HSample calculation R determine t"e "eat capacit of a metalMetal Kater6: 6 :*: * : F>5 Q=g!x#cM : 79g M : F9g
Tf : 79c Tf: 79c
Ti : P9c Ti: 59c
T : @9c T : 19c
S4E*I%I* +TENT ,E+T
atent "eatJ G"idden "eatH) "eat t"at is used N0T to raisetemperature) but rat"er to c"ange state
6 : !x# m : Q=gDepending on a substance-s specific latent "eat its abilit to c"angestate aries> If it "as a "ig" latent "eat it means t"at it "as to usemore "eat energ to c"ange state per gram) t"is takes more timebecause more energ is used> K"en t"e specific latent "eat is lo$ it"as to use less energ to c"ange state per gram so it c"angesfaster>6 : !x#m 6 : 599Q=g !x# Ag : 1OA Q
MET,0DS 0% ,E+T T.+NS%E.*onductorJ conducts "eat G$ellHInsulatorJ conducts "eat poorl%luidJ li(uid or gas.adiationJ a form of "eat energ transfer in $"ic" $aes of
electromagnetic radiation trael t"roug" space) and areeentuall absorbed
1# 6+ : c !x# m !x# T5# 6+: @6;
7# * : 3336;333 m x T
6$ater: F>5Q=g!x#c L F9g L
19c: 1OP9Q
6$ater : @6metal1OP9Q : @1OP9Q
*metal : @1OP9Q = 79g !x# @9c : 1>15 Q=g !x# c
*alorimetermac"ine to measurecalorimetr
6uantit of "eat energ : latent "eat!x# mass
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
9/19
Ex> In summer if ou don-t $ant it to be so "ot don-t $ear blackclot"es because t"e absorb muc" more "eat t"an lig"t colors>Same "appens $it" cars and arious ot"er ob2ects>
;lack : absorb all colors K"ite : reflect all colors*onductionJ t"e moement of "eat t"roug" a substance
$it"out t"e moement of t"e substance itself
Ex> If ou $ant to make a fring pan ou use materials t"at are
conductie*onectionJ t"e moement of "eat b a fluid !li(uid) gas#because t"e fluid moes !up#
Sea breezes !da#J1# air aboe land rises b conection because land "eats uper fast so particles "eat up expand and float up5# land becomes region of lo$ pressure
7# "ig" pressure air moes to lo$ pressure region
1# particles moing rapidl5# collide $it" neig"bors7# temperature spreads t"roug"out t"esubstance
1# "eat5# densit decreases because olumeincreases7# it rises !buoant#F# "eats air aboe
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
10/19
and breezes !nig"t#J opposite
UNIT FEcolog R .elations"ips in t"e biosp"ere
0.I?IN +ND E'0UTI0N 0% I%E;iosp"ere;iome : large ecosstem !tropical rainforest#Ecosstem : communit C non@liing !abiotic# factors*ommunit : all t"e population in an area4opulation : seeral indiiduals of t"e same species0.?+NISM : one liing t"ing0rgan sstems0rgans
Tissue : group of cells*ell : basis of life0rganellesMolecules+toms
*,+.+*TE.ISTI*S 0% I'IN? T,IN?S1# made of cells5# exc"ange matter & energ $it" enironment
7# reproduceF# respond to t"eir enironment
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
11/19
#regulate internal condition !"omeostasis#
E'0UTI0NEolution is a process of gradual c"ange) in $"ic" t"e
c"aracteristics of organisms c"ange slig"tl eac" generation)
resulting in noticeable c"ange oer man generations>+# Mec"anism : "o$ it "appens
: Gnatural selectionH!i# 0rganisms tend to reproduce beond t"eir resources!ii# T"ere is ariation $it"in a population!iii# Nature GselectsH $"ic" organisms surie!i# 0rganisms $it" beneficial c"aracteristics
!GadaptationsH# reproduce and pass on t"eseadaptations to t"eir offspring
;# .esults!i# 4"letic eolution
