822 IN96

SULABH PUBLICTOILETS & BATH

COMPLEXES

A community toilet complex at Old Delhi Railway Station

SULABH INTERNATIONALSOCIAL SERVICE ORGANISATION

SULABH PUBLICTOILETS, BATH

• & :;:::'HEALTH CENTRES

IN INDIA

The Bombay toilets, bath and health centre, funded byIndian Tobacco Company

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SULABH NTERNAT10N4ALMAHARASHTRA BRANCHMUM3AI 400 0?!INDIA : : ; ...'•

Sulabh public toilets,bath & health centres

in India"The day everyone of us gets a toilet to use, / shall knowthat Our country has reached the pinnacle of progress."

• Jawaharlal Nehru

A community toilet complex at Patna, Bihar, India

V')("Ihe year 1974 was a landmark in thehistory of public sanitation in India when,

J i for the first lime, public health andhygiene assumed national importance afterSulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation set up public toilets, bath andurinals in Patna, Bihar, India. Since then, theorganisation has been constructing andmaintaining public latrines, bath and urinalson behalf of local bodies throughout Indiaand in the neighbouring countries.

A 24-seat public latrine was first constructedin Patna near the Reserve Bank, south ofGandhi Maidan, at the initiative of the ReserveBank officials and the then Chief Secretaryof Bihar, Mr. Sharan Singh, IAS and Mr. Rajdeo

Narayan Singh, IAS (Retd. ) : ' the thenAdministrator of Patna Municipal Corporation.This was previously the dirtiest place in the

••town'because a large number of people usedit as an open lavatory. At present, there is a48-seat public lavatory at this place, maintainedby Sulabh International' Social ServiceOrganisation, the head office of which is alsolocated on the same campus because thesurrounding is kept clean. "We have seentoilets in offices and not offices amidst toilets,"said New York Times while reporting Sulabhactivities in India.

Sulabh has entirely made a new approach tothe public sanitation problem not. only bysetting up a large number of public toilets

vSulabhtoilets andbathcomplexfunded bythe Houseof Tatas, tlielargestindustrialistgroup ofIndia.

and bath facilities but also by initiatingattitudinal change to this basic problem. Bycampaigning, education and demonstration,Sulabh has been able to turn the sanitationmovement into an economic necessity relatingit to health and hygiene and economicproductivity, population control and goodliving.

The public toilet system in India has an ancientbeginning. The history of bath and bathing isat least 5000 years old. At Mohenjo-Daro inthe Indus River Valley, archaeologistsuncovered a public bath nearly 1000 sq ft (93sq.m) in area, dating 2500 BC. Even .the privatehouses there had their own bathrooms, fittedwith terracotta pipes encased in brickwork.Efficient taps controlled the water flow.However, between the period marking the

Police hunt for "nuisance" makers

end of Mohenjo-Daro civilisation and the endof 19th century, the sanitation remained asgrim as ever. It was only in 1896, when thethen Government of Bengal, in Calcutta thecapital of British India, passed the BengalSanitation Act to set up public toilets and

' b a t h . . . . . . . .,;.••..../,....• .. .V. , .;....,

But this legislative measure could not go veryfar in promoting public sanitation and hygienebecause the system was unsustainable andthe civic bodies did not have the money tospend on their maintenance and repair. Theuntold stories of the miseries of the peopleof Bengal and those living in other cities arethe unreported tragedies of that time. Men,women and children had to wait for hours onend to avail of the toilet service which wasfilthy, Unhygenic and unusable. The Public

Commissioner of Calcuttaprosecuted .140,000 personsin one year for "committingnuisance" in public places.But. this did not touch eventhe fringe of the problem.The answer to the problemlay in providing adequatefacilities for defecation.When the long wait, couldalso not meet the situation,

.•people in slums started usingopen spaces for defecation,.•resulting in a variety ofdiseases, land degradation,

This is how the public toilets used to be before Sulabhmoved in to improve the situation.

fouling up of the environment and much elsebeside.

Yet another pathetic story is narrated whenMr. L.P. Singh was the Chief Secretary of Biharand Mr. M.K. Sinha, its Police Chief; both ofthem had decided to.ban open defecation inthe Golf Club area of the State Capital. Policewere posted to stop the practice. One day whilethe two topmost bureaucrats were taking amorning walk in the area, a man, under thepressure of nature's call, came rushing in andthe moment he squatted to defecate, lathiblows fell on him. The Chief Secretary and thePolice Chief, who were witnesses to this tragic

"situation, decided to allow open defecation andwithdraw the police.

