Suggested Further Reading

Let us come now to references to authors, which other books contain and yours lacks. The remedy for this is very simple; for you have nothing else to do but look for a book that quotes them all from A to Z, as you say. Then you put same alphabet into yours ... And if it serves no other purpose, at least that long catalogue of authors will be useful to lend authority to your book at the outset.

Miguel de Cervantes

Chapter 1

Atkins, P., 1996. The Periodic Table. A Journey into the Land 0/ the Chemical Elements, Phoenix, London.

Chapter 2

Abdurazakov, A., Antonov, V. A., Arsen'ev, P. A., Bagdasarov, K. S., and Kevorkov, A. M., 1991. Study of color centers in yttrium scandate (YSC03) and lutetium scandate (LuSc03) single crystals,lzv. Akad. Nauk SSSR. Neorg. Mat. 27:795-799 (Russian).

Arnold, P. L., Geoffrey, N. C .• Hitchcock, P. 8., and Nixon, 1. E, 1997. Low oxidations state complexes of group 3 elements. The first isolated examples of scandium in formal oxidation states of (I) and (II), 213th ACS National Meeting. San Francisco, Abstr. Part 2, Inorg, 369.

Bersuker, I. B., 1996. Electronic Structure and Properties o/Transition Metal Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Bieron, 1., Grant, I. P., and Fischer, C., 1997. Nuclear quadrupole moments of scandium, Phys. Rev. A: At. Mol .• Opt. Phys. 56:316-321.

Chechev, V. P., and Grigor'ev, E. P., 1996. Evaluation of decay and radiation characteristics for 46SC and 160Tb, lzv. Akad. Nauk Ser. Fiz. 60: 174-178 (Russian).

Chertihin, G. v., Andrews, L., Rosi, M., and Bauschlicher, C. w., Jr., 1997. Reaction oflaser-ablated scandium atoms with dioxygen. Infrared spectra ofScO, OScO, (02)SCO, (ScOh, and SC(02)2 in solid argon, J. Phys. Chem. A 101:9085-9091.

Cloke, E G. N., 1995. Zero oxidation state complexes of scandium, yttrium and the lanthanide elements, in: Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry. II (E. W. Abel et al., eds.), Pergamon, Oxford, Vol. 4, pp. 1-9.

Cotton, S. A., 1997. Scandium, yttrium, the lanthanides and the actinides, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem .. Sect A. lnorg. Chem. 93:269-290.

309

310 Chapter 7

Granger, P., 1996. Quadrupole transition metals and lanthanide nuclei, in Encyclopedia of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (D. M. Grant and R. K. Harris, eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester Vol. 6,

pp. 3899-3900. Harazono, T., and Watanabe, T., 1997. Chemical shift, chemical shift anisotropy, and spin-lattice

relaxation time in 89Y_MAS and static NMR of yttrium compounds, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 70:2383-2388.

Housecroft, C. E., 1997. Scandium 1995, Coord. Chem. Rev. 164:183-188. Leonidov, Y. Ya., and Furkalyuk, M. Yu., 1997. Standard enthalpy of formation of the Sc3+ in aqueous

solution, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 355:638--640 (Russian). Liu, X. W, and Byrne, R. H., 1997. Rare earth and yttrium phosphate solubilities in aqueous solution,

2J3th ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, Abstr., Part 2, Geoc, 220. Pikramenou, Z., 1998. Yttrium 1997, Coord. Chem. Rev. 164:189-201. Tang, B., Zhang, S., Jiang, C., Zhang, X., and Li, Y., 1997. Synthesis of salicylaldehyde-5-

bromosalycylcycloylhydrazone and its fluorescence reaction with scandium, Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 18:883-885 (Chinese). CA 127:302548e.

Chapter 3

Ali, A.-E. E., 1996. The spectrophotometric determination of Sc3+, Egypt J. Anal. Chem. 5:41-49. Buhl, E, and Podelnick, 1., 1997. Spectrophotometric determination of scandium, gallium and

vanadium in white cabbage leaves, Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig. 48:351-359 (Polish). CA

128:294089j. Hagazy, W H., 1998. Spectrophotometric microdetermination of trivalent Sc, Y and La ions with 4-

phenylazo-7-(2-arsonophenyl-azo)chromotropic acid, Commun. Fac. Sci. Univ. Ankara, Ser. B: Chem. Chem. Eng. 43:1-10. CA 129:210958b.

Haraguch, H., Itoh, A., Kimata, c., and Miwa, H., 1998. Speciation of yttrium and lanthanides in natural water by ICP mass spectrometry after preconcentration by ultrafiltration and with a chelating resin, Analyst 123:773-778.

Karavaiko, G. L., Kareva, A. S., Avakian, Z. A., Zakharova, Y I., and Korenevsky, A. A., 1996. Biosorption of scandium yttrium from solutions, Biotechnology Lett. 18: 1291-1296.

Khatkar, S. P., Agrawal, O. P., and Dahiya, S., 1996. 2-Mercaptopropanoic acid as an amperometric reagent for determination of lanthanides and yttrium, J. Electrochem. Soc. India 45:171-172.

Li, L., Sun, Y., Gan, W, and Li, Y., 1997. Enrichment and determination of scandium by liquid membrane and atomic absorption spectrometry, Huaxue falyiu fu fingyong 9:80-82 (Chinese). CA 127:103615z.

Li, Z., Wang, 1., Cheng, G., and XU, Q., 1997. Spectrophotometric determination of yttrium using 4,5-dibromophenylfluorone, Fenxi Shiyanshi 16:42-44 (Chinese). CA 128:18176h.

Mohammad, A., Nasim, K. T., and Mohamed, P. A., 1997. Thin-layer chromatography of the rare earth chlorosulfates and spectrophotometric determination of yttrium chlorosulfate, J. Planar Chromatogr. 10:188-194.

Ramanaiah, G. Y, 1998. Determination of yttrium, scandium and other rare earth elements in uranium-rich geological materials by ICP-AES, Talanta 46:533-540.

Shigematasu, T., 1998. Proposal of substoichiometric analysis with two labeling techniques and its application to yttrium determination in high-critical-temperature-superconducting oxides and in rubidium carbonate, Bunseki Kagaku 47:25-30 (Japanese). CA 128:135122y.

Tang, T., Du, M., Wang, Y., and Zhang, x., 1998. Highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric determination of trace amounts of scandium with salicylaldehyde salicyloylhydrazone, Analyst 123 :283-286.

Suggested Further Reading 311

Volkov, v., Gushchin, A. P., Solovev, B. A., Tselischchev, G. K. et al., 1997. Separation of scandium and rare-earth elements, Russian patent RU 2079431. CA 127:334643y.

Wen, M., and Leng, C., 1998. Determination of scandium in rare earth, Rare Met. (Beijing) 17:140-144. CA 129:117160a.

Wyttenbach, A., and Tobler, L., 1997. The effect of surface contamination on the results of plant analysis, Contam. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. (in press).

Zhou, S., and Wang, Y., 1997. Study on inhibition kinetic determination of ultra trace scandium. Yejin Fenxi 17:18-20 (Chinese). CA 128:70074n.

Chapter 4

Arbuzov, S. I., Ershov, V. v., Potseluev, A. A., Rikhvanov, L. P., and Sovetov, V. M., 1997. Rare earth elements and scandium in coals of the Kuznetsk Basin, Litol. Polezn. Iskop. 3 :315-326 (Russian). CA 128:104519d.

Escenazy, G., 1996. Scandium in Bulgarian coals, God. Sofii Univ. Geol.-Geogr. Fak., Kn. 1,89:205-217 (Bulgarian). CA 127:37305v.

Gordienko, V. v., 1997. Mineral-geochemical criteria for the presence of scandium mineralization in granitic pegmatites, Dokl. Akad. Nauk 357:234-238 (Russian).

Liferovich, R. P., Yakovenchuk, V. N., Pakhomsky, Ya. A., Bogdanova, A. N., and Britvin, S. N., 1997. Zap. Vseross. Mineral. O-va. 126:80-88 (Russian) CA 128:259600x.

Nova, G., 1997. New scandium mineral species from Baveno, (Verbania, Piemont, Italy), Riv. Mineral. Ital. I :62 (Italian).

Schlesinger, W H., 1997. Biogeochemistry. An Analysis of Global Change, Academic Press, San Diego.

Stryapkov, A. v., 1997. Sorption of scandium and rare earth elements as a cause of their accumulation in weathering crusts, Geokhimiya 9:930-936 (Russian).

Wiesheu, R., Lencsowski, B., and Morteani, G., 1997. Scandium. A current review of its deposits, reserves, production, and technical uses, Erzmeta1l50:631-639.

Williams, C. T., Henderson, P., Marlow, C. A., and Molleson, T. I., 1997. The environment of deposition indicated by the distribution of rare earth elements in fossil bones from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, Appl. Geochem. 12:537-547.

Zhang, Y., 1997. Types of scandium deposits and research prospects, Dizhi Diqiu Huaxue (4):93-97 (Chinese). CA 129:30200q.

Zhu, W, Kennedy, M., De Leer, E. W 8., Zhou, H., and Alaerts, G. 1. F. R., 1997. Distribution and modeling ofrare earths in Chinese river sediments, Sci. Total Environ. 204:233-243.

Chapter 5

Ban-Nai, T., Yasuyuki, M., Yoshida, U. et al., 1997. Mu1titracer studies on the accumulation of radionuclides in mushrooms, J Radiat. Res. 38:213-218.

Berg, T., and Steinnes, E., 1997. Use of mosses (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) as biomonitors of heavy metal deposition from relative to absolute deposition values, Environ. Pollul. 98:61-71.

Hou, X., and Hou, Y., 1996. Determination of 19 elements in human eye lenses, BioI. Trace Elem. Res. 55:89-98.

Kucera, 1., and Bencko, v., 1997. Common concentration of trace elements. 2. Hg, Pb, R, Sc, V and Zn in blood serum and urine, Prac. Lekar. 49:79-92 (Czech.). BA 104:60516.

312 Chapter 7

Nakanishi,T M., Takahashi, 1., and Hisayoshi, Y, 1997. Rare earth element, aluminum, and scandium partition between soil and wood grown in northeast Brazil by INAA, BioI. Trace Elem. Res. 60:163-174.

Chapter 6

Brockmann, 1., 1996. Studies on the synthesis and stability of radiopharmaceutical-relevant metal­chelate=peptide systems, Ber. Forschungszentr. luelich luel=3316:1-141 (German). CA 127:77987a.

Gangoda, C. K., and Williams, D. R., 1997. Linear free energy relationships and the chemical speciation of amino-carboxylate ligand complexes, Chem. Speciation Bioavai!. 9:101-111.

Huang, C., Li, K., and Tong, S., 1997. Fluorescence features ofscandium-8-hydroxyquinoline-nucieic acid systems and their analytical applications, Fenxi Huanxue 25:759-764 (Chinese). CA 127:202365z.

Issa, Y M., Abdel-Ghani, N. 1., and Abdel-Latif, S. A, 1997. Chelation behavior oflanthanides(III), scandium(III), yttrium(III), thorium(IV) and uranium(VI) complexes with some hydroxynitro­socoumarins, Egypt 1 Chem. 40:257-270.

Keshavan, B., and Ramalingaiah, H., 1998. Synthesis and investigation of biologically active complexes-ofN-alkyl phenonthizines with y3+, Synt. React. Inorg. Met.-Org. Chem. 28:1-11.

Kobayashi, S., and Nagayama, S., 1997. The polymer effects on catalysts. Aldimine-selective reactions in the presence of aldehydes using a polymer-supported scandium catalyst, Synlett 6:653-654.

Kojima, S., Fukuda, T., Nagano, M., Shimada, H., and Funakoshi 1., 1997. Effects ofrare earth metals on small intestinal absorption of L-histidine and L-Ieucine in mice. Res. Commun. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2: 13-22.

Li, H., Sadler, P. 1., and Sun, H., 1996. Rationalization of the strength of metal binding to human serum transferrin, Eur. 1 Biochem. 242:387-393.

Li, 1., Zhou, L., lin, 1., and Yu, K., 1997. Synthesis, characterization, and structure determination of yttrium complex with alanine [Y(Ala)(H20)61Ci), Zhongguo Xitu Xuebao 15:97-101 (Chinese). CA 129:22453j.

McMurry, T. 1., Thomas, 1., Pippin, C. G. et al., 1998. Physical parameters and biological stability of yttrium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid derivative conjugates, 1 Med. Chem. 41:3546-3549.

Neumaier, B., and Rosch, E, 1997. Ternary complex formation between yttrium, phosphate and serum proteins, Radiochim. Acta (in press).

Odom-Maryon, T. L., and Williams, L. E., 1997. Pharmacokinetics modeling and absorbed dose estimation for chimeric anti-CEA antibody in humans, 1 Nuc!. Med. 38:1959-1966.

Palant, A. A, and Petrova, V A, 1997. Composition of scandium complexes extracted from sulfuric acid solution by poly(2-ethylhexylphosphonitrilic) acid, Zh. Neorg. Khim. 42:1577-1579 (Russian).

Sun, H., Cox, M. c., Li, H., and Sadler, P. 1., 1997. Rationalization of metal binding to transferrin. Prediction of metal-protein stability constants, Structure Bonding 88:71-102.

Verchere, 1.-E, Chappelle, S., Xin, E, and Crans, D. C., 1998. Metal-{;arbohydrate complexes in solution, Progress Inorg. Chem. 47:837-945.

Wu, c., Brechbiel, M. W, Gansow, O. A., Kobayashi, H., Carrasquillo, J., and Pastan, 1., 1997. Stability of the four 2-(p-nitrobenzyl)-trans-CyDTPA 88y complexes, Radiochim. Acta 79:123-126.

Van, 1., Wang, Z., and Nie, E, 1997. Study on coordination of tanning metal ions with glycine by IR, Pige Huagong 4:13-15 (Chinese). CA 128:4856t.

Index

Abundance and concentration animals, 193-201 continental waters, 146, 153 earth atmosphere, 137-141 geochemical, 13, 19, 21, 26, 136, 153, 156,

158 humans, 201-209 moon, 136-137 natural and artificial products, 136, lSI,

166 orgarrisms, 183-234 plants, 187-192 sea water, 136, 141-146 soils, 158-164 solar system, 19, 135, 136 see also, Accumulation

Acetylacetone, acac, 48, 284, 287, 288, 292 Accumulation,

concentration factor, CF, 171 enrichment factor, EF, 139, ISO, 165, 166,

212 interference factor, IF, 164 residence time, 142, 150 see also, Cycling

Accumulator species, 219 Actinides, 30

plutonium, Pu, 25, 255 thorium, Th, 7, 79, 215, 103, 164, 215, 243,

255,275 urarrium, U, 17, 103, 164, 218, 316

Adenosine 3/,5/-cyclic monophosphate, 270 ADP, Adenosine diphosphate, 266, 267 Ahrland's softness parameters, 59 Algae, 185, 186

Ascophillum, 185 benthic, 217 brown, 183, 217 Chlorella, 114 Chlorophyta, 185, 186 Coralina, 185

Algae (cont.) Gracilaria, 185 marine, 186, 218 Phaeophyta, 185, 186 Rhodophyta, 185, 186 Sargassum, 185 U/va, 185

Alginic acid, 242 Aluminum, Al, 30, 31, 32, 34, 60, 66, ISO,

168, 206, 208, 260, 263, 264, 269, 271, 284, 294

Amino acids, 247, 251 alanine,247,248,250 amino butyric acid, 248 arginine, 251 asparagine/247,250,251 aspartic acid, 246 cysteine, 248

313

glutamine, 247, 250, 251 glutamic acid, 246, 247, 248, 251 glycine, 247, 248, 250, 251, 314 hydroxyprolin~ 248,249 leucine, 248, 249 lysine, 249, 251 methionine, 248,249 norleucine, 248 proline, 248, 249 serine, 248, 249 thioproline, 250 threonine,248,249 valine, 248, 249

Amino carboxylic acids, 269 AMP, Adenosine monophosphate, 265-267 Animal organs, tissues and fluids

adrenals, 203 blood,114, 203, 221 bones, 114, 202 brain, 195, 203 digestive glands, 203 flesh, 193, 199,202

314

Animal organs, tissues and fluids (cont.) hair, 203, 220 heart, 203 hom,203 kidney, 199, 202, 203, 213 liver, 102, 114, 202, 203, 241, 271, 295 lung, 203 muscle, 114 nails,220 pancreas, 203 red cells, 195 skeleton, 193, 295 sperm, 213 spleen, 195, 203 see also, Human organs, tissues and

fluids Animals, lower species, 200

Annelida, 200 Arthropoda, 200, 215 Bombyx, 200 Cnidaria, 200 Crustacea, 200 Echinodermata, 200, 215 Homarus, 200 Insecta, 200 Mollusca, 200, 218 Mytilus, 200, 217 Nematoda, 200 Pelagia, 200, 217 Plathelminthes, 200, 218 Porifera, 200 Vermes, 200 Zostera, 217

Animals, higher species Arthropoda, 183, 193, 195 Ascaris, 195 Chordata, 195, 201 Echinodermata, 194 Entomoscelis, 195 Heterodera, 194 Nematoda, 195 Rana, frog, 24 Reptilia, 201 Tunicata, 195, 201 see also, Birds, Fish and Mammals

Antimony, Sb, 170, 205, 211 Antarctica, 150 Arrhenius, 2, 14, 20 Arsenic, As, 66, 141, 210 Atomic theory of Bohr-Rutherford, 10

Index

ATP, Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, 264-270 Auger effect, 31 Australia, 158, 166 Auer von Welsbach, 11, 13, 14, 21, 75 Avogadro, 1

Bacteria, Escherichia, 240, 292 Gram-negative, 293 Klebsiella, 292 Mycobacteria, 287, 292 pathogenic, 292, 293 Pseudomonas, 292

Barium, Ba, 169, 170, 263 Beck, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21 Belgium, 169, 220 Beryllium, Be, 24, 159 Berzelius, 1, 4, 5, 21, 23, 26 Biochemistry, 14, 19, 20, 81, 135, 154, 173,

189, 193, 217 biosorption, 313 element availability, 135 intestinal absorption, 316 Krebs cycle, 242 See also, Biophysics and Enzymes

Biogeochemistry, 14, 81, 135, 154, 173, 189, 193, 217, 315

Bioassay, 44 Biophysics, 237 Birds, Aves, 201

Gallus, chicken, 201, 203, 260 Bonding and coordination, 30, 46-51, 72

bond lengths, 42 bonding energies, 42 bonding strengths, 42 complex, 34 coordinate covalent, 237 coordination bond energies, 60 coordination number, eN, 46, 48, 49, 67,

284 covalent, 237 covalent index, 30 Q index, 50

Born diagram, 29 Boron, B, 66 Boyle, 6 Blood clothing factors, 263 Brazil, 139, 161, 189, 316 Bromine, Br., 141 Bunsen, 6, 8

Index

Cadmium, Cd, 148, 159, 205, 263, 291 Calcium, Ca, 24, 26, 31, 32, 60, 209, 235, 238,

239,240, 247, 255, 259, 264, 267, 275, 292 Canada, 17, 141, 149,150, 151, 160, 161, 168,

171,189,193,214 Cancer, 23

carcinoma, 19, 20, 23, 24 Ehrlich tumor, 241 therapy, 20 Yoshida sarcoma, 241

Carbohydrates, 20, 238-242 alginic acid, 242 allose, 238 furanose, 239 galactitol, 239 glucitol, 239 hexitols, 239 hyaluronic acid, 239 iditol,239 lactose, 262 mannitol, 239 mucopolysaccharides, 239, 241 pentitols, 239 polyols,238 pyranose, 239

Carbon, C