SUMMARIZED DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION€¦ · that as much tin may have been produced prior to 1800 as has been produced in the 130 years since then, a surprising possibility, as the

Z? ä3J;13

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEBUREAU OF MINES : ECONOMIC PAPER 13

SUMMARIZED DATAOF TIN PRODUCTION

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCER. P. LAMONT, Secretary

BUREAU OF MINESSCOTT TURNER, Diractor

Economic Paper 13

SUMMARIZED DATAOF TIN PRODUCTION

By

JOHN B. UMHAUand the Staff of the Common Metals Division

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON 1932

FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS. WASHINGTON. D. C.

ILLUSTRATIONSFigure

production of tin by quarter centuries, 1801-1925Average annual world production of tin by decades, 1801-1930Average annual world production of tin by 5-year periods, 1851-1930_Annual tin production of the world, principal tin-producing countries

from 1851 to 1930, and average annual world production by 5-yearperiods, 1801-1850

Geographical distribution of world tin production, 1930Distribution of average annual mine production of tin by continents,

by quarter centuries, 1801-1925, and for the 5-year period 1926-1930

Distribution of average annual world production of tin by countries,by quarter centuries, 1801-1925, and for the 5-year period 1926-1930

Average annual mine production of tin in Bolivia by 5-year periods,1861-1930

Average annual mine production of tin in the United Khigdom by5-year periods, 1801-1930

Average annual mine production of tin by 5-year periods in the Fed-erated Malay States and Netherland East Indies, 1801-1930

Average annual mine production of tin by 5-year periods, 1871-1930,in Siam; 1891-1930, in India; and 1906-1930, in the UnfederatedMalay States

Average annual mine production of tin in Nigeria and Union of SouthAfrica and Swaziland by 5-year periods, 1894-1930

Average annual mine productiönof tin in Australia by 5-year periods,1856-1930

CONTENTS

Page PageIntroduction i Tin-producing countrieaCon.Sources and significance of pro- EuropeCoutmued

duction data 2 Spain-Portugal 21General summary - - 4 Asia - 23World production by pertods_ 7 China 23World productionby continente India (Borma) 24

and countries 11 Indo-China 24Continents 15 Japan 25Countries 15 Federated Malay States - - 25

Tin-producing countries 18 Unfederated Malay States 27North America 18 Netherland East Indies 28

United States 18 Siam 29Mexico 19 Straits Settlements 30

South America 19 Africa 30Bolivia 19- J3elgian Congo 31Argentina 20 Nigeria 31

Europe 20 Union of South Africa andUnited Kingdom 20 Swaziland 32Germany and Czechoslo- Australasia 32

vakia 21 Australia 33

Page289

1012

16

17

19

22

26

30

32

33

SUMMARIZED DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION'

By JOHN B. TJMHAIJ 2 AND THE STAFF OF THE CoMMoN METALSDIVISION

INTRODUCTION

This paper presents a statistical summary of tin production of theworld from 1801 to 1930, inclusive. A total of 6,600,000 long tonsof tin was produced in that period of 130 years.

For many centuries previous to the stated period tin had been pro-duced in substantial amounts fÑm the Malay Peninsula and fromCornwall, England. Actual records of Cornish production are saidto extend back for a number of centuries, and it is known that ionbefore the Roman occupation of Britain the Phoenicians had conductea well-established trade in the tin of that country. No such recordsappear to exist, however, in regard to the production of Asia, the factsregarding which are xceeding1y obscure. The earliest productionfrom that source seems to be inferred chiefly from the evidence ofancient bronzes.

It is sufficiently clear, however, that tm was one of the few metalsknown to man from very early times and that its fairly regular pro-duction persisted through long periods when production of othermetals except iron languished or practically ceased. Its importanceto medieval society was probably very great, as it was used extensivelyin pewter vessels and other articles for the home that contributedgreatly to the comfort of the people.

Obviously, the total ancient production of tin must have amountedto a very substantial tonnage. The estimates of some writers implythat as much tin may have been produced prior to 1800 as has beenproduced in the 130 years since then, a surprising possibility, as theproduction of copper, lead, or zinc, merely in the last few decades,exceeds the entire production of those metals prior to 1800. At thebeginning of the nineteenth century the quantity of tin producedexceeded that of zinc but was less than that of copper and lead; yet,in spite of the well-established position of tin in industry, expansionof tin production, although g'eat, has failed to keep pace with thatof the other three metals. This has been due partly to the relativescarcity and high price of tin and to the competition of other metalsfor uses that tin had formerly served. Pewter for hòusehold utensils,for example, was almost wholly replaced by other metals, and eventhe new uses found for tin were soon challenged. Thus, the use oftin as a protective coating for iron had not been long established

I Work on manuscript completed August, 1931.'Assistant business specialist, Bureau of Mlxes.

2 SUMMARIZED DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION

before the advent of zinc galvanizing, which was much cheaper,restricted employment of tin plate to canning and other specializeduses for which the properties of tin prove especially suitable.

Nevertheless, the development of modern industrial society hasrequired an enormous increase in tin production, as shown in Figure1, illustrating world production by quarter centuries, 1801 to 1925.

Although the increase inJ

production during the firstthree quarters of the nine-teenth century was relative-ly slow the output. of thethird quarter was nearlytwo and one-half times thatof the first quarter. In thenext 50 years the increasewas rapid. From 1876 to1900 the total output wasover two and one-half timesthat of the previous quartercentury and almost six andone-half times that of thefirst quarter. The rate ofincrease in the first quarterof the twentieth centurywas somewhat less, but

Fiouss LWorld production of tin by quarter centuries, the total output of thisperiod was nearly double

that of the previous quarter century and nearly twelve tunes greaterthan that of the period 1801 to 1825.

The yearly tin output increased from less than 10,000 long tons atthe beginning of the nineteenth century to a maximum of nearly 188,-000 tons in 1929. From 1021 to 1929 the increase m production wasgreater than in any previous period of equal duration and was of suchmagnitude as to dispel much of the former fear of a tin famine; how-ever, the trend was terminated abruptly in 1930 by a sharp declinein production caused by previous overproduction and consequentlow prices.

The present reserves and resources of tin are believed to be sufficientto permit a continuation of production for many years along an ex-tension of the long-time trend. From 1870 to 1930 the world's tinproduction increased at an average rate of 2,400 tons aiznually.(See fig. 4.) If this rate of increase should continue, a production of220,000 tons would be indicated for 1950. Such estimates requirevery cautious consideration because the relatively high price of tinand its restricted geographical distribution, which creates a threatof sudden curtailment of tin supplies in times of stress, encourage theconstant search for tin substitutes which has so often been successfulin the past.

SOURCES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRODUCTION DATA

The twentieth century development of large-scale mining enter-prises, involving huge capital investments and the livelihood of mil-lions of workers, has focused attention on the desirability of f ar-

3.0

2.5

2.0

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1.0

0.5

--

II1801(825

f826(850

1851(875

(876(900

f901(925

SO URCES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PRODUCTION DiTA 3

sighted planning of exploitation and orderly marketing of mineralresources. For such planning an accurate statistical record of themetal industries is essential, and many Government and privateagencies have been created to collect current data of metal production,consumption, etc. Some of the organizations have functioned for overhalf a century, but comparatively little attention has been given tothe long-time record of metal production.

This paper, which assembles under one cover the data of tin pro-duction since 1800, is the sixth of a series of production studiespublished by the Bureau of Mines, the first five of which gave similardata for copper,3 zinc,4 gold,5 lead,6 and silver.7

The production data tabulated in this paper have been taken fromofficial Government records where possible. It is unfortunate thatofficial records of production during most of the nineteenth centurydo not exist in some of the principal tin-producing countries, such asthose of the Malay Peninsula. Even up to the present no officialrecord of Chinese production is available, and it is necessary to relysolely on export statistics for production data. Where official statis-tics were unavailable the estiniates of various recognized authorswere accepted, and occasionally the writer has introduced his ownestimate to complete the record.

The unit of measure referred to throughout this paper is the longton of 2,240 pounds.

Since it is impracticable to give a complete list of the sources ofdata used in this compilation, only a few of the most helpful refer-ences are mentioned. Robert Hunt,8 in his British Mining of Metal-liferous Mines, published in 1884, summarizes the tin production ofthe UnitedKingdom from 500 B. C. to 1880 A. D. Reyer ° (1881)gives graphs of tin production in the principal tin-producing countriesfrom 1400 to about 1880.

Rossing ° has summarized the production of tin by countries for5-year periods from 1801 to 1895. Henry Louis," writing in 1899,presented very interesting historical summaries of tin production inthe various countries. The statistical material compiled by Neu-mann was also considered.'2 For production data during the twen-tieth century the Mineral Resources of the United States, ImperialMineral Resources (British), and Mines and Quarries (British) havebeen used extensively.

Meisner in 1929 published an excellent study of world mineralproduction which includes a chapter on tin production from 1825to1926, inclusive.

It is hoped that this paper will encourage others, more favorablylocated geographically, to search for additional facts of productionin those countries where so much of the record is now based on

8 Julihn, C. E., Summarized Data of Copper Production: Econ. Paper 1, Bureau of MInes, 1928, 32 pp.4 Pehrson, E. W., Summarized Data of Zinc Production: Roen. Paper 2 Bureau of Mines, 1929, 47 pp.'Ridgway, R. H., Summarized Data oI Gold Production: Roen. Paper 6, Bureau of MInes, 1929, 63 pp.6 Smith, L. A., Summarized Data of Lead Production: Econ. Paper 5, Bureau of Mines 1929, 44 pp.'Merrill. C. W., Summarized Data of Silver Production: Roen. Paper 8, Bureau of Mines, 1930, 58 pp.

Hunt, Robert, British Mining of Metalliferous Mines: London, 1884, pp. 1-83, 814-824, 887-891.9 Reyer, E., Zinn, eine geologisch, montanistiseli historische Monograph: Berlin, 1881, 248 pp.IO Rossing, Dr. Edelbert, Geschichte der Metalle: Berlin, 1901, p. 270.II Louis, Henry, The Production of Tin: Min. Jour. Ry. and Comm. Gazette, May 6, 1899, p. 516; 13,

p. 347; 90, p. 581; 27, p. 611; June 3, 1899, p. 643; 10, p. 676; 17, p. 707; 24, p. 736; July 1, 1899, p. 771; 8,p. 804.

II Neumann, Bernard, Die Metalle, Geschichte, Vorkommen und GewInnung: Halle a. S., Germany,1904 417 pp.

13 Meisner, M., Weltmontanstatlstik: Preussichen geoloØschen Landesanstalt, Erz und Nichterze, vol.2, Stuttgart, 1929, 394 pp.

4 SUMMARISED DATA 0' TIN PRÖOt7T1ON

estimates. Only through cooperation of all who are interested inthe subject can the data of tin production be perfected. Suggestionsand criticisms will be cordially welcomed.

GENERAL SUMMARY

Tin is one of the most useful of the common metals because of itsfusibility, malleability, resistance to corrosion, readiness to alloywith other metals, and attractive silvery white color. It is a con-.stituent of bronze and of some brasses, and in pewter it rendered animportant although lowly service in former ages when metals wereless abundant than now; it is at present almost indispensable forsolders and bearing metals and for the coating of sheet iron to protectit from oxidation.

Tin of commercial importance occurs only as the oxide cassiterite,although small quantities of sulphide minerals of tin and even nativetin are found. The oxides of other common metals are much moresoluble than the oxide of tin which, being chemically inert, is notreadily carried off in solution. It therefore accumulates in the out-crops of deposits through decay of the rocks or, like gold or platinum,descends to placers. The mining of placers for gold must frequentlyhave led also to the recovery of tin. Its weight would be apt toattract attention, and tin nodules are often curious in form. Thesmelting of cassiterite is much more readily accomplished than thatof sulphide ores; it may be reduced to metallic tin in the simplestfurnace.

Owing to its useful properties and the ease with which its ores arefound and smelted, tin was one of the first metals to be employed byman. It is believed that tin was first used as a constituent of bronze,obtained by smelting mixtures of copper and tin ores. Bronze issaid to be an invention of the Orient, but there is little proof of thiscontention owing to the resistance of Oriental people to archeologicalwork. It is known that the bronze industry was well established inChina about 1800 B. C. The tin used was probably derived fromthe deposits of India and China.

A rod found in Egypt is claimed to be the earliest specimen ofbronze and is reported to date back to 3700 B. C. It contains about9.1 per cent of tin, 89.8 per cent of copper, and some arsenic. Earlierspecimens, alleged to have been bronze, contain no tin. Excavationsamong the remains of the ancient Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian,and Egyptian civilizations have furnished many bronze objects,usually containing 10 to 14 per cent of tin.

A lump of tin is said to have been found in the ruins of the Swisslake villages, and tin free of lead and silver was used in the wrappingof an Egyptian mummy not later than 600 B. C. The earliestbronzes of the Mediterranean area are thought by some to have beenmade from tin brought from Asia, but later Europe became the prin-cipal source The Phmcians apparently began tradmg m tin frontBritain about 1500 to 1200 B. C., and some of this metal may havepassed beyond the Mediterranean Basm to Asia Moses (1600 B C)m the book of Numbers names six metals, one of which is supposedto have beeti tin.. Ezekiel (600 B. C.) and Herödotus (440 B. C.)also mention metallic tin. Hunt states that as early as 500 B. C.about 100 tons of tin were exported annually from Britain. Spainwas also an important source of tin at that time.

ÙEEAL SUAEY

At the beginning of the Christian era tin was used largely in bronze,which was fabricated into works of art, weapons, mirrors, and coins.The pure metal was used only for the tinning of copper and for themaking of vases and some coins. In the centuries that followed, newuses for tin developed. Bell casting was introduced into Europeabout the sixth century, and bronze cannon were used at the end ofthe Middle Ages. Pewter ware, although of ancient origin, waswidely adopted in Europe during the Middle Ages. Tin-plated ironwas first manufactured in the sixteenth century. The tin requiredfor these new uses was supplied in part by increased production fromBritain. Bohemia and Saxony were important producers from thefourteenth century to the Thirty Years' War. Increased supplieswere brought from Asia by the great trading nations of Europe. Atthe end of the eighteenth century tin was one of the most importantmetals. Its production was exceeded only by that of iron, lead, andcopper.

Unlike most common metals, production of tin prior to 1800 wasrelatively large compared with production since 1800. Hunt14estimates the production of Cornwall from 500 B. C. to 1800 A. D. atover 2,500,000 long tons. Reyer ' estimates Malay productionfrom 1400 to 1800 at approximately 1,000,000 tons, and productionprior to 1400 may have been several times that amount. NetherlandEast Indies, China, and continental Europe aJso produced quantitiesof tin prior to 1800. The total world output prior to 1800 maypossibly have been as much as the total output from 1801 to 1930.

The total tin production of the world for the 130 years,. 1801 to1930, amounted to 6,582,000 long tons. The geographical and timerelations of this production are shown in the large folded table at theend of this paper, but the following table indicates the salient featuresof this record.

TABLE 1.Salient features of world production of tin

'4 Runt, Robert, Britlah Mining of Met1llferous Mines London, 1884, pp. 1-83, 814-824, 887-891.15 Reyer, E., Zinn, eine geologisch, montanistisch historische Monograph: Berlin, 1881, 248 pp.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the yearly production oftin amounted to 8,800 tons. Fifty years later it had nearly doubledto 17,300 tons, and 25 years later is agam doubled to nearly 34,000tons. During these 75 years there was steady but relatively slow

Period Years Figures in last column are for- Quantity,long tons

1801-18051848-18501871-18751805-19001928-193019301801-18251826-18501861-18751876-19001901-19251801-18501851-19001801-19001901-19301801-19301801-19051906-1900

55s

26

25

105

25

25255050

10030

130

25

Average annual productionAverage annual production 50 years laterAverage annual prodUction 75 years laterAverage annual production 100 years laterAverage annual production 130 years laterProdUctionTotal production

do -dodododododododo

Approximately h1t of total world outputdo

8,82017,28933,91779,271

168,044170,900248,977375, 750608,311

1,585,2272,928,024

624, 7272, 104,2582, 818,0553,763,2446,582,2093,283,1133,299,096


increase in world production of tin; the annual output at the end ofthe period was slightly less than four times that at the beginninSince 1875, however, the increase in tin production has been rapiBy the end of the nineteenth century production had increased tonine times that at the beginning of the century, and in 1930 it wasnearly twenty times as mùch.

This marked increase in production of tin was an. outgrowth ofindustrialization. At the beginning of the nineteenth century tin wasused chiefly in bronze for cannon and bells, in pewter ware, as a liningfor copper cooking utensils, and to some extent as tin plate for roofingpurposes. Some of the outstanding developments that have contrib-uted to the increased demand for tin since 1800 were the adoption ofthe steam engine and power-driven machinery, which required bronzeand soft metal bearings; the development of tin-plated containers forfood and other products needed to supply the rapidly increasing urbanpopulation resulting from industrialization; the introduction of eles-trical power machinery and internal-combustion engines; automobilesand airplanes; and the widespread adoption of collapsible tin tubecontainers and tin-foil wrappers.

Many of these uses for tin, although developed prior to 1900, haveexpanded rapidly during the twentieth century. Fifty-seven per centof the total tin produced since 1800 was produced from 1901 to 1930.The production of the last 25 years (1906 to 1930) was approximatelyequal to that of the previous 105 years. Forty-three per cent of thetotal output from 1801 to 1930 was produced during the nineteenthcentury, 33 of the 43 per cent being produced during the last half ofthe century. World tin production during the 5-year period 1926 to1930 exceeded that of the first 60 years of the nineteenth century.

Asia has been the outstanding source of the world's tin supply,having contributed 67.7 per cent of the total output since 1800.South America ranked second with 11.9 per cent, while Europefollowed closely with 11.6 per cent. Australasia produced 6.1 percent of the total and Africa 2.6 per cent. North America, theprincipal world consumer of tin, produced virtually none Asiamaintained its dominant position with substantially the same pro-portion throughout the period. South America did not become atin-producing continent until about 1860, but its production hasincreased so steadily that it amounted to 22.7 per cent of the totalfrom 1926 to 1930. Europe, on the other hand, produced over athird of the world's tin during the first three-quarters of the nine-teenth century but since then has suffered a marked decline; in the5-year period ending with 1930 Europe prodúced only 2 per cent ofthe total. Australasia began producing tin about the middle of theiineteenth century and gradually increased its output to nearly one-fourth of the world total from 1876 to 1880, but during the last fiveyears its production amounted to only 1.5 per cent of the total.Very little tin was produced in Africa prior to 1910, since when pro-duction has increased steadily, amounting to 6.7 per cent of the totaloutput from 1926 to 1930.

The outstanding importance of Asia in continental production oftin has been due to the development of the tin deposits of the MalayPeninsula and Archipelago. The Federated Malay States is theprincipal tin-producing country of this area and of the entire world,having produced 37.2 per cent of the world total since 1800. Nether-

GENERAL SUMMARY 7

land East Indies ranked second with 18.7 per cent, Bolivia third with11 9 per cent, and the United Kingdøm fourth with 11 2 per centTjiese countries were f011Owed in order by Australia, 6.1 per cent;China, 5.7 per cent; Siam, 4.6 per cent; and Nigeria, 1.8 per cent.No other country has produced 1 per cent of the total tin outputsince 1800.

The Federated Malay States was one of the principal tin-producingcountries during the first 82 years of the nineteenth century and since1883 has ranked first each year. Bolivia began producing about1860 and bas since enjoyed a large increase in output, whereas theUnited Kingdom, which ranked first in production during the secondand third quarters of the nineteenth century, has become relativelyunimportant in recent years The Netherland East Indies has main-tained a steady increase since 1800 Australia began producing tinabout 1854, but not until 1872 was tbere any important productionDunn the 10-year period 1873 to 1882, inclusive, Australia led theworld in tin production, but since then its output has declined andrecently has been less than 2 per cent of the world total China andSiam have produced increasing amounts of tin since 1900 Nigeriais the only important tin-producing country which has been developedduring the twentieth century. The following tables show the tinproduction of the world by countries during the ninteenth century,the first quarter of the twentieth century, and the 5-year period1926 to 1930.

Distribution of world tin production during theCountry Per cent

Federated Malay States 37. iUnited Kingdom 22. 2Netherland East IndIes 19. 4Australia 8. 5China 6. 4

nineteenth centuryCountry Per cent

Siam 3. 8Bolivia 1. 8All others . 8

Total 100. 0

Distribution of world tin production during the first quarter of the twentieth century

WORLD PRODUCTION BY PERIODS

Tin-production datá presented in this paper are based on thefundamental table appearing at the end (see Table 24), in which thegeographical and time relations of production are shown for the

1061810_32_2

Country Per cent Country Per centFederated Malay States 38. 1 Nigeria 2. 6Bolivia i8. 5 1nfederated Malay States 1. 5Netherland East Indies 17. 7 Union of South Africa andChina 5. 6 Swaziland 1. 2Siam 5. 2 All others 1. 2Australia 5. 1United Kingdom 3. 3 100. 0Total

Country Per cent Country Per centFederated Malay States 34. 4 Australia 1.5Bolivia 22. 7 India 1.3Netherland East Indies 19. 9 IJnfederated Malay States 1.3Siam 5.3 All others 2.9Nigeria 5. 2

100.0China 3. 9 TotalUnited Kingdom 1. 6

Distribution of world tin production during the 5-year period 1926-1930


entire world from 1801 to 1930, inclusive. Although such a tablecomprehends many aspects of tin prothiction, particular phases ofthe subject may be shown more clearly by condensed tables of selecteddata. Table 2, showing world production of tin by decades,presentsappropriate data from the larger table and is illustrated by Figure 2.

FiuvE 2.-Average annual world prodtiotton of tin by doodles, 1801-1930

TABLE 2.-World production of tin by decades, 1801-1930, long tons

At the beginning of tile nineteenth century world production oftin averaged nearly 9,000 tons a year. It had increased nearly 1,600per cent to an average of nearly 149,000 tons a year in the decade1921 to 1930. From 1801 to 193& the average rate of increase inproduction was 27 pec cent per decade. This rate was very moderateduring the first six decades, averaging about 16 per cent per decade,but thereafter he increase was accelerated to an average of about 35per cent per decade. In the sixth decade the rate of production(18,928 tons) had increased only 113 per cent above that m the firstdecade, but production doubled in the next two decades to 38,732tons a year and redoubled in the two foUowing decades to 79,425tons a year; thus, production in the last decade of the thneteentbcentury bad increased about 80Ç. per cent above that in the firstdecade, The increase in productiofl continued during the first three

leo

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I 1821I

1820 ¡1840

AllI 1931 Iiaet

¡1850I 1851 118611186011870

iI 181f I

J1890190f 169f

1900I 1901

1910I 1911

¡f920I 'v¡1930

181 I

11820

Period

Production Increase in annual average

Quantity Annualaverage Quantity Fer cent

1801-1810 88,929 8. 8931811-1820 102,647 10,265 1.372 15. 421821-1830 122,824 12, 282 2,017 19.641831-1840 144, 227 14,423 2, 141 17.43 16.31841-1850 166,100 16,610 2, 187 15. 161881-1860 189,275 18, 928 2,318 13.95 27.1, average in.1861-1870 249,460 24,945 6,017 31.78 crease per deo1871-1880 387,320 38,732 13, 787 55.26 ade.1881-1890 573,939 57,394 18,502 48. 181891-1900 794,254 79,425 22,031 38.38 34.81901-1910 1, 518,956 101,896 22,471 28.291911-1920 1,258,663 128,866 23, 970 23.521921-1930 1,485,625 148, 563 22,697 18.03

WORLD PRODUCTION BY PERIODS 9

decades of the twentieth century but at a slower rate. The percent-age increase in average annual production per decade has decreasedfrom 55 per cent in the period 1871 to 1880 to 18 per cent in 1921 to1930.

It is notable that, when viewed by decades, there have been norecessions in production. The increase has been steady and substan-tial, although not comparable in amount with that of the other com-mon metals.

Table 3 shows world production of tin by 5-year periods from 1801to 1930. Figure 3 compares the average annual production by 5-year

FIGURE 3.-Average annual world production of tin by 5-year perIods, 1851-1930

periods from 1851 to 1930. The periods considered are short enoughto reveal more pronounced irregularity in the rates of increase. It isseen that, while the average annual increase per 5-year period wasabout 13 per cent, the increases for individual periods ranged froma high of nearly 31 per cent in 1871 to 1875, inclusive, to a slightdecrease in 1896 to 1900.

TABLE 3.-World production of tin by 5-year periods, 18W-1930, long tons

I l,2.9 per ççnt, averae Increase per 6-year perij,

seo

54°

HI11111

058551855

58561860

18615865

18665870

18715815

58761880

5881885

58861880

588!5895

8961900

1901 5906 $911 956 5925 59265905 saio 1915 1920 925 930

Period

ProductionIncrease in

annualaverage'

Period

ProductionIncrease in

annualaverage'

Quais- Annual Quali- Per Quan- Annual Quan- Perthy average tity cent tity average tity cent

1801-1805 - 44 104 8, 820 1866-1870 - 129, 576 25,915 1,940 & i1806-1810 44, 825 8, 985 145 1.5 1871-1875 169,586 33,917 8,002 3(191811-1815 45,983 9,396 431 4.8 1876-1880 217,734 43,547 9,630 28.41816-1830 55, 664 11, 133 1,737 18.5 1881-1885 - 260,092 52,018 8,471 19. 51821-1825 57,401 11,480 347 3.1 1886-1890 - 313,847 62,769 0, 751 20,71826-1830 65,421 13,085 1,605 14.0 1891-1895 397,899 79,580 18,811 26.81831-1835 65,938 13,388 303 2.3 1896-1900 396, 355 79,271 -309 -(141839-1840 77,289 15, 458 2,070 13. 5 1901-1905 464, 148 92,830 13,559 17.11841-1845 79, 655 15,931 473 3.1 1906-1910 554, 808 110,962 18,132 1(151846-1850 86,445 17,289 1,358 6.5 191 1-1915 629,452 125,690 14,728 13.31881-1955 88,652 17,730 441 2.5 1916-1920 630,211 126,042 352 .31856-1880 100,623 20,125 2,395 13.5 1921-192&. - 645,405 129,081 3,039 2. 41861-1865 119,874 23,975 3,850 19.1 1926-1930 840,220 168,044 33,963 3(12

10 STJMMARIZ1D DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION

Table 4 gives the world production of tin from 1851 to 1930, inclu-sive, by years. In Figure 4, corresponding to it, the productions ofthe three chief tin-producing countriesthe Federated Malay States,Netherland East Indies, and Boliviaare added to indicate their

relative importance in the world total. It will be seen that theincrease in production of tin has been interrupted by three pronouncedrecessions that reached the lowest points in 1877, 1899, and 1921.The first was of short duration and of least consequence. It was

-iiisuurniuuiiiiiiuummiauuuumiiu

ijiiiiiiiiiiIi!IiSNO.L NO1 O SONYSnOHI

WORLD PRODUCTION BY CONTINENTS AND COUNTRIES 11

induced by a rapid expansion of_production which preceded a descentin price from 1873 to 1878. The second one started in 1896 andcontinued for four years. It appears to have been induced by a sharpdecline in the price of tin which followed the extremely rapid increasein production of the Federated Malay States from 1893 to 1895, afall in the price of silver in 1897 and 1898, and unsettled labor condi-tions arising from the Chino-Japanese war and the new laws institutedby the British in Malay in 1895. The third recession started at thebegiiming of the World War, which caused a decline of production in1914. There was moderate recovery through 1917, then further pro-nounced recession for four years. Since 1921 the increase has beenso rapid that the yearly output from 1927 to 1930 was in excess ofthat indicated by an extension of the trend line of production from1870 to 1913.

TABLE 4.-World produeion of tin by years, 1851-1930, long ions

WORLD PRODUCTION BY CONTINENTS AND COUNTRIES

Table 5 presents in condensed form the production of tin by conti-nents and countries for various periods. It will be seen that for the130-year period, 1801 to 1930 inclusive, the total recorded productionof the world was 6,582,209 tons, of which 9.5 per cent (624,727 tons)was produced in the first half century, 33.3 per cent (2,194,238 tons)in the second, 44.4 per cent (2,923,024 tons) in the first quarter of thepresent century, and 12.8 per cent (840,220 tons) during the last fiveyears, 1926 to 1930. Figure 5 shows the geographical distribution oftin production in 1930.

Year Year Year Year Year Year

1851.._ 18,425 1865_ 24.269 1879.. 47,820 1892..... 71,951 190&.... 99,783 1918..... 126,2661852_. 18,002 186&.... 28,215 1880.... 47,744 1893__ 76,827 190&.... 105,352 1919_ 122,822185&_ 17,741 1807...... 24,887 1S81..... 48,722 1894.... 87,785 1007...... 104,549 1920....... 121,1921854.._ 17, 681 1868 28,014 1882...... 49 840 1895...... 92,828 1908 111,610 1921_.. 107,388185& 16,803 1869rn 28,913 188& 54,107 189& 82,459 1909rn 118, 789 1922 123,340185&_ 20,305 1870rn 27,547 1804...... 52,986 1807...... 79,079 1910... 116,505 1923..... 129,8311857_.. 19,018 187L.... 27,109 1885..... 54,436 1898...... 77,436 101L.... 117,906 1954.. 140,201185& 20,884 1S72. 28,358 1886rn 67,948 1899._ 74,728 1912, 126,929 1925 145,1451859_ 20,590 1873. 86,029 1887 62,780 1900..... 82,653 1913..... 132,117 192& 143,5851860_.. 19,826 1874.... 36,441 188&. 61,587 190L_.. 88,397 1914....... 124,671 1927._ 159,676186L_ 23,397 187&. 41,649 1889.... 65,618 1902... 88,867 1915..... 126,829 1928.... 178,2551882_ 22,084 1876. 40,218 1890... 86,918 1903...... 93,264 191&__ 126,750 1920...... 187,8241863 J 25,424 1877..... 36,021 1891.... 68,508 1004... 93,837 1917... 133, 181 1950...... 170,9001864._ 24,700 187&_ 45,931

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WORLD PRODUCTION BY dÒNTINENTS AND COUNTRIBS 15

CONTINENTS

Asia contributed 4,456,107 tons, or 67.7 per cent of the whole.Europe and South America each produced. almost an eighth of thetotal; the former produced 766,452 tons, or 11.64 per cent, and thelatter 783,780 tons, or 11.91 per cent. Australia contributed 401,090tons, or 6.09 per cent, and Africa 173,446 tons, or 2.64 per cent; butproduction from North America was insignificant, amounting merelyto 1,334 tons, or 0.02 percent of the total.

Throughout the 130 years under consideration, the relative impor-tance of production from Asia ranged from a minimum of about 59per cent for the third quarter of the nineteenth century to a maximumof nearly 71 per cent for its fourth quarter. Since 1900 Asia hasproduced 68 per cent of the world total.

European production averaged about one-third of world productionfor the first three-quarters of the last century, dropped to 13 per centin the last quarter, and subsequently fell to 2 to 4 per cent of the worldtotal.

South America commenced producing a small amount in the thirdquarter of the nineteenth century, which increased to 3 per cent of theworld total in the last quarter mounted to 18.5 per cent in the firstquarter of the present century, and now averages about 22 per cent,or between a fourth and a fifth of the world total.

Australasia produced no tin in the first half of the nineteenthcentury but contributed nearly 6 per cent of the total in its thirdquarter, nearly 13 per cent iii its last quarter, and 5 per cent in thefirst quarter of the present century. Since then the importance ofAustralian production has continued to decrease. Tin from this sourcenow averages less than 2 per cent of the world total.

Africa produced no tin until near the end of the last century; butthe importance of its production has increased steadily since then,amounting to nearly 7 per cent of the world total during the 5-yearperiod 1926 to 1930.

Figure 6 illustrates the above relations by quarter centuries, 1801to 1925, and for the 5-year period 1926-1930.

COUNTRIES

The production of individual countries is reflected in the story ofcontinental production given above.

About 83 per cent of the total production of Asia, or 56 per cent ofthe world production, has been derived from the Federated MalayStates and the Netherland East Indies. Over 95 per cent of the totalproduction of Europe has been derived from the United Kingdom.Bolivia bas furnished practically the whole production of SouthAmerica and Nigeria two-thirds of the African production. Thesecountries, excluding Nigeria, have contributed nearly 80 per cent ofthe total world production of tin since 1800; and together with China,Siam, Australia, and Nigeria they account for more than 97 per centof world production since then, as indicated. below.

106181°-32---3


Production of tin by principal countri&, 1801-1930

Other appreciable production has been derived from the Unfeder-tted Malay States, the Union of South Africa including Swaziland,India, Central Europe, Spain, Portugal, and Belgian Congo. Noother country has a recorded output of over 10.000 tons froni 1801 to1930.

I rWA i VA IJi VAJU

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country Long tonsPer centof world

totalCountry Long tons

Per centof world

total

Federated Malay States 2,450,754 37.23 China 376,472 5.72Netherland rast Indies 1, 230, 708 18. 70 Siam 304, 256 4. 62Bolivia 783, 577 11. 91 Nigeria 120,510 L 83United Kingdom 734, 843 11. 16

6,402,250 97.26Australia 401,090 8.09 Total

Nether land

Last Indies11.0%

Ch I na

Ne ther land

Last IndIes

Slain 2.1%China 2.4%

Australia

5.8%

NetherlandEast Indies

WORLD PRODUCTION BY CONTINENT$ AND COTJNThIES 17

Figure 7 compares graphically the average annual ti productionof the world for various periods from 1801 to 1930 and shows therelative importance of the tin-producing countries during each ofthese periods.

During the first quarter of the nineteenth century four countries-Federated Malay States, United Kingdom, China, and NetherlandEast Indiesproduced practically all of the world's tin. The samefour countries were the principal contributors in the next quarter

Federated Malay States

Others

Union of South AfrIca

Federated Unfederated

Malay States Malay States

United KIngdom

United Klndom

klg,1876$00

Nether land

East Indies

18.3%

Federated

Ma lay

States

4 1.4%

IUn federatedMalay States

Austral la

United Kingdom

Frnusna 7.Distribution of average annual world production of tin by countries, by quarter cen-turies, 1801-1925, and for the 5-year period, 1928-1930

century, but the production of the United Kingdom surpassed thatof the Federated Malay States; and, similarly, China and the Nether-land East Indies had exchanged places. In the third quarter of thecentury Australia and Siam became important producers. Chinafell from fourth to fifth place, fourth place being taken by Australia.

The outstanding features of the last quarter of the nineteenthcentury were as follows: (1) The decline in the tin production of theUnited Kingdom from first to fourth place; (2) the large increase mthe production of the Federated Malay States and its outstandingdominance in world production; (3) the increased importance of Aus-


tralla and Siam; and (4) the appearance of Bolivia as an importanttin producer.

For the entire nineteenth century tin production amounted to2,818,965 tons, or 43 per cent of the world total from 1801 to 1930.The principal contributing countries were: Federated Malay States,37 per cent, United Kingdom 22 per cent, Netherland East Indies19 per cent, Australia 9 per cent, China 6 per cent, and Siam 4 percent. The combined production of all other countries amounted toonly 3 per cent of the total.

During the first quarter of the twentieth century Bolivia rankedsecond, as compared to seventh in the preceding 25-year period.Netherland East Indies dropped to third place, notwithstanding alarge increase in production. The United Kingdom declined fromfourth to seventh place and Australia from third to sixth place.Nigeria, Unfederated Malay States, and the Union of South Africaeach produced over i per cent of the world total for the first tithe.

In the 5-year period 1926 to 1930 the three leading tin producers-Federated Malay Statés, Bolivia, and Netherland East Indiescon-tributed 77 per cent of the world total. The production of Nigeriaincreased in quantity and relative importance, while that of theUmted Kingdom and Australia declined in both. The other im-portant tin-producing countries showed minor changes only. Indiawas the only newcomer to the list of countries producing over 1 percent of the world's tin, while production in the Union of SouthAfrica fell below 1 per cent.

TIN-PRODUCING COUNTRIES

NORTH AMERICA

North America has produced only 0.02 per cent of the world out-put of tin since 1800. The United States and México are the onlycountries in North America from which production has been reported,and the United States contributed by far the largest portion of theoutput. Tin-bearing deposits are known in Canada, British Hon-duras, and Greenland, but there has been no commercial production.

UNITED STATES

The total recorded tin production of the United States beginningwith 1902 is 1,176 tons, most of which came from the placers ofAlaska. The largest production for any single year was 124 long tonsin 1916. Some veins yielding small amounts of tin have been foundin the Appalachians, Black Hills, and elsewhere; and many goldplacer operations have yielded small quantities of cassiterite, usuallytoo insignificant in value to be saved.

TABLE 6.Mine production of tin in the United States, 1902-1930

Long Longtons

y Long y Longtons

long Longtons

1902 18 1908 27 1913 48 1918 62 1923 2 1928 411903 50 1909 18 1914 93 1919 80 1924 6 1929 351904 13 1910 35 191.5 91 1920 20 1925 13 1930 301908 5 1911 62 1916 124 1921 4 1926 7 -

1, 176190& 34 1912 116 1917 98 1922 1 1927...... 24 TotaL1907 54

Fxomc 8.Average annual mine production of tin in Bolivia liY5-year periods, 1861-1930

cent of the world total. Bolivian production up to the end of 1930was equivalent to 12 per cent of the entire world output from 1801 to1930. Since 1900 Bolivia has produced about one-fifth of the worldtotal.

Bolivia is the largest producer of lode tin in the world The greattin and silver-tm veins of the eastern ranges of the Andes Mountainshave been worked for several decades, but production of tin wasrelatively insigmficant and largely a by-product from silver-miningoperations prior to 1891, when rail communication with the poit ofAntafagasta, Chile, was completed From 1891 to 1900 the annualoutput more than quadrupled, from 1900 to 1910 it tripled, and smce1910 it has doubled This rapid increase is shown m Table 7 andFigure 8

Most of the Bolivian production is from straight tin ores, but asubstantial part is still derived from ores that also produce silverThe ores are concentrated into a product known as "barilla," whichcontains about 60 per cent of tin; it is shipped to Europe for smelting,principally to the United Kingdom.

40

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1966

1970

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996

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1901

1905

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1911

1915

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1925

9261930

TIN-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 19

MEXICO

The total recorded tin production of Mexico to date is 158 longtons, most of which was produced before 1900 in the State of Durango.Tin ore recently discovered in Chihuahua was being developed forproduction in 1930.

SOUTh AMERICA

South America has contributed about 12 per cent of the world'stin production from 1801 to 1930, and recently its output has amountedto nearly one-fourth of the world total. Practically all of the SouthAmerican output comes from Bolivia. Argentina has produced atrifling quantity since 1900. Tin is found in the mineral deposits ofUruguay, but there has been no production.

- BOLIVIA

Bolivia ranks second among the tm-producing countries of theworld. In 1929 it produced over 46,000 long tons of tin, or 25 per

ARGENTINA

Argentina occasionally produces a few tons of tin; but in no yearhas the production exceeded 1QO tons, and the total recorded outputis only 203 tons The production has ccme largely from the provincesof Catamarca and La Riòja

EUROPE

Productioa of tin in Europe began several centuries B. C., and theproduction prior to 1800 has been estimated to be over three timesthe recorded output from 1800 to 1930. Since 1800 Europe hasproduced over 766,000 tons of tin, nearly 12 per cent of the world'stotal, but during the last half century its output has declined. From1801 to 1825 Europe contributed about onethird of the world total.This ratio was maintained during the next 50 years by a steadyincrease in output, but thereaftér production declined gradually andin the 5-year.period 192k.to 1930 Europe's share in world productionof tin was only about 2 per cent.

Practically all of the Eurapean output has been obtained from theUnited Kingdom, An area in Central urps iow part f Germanyand Czechoslovakia, and Spam and Portugal have provided smallbut steady supplies of tm Brittany, France, Fmland-Russia, andTuscany, Italy; have produced negligible quantities at various times.

UNITED KINOBOM

The famous mines of Cornwall, England, have been the source oftin production from the United Kingdom. This Cornish tin attractedPhcenician traders to Britain snore than 2,000 years ago. Some ofthem settled there and conducted smelting of tin from the streams,as vein mining was developed later. It is known that subsequently,during the Roman occupation of the island, a trafile in tin was estab-lished with overland transportation through France to Marseilles.Authentic records of the annual tin production of Cornwall since1156 A. D. are said to exist, and Hunt 16 has estimated English tinproduction from 500 B. C. to 1880 as amounting to 3,016,000 tons.If the 468,000 tons produced from 1800 to 1880 are deducted, a totalestimated production of 2,548,000 tons remains prior to 1800, anastounding total considering the very small quantities of metals thatappear to have sufficed mankind until recent times.

"Thlrit, itobèit, British Mining; LondOn 1884, p.823

Period QuantityAverage

tion

Per centolwothi Period Quantity

Average

tion

Per centowor1

1861-186.5 500 100 0. 42 1896-1900 25,699 5,140 6. 481868-1870 500 100 .39 1901-1905 50,704 10,141 10. 921871-1875 1 500 300 .89 1908-1910 95,211 19,042 17.161876-5880 1,680 326 .75 1911.-1918 154,550 22,919 18.231881-1885 1,478 296 57.. 1916-1920 136,458 27,292 21.68188e-1896 5,752 1,150 1. S 5921-1996 144,011 26 802 22.31189F-1895 14,869 2974 3.74 1926-1930 190,672 38,134 22.70

20 SUMMARIZEI) DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION

TABLE 7.Mine production of tin in Bolivia by 5-year periods, 1861-1930, long tone

GERMANY AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Although the production from these countries of Centrai Europehas amounted to only 0.3 per cent of the world total since 1800, it isof great historic interest. The tin iodes of the Erz Gebirge, Czecho-slovakia, are believed to bave been worked long before the time ofChrist; and it is known that Bohemian and Saxon production,although never 1age, had attained relatively important proportiQnsin 1he sixteenth century. Production declined severely as a resultof the Thirty Years' War but was resumed gradually thereafter.

SPAIN-PORTUGAL

The annual tin production of Spain and Portugal has increasedrecefltly to an average of nearly 800 tons from 1926 to 1930. Theprineipal deposits, which are located in northwestern Spain aridnortheastern Portugal, contain minerals of both tin and tungsten,and profitable exploitation is said to depend largely on the tungstencontent. Some tin has been produced as a by-product of lead nuning

Period QuantityAverage Per cent

of world Period QuantityAverage Per cent

of wqrld

2, 721 SOE 84 1826-1870 47,950 9, 590 27.001806-1810 12, 125 2,425 27.05 1871-1871 49,988 9,998 29.471811-1815 12,633 2,527 26.88 1876-1880 46,556 9,311 21.381816-1820 17,839 3, 568 82.04 .J.881-158& - 45, 969 9, 194 37. 67

1801-1805---------------13,504

1821-1825 20, 227 4,045 35. 24 1886-1890 46,349 9, 270 14.771828-1830 23, 967 4,793 36. 63 1891-1895 42,435 8,487 20. 661831-1835 20,505 4,181 .. 81.33. 1896-1900 22, 220 4,444 5.601836-1840 25, 500 5, 100 32. 99 1901-1905 21, 834 4,367 4. 701841-1845 32, 485 6,497 40. 78 1906-1910 23, 977 4, 795 4.321846-1850 34,000 6,800 38.33 .1911-1915 ' 25,450 5,090 4.051851-1855 30, 524 6, 105 34.43 1916-1920 18,906 3, 781 2.991856-1860 33, 474 6,895 33. 26 1921-1925 6,395 1,219 .991861-1865 46,079 6.216 88.44 1926-1900 . 13,452 2,690 1.60

TIN-P'ROD tTCTNG eOTYNTRIE 21

At the beginning of the nineteenth century E lish, productionwas only about 2,700 tons a year but constituted about 30 per centof the world production. Thereafter the rate of increase was r1a-tively steady until a maximum of about 10,000 tons a year wasattained for the period 1871 to 1875, when the average annual priceof tin attained its peak for the century. A slow decline of productionthen commenced that accelerated near the end of the centtiry. Inthe past five years, 1926 to 1930, the production rate has averagedabout the same as that prevaiin a century and a quarter ago, butthe amount produced now constitutes less than 2 per cent of worldproduction instead of 30 per cent as in 1800 to 1805. It is presumedthat much tin stifi remains in the iodes of Cornwall. Although thedepth of mining has enhanced the cost of production it is probablethat some production will continue indefinitely, and exhaustion ofthe placers of the Orient may ultimately induce an important revi'Valof mining from these historic British deposits.

Table 8 gives tin production data of the United .Iirgdom since1800, which is illustrated by Figure 9.

TABLE 8.-Mine production of tin in the United Kingdom by 5-year periods, 1801-1980, ¡ong tons

1ouR

E 9

.Ave

rage

ann

ual m

ine

prod

uctio

n of

tin

in th

e U

nite

d K

ingd

om b

y 5-

year

per

iods

, 180

1-19

30

Io 9

i

1111

111

niI

uiui

uiiu

iiiiii

uuin

hutin

1HII

1III

IkH

III

i18

0118

0518

0611

811

1810

1181

5lis

ie¡1

820

1821

1825

1826

1830

1831

1835

1183

611

840

1841

1845

1846

1850

1856

1860

1866

1870

1871

1875

¡880

1876

1188

?J

1885

1188

6J

890

¡189

?J1

895

1896

119

00J

1901

¡905

1906

1910

191?

1916

1915

1920

1921

¡925

926

1930

TIN-PRODUCING COtINTRIES 23

in the Province of Murcia, Spain. The Iberian Peninsula was animportant source of tin in ancient times.

ASIA

Asia has produced about two-thirds of the world's tin since 1800.During the first quarter of the nineteenth century this same ratio ofproduction prevailed, but owing to increased output in Europe andAustralasia during the next half century Asia's proportion of the worldtotal declined to 59 per cent during the period 1851 to 1875. Sincethen, however, it has again equaled and sometimes exceeded thetwo-thirds ratio.

Asia's tin production is derived almost entirely from the depositsof the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. The principal producingcountries are Federated Malay States, Netberland East Indies, China,and Siam. The IJnfederated Malay States, India, Indo-China,Japan, and Straits Settlements produce small quantities of tin.Deposits, as yet of no commercial importance, are known in Siberia,Korea, Syria, and Ceylon.

CHINA

China has been an important tin producer for several centuries,but unfortunately virtually no record of its output exists. Produc-tion data given herein for 1891 to 1930 are largely a record of tinexports, and as ther is said to be a substantial domestic consumptionof tin these data inadequately portray the course of tin productionin China. The yearly exports of tin at the close of the nineteenthcentury amounted to 2,500 tons, wl:iile some wnters of that periodestimate the production at 10,000 to 20,000 tons annually. Theestimates of production for years prior to 1891 given herein are littlemore than guesses, as there are scarcely any quantitative data beforethen. The sharp decline in estimated production from 1841 to 1870reflects the curtailment of mining operations during the 30-yearMussulman rebellion.

The principal source of production is the Kotchiu district nearMengtze, in Yunnan Province. The deposits, originally believed tobe alluvial, have now been proved to be veins. Some of the deepermines are over 1,000 feet deep. Mining is carried on by rather primi-tive methods, and the output is limited by a shortage òf water forconcentration. A crude metal, produced at the mines in nativecharcoal furnaces, is refined in Hong Kong.

The following table summarizes the tin-production estimates forChina by 5-year periods from 1801 to 1930.

I Estimates of production of a highly conjectural nature are given for 1801 to 1890; thereafter the liguresgiven are largely a record of exports.

INDIA (BURMA)

Table 10 and Figure 11 (p. 30) show the recorded production of tin inIndia since 1891, five years after the transfer of Burma from China toBritish control. It totals about 25,500 tons. The previous smallproduction of Burma is included in the figures given for the FederatedMalayStates. Recent annual production averages about 2,000 tons,little more than 1 per cent of the world total. The tin deposits ofBurina represent the northern extension of those of the MalayPeninsula.

TALsi 10.-Mine production of tin in India by 5-year periods, 1891-1930, longtons

INDO-CHINA

The recorded tin production of Indo-China amounts to 7,200 tons.Beginning in 1905 with fln output amountiAg to only a few tons ayear production has increased steadily to about 700 tons a year.The principal deposits are in the Provinces of Tonkin and LaosMining was carried on by the Chinese prior to the French occupation,and some tin was produced during the nineteenth century, but theamounts involved were probably insignificant. The following tableshows the production by 5-year periods from 1906 to 1930.

TABLE 11.-Mine production of tin in Indo-China by 5-year periods, 1906-1930,long tons

Period Quantity'Average

tion

l'cr centof work! Period Quantity'

'eragepauc

tion

Per centof1ld

1801-1805 10 000 2,000 22 67 1866-1870 2 500 500 L931806-1810 10,000 2,000 22. 31 1871-1875 4,500 900 2.651811-1815 10,000 2,000 21.29 1876-1880 1, 000 3,0(8) 6.891816-1820 10,000 2,000 17. 96 1881-1885 20,000 4,000 7.691821-1ß25 10,000 2,000 11.42 1886-1890 22,000 4,400 7.011826-1830 10,000 2,000 15. 2!) 1891-1895 10,871 2,174 2. 731831-1835 10,000 2,000 14. 94 1896-1900 12, 747 2, 549 3. 22[836-1840----------- 10,000 2,000. 12.94 1001-1905 16, 828 2,368 2.631841-1845 2,500 100 3. 14 1906-1910 23, 312 4,666 4.211846-1850 2,500 500 2.89 1911-1915 37,742 7,548 6.011851-1855 2,500 500 2.82 1916-1990 46,746 9, 349 7. 421856-1860 2,500 500 2.48 1921-1925 39,156. 7,833 5.071851-1865 2,500 500 2- 09 1926-1930 32,540 6,508 3.87

Average Per cent Average Per centPeriod Quantity

tionof world Period Quantity

tionof world

a

1891-1895 308 62 0,08 1911-1915 1,440 288 0.231896-1900 245 49 .06 1916-1920 4,577 915 - 731901-1905 295 59 .06 1921-1925 7, 229 1,446 1. 121906-1910 484 97 .09 1926-1930 10,927 2, 185 1. 30

Average Per cent Averageannual Per cent

Period Quantity annualproduc-

tjonof world

totalPeriod Quantity produc-

tienof world

total

1906-1910 380 76 0.07 1921-1925 2,258 448 0.35191 i-1915 352 70 .06 1926-1930 - 3,634 727 .431910-1920 656 131 - 10


TABLE 9.-Mine production f tin in china 'y 5-year periods, 1801-1930, long tons

FEDERATED MALAY STATES

The Federated Malay States is the world's principal source of tinand has produced over 2,450,000 tons,'7 or 37 per cent of the totalworld output from 1800 to 1930. The second largest contributorduring this period, Netherland East Indies, produced only half thatamount.

At the beginning of the nineteenth century the Malay Peninsulaled the world in production of tin with a yearly output of over 3,000tons. The rate of increase was slow, however, and annual productiondid not exceed 10,000 tons until 1879. Meanwhile there had been arapid increase in production elsewhere, and from 1820 to 1879 theproduction of the Malay Peninsula was exceeded frequently by thatof the United Kingdom and occasionally by that of the NetherlandEast Indies. After the establishment of the British Protectorate, in1874, tin production in the Federated Malay States increased sharplyto over 52,000 tons in 1895, 56 per cent of the world total. From1890 to 1895 production increased 92 per cent. This marked increasein the world's supply of tin precipitated a rapid decline in pricewhich, together with a fall in the price of silver and disturbed laborconditions resulting from the Chino-Japanese War and the laborlaws instituted by the British in Malay rn 1895, resulted in a sharpdecline in production up to 1900. From 1900 to 1905 recovery wasrapid, but from 1905 to 1913 production was fairly constant, rangingfrom 51,000 to 44,000 tons per year. This culmination of the markedriso in tin: production of the Federated Malay States was due largely tothe gradual exhaustion of the richer deposits amenable to hydraulicmining. From 1913 to 1921 there was a downward trend in produc-tion which was accentuated by economic conditions caused by theWorld War, but the rapid increase in dredging operations in thelower-grade areas during recent years resulted in a record productionof 67,000 tons in 1929. The Federated Malay States has ranked firstin tin production each year since 1883. Table 13 shows the tinproduction of the Federated Malay States, by 5-year periods, from1801 to 1930, while Figure 10 shows the average annual productionduring the same periods.

'7 Small quantities of tin produced in Burma Siam, Unfoderated Malay States, and Straits Settlementsare iuçluded in the production iiures for the 5ederated Malay States durin5 the qintçenth century.

Period QuantityAveragesitialproduc-

tion

Per centof world Period Quantity

Averageannualproduc-

tion

Per centof world

total

1881-1855 128 26 0. 05 1906-1910--------------- 121 24 0.021886-1890 338 68 . ii 1911-1915 654 131 . 101891.-1895 205 41 . 05 1916-1920 931 186 . 151896.-1900 164 33 .04 1921-1925 1,522 304 . 241903-1906------------100 20 .02 1926-1930 3,064 613 .36

TIN-PRDUCING COUNTRIES 25

JAPAN

Small amounts of tin were produced in Japan during the nine-teenth century, but only since 1881 is there a continuous record ofproduction. The annual output has amounted to as much as 800tous in recent years. The principal deposits are on Hondo andKinshu Islands. Table 12 shows the production by 5-year periodsfrom 1881 to 1930.TABLE 12.Average annua' mine production of tin in Japan bai 5-ajear periods,

1881-1930, long tons

ylou

nE lo

Ave

rage

ann

ual m

ine

prod

uctio

n of

tin

by 5

-yea

r pe

riod

s In

the

fede

rate

d M

alay

Sta

tes

and

Net

herl

and

Eas

t Ind

ies

1801

-195

0

Cl

40 :.

Netherland East Indies

i

III1.

11H

11'

r L 30

20

Fed.rat.d Malay States

I11

1111

1111

1111

11

1886

1890

1891

1895

1866

900

1901

1905

1111

1111

1111

1111

111

1906

1910

1911

1915

1916

1920

1921

1925

192$

1930

01881

1885

1801

1805

I806

1810

1811

181-S

1816

820

1821

1825

1826

1830

1831

1835

1836

1840

1841

1645

1846

1850

1851

1855

856

1860

1861

865

1866

1870

1871

1815

1878

1880

The alluvial tin deposits of the Federated Malay States are believedto have been productive for more than 2,000 years, the tm containedm Indian and Chinese bronzes of great antiquity bemg attributed tothem The richer tm-bearing areas were worked by primitivemethods for centuries until hydraulic mining was applied in the Isstquarter of the nineteenth century, when the States passed into thecontrol of the British. Power dredges were introduced in 1912, andtheir use has been extended widely, but a large proportion of the pro-duction is made by Chinese miners who still use primitive methodsin successful competition with modern machinery.

The principal deposits are in the States of Perak and Selaugor.During the period 1911 to 1929, inclusive, Perak produced 63 percent and Selangor 28 per cent of the total output of the FederatedMalay States, as shown in Table 14.

TABLE 14.-Annual tin production of lhe Federated Malay Stales, 1911-1939, byStates, ¿ong tons

UNFEDERATED MALAY STATES

Table 15 and Figure 11 (p. 30) show the production attributed toJohore, Kedah, Perils, Kelantan, and Trengganu. These States, par-ticularly Trengganu, have produ ed small quantities of tin for sorne time,but records of production prior to 1909 are not available. Their pro-duction increased from 2,000 tons in 1909 to a maximum of 4,400


tion

Per centof world Period Quantity

Average

tion

1t centof world

tal

1801-1805 15,000 3,200 36.28 1868-1870 45,009 9,000 34.731806-1810 17,000 3,400 37.92 1871-1875 29, 166 5, 833 17. 191811-1815 18, 000 3,600 38.31 1876-1880 43, 144 8,629 19.821816-1820 19, 000 3,800 34. 14 1881-1888 74,927 14,988 28.811821-1825 20,000 4,000 34,84 1886-1890 121, 203 24, 241 38.821826-1830 21,000 4,200 82.09 1891-1895 207,479 41,496 82.181831-1835 22, 5(8) 4, 500 33.62 1896-0900 209,614 41,929 52.881836-1840 24,000 4,800 31.05 1901-1905 245,261 49,052 52.841841-1845 26,000 5,260 32.64 1906-1910 240,492 45,098 43.351846-1880 28, 000 5,800 32.39 1911-1915 238, 505 47, 701 37.951851-1855 30, 000 6,000 33.84 1916-1920 192,942 38, 588 30. 611856-1860 35, 000 7,000 34. 78 1921-1925 197,394 39,479 30. 581861-1868 40, 000 8,000 33.37 1926-1930 289, 167 57,833 34.42

Period Perak"'.'Sam- Total Period Perak s Negri

Sam-I

Total

1911 26,032 13,761 1,740 2,616 44,149 1923 24,711 10,996 1,942 37,6491912 28,407 15,201 1,731 3,082 48,421 1924 29,840 10,093 956 3,154 44,0431913 29,488 15,406 1,885 3,483 50,127 1925 30,734 11. 174 1,004 3,014 45,9261914 93,587 15,103 1,697 3,685 49,942 1926 30,703, 11,677 697 2,871 45,9481915 21, 776 13,938 1,244 3,808 45,766 1927 86,319 12,716 806 2,339 ¡ 52,1801916--------- 27, 242 19,241 907 3,480 43,870 1928 41,031 16,403 1,739 2,762 61,9351917 24, 643 10,960 734 3, 496 39, 833 2929 42, 750 19, 499 1,883 9,910 67,0421918 22,984 10, 744 625 3,017 37.370

537,724 242,560 15,395 57,267 ¡855,9461919 21,909 11,319 544 3,163 35,938 1911-19291920 21,910 9,666 202 8,156 34,9341921 20, 977 10,250 3,263 34,490 Per cent of1922 21,796 11,413 1 2,076 35,286 total----- 62.82 28.34 2.15 6.69 100.00

TIN-PRODUCING COUW1'RThS 27

Trio 13.-Mine production of lin in Federated Malay States by 5-yea? periods,1801-1930, long tons

28 SUMMABTZ DATA O !FIN ?RÖDTJCTTON'

tons during the World War but has siñce declined to about 2,000 tons,little more than i per cent of world production.

TABLE 15.-Mine production of tin in Unfederated Malay States by 5-year periods,1909-1930, long tons

NETHERLAND EAST INDIES

Table 16 and Figure 10 show the production of Netherland EastIndies, which has contributed 1,230,000 tons of tin, or about 19 percent of world production, from 1800 to 1930 This production isexceeded only by that of the Federated Malay States; but dunnmost of the twentieth century Netherland East Indies ha rankethird in world production of tm, Bolivia ranking second

TABLE 16.-Mine production of tin in Netlierland East Indies by 5-year periods1801-1930, long tons

Netherland East ludies increased slowly but steadily from anaverage annual production of less than 1,000 tons at the beginninof the nineteenth century to one of about 8,600 tons for the peno1876 to 1880, almost precisely the rate of production from the Feder-ated Malay States at that time. Thereafter production did notincrease as rapidly as in the Federated Malay States. For the lastquarter of the nineteenth century it averaged 11,600 tons a year; therate nearly doubled to 20,600 tons a year for the first quarter of thepresent century, and production has averaged over 33,000 tons inthe five subsequent years (1926 to 1930). In 1930, 34,300 tons or20 per çent of the world total was derived from this source.

During the period 1906 to 1929,. inclusive, about two4hirds of thisEast Indian production came from operations at Banka, nearly 32per cent from those at Billiton, and less than 3 per cent from Singkep.There is also a slight production from Bandkinang on the west coast

PeriodAverage

tion

Pe centofvorId Period

Average

tion

Per centotworii

1909-191010X1-19151916-1920

4, 052iO, 79717, 384

2,0252, 1593,473

OE 731. 722.76

1921-19251926-1930

10,42710,744

2,0852, 149

1.611. 28


tion

Per centof world Period Qoantity

Average

tioîi

Per centof world

1801-1805 3,800 760 & 62 1856-1870 32, 078 6, 4i6 24.761806-1810 5,000 1,000 11.56 1871-1875 38,090 7,618 22.481811-1815 5,600 1, 120 11. 92 1876-1880 43, 099 8,620 19. 791816-1820 3,025 1,605 14.42 1881-1885 42, 797 8, 559 18.451821-1825 6,374 1,275 11.11 1886-1890 52,499 10,500 16.731820-1830 9, 506 1,901 14. 53 1891-1895 67,582 13, 516 16.981831-1835 12, 533 2, .507 18.72 1896-1900 83,849 18, 770 21. 561836-1840 16, 789 3,358 21. 72 1901-1905 75, 545 15, 100 16.281841-1545 17, 670 3,534 22.18 1906-1910 90,527 18,108 16.32l846-ig.5o 21,365 4,273 24. 72 1911-1915 100,358 20,072 15. 971851-1855 24,490 4,898 27.62 1916-1920 104,370 20,874 .16.501850-1860 28,059 5,612 27.89 1921-1925 145,782 29,156 22.591861-1865 27,615 5, 523 23.03 1926-1930 167,306 33, 401 19.91

I Sumatra production Included In total.

Tin production in the Netherland East Indies is a Governmentmonopoly, production being carefully regulated by a fiscal plan.

Long before the Dutch obtained control of these is1ards smallamounts of tin h&l been nined by the natives. The first Bankatin was brought to Batavia in 1718. The Billiton deposits were firstworked intensively in 1851; those of Singkep in 1890. Most of themining is done by hand or with gravel pumps, and Chinese labor isextensively employed in the operations.

SIAM

It is believed that tin was produced in Siam at an early date, butvirtually no statistical record exists prior to 1900. The figures tabu-lated herein from 1871 to 1900 are largely estimates based on scatteredexport data. Prior to 1871 the production of Siam is merged withthat of the Federated Malay States.

The total production from 1871 to 1930 amounted to 304,000 tons,which was equivalent to 4.6 per cent of the total world ou1put from1801 to 1930. From an average annual output of 2,500 tons duringthe 5-year period, 1871 to 1875, production increased along a somewhatirregular course to over 11,000 tons in 1930. During the 5-yearperiod 1926 to 1930 Siam contributed over 5 per cent of the world 'sproduction of tin. Table 18 shows the production by 5-year periodsfrom 1871 to 1930, and Figure 11 compares the average annualoutput of these periods.

TABLE 18.-Mine production of tin in Siam in 5-year periods, 1871-1930, long tons.

Period Banka Total' Period Banka 7otall

1906 lI, 5M 3,788 408 15.747 1920 - - 13,466 7,856 608 21,6301907 11,667 4,042 306 16,099 1921 14,885 11,351 708 25.9421908 13,412 4,053 403 15.872 1922 16,731 10,623 661 28,0151909 15, 874 4,225 418 20,522 1923 11,306 11,405 815 29,5261910 16,443 4,444 399 21, 287 1924 19,322 10,466 815 30,603191L - - 15, 227 4,050 462 19,740 1925.. 20,470 9,556 668 30,6961912 14, 877 4, 354 625 19, 856 1926 19, 851 11,322 1,000 32,2341913 15, 502 4,499 661 20,662 1927 -. 21,535 11,868 956 34,4871914 14,250 5, 112 821 20,153 1928 21,488 12, 981 990 35,6601915 13,284 5,860 803 19,947 1929 16,604 12,609 1,074 30,5861916 14, 575 6,390 831 21,796

374, 913 181, 886 16,498 574, 0041917 13, 560 8, 765 758 21,083 1906-19291918 11,865 7,093 506 19,464

65.32 31.69 2. 87 100.001919 12,205 7,474 718 20,397 Per cent of total - - -

Average Per cent Average Fer centPeriod Quantity annual

produc-tion

of world Period Quantitytion

of worldtotal

1871-1875 12,500 2,500 7.37 1901-1905 21,317 4,263 4.891876-1880 15,000 3,000 6. 89 1906-1910 22,758 4, 551 4. lO1881-1885 17, 5(8) 3,500 6.73 1911-1915 34,068 6,814 6.421886-1890 23,895 4, 579 7.29 1916-1920 40,017 8,093 6.353891-1895 19,924 3,985 5.01 1921-192&------------ 34,362 6,872 6321896-1900 19,509 3,900 4.92 1926-1930 44,418 8,884 5.29

PIN-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 29

of Sumatra and Riouw Archipelago. Detailed production by thesesources since 1906 is shown in Table 17.

TABLE 17.-Annual production of the Netherland East Indies, 1906-19fd9, yislands, long tons

30 tJMMARIZEI) T)ATA OI' TIN PROI)UCTION

The tin-bearing deposits of Siam are located in its southwesternsection. They connect the Burma deposits on the north with thoseof the Malay States on the South. Prior to 1880, when an Englishcompany began to mine tin in Siam, most of the tin miniñg had beendone by Chinese. At present foreign dredging companies operatein the coastal region, and some hydraulic mining is conducted inthe interior.

STRAITS SETTLEMRNTS

A total production of 434 tons is attributed to the Malacca de-posits of the Straits Settlements. The annual output has never

FmURE 11 Average annnal mine production of tin by S-year perIods, 1871-1930, in Siam; 1891-1930, In India; and 1906-1930, in the Unfederated MalayStates

exceeded 70 tons, and in 1929 and 1930 there was no production.However, there are important smelting and refining works at Singa-pOre and Penang.

AFRICA

The tin deposits of Africa were worked by the natives long beforethe country came under the control of Europeans; but the quantityproduced was probably very small, and little of it ever entered worldtrade. The first recorded production under European auspices wasin the latter part of the nineteenth century. Since then production

2

SI

I11I i-uilUefederated Malay States

IIndia

____.iII 11876

11888

j 188f (886

f890 JJ f891

895

(896

(900 J

¡1901905

190n

1910

J19111915Ji920

1,9(6 192f 1926

925 930

NIGERIA

Nigeria ranked fifth in tin production during the 5-year period1926 to 1930 with an output amounting to over 5 per cent of the worldtotal. It is the only important tin-producing country that has beendeveloped during the twentieth century. Although the natives hadproduced tin for many years the deposits were not discovered by theEuropeans until 1884. Development of the deposits was hindered bythe resistance of the natives, and the annual production did not ex-ceed 100 tons until 1907. Smce then it has increased steadily to anaverage of 8,800 tons per year from 1926 to 1930.

Most of the production is derived from the alluvial deposits of theBauchi Plateau, in the northeastern part of the country, severalhundred miles from the Atlantic coast. A substantial reserve of ti,is said to exist in Nigeria, and more rapid expansion has been hinderedby shortage of water and inadequate transportation. Nigeria is nowimproving its transportation facilities, and further increase in tinproduction may be expected under normal market conditions.

Table 20 and Figure 12 give the production data of Nigeria.

TABLE 20.Mine production of tin in Nigeria by 5-year periods, 1901-1930,long tons


tionof world

aPeriod Quantity

tionof world

o a

1901-1905 16 3 1916-1920 832 166 0. 131906-1910 R) 4 1921-1925 4, 569 914 . 711911-1915 83 17 0.01 1926-1930 4,795 959 .57


tionof world Period Quantity

lionof world

°

1901-1905 2 1916-1920 28,218 8,644 4.481906-1910 1,876 375 0. 34 1921-1925 28,566 8,701 4.411911-1915 17,873 3,575 2.84 1926-1930 44,035 8,807 524

TIN-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 31

has increased steadily; the total output up to the end of 1930 amountedto 173,000 tons, or 26 per cent of the world total from 1801 to 1930.Nigeria is by far the largest producer. Swaziland, the Union ofSouth Africa, and the Belgian Congo produce small amounts regu-larly. Gold Coast, Morocco, Portuguese East Africa, Uganda,Southern Rhodesia, Abyssinia, and Tanganyika Territory have pro-duced small amounts of tin at irregular intervals. Deposits arealso known in Nyasaland and Liberia.

BELGIAN CONGO

The Belgian Congo has produced over 8,000 tons of tin since thebeginning of the present century, most of it in the past deca.de, therecent annual rate of production being about 900 tons. The tin isderived largely from alluvial deposiM in Katanga Province. Table19 shows the production by 5-year periods.

TABLE 19.Mine production of tin in Belgian Congo, by 5-year periods, 1901-1930,long tons


UNION OF SOV'H AFRICA AND SWAZILA3ID

Table 21 and Figure 12 show the production lata of the Union ofSouth Africa and Swai1and, which have contributed over 40,000tons of tin, most of which was produced since 1905. Recent annualproduction has averaged about 1,200 tons, less than 1 per cent ofworld production; most of it is derived from Transvaal.

FIGURE 12.Average annual mina production of tin in Nigeria and Unionof SouU Africa and Swaziland by 5-year periods, 1894-1980

TABt.ii 21.Mine production of tin, in the Unlon of $outh Africa and Swazilandby 5-year periods, 1894-1930, long tons

AUSTRALASIA

Australasia produced over 6 per cent of the world's output of tinfrom 1801 to 1930. Production began in the third quarter of the nine-teenth century and reached a peak in the fourth quarter, when itamounted to 13 per cent of the world total, but in recent years Aus-tralasin has contributed less than 2 per cent. All of the production

Nigeria

UIUnion of South Africa and Snail land

-1894$895 J

1 $8961906

J $901905

1806 11910

i9i$915

1 $916

f$920

1 192$$925

I $926

f $930

Period QuantityAveieannuproduo-

tion

Per centof world

thialPeriod Quantity

Averageannual

produc-tion

Per centof world

total

1894-1891 393 197 0. 10 1911-1935 11,222 2,244 1.791896-1898 428 148 . 11 1916-1920 9,862 1,972 1. 571901-1905 1921-1925 - 5, 918 1, 184 . 921906-1910 6n915 1,383 1. 25 1926-1930 5, 950 1,190 , 71

PIN-PROtflJCING COUNThI1S

has been derived from Australia. Tin deposits have been reported inNew Guinea.

AVSTRALIA

Table 22 and Figure 13 give production data of Australia, whichhas contributed over 400,000 tons of tin, or about 6 per cent of worldproduction, since 1800.

TABLE 22.Mine production of tin in Australia by 5-year period8, 1854-1930,long tons

FmuitE 13.Average annual mine production of tin in Australia by5-year periods, 1856-1930

Prior to 1872 Victoria produced smith quantities of tin and was theonly tin-producing State of Australia; but the discovery of high-gradeplacer and lode deposits in New South Wales, Queensland, and Tas-mania in 1872 caused a rapid increase in production which culminatedin an output of 12,800 tons in 1881, a record that has never beenequaled. During the 5-year period 1881 to 1885 Australia producedover one-fifth of the world's tin. After 1881, the exhaustion of therich deposits resulted in a steady decline which persisted until 1898;but by this time the installation of dredges, improved mining methods,and favorable prices resulted in increased activity in lower-gradeareas so that Australia's tin production began to rise again. Heavyrainfalls during this period aided in increasing the production ofstream tin which had been lagging in previous years due to drought.The peak of this second rise was reached in 1907, and since then produc-ion has decreased steadily due largely to the declining tenor of the

ores. During the 5-year period 1926 to 1930 Australia produced about2,600 tons of tin per year, less than 2 per cent of the world total.

Tasmania has been the largest source of Australian tin production.The Mount Bischoff mine, one of the world's largest tin producers,


tion

Per centof world Period ivantity

Average

tion

Per centof world

1854-1855 260 130 0.30 1891-1895 32,635 6, 527 8. 201856-1860 650 130 .65 1896-1993 21,188 4,238 5.381861-1865 650 130 .54 1901-1906 31,261 6,256 6.781866-1870 651 130 .50 1906-1910 43,260 8,662 7.801871-1875 32,830 6,566 19.36 1911-1915 33,235 6,647 5.291876-1880 82,061 10,412 23.91 1916-1920 25,395 5,079 4.031881-1885 56, 556 11,311 21.74 1921-1925 18,530 3, 106 2.411886-1890 41,975 8,396 13.38 1926-1930 12,933 2,687 1.54

lo

II iii

856 I560 ¡

1881865

1866 1871 876 1881 886 1892

1870 875 1880 885 890 895896 1901 1906 191 11916 1921 926900 905 1910 191511920 925 930


produced tin continuously from 1872 to 1929, when it was finallyclosed down. New South Wales and Queensland rank second andthird in Australian tin production. The following table shows the tinproduction of Australia by States for various periods from 1854 to19O.

TABLE 23.-Tin production in Australia for various periods, 1854-199, by States,long tons

Period

New South Queensland Victoria Tasmania

Quan- Per Quan- Per Quan- Per Quan- Per Quan- Per Quan- Per Quan-tity cent tity cent tity cent tity cent tity cent tity cent tity

1884-1870 2,211100.'' 2,2111871-1875 17,171 52.30 14,366 43.76 824 2.51 469 L43 32,8301876-1880 20,313 39. 10 11,357 21.81 26 .48 20,099 38.61 82.0611881-1885 24,055 4.2.53 48 0. 4 12,389 21.91 199 .3.5 19,865 35.13 86,5661888-1890 12,314 29.34 231 .55 11,214 26.71 51 0.12 117 .28 18,048 43.00 41,9751391-1895 7,395 22.66 137 .42 8,431 25.83 2. 77 21 .65 15,555 47.67 32,6351896-1900 4,448 20,99 54 .25 4,284 20.22 756 3.57 1.32 11,367 53.85 21,1881901-1905 5,715 18. 27 724 2.31 10,727 34.29 2,873 9. 19 224 - 72 11,018 35. 31,2811906-1910

1911

8, e, 18. 51 1,430 3.31 14, 747 3409 3, 748 8.68 268 .62 15,060 34.81 43,260

1,658 159 2, 164 345 22 2,666 7,0141912 1,723 181 2,261 456 32 2, SSÏ 7,2041913 - 2,385 168 2,240 340 38 2,609 77801314 1,817 107 1,402 255 361 1,784 5,4011915 1, 789 91 1,489 300 641 2, 303 5,836

191 1-1915 9,372 28. -9 706 2. 13 9,556 28.75 1,696 5. 10 192j 11, 713 3524 33, 235

1916 - 3,763 111 1,197 324 78! 2,219 5,6921917 1, 781 1 4 824 266 931 1,848 4,9401918 1,695 19 917 270 881 1, 579 4, 7471919 - 2, 228 98 I 596 207 741 1,580 4, 7831920 2.627 ' 981 165 69 1,310 5,233

1916-1920 10,09 39.76 624 2.46[ 17.78 1,232 4,85 33.60 25,395

1921 i; 932 57 f"i 44 62{ I 3, 5921922 1,021 60 f 850 77 83 I 679 2,5701923 896 ------ 122 I 903 124 78 I 1, 160

_

3, 2831924 1,041 61 771 61 I 1, 108 3,0691925 957

I757 59 4'

J1, 130 3,016

1921-1925 5,847 37.65 368 2. 37[ 24.39 365 2.35 295 1. ooj 4,867 31. 34 15,130

1926 1,134 53 I 529 31 17 I i, 0961927 1,089 6 I 778 58 46 I 1,106 3,1441928 1, 9 -9 3 j 586 56 65 j 3, 125 2,8901929 - 934 21 561 66 .17

J

.......2,840

640 2,239

1926-1929 4,177 37.52 1 ' 1.6l[ 22.04 231 1.90 145 1.30j 3,967 35.6311,133

1854-1929_ 128,951 3230 4,501 l.l31ii28 27.0011,837 2.96 5,611 L41[

_35.B) 399,290

o1O61S1-32 (Face p. 34.)

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2160

______- 3,016

1921-19% ' 0 l0O00 01 25 ll j 14 0 L> i illOIlJll 6$O l% lO 335)J5)J (0 53555.3 9785 39 oh SO o2291l)8[3l92 2) 1J 'rl 22O 4282 2 915800i 401)111 )IO6 41 OlS Od 1o530 241

fol-5525 2923O2 10000F 102 81 1039 04114 18 11O 5QI7 5 iO40 ¿5 ¿J li 95I00332 1 14 08111 l635'4 C i4O ) Orli 1;126 il ± 1i6li1922 31OO1 l1013i 35s5O1 1S 22Oil180iO91925 4ty

igI o

F

3 0061 3J7 J9 '32 S05 la 73) I 0) il 91 aíI

j 3 3419I')5

11 I 7O_ 2860.3 14'

I99 155 (iS I 54 24 3 51f S 3o oIS O C 20 '31 542 1 305 530 6 I FI (>5) t I 7 ilO IS 10 411 S 056 20 304

1925 liS 2i 43 43 2 11 497 35 41 401 3 .3 4 7 61 SI 118 4013 i 1 131 fi 5 I I 7 11 j3

I

Q 53) 1 379 4Q7 7 13 II

23'-21929[930

187 524170 500

lO32 'lu i

. 15 4,i Oid a

4 5 0' Olio O .2.

1 i 2i IIIi 00 bOO

75I

, 121 23 5 J l3.jlii 168 1300.3 1 401 II

SO C iIi UI 1

35 j 3

o4 1 17o1 SIll J10 '1 2 1 011

iO OISS alS

1 ¿4826

42'400 1 810

156-1050 8402/0±00501 14802 147 0 11L190705I

1006729270 18031 2 oO'OOS IO 330 4 S QlI -61tlob6 34O lO921l3O141433OC4%aS 1041 Ia ir n 9l 44118 529 1151 01 ao4SS9 4i5 4l03 .4 OJOUF_ 1 ' C i2533 54

1021-1930 145062-i 10000 iSo 01 163 0 ))I%47a31221440 331 a2 2±520 O') ll'-4i 134 236 33 50 Oli 10000o8 57321 1iJ» 453 l .S la2821 ci 4506 Ji laft011 I 143 3 .107 i7SO 530 138 01 '-ohS 644 Sold 53 t)41488 110S IO IC3 I 2 4o ]ì1901-1930 303244 050 1230 03 110 03 oI 7q i9 l22 14 45(4 15110014 2 S9 2' lI i 2494F 171403761 33_I i8l7Ob9.37 23 434 01 12625 iJ1011 95055()l3llI3955 106 '°°Ii801l91O O,5S2,2O 100.00 1,334 .02 1,175 .02

ï___:___

20i 783.57711.91 766,452 11.54 19,%6.30t 11513 11,043 .17 9i Il I 4455107 67.70 376,472 572 i 21,542 .81a,27O8 4_oS 434 ,% 173,440 '2,64 10,115.16 120.110 1.83 4O,f18S.62l,933 .03

TABL 24.-Gnera1 summary of world production of tin, 1801-19f30 (long eons) TABLE 24

Documents

SUMMARIZED DATA OF TIN PRODUCTION€¦ · that as much tin may have been produced prior to 1800 as has been produced in the 130 years since then, a surprising possibility, as the