The civic authorities, in a hurry to meet therising demand of sanitation facilities, set upstrings of toilets in city centres but againthey could not maintain them for want of fundsand, possibly, willingness. No wonder, ourcities and streets were stinking With litterthrown all around and garbage dumps bulgingwith unimaginable filth and waste. The publictoilets in India were a veritable hell on earthwhich only a few: were condemned to useand the remaining people used open land.

••The worst sufferers were the women who hadto wait for the sun to set before they couldgo out of their houses for easing themselves.

Lack of water supply in public toilets, missingdoors, ugly look of -over-flowing drains

compounded the miseries ofpublic toilets users. Thesanitation movement, in Indiadid not gain momentum alsobecause household and publictoilets were not a part of theIndian culture and tradition.Despite efforts, only 44% of thehouses in cities in India havetoilet facilities and in villagesthe percentage is negligible.The public toilet and bathconcept is essentially urbanwhere congested living,shrinking space and inadequatesewerage facilities have

destroyed the hope of a good city life.

The population Of urban slums is composedmostly of rural migrants. Since migrants comealmost entirely from villages, they don't goto public toilets even if they are available.The larger a town, the larger is the proportionof migrants from rural areas. Smaller towns,because of limited employment opportunities,do not attract many migrants from rural areas.Researchers emphasise that the importantreason for the rural migrants to settle, insquatter and slum settlements is also due tocaste and kinship considerations. The physicalenvironment, in which users of public toiletslive, reflects their socio-economic status andcultural habits. Hence, sanitation in India isalso a cultural problem.

The Sulabh sanitation endeavour, beginningfrom Patna, has •now covered almost the entirecountry and going even beyond that completelychanging the sanitation scenario in the .country.When the Sulabh experiment was firstlaunched in Patna, the civic authorities saidthat attitude of people must change •first beforelaunching the pay-ancl-use toilet system. Thefear was quite legitimate, because people inIndia were ready to pay for anything but basicservices like bath and toilets, hence, publiclavatories continued to be unusable. But Dr.Bindeshwar Pathak, Founder of SulabhMovement did not agree to this proposal andsaid that once clean and hygienic toilet serviceswen; provided to the people, they would not

hesitate to pay for it and it proved to be true.The people having found clean public toiletsstarted paying for it and more such pay-and-use toilets were set up in Calcutta, later in•Orissa, besides Patna, and finally all over thecountry.

The most remarkable factor about the SulabhInternational Social Service Organisation isthat it does not take any grant, assistance, orsubsidy from any agency, national orinternational, in any form. It raises its ownresources by taking 20% implementation chargeon projects and the money thus collected isspent on running the Sulabh organisation, nowmanned by 35,000 volunteers spread over 19States and one Union Territory, coveringalmost the entire population of the country.By making Sulabh a self-sustaining socialservice organisation. Dr. Pathak has linkedgood living with social service. He has provedthat a social worker can live a normal lifewhile serving the people and promoting thecause which is a unique experiment by thislargest non-govemmnent organisation (NGO).These facilities are more popular at congestedplaces like railway stations, bus stops andmarkets. And these" (including householdtoilets) are used by about 10 million peopleeveryday,

Sulabh pay^and-use system \ SulabhInternational Social Service Organisationdemonstrated to civic bodies in 625 towns,including the metropolitan cities of Delhi,

Calcutta, Madras and Bombay, how to maintainthe public toilets-cum-baths complexes on the"pay^and-use" basis, round the clock withoutputting burden on public exchequer for theirmaintenance. Sulabh has converted thesetoilets into centres of social service, providingtelephones, medicare and help in sanitationand family welfare. ITiese services are speciallyuseful in slum areas. It is a good example ofpeople's participation in communitymanagement; for, they are paying for the useand continued upkeep of toilets-cum-bathfacilities without putting any burden on civic

The concept of maintaining public toilets-cum-bath centres on the pay-ancl-use basis hasbecome very successful in the Indian cross-cultural settings, covering length and widthof the country. Before Sulabh started thissystem in 1974, public conveniences were likehell on the earth. For this reason, everybodyobjected to the proposal of public toiletcomplexes being set up anymore. The localbodies were unable to find a suitable solutionand had practically abandoned the idea ofputting up more public toilets. But now thereis increasing demand for Sulabh toiletcomplexes all over the'••country and evenabroad. Until Sulabh showed the way, nobodybelieved that people would pay for using toiletfacilities in India.

Impressed by the success, people now invite

This toiletblock inVaranasi, areligiousplace, is madein the typicallocal stylewith space infront and averandah

A double storey toilet block in Jammu

Sulabh to set up and .maintain public toilets-cum-bath complexes in the colonies where a

'large part of population live without housesof their own. The toilet complexes are so wellmaintained and kept so clean that people donot object to their being constructed even infront of their own houses.

Dr. Pathak, suggested niany other ways ofkeeping the ;towns and cities clean. In hisopinion, a city can be kept clean if five agencies- the government^ local bodies, judiciary, policeand non-government organisations work

The Sulabh block funded by tlio Inner WheelClub, Bombay

together in a common endeavour to promotesanitation and people's participation. He hassuggested that funds and land for setting uppublic toilets-cum-bath complexes should beprovided by local bodies and. voluntaryorganisations should maintain them round-the-clock on the pay-and-use basis.••This isalso a way to cut the huge public expenditureon civic facilities and ensure cleanlinesswithout depending on the resources Of civic-bodies which are almost always in the red.This methodology has been made popular forthe first time in India. In Europe, everyone

has to pay for using publictoilets. In France, for instance,it is two Francs (Rs. 10). InKngland and so also in allEuropean countries, the pay-and-use system is practised and allpublic toilets arc no less cleanthan the buildings in the vicinity.Sulabh has popularised the payand use system in India wilhremarkable success. No wonder,Sulabh complexes are now thecleanest places in a city. Theyare'.there for all to sec. About3,000 Sulabh toilets-euin-baihcomplexes art1 being maintainedin 625 towns of the country,round-the-clock.

> : • •

Sulabh toilets have acquired somuch prestige that these arenow inaugurated by UnionMinisters, Chief Ministers,Ministers and other VIPs. Evenpolitical parlies have includedproviding Sulabh toile!complexes (in India public-toilets are known by this name)as one of the main objectivesin their manifestoes to winelections. Nowhere in the worldhave public convenience^acquired so much acceptanceand prestige as Sulabh ha-gained for them in India. Thus,Sulabh has also brought the

Sulabh toilet is situated right in the midst of the valley (arrowmark) at Thimpu, Bhutan.

economically weaker sections of society inwhose houses the toilet facilities do not exist,and commuters, pavement, dwellers andrickshaw pullers. The authority desirous ofgetting the Sulabh toilet complex contactsSulabh and provides the site where the:complex: is to be constructed. The land aswell as funds for the construction of thecomplex are provided by the sponsoringauthority. Terms and conditions of

Eminent industrialist Bharat. Kama late ShriJ.R.D. Tata speaking at the InaugurationCeremony of a Sulabh public toilet and bathcomplex, near Dhobi Talao, Bombay. On .his.'right to ex-Sheriff of Bombay, Mr. NanaChudasam, and on his left, Mrs. Baku!Pfitel, ex-Sheriff on Bombay

toilet to the centre of planning Tor a cieanerand healthier world to live in. Sulabh has madesanitation an organised system, based anddeveloped on appropriate and low-costtechnology which can be used on sustainablebasis in households and at community centresto keep the country clean and people healthy.

Sulabh community toilets mostly serve the •

A FRENCH TOILET: One has to pay twoFrancs (about Rs. 10) per use. No wonderFrench cities are the cleanest in the world.

Film shooting at Sulabh toilets, bathand health centres in Bangalore, Karnataka, (India)

HELIX} DADDY is.•"the film and many stars thronged at thetoilet block to act out the story in full view of thousands ofspectators, indicating the popular acceptance of the Sulabh

system which has become a part of the community life.

Film camera" crew onthe job

The actor inaujjurates thetoilet complex ; all smilefor the camera

The Spectators at the•'shooting.site in front of

Sulabh toilets block

Washing facilities

construction, operation and maintenance areintimated by Sulabh to (he authority. Whenthe agreement is reached, Sulabh preparesthe design, drawings, estimate and projectreports. After signing the agreement, thecomplex is constructed/

'Hie cost of a public toilet, complex comes tobi'tween Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 30,000 per toiletscat, depending on the design, rates of labourand materials in the area and the total numberof scats. This is the average cost. However,it. varies if the construction quality is higherand beautification is also done. One seat isprovided normally for 50 users.Toiletcomplexes have separate male and female

sections with separate entrances. The femalesection includes toilet seats for children. Theurinals usually have entrance from outside.Mirrors and Wash basins arc provided inmale and female sections separately.Complexes are designed architecturally tomatch the surround ings of the town and makethem aesthetically attractive. To ensureadequate 24-hour water supply, tubewells are

Drinking water facilities

Stainless pans^ used in some Sulabh toilets,are easier to keep clean than the ceramic-ones

drilled at site, fitted with electric drivenpumping sets, to pump water into an overheadreservoir on the roof of the complex. Theusers collect water for ablution in mugs fromtaps (in India 90% people use water forablution). The complex is provided withelectricity so that it could be used at nightalso. Soap powder is supplied to users forwashing their hands. Sulabh undertakesmaintenance of these complexes for thirtyyears, free of cost.

The facilities for drinking water, changingclothes, telephone, healthcare, cloak room,night shelter and even primary education areprovided at many Sulabh toilet complexes.-

Some ol* the complexes arcfitted with most modernequipments like stainless steelpans elc. These projects arefunded largely from the moneycollected from toilet users.Children in slum areas and

Other weaker sections of thesociety, who do not have accessto these facilities, make use ofSulabh services at nominal, orno cost. Those are the majorinitiatives for upgradation ofsoc i a 1, econo mic , andeducational life of theunderprivileged class who aresli.elt.ercd in city ghettos and

.•shanty colonies only to suffermiseries. Now Indian business

• houses, multinational .'corporations and publicundertakings like Tatas. Procter and Gamble,

..Crompton Greaves, Port Trust authorities,State Road Transport Corporations,Cantonment Boards, Railways etc. are settingup Sulabh toilet: facilities especially in

The toilet complex funded by IT(\ Bombay

metropolitan cities like Bombay and NewDelhi, which marks the departure from Ihotraditional practice that Government alone .runs

.'•civic services. Non-Resident Indians have alsosponsored setting up of the Sulabh complexes

.'recently. The:coming up of businessmen In

The huge structure is a toilet, bath and health centre block in Jaipur, Kajasthan,-made in the style of a fortress

Pathak got the first such biogasplant set up at Patna in 1982 after,almost: six years of research. 'Hiesuccessful and satisfactoryf u n c t i o n i n g " • . .o f • • • • t h i s p l a n tencouraged him to.'replicate the."project all over the country andtoday 62 such biogas plants,connected with large-size publictoilets, are operating satisfactorilyin Bihar, UP, Gujarat, Delhi andother States of India.

The biogas obtained from thepublic toilets is used for cooking,lighting (by incandescent .mantleamps), providing hoi water for

bathing and also for providing aconvenient fire for wanning thebody during winter. If need be,the biogas can also be used forproduction of electricity througha dual-fuel engine coupled to analternator. Two plants arc usedas such in Bihar,, one in Patna lor

A Sulabh toilet beside the Quli-Qutub Shahtomb, Hyderabad, Andhrn Pradesh.

social service sector has improved the qualityof toilets and their services.

Sulabh tries its best to take care of theaesthetic pattern of cities and constructionand it. builds its toilets with the architecturalstyle of the city. For example Sulabh's complexnear Quali Quitab Shah Tomb in Hyderabadwhich has been constructed on the design ofQuali Quitab Shah Tomb, Similarly, Sulabh'scomplex near Golkunda Fort in Hyderabadand the public complexes in Jaipur; are thefew examples. V :

Sulabh biotas : Sulabh technology used foron-site disposal of human excreta wastecollected from public toilets is a very innovativefactor winch benefits the user in many ways.

Sulabh was the first to think of obtainingbiogas only from human excreta collected inlarge-size public toilets used by 2,000 to 5,000 Human excreta-based biotas provides heatpersons a day. Despite odds, Dr. Bindeshwar for body warming during Winter

The excreta-based granules clinically put injars ..to .be. used as organic manure

lighting about: three kilometres long peripheralwalkway around Gandhi Maid an and the otherin Ranehi for providing general illuminationat the state transport bus stand.

It has, thus, been amply demonstrated by Dr.Pathak that in the absence of sewerage facility,the best option for human waste disposal, tobe used in conjunction with large public toilets,is the biogas plant. It has the added advantageof being a source of renewable energy whichis lacking in the septic tank system.

The achievement of Sulabh in generatingenergy from human waste was acknowledgedby the Ministry of Non-conventional EnergySources (Govt. of India), Gujarat EnergyDevelopment Agency and other organisationsand institutions which have come forward toassist Dr. Pathak in expansion of the projectand also to support further research anddevelopment in this and allied fields.

• Biogas from water hyacinth in dried form isanother Sulabh achievement. While others hadbeen using this waterweed in its green formDr. Pathak conducted experiments on driedwater hyacinth. Although the gas yield in thedried form is about 5-6% less, it is convenientin handling, storage and transportation. Thisform also lends itself better for blending withcow-dung, human excreta or other vegetable

SULAMU&EEP

Fixed Dome Digester

SUL4BH DEEP : The Jong stretch of thewalkway around Gandhi Maidan in Patna islighted by the biogas produced from Sulabhtoilet complexes

wastes used as feed material for biogasproduction.

Another achievement of Dr. Pathak is thegranulated organic manure obtained from thedried sludge of biogas plants. This manure iscompletely free from odour and in itsgranulated form can be. used conveniently inflower-pots to be kept indoors. The appearanceof the granulated manure is exactly like tealeaves and it is very difficult to distinguishbetween the two when kept together.

Use of organic manure or even raw humanexcreta in agriculture is quite widespread inChina. The practice, however, had not foundlarge-scale acceptance in India. Very fewfanners used to get dried sludge from sewagetreatment plants or from trenching grounds

,f* .. immunisation, antinatal care andfamily planning services, etc.

Healthcare Centre Harinagar, New Delhi

of local bodies. With the efforts of Dr. Pathak,the scene is gradually changing, as more andmore people are developing interest in theuse of organic manure obtained from the pitsof pour-flush toilets (Sulabh toilet) and biogasplants. With the application of the technology,the demand for biogas digester has increased,so much so that temple trusts, business houses,port authorities and other institutions arerequesting Sulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation to setup self-sustainable toiletsand bath facilities because Sulabh toilets arebeautifully made and kept clean and usableround the clock.

Sulabh integrated healthcare system :Health is closely related to sanitation. As such,recently a new dimension has been added toSulabh Movement by developing ."SulabhIntegrated Health Care Model" It aims atbringing all components of activities relateddirectly or indirectly to health care under oneumbrella. It will act as complement orsupplement to existing health care.

Within ten months of activity, it has developedthe following programmes:-

"PRIMAKY HEALTH CARE TO URBANSLUM" Model Sulabh Health Centre hasbeen started in Sulabh Complex andIntegrated Health Care programme hasbeen launched in urban slum - Hari Nagar.It has completed health care services andachieving almost 100% target

AND SANITATION CUMINTEGRATED VILLAGEDEVELOPMENT" A rural projectcovering Sahabaci • Mohamadpur• (Delhi) and Teekii (Haryana) hasbeen adopted and all healthcomponents have been covered.

TEACHING PROJECT ONHEALTH, HYGIENE AND-SANI-TATION - Health education is apriority area for Sulabh. Any socialprogramme can secure deep roots

among the masses when it reaches the mindsof teachers and students. Childhood habits aredifficult to die, therefore hygienic practicesshould be learnt in early childhood. With thisaim in view, the British Council, under its ODAProject, has entrusted Sulabh to train schoolteachers in human waste management and

•••other related issues in Andh'ra Pradesh, so thatthey can teach students under them to beaware of hygienic and sanitary issues. US AIDhas come forward to operate a programme on"Women and Sanitation" in collaboration withSulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation in New Delhi.

SULABH VOLUNTARY' BLOOD DONATIONPROJECT •- Human life is precious and its

Training Centre, New Delhi

Blood test, at Sulabh Healthcare centre

.requires''proper care for it's protection andsurvival. In order to provide proper protectionto human life, Sulabh International has drawna unique scheme. It has raised a band of onethousand voluntary blood donors who areready to donate1 their blood to needy personsat any time. Hospitals have been informed that.they can get healthy blood for helping patientsin critical need of if. In situation of nationalcalamity these donors can donate their bloodto save precious human lives. This is a uniqueattempt to save human life form being de-stroyed, for want of blood.

Ganga Action Plati;The river Ganga, famous

.'Reading materials are also available at.Sulabh centres

"in legend and history, is the sacred river ofthe Hindus. It covers, what is called theheartland of India, which was the main centreof the ancient Aryan culture. It rises near theglacier, Gangotri in the Himalayas and flows

"through Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal tofall into Bay of Bengal. Ganga and itstribuatries, spread out like a fan in the plainof India.

The organisation: was involved in theprestigious project for prevention of pollution

On •••the b a n k ofholy river

Gfinga, the

lifeline, ofIndia, is buiii

this Sulabhblock which

also .providesshelter to the

houseless

Massawarenessprogramme

of river Ganga. Project reports for constructionof Sulabh complexes, conversion of bucketprivies and construction of sanitary toilets in.houses where none existed were preparedfor a number of towns in Bihar and U.P. SulabhInternational Social Service Organisation, incollaboration with the Dutch consultancy firms,M/s. Haskoning and Euroeonsult, preparedproject reports for Kanpur and Mirzapur townsunder the Ganga Action Plan. Under thisproject, toilet facilities were set up in theriverine towns including Varanasi andHaridwar.

Employment generation : More than 35,000associate members render their social servicesto Sulabh International Social ServiceOrganisation. The total mandays created bySulabh add up to many millions on theconstruction of nearly 7,00,000 Sulabh toiletsand on maintenance of 3,000 community toiletcomplexes. Those who are employed in alliedwork are many more. : '

Technical Research & Development: TheInstitute of Technical .••••Research andDevelopment is engaged in research anddevelopment in the fields of low cost-sanitationand biogas technology for overall•environmental improvement. It studied theperformance of different types of biogas plantsin varied situations in Bihar at the requestof the then Department of Noh Conventional

Energy Sources, Govt. of India. Presently, itis working for optimum utilisation and techno-

. economic evaluation of human excreta andother mixed-waste based biogas plants toensure effective disposal of waste andharnessing of bio-energy. Study on Indo-German collaborative project with BremenOverseas Research and DevelopmentAssociation (BORDA), Germany, in LowMaintenance Waste Water Treatment Systemis being carried out .in Delhi.

The other collaborators are Group EnergiesRenouvelables et Environment (GERES)France, Biogas Research Institute of theMinistry'of Agriculture. Biogas Research andTraining Centre (BRTC), Chengdu, China and. Zheijiang'Provincial Science and TechnologyCommission (ZPSTC), China.

Experts in different fields have been" engaged-to'••'.provide•instructions to the trainees whoare admitted to the various courses from timeto time. Training courses are also designedto train the administrators, planners, financialexperts, engineers, NGOs, supervisors,sanitary inspectors and other staff of localauthorities, social workers, motivators, healtheducators, village volunteers, teachers,women workers•'.•etc. •

SULABH TOILETS, BATH AND HEALTH CENTRES HAVEBEEN COMMISSIONED BY A LARGE NUMBER OF

LEADERS, AND EMINENT PERSONS FROM ALL WALKSOF LIFE. SOME PHOTO SAMPLES.

I .ate PrimeMinister Mr.Rajiv Gandhi,with Mrs. SoniaGandhi, visited aSulabh Stall inLucknow (UP)on March 4,1989

Mr. Roinesh Bhandari,former Ijt.-Governor of

Delhi, at the inaugurationof a Sulabh toilet complex

at Fruit Mandi, Azadpur,Delhi

Haryana Minister for l̂ ocalSelf-Government, Mr.Dharambir Gaubha, laying thefoundation-stone of a Sulabhtoilet complex in Karnal. Dr.Tarshemlal, FCLS(», is alsoseen in the picture

NIGHT SHELTER : FormerChief Minister of MadhyaPradesh, Mr. Sunder T-alParwa, inaugurating a toiletblock in Khopal

Mr. .Bindeshwari Dubey,former Chief Minister of

Bihar, opening the SulabhTraining Institute in Patna

Mr. Murasoli Maran, former UnionMinister of Urban Development, is

inaugurating a toilet complex atMeena Bazar, Delhi

"Mr..'Prasanta 8ur, •Minister for'Health and Family Welfare,Government of .West Bengal,inaugurating a toilet complex atPiitna

Dr. Jagannath Mishra, formerBihar Chief Minister, inauguratinga Sulabh community toiletcomplex in Patna

liiaugufaton of a toiletcomplex in Madras, Tamil

Nadu, by Mr. Thriru R./"Poornalingam, IAS, SpecialOfficer, Madras Corporation

Mr. Ajit Kumar Tripathy, IAS,Commissioner-cum-vSecretary,Department of RuralDevelopment, Government ofOrissa, inaugurating theBeguniapada Sulabh communitytoilet complex on February 24,1993

Mr.'"Baliram Bhagat,Rajastlian, Governor, laying

the foundation-stone of aSulabh toilet complex

alongwith Mr. Bhairon SinghSliekhawat, Chief Minister

of the vState

A view of the newlycommissioned Sulabh

toilet complex at"Kakching, Manipur

Mrs. Rachel Ohatterjee,Commissioner, Municipal

Corporation ofHyderabad, inaugurated a

toilet block at FerozGandhi Park on April

14, 1994

A Sulabh toilet complexwas inaugurated by Mr.S.S. Shetty, AssistantDirector, Department ofTourism, Government ofKarnataka, on December5, 1993

The temple officer of ShriNaina Deviji Temple Trust(Himachal Pradesh)*inaugurated a Sulabh toiletcomplex on August 5, 1994

Mr. Gauri Shankar Bhardwaj,MLA, Delhi (Government,inaugurated a SuJabh toilet;complex on January 20, 199.5 atShakurpur

•Mr.;.P.I* Raina, IAS, Administrator(JMC), Jammu•••& Kashmir inauguratinga complex on February 22, 1993

Or. Wilfred D'Souza, Dy.Chief ••Minister of Goa,

inaugtirateel n Sulabh toiletoiiiplcx at .Dona Paula Jetty,Goa, on -.February 24, .1995.

Minister for Tourism, Dr.Carme Regado, inauguratinga Sulabh toilet complex atColva Reach, Goa

Mr. K. Deenadayalaii, IAS,Director, Town Panchayats,

..inaugurating a vSulabh toiletcomplex at Madurai, Tamil

Nadu

Inauguration of a 40-seat.edSulabh toilet complex atCentral Warehouse, Kirn"Nagar, New Delhi, onNovember 24, 1992 by Mr.P.V- Jayakrishnan, IAS,Commissioner Municipal(Corporation of Delhi. Mr.Manjii Singh, Director(Slum), is also seen in tliepicture.

A •newly-built Sulabh toiletcomplex at Vellampetta,Yishakapahiam, Andhra

Pradesh

Mr. Sajjan Kumar, MP,inaugurating a Sulabh toiletbath complex at Hashtsal ABlock IJllam Nagar, NewDelhi. Mr. Mukesh Sharma,MIA, presided over thefunction

Mrs. Sudha Bliave, IAS,Additional MunicipalCom m i ssio n er. BombayMunicipal Corporation, cuttingthe ribbon. Also seen in thepicture are: Mrs. I^ita PalekarMrs. Jay and Mrs. Parekh.President, Inner Wheel Club

Suresh Pujari, Chairman,Samba'Ip'iir Municipality,

inaugurating Sulabhcommunity toilet complex

at Gol Bazar

Foundation-stone laid by Mr.Sudhakar Rao, formerMinister of Social Welfare,Maharashtra Government

A Sulabh toilet complex at..Santapet Nellore was

Inaugurated by Mr. D.V.Reddy, Municipal

Commissioner. Mr. RamSutta Reddy, Municipal

Engineer was also present

Mr. Garhhubhai Vithalani,Vke-Presidont of DwarkaNagar Panchnyat,inaiigurating a toiletcomplex

Mr. M.C. Verma, IAS,Secretan', JDA (.I

BIHAR

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• • ' . • V ' * ? • • ' • • ' • • ' / . •

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Made in local style Sulabh •'•cofnplex at Worli Sea Face,Bombay

Cultural tapestry ofSulabh toilets

A Sulabh toilets, bath and healthcare centre under construction atShirdi, Maharashtra (India) at an estimated cost of Ks. 1.1 crore

>iii.:ibli toilet complex after Andhraarchitectural pattern

Suhibh complex and Night Shelter inSahjaiii Park, Bhopal

T h e i i i i l c i s b f i l h <i!i<!

l i c . i l i h i c n i i f .ii

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A view of the Allahabad (UP) toilets complex on the bank of river (rconstructed;:under the Ganga Action Plan to prevent river pollution

MADIIYA PRADESH

GOA

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CHANDIGARH