SUMMARY COMMENTS ON SUMMARY COMMENTS ON REPORT BY DR. G. THYNEREPORT BY DR. G. THYNE

Anthony W. Gorody Ph. D., P.G.Anthony W. Gorody Ph. D., P.G.PresidentPresident

Universal Geoscience Consulting, Inc.Universal Geoscience Consulting, Inc.

ASSERTIONS COVEREDASSERTIONS COVERED

Dissolved methane in groundwater is increasingDissolved methane in groundwater is increasing Biogenic methane is actually thermogenicBiogenic methane is actually thermogenic Williams Fork is the only source of thermogenic Williams Fork is the only source of thermogenic

gasgas Chloride concentrations are increasingChloride concentrations are increasing Chloride is derived from produced watersChloride is derived from produced waters

DUPLICATE ANALYSESDUPLICATE ANALYSESNOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED

SAMPLING VARIATION*SAMPLING VARIATION*

Dissolved methane concentration in duplicateDissolved methane concentration in duplicatesamples varies by 9% samples varies by 9% plus or minusplus or minus 90 ug/L) 90 ug/L)

*Collected from water wells only *Collected from water wells only

FIGURE 1

* ug/L = micrograms per liter or .001 milligrams per liter

PAGE 5PAGE 5

GAS COMPOSITIONGAS COMPOSITIONNOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED

SOPHISTICATED FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF GASES SOPHISTICATED FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF GASES FINGERPRINTING GAS SOURCESFINGERPRINTING GAS SOURCES

COMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION• NON HYDROCARBONS:NON HYDROCARBONS:

NN22, Ar, O, Ar, O22, CO, CO22, H, H22S, He, HS, He, H22

GAS RATIOSGAS RATIOS• Relative abundance of non-Relative abundance of non-

hydrocarbons to hydrocarbonshydrocarbons to hydrocarbons• Ratios relative to ArgonRatios relative to Argon

• HYDROCARBONSHYDROCARBONS: :

CC11, C, C22, C, C33, nC, nC44, iC, iC44, nC, nC55, iC, iC55

GAS RATIOSGAS RATIOS• Relative abundanceRelative abundance

STABLE ISOTOPESSTABLE ISOTOPES• CARBONCARBON• DEUTERIUMDEUTERIUM

DID YOU KNOW? BULK OF EARTH’S ORGANIC DID YOU KNOW? BULK OF EARTH’S ORGANIC CARBON LOCKED UP AS BIOGENIC METHANE? CARBON LOCKED UP AS BIOGENIC METHANE?

20% OF THE WORLD’S COMMERCIAL GAS RESERVES 20% OF THE WORLD’S COMMERCIAL GAS RESERVES ARE COMPOSED OF BIOGENIC METHANEARE COMPOSED OF BIOGENIC METHANE

METHANE SOURCES ARE IDENTIFIEDMETHANE SOURCES ARE IDENTIFIEDON BASIS OF DIFFERING ATOMIC WEIGHTON BASIS OF DIFFERING ATOMIC WEIGHT

THERMOGENICTHERMOGENIC

BIOGENICBIOGENIC

BIOGENIC GAS SIGNATUREBIOGENIC GAS SIGNATURE

Light MethaneEthane

MAMM CREEK FIELD PRODUCED GAS COMPOSITIONMAMM CREEK FIELD PRODUCED GAS COMPOSITIONAVAILABLE BUT NOT CONSIDEREDAVAILABLE BUT NOT CONSIDERED

Average CO2 = 0.84% (max 3.5%)Average CH4/CO2 = 115 (min 34)

Average C1/C2 = 22 (max 31)Average C2/C3 = 2.5 (max 3.1)

Table 110

DID YOU KNOW? THERMOGENIC METHANE IS DID YOU KNOW? THERMOGENIC METHANE IS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER GASESASSOCIATED WITH OTHER GASES

Heavy MethaneHeavy Methane

EthaneEthane

PropanePropaneButaneButane

PentanePentane

Carbon DioxideCarbon DioxideLight BiogenicLight Biogenic

MethaneMethane

OTHER SOURCES OF OTHER SOURCES OF THERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONSTHERMOGENIC HYDROCARBONS

NOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED

DID YOU KNOW? COMMERCIAL WELLS PRODUCEDID YOU KNOW? COMMERCIAL WELLS PRODUCE NATURAL GAS FROM THE WASATCH FM IN RULISON NATURAL GAS FROM THE WASATCH FM IN RULISON

3.4

3.6

3.8

4

4.2

4.4

4.6

C2

/C3

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 C1/C2

W 27-3

W 46-11

W 86-29

W 13-3

W 14-24W 14-34W 15-5

W 18-27

W 19-28

PA 21-34PA 24-21

PA 32-29PA 312-21

RMV 37-33

RMV 43-28A

GV 21-35

GV 25-27

GV 75-3

LANGSTAFF 109

Wasatch Williams Fork

+ BacterialMethane Trend

Maturity Trend

Source Rock Trend

2

2.5

3

3.5

Su

mC

4/S

um

C5

3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 C2/C3

W 27-3

W 46-11

W 86-29

W 13-3 W 14-24W 14-34

W 15-5

W 18-27W 19-28

PA 21-34

PA 24-21

PA 32-29PA 312-21

RMV 37-33

RMV 43-28A

GV 21-35

GV 25-27

GV 75-3

LANGSTAFF 109

Wasatch Williams Fork

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.7

iC5

/nC

5

0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 iC4/nC4

W 27-3W 46-11

W 86-29

W 13-3

W 14-24W 14-34W 15-5

W 18-27

W 19-28

PA 21-34

PA 24-21

PA 32-29PA 312-21

RMV 37-33

RMV 43-28AGV 21-35

GV 25-27

GV 75-3

LANGSTAFF 109

Wasatch Williams Fork

0.89

0.9

0.91

0.92

0.93

0.94

0.95

0.96

0.97

Dry

ne

ss

(C

1/C

1+

)

