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Figurative decoration Without decoration An archaeological investigation on decorated shell bosses from Sumhuram – Sultanate of Oman Silvia Lischi, Dep. of Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, University of Pisa, Pisa ([email protected]) Introduction During the archaeological excavations were unearthed a large number of findings indispensable for understanding the activities of the preIslamic cities along the coast of Arabia, such as Sumhuram. Among these, of particular interest are a group composed by fifteen ornamental objects made by big shells that show particulars decorative motifs. These objects have had controversial interpretation, they were initially interpreted as lids, after the discovery of several complete pieces, where the holes were visible inside, it became clear that they were used as ornamental elements, probably for rich clothes (boss, brooch or belt buckle). The decorative motif not found comparison, for this reason in order to understand whether these objects were imported or were a local production, it are analytically studied. Materials and Distribution These objects are finely processed and products by big marine shells. It's still uncertain the attribution of the shell used because the working process is so accurate that remain few evidence of the characteristics of the raw material. It is probable that the engravings were filled with a dark substance, perhaps bitumen, with the intention to bring out the decoration than the white surface of the shell. Looking at the distribution of these objects inside the city it records the most of these are found in Area F. Two of these were found in a building where there are evident traces of structures connected with production activities. This data with the two bosses found in Area H, and some unfinished bosses (without the internal holes) seems to be confirm the idea which these objects to be products inside the city. Hypothesis and Conclusions The shell bosses seem to be unique, especially as regards the decoration. Their peculiarity and lack of comparisons from excavation contexts, emphasizes the uniqueness of the artistic production of the city due to its role as a trading and cultural crossroads between East and West. The discovery of the boss conserved at the MET, carried out by the undersigned, allowed us to ask new questions. It is known that the pomegranate decorative element is completely absent, in the present state of research, in the South Arabian iconography. However, it is extremely common in Iran, where it was purchased this product. This doesn't allow us to understand if these objects were produced at Sumhuram and exported to Iran, or if it happened the opposite. Certainly, the presence of several shell bosses with different decoration and processing steps be inclined toward the idea that it existed in the city a production centre. The discovery of bosses with pomegranate finely worked and others with pomegranate extremely sketchy suggest that, the first, they have been of inspiration (imported? Products on site by foreign craftsmen?) for the local craftsmen who then began to produce them, without completely understand the pomegranate decorative motif. Later, the craftsmen of Sumhuram, seem to have moved away from this ideal model, reinterpreting it according to a taste completely local. In support of this hypothesis is the relative sequence of the layers in which they were found some of these objects. We find some pieces with pomegranate finely worked in previous phases than those sketchy worked, this is probably due to this reinterpretation of the primary decorative system. On the right, you can see the shell boss conserved to Metropolitan Museum of New York. On the left, one of the best preserved bosses that we found at Sumhuram with the same decoration. This kind of decoration may be the result of the subsequent interpretation of the bosses with pomegranate. A fragment of this type was found and published by Yule & Kervran in 1993 (drawing on the left). Below you can see some of the pieces founds in Sumhuram. In the pictures above you can see, on the left, one of the boss found at Sumhuram and, on the right, one of the few comparisons found in southwestern Arabia. With this kind of decoration, there is only one shell boss. The decoration consisting of simple geometric symbol like triangles, rectangles and lines divided in some registers. The working process was probably divided into 3 or 4 phases: cutting of the shell to obtain the desired shape, smoothing of the surfaces, perforating to allow the passage of the wire and sometimes engraving of the decorative motif. Pomegranate decorative motif Complex geometric decoration Simple geometric decoration Figurative decoration Without decoration 1 2 3 4 5 Detail of shell boss with some traces of black colour inside the engravings. 0 1 2 3 4 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type Area A Area A Area F Area F Area F Area F Area F Area H Area H Distribution of shell bosses On the picture some of the bosses with pomegranate are compared. As show the decoration and the sequence of stripes weren’t standardized. In the pictures on the left we can see the two types of pomegranate decoration: on the left side, the finest decoration and on the right, the sketchy decoration. This could indicate that those with finest decoration have been imported or produced by foreign craftsmen at Sumhuram, while the others have been produced by local craftsmen. 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 In the pictures on the left are shown the shell boss with figurative decoration found at Sumhuram. From right to left: in fracture there is a very stylized human figure, immediately to the left of this there is a feline with spots on the body, a bird that, from the shape of the beak and talon, seems likely define as a bird of prey. Finally, the last feline similar to the above. Everything is surmounted by a sun which occupies the centre of the object and a series of floral decorative elements.