?radual c"ange in t"e c"aracteristics of a speciesoer man generations
!ii# SpeciationT"e creation of ne$ species) as numbers of apopulation eole independentl in differentenironments
;I0DI'E.SIT/1# ;acteria R single@celled prokarote !simple cells#5# 4rotists R single@celled eukarote !complex cells) contain
nucleus euglenab# +lgae R single@celled eukarotic) autotrop"ic !self@feeding
p"otosnt"esis#Ex> ?reen algae
7# 4lants R can perform p"otosnt"esis !use energ from sun tomake food#a# Mosses R don-t "ae proper rootsb# %erns R "ae proper roots) produce spores) don-t "ae
seedsc# *onifers R needle s"aped leaes and cones) GnakedH seeds
Ex> GeergreensH pine treesd# %lo$ering plants R flo$ers $"ic" produce seeds) seeds in
fruitsEx> %lo$ers and fruits
F# %ungi R multicellular) "eterotrop"ic) do not "ae digestiesstem
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
12/19
Ex> Mus"rooms) molds# +nimals
a# *nidaria R one opening) tenticlesEx> *orals) 2ellfis") anemones
b# %lat$orms R flat bod coered $it" cilia !moe t"roug"
enironment#Ex> 4lanarian
c# Molusc R one coiled s"ell or t$o) t$o openingsEx> S(uid) octopus) clam) snail
d# +nnelids R bod encircled $it" man ringsEx> Korms) leec"
e# +rt"ropods R exo@skeleton) 2ointed appendages!i# *rustaceans R "ard outer skeleton!ii# Insects R O legs and 5 pairs of $ings!iii#+rac"nids R P legs) no $ings
f# Ec"inoderms R gro$ arms backEx> starfis"
g# *artilaginous fis" R don@t "ae bonesEx> S"arks) ras
"# ;on fis" R scales) fins and gills) s$im bladdersEx> tuna
i# +mp"ibians R lie in ,50 and landEx> Salamander) frog
2# .eptiles R coered $it" "ard) dr scales) dr eggs!ecot"erms) "eat from outside#
Ex> snakes
k# ;irds R coered $it" feat"ers and $ings) endot"erms !"eatregulated#
l# Mammals R "air skin) milkEx> *apbara
.E+TI0NS,I4S IN E*0S/STEMSEcolog R stud of relations"ips in t"e enironment
Ecosstem R all t"e biotic and abiotic t"ings in an area;iotic R liing+biotic R non@liing,abitat R $"ere and organism lies !GaddressH#Nic"e R $"at an organism does !G2obH#Smbiosis R relations"ips in ecosstem1# Mutualism C=C
;ot" organisms benefitEx> %lo$er : insect gets food) reproduction !insectcoered in pollen goes to next plant#
Ex> 4lant : bacteria get food) plant gets nitrogen5# *ommensalism C=9
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
13/19
0ne benefits ot"er is not affected Ex> .emora attac"ed to s"ark
7# 4arasitism C=@ !parasite = "ost# 0ne benefited ot"er "armed
Ex> Tape$orm) guinea $orms
F# 4redation C=@ 0ne predator!C# ot"er pre !@#
Ex> %ox eat bunn
%0K 0% M+TTE. +ND ENE.?/ IN T,E ;I0S4,E.EMatter R ant"ing t"at "as mass and takes up spaceEnerg R t"e abilit to cause c"ange+utotrop"=producer R an organism t"at produces its o$n food4"otosnt"esis R a c"emical reaction performed b plants Calgae in $"ic" energ from t"e sun is used to conert *05C,50 : glucoseCoxgen,eterotrop"=consumer R an organism t"at needs to feed of
ot"ers.espiration R t"e process $"ere oxgenCenerg is taken inand *05and ot"er $astes are released,erbiore R an animal t"at feeds off plants*arniore R an animal t"at feeds off ot"er animals0mniore R an animal t"at feeds off ot"er animalsCplantsScaenger R an animal t"at feeds off dead pre4redator R t"e animal $"ic" captures t"e pre4re R t"e animal $"ic" is being captured b t"e predator
Detritus R plant=animal $aste of remainsDecomposer R lie off detritus
M+TTE. .E*/*ED=ENE.?/ N0TEnerg is eentuall conerted into "eat $"ic" is lost in space
so t"e sun produces more "eat> 0n t"e ot"er "and matter is al$asbeing used b some organism $"ic" $ill continue on into anot"erand $ill create a c"ain>
Main organisms for matter R decomposersMain organisms for energ R plants
%ood *"ain %ood Keb
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
14/19
4ramid of Numbers!animals# 4ramid of energ
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
15/19
*arbon *cle : t"e c"emical c"anges in $"ic" organic !carboncontaining# compounds are c"anged from one to anot"er
404U+TI0N D/N+MI*S1# 6uadrat Sampling 5# *apture@mark@recapture
Ex> +rea of (uadrant R OAO cm5 N : n1!x#n5 +rea of total s(uare R O>F m5 n7OAOcm5x 33331m5333 : >9OAO m5 N : 9 !x# O9
19999 cm5 5O7P>O lentils : 3333x3333 N : 11>7P people>9OAOm5 O>Fm5
7OF>F lentils O>F m5
Detritus !non@liingorganic matter# eaten
b decomposers
N : total population sizeN1: animals captured) marked and releasedN5: total number of animals recapturedN7: number of recaptured animals t"at "ae t"emark
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
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4opulation size
;irt" rate moing intoImmigration a countr
Deat" rate moing out of Emmigration a countr
inear gro$t" @ it gro$s b t"e same amount in eac" time stepExponential gro$t" R rapid gro$t"*arring capacit R amount of species a certain area can "oldDnamic e(uilibrium R $"en t"e ecosstem "as reac"ed its carringcapacit
*arring*apacit
Dnamice(uilibrium
Slo$gro$t"
.apid=exponentialgro$t"
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
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Important eents1# +griculture !19999
ears ago#5# Industrial
reolution
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
18/19
;I0MES 0% T,E K0.D
;I0ME *IM+TE) S0I IM40.T+NT 4+NTS)+NIM+S
Taiga!boreal forest#
@coniferous forest!pine trees#@$ater log soil@long seere $inters)$armer $eter
@lnx@sno$ "are@caribou
Temperate forest @dense soil) ric" in"umus!t"ick#@"ot in summer@cold in $inter
@s(uirrels) mice)rabbits) deer andbear@birds !blue 2a#@bobcat) moose)
mountain@lions)$oles@plants!lic"ens)mosses) oak) mapletree and $alnut tree
?rassland @"ot summer@cold $inter@5@Aprecipitation=ear@less t"an 19@1trees="ectare
@soil $it" "umuscompost
@ bison@insects@birds@prairie dogs@ferrets@$"eat
@re@$ild flo$ers@sunflo$ers@droug"t resistantflo$ers
Desert @less t"an 5cm ofprecipitationannuall
@scorpions@arid region $it"sparse to almostnonexistent plant life@egetation indeserts depends onprecipitation leels@more rainfall!s"rubs)droug"t resistanttrees#@lessrainfall!scatteredplant life) bareground#@driest deserts)drifting sand
dunes!no life at all#@cactus!spines)
8/13/2019 SUMMARY NOTES Science Unit 1,3,4,5 Final Second Semester
19/19
p"otosnt"eticsstems) $axcoating reduce $aterloss#@kangaroo rat)
cootes) "a$ks)o$ls) road runners)snakes) lizards
Tropical forest @$arm temperature$et@599cm rainfall
@moneks) snakes)birds@cannop) ferns)ines
Tundra @long summer das@s"ort $inter lig"t@temp> cold
@t"in top soil@permafrost !top soilal$as frozen#
@s"allo$@rootedgrasses@small plants
I : 4 !x# + !x# T
Ecological %ootprint
1# %ood5# Kater7# StuffF# Transportation# Energ
Impact onenironment
4opulation
+ffluence!ric"ness#
Tec"nolog