0 1 2 3 4 % Non Hydrocarbons

W 27-3W 46-11

W 86-29

W 13-3

W 14-24W 14-34

W 15-5

W 18-27

W 19-28

PA 21-34

PA 24-21

PA 32-29

PA 312-21

RMV 37-33

RMV 43-28A

GV 21-35

GV 25-27

GV 75-3

LANGSTAFF 109

Wasatch Williams ForkFIGURE 813

PAGE 18PAGE 18

SHALLOW GAS SHALLOW GAS WIRELINE LOGWIRELINE LOGG33 PAD WITHG33 PAD WITH

THERMOGENIC GASTHERMOGENIC GASCOMPOSITIONCOMPOSITION

TABLE TABLE

SANDSAND GASGAS

GASGASSANDSAND

FIGURE 5

PAGE 15PAGE 15

MANY MAMM CREEK FIELD BRADENHEAD GASES MANY MAMM CREEK FIELD BRADENHEAD GASES DIFFER FROM UNDERLYING WILLIAMS FORKDIFFER FROM UNDERLYING WILLIAMS FORK

FIGURE 7PAGE 17PAGE 17

CHLORIDE DATA NOT CONSIDEREDCHLORIDE DATA NOT CONSIDERED

DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU KNOW? CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN WELLSCHLORIDE CONCENTRATION IN WELLS

THROUGH TIME IS VARIABLE THROUGH TIME IS VARIABLE

Line of no difference

Line of no differenceUpper concentration limit

Cut off for illustration

FIGURE 9PAGE 23PAGE 23

Of 5 wells with the longest sampling history, Of 5 wells with the longest sampling history, four show an average four show an average decreasedecrease with time with time

FIGURE 10PAGE 24PAGE 24

CHLORIDE SOURCES CHLORIDE SOURCES NOT CONSIDEREDNOT CONSIDERED

DID YOU KNOW? THERE ARE CHLORIDE DID YOU KNOW? THERE ARE CHLORIDE SALTS IN THE GREEN RIVER SALTS IN THE GREEN RIVER

FORMATIONFORMATION

FISH TRAPPED IN EVAPORATING POOLS OF WATERFISH TRAPPED IN EVAPORATING POOLS OF WATERGREEN RIVER FORMATIONGREEN RIVER FORMATION

http://www.blackhawkfossils.com/Fish/fde101.jpghttp://www.blackhawkfossils.com/Fish/fde101.jpg

0 2 4 6 81Miles

THE DIVIDE CREEK RECHARGE ZONE DRAINS FROM THE OVERLYING THE DIVIDE CREEK RECHARGE ZONE DRAINS FROM THE OVERLYING GREEN RIVER OUTCROP WHICH CONTAINS CHLORIDE SALTSGREEN RIVER OUTCROP WHICH CONTAINS CHLORIDE SALTS

URS STUDYURS STUDYAREAAREA

Battlement MesaBattlement Mesa

Lava flowLava flowbasaltsbasalts

GarfieldGarfield

MesaMesaGreen RiverGreen RiverFormationFormation

WasatchWasatchFormationFormation

Adapted from 1:250,000 CO geologic mapAdapted from 1:250,000 CO geologic mapPAGE 26PAGE 26

GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BELOW GROUNDGEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BELOW GROUND

FIGURE 12FIGURE 12PAGE 27PAGE 27

ADAPTED FROM Idaho National ADAPTED FROM Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Engineering and Environmental

Laboratory 2003 MAPLaboratory 2003 MAP

BASALTS ERODEDBASALTS ERODED

WATER ISOTOPE DATA NOT CONSIDEREDWATER ISOTOPE DATA NOT CONSIDERED

Modern global

Modern global

precipitation line

precipitation line

ALL WATER SAMPLES FALLON MODERN METEORIC

WATER LINE

FIGURE 13FIGURE 13

WATER WELLSWATER WELLSSURFACE WATERSURFACE WATERMONITOR WELLS (DIVIDE CREEK)MONITOR WELLS (DIVIDE CREEK)

PAGE 29PAGE 29

SOLUTE FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE IS MODERN RAIN SOLUTE FOR SODIUM CHLORIDE IS MODERN RAIN WATERWATER

WELLS WITH UP TO WELLS WITH UP TO 500 mg/L Cl are derived500 mg/L Cl are derivedfrom rain dissolving saltsfrom rain dissolving salts

FIGURE 14FIGURE 14

SeaSeaWaterWater

PAGE 30PAGE 30

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

No one can reproduce resultsNo one can reproduce results Available data not honoredAvailable data not honored Multiple hypotheses not considered or Multiple hypotheses not considered or

discusseddiscussed