Sumhuram– Sultanate of Oman Dep. Pisaarabiantica.humnet.unipi.it/fileadmin/Arabia_Antica_New/Rencontres... · published by Yule & Kervran in 1993 (drawing on the left). Below you

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Figurative decoration

Withoutdecoration

An archaeological investigation on decorated shell bosses from Sumhuram –Sultanate of Oman Silvia Lischi, Dep. of Civiltà e Forme del Sapere, University of Pisa, Pisa ([email protected])

IntroductionDuring the archaeological excavations were unearthed a large number of findings indispensable for understanding the activities of the pre‐Islamic cities along the coast of Arabia, such as Sumhuram. Among these, of particular interest are a group composed by fifteen ornamental objects made by big shells that show particulars decorative motifs. These objects have had controversial interpretation, they were initially interpreted as lids, after the discovery of several complete pieces, where the holes were visible inside, it became clear that they were used as ornamental elements, probably for rich clothes (boss, brooch or belt buckle). The decorative motif not found comparison, for this reason in order to understand whether these objects were imported or were a local production, it are analytically studied.

Materials and Distribution These objects are finely processed and products by big marine shells. It's still uncertain the attribution of the shell used because the working process is so accurate that remain few evidence of the characteristics of the raw material. It is probable that the engravings were filled with a dark substance, perhaps bitumen, with the intention to bring out the decoration than the white surface of the shell. 

Looking at the distribution of these objects inside the city it records the most of these are found in Area F. Two of these were found in a building where there are evident traces of structures connected with production activities. This data with the two bosses found in Area H, and some unfinished bosses  (without the internal holes) seems to be confirm the idea which these objects to be products inside the city.   

Hypothesis and ConclusionsThe shell bosses seem to be unique, especially as regards the decoration. Their peculiarity and lack of comparisons from excavation contexts, emphasizes the uniqueness of the artistic production of the city due to its role as a trading and cultural crossroads between East and West. The discovery of the boss conserved at the MET, carried out by the undersigned, allowed us to ask new questions. It is known that the pomegranate decorative element is completely absent, in the present state of research, in the South Arabian iconography. However, it is extremely common in Iran, where it was purchased this product. This doesn't allow us to understand if these objects were produced at Sumhuram and exported to Iran, or if it happened the opposite. Certainly, the presence of several shell bosses with different decoration and processing steps be inclined toward the idea that it existed in the city a production centre.The discovery of bosses with pomegranate finely worked and others with pomegranate extremely sketchy suggest that, the first, they have been of inspiration (imported? Products on site by foreign craftsmen?) for the local craftsmen who then began to produce them, without completely understand the pomegranate decorative motif. Later, the craftsmen of Sumhuram, seem to have moved away from this ideal model, reinterpreting it according to a taste completely local. In support of this hypothesis is the relative sequence of the layers in which they were found some of these objects. We find some pieces with pomegranate finely worked in previous phases than those sketchy worked, this is probably due to this reinterpretation of the primary decorative system.

On the right, you can see the shell bossconserved to Metropolitan Museum ofNew York. On the left, one of the bestpreserved bosses that we found atSumhuram with the same decoration.

This kind of decoration may be the result of thesubsequent interpretation of the bosses withpomegranate. A fragment of this type was found andpublished by Yule & Kervran in 1993 (drawing on theleft). Below you can see some of the pieces founds inSumhuram.

In the pictures above you cansee, on the left, one of the bossfound at Sumhuram and, on theright, one of the few comparisonsfound in south‐western Arabia.

With this kind of decoration, there is onlyone shell boss. The decoration consisting of simple geometric symbol like triangles, rectangles and lines divided in some registers.

The working process was probably divided into 3 or 4 phases: cutting of the shell to obtain the desired shape, smoothing of the surfaces, perforating to allow the passage of the wire and sometimes engraving of the decorative motif.

Pomegranate decorative motifComplex geometric decorationSimple geometric decorationFigurative decorationWithout decoration

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2

3

4

5

Detail of shell bosswith some traces ofblack colour insidethe engravings.

0 1 2 3 4

1 Type

2 Type

3 Type

4 Type

5 Type

Area A

Area A

Area F

Area F

Area F

Area F

Area F

Area H

Area H

Distribution of shell bossesOn the picture someof the bosses withpomegranate arecompared. As showthe decoration andthe sequence ofstripes weren’tstandardized.

In the pictures on the left we can see the twotypes of pomegranate decoration: on the left side, the finest decoration and on the right, the sketchydecoration. This could indicate that those with finest decoration have been imported or produced by foreign craftsmen at Sumhuram, while the others have been produced by local craftsmen. 

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1

11

1

2

2

22

2 3 4

5

In the pictures on the left are shown the shell boss with figurative decoration found at Sumhuram. From right to left: in fracture there is a very stylized human figure, immediately to the left of this there is a feline with spots on the body, a bird that, from the shape of the beak and

talon, seems likely define as a bird of prey. Finally, the last feline similar to the above. Everything is surmounted by a sun which occupies the centre of the object and a series of floral decorative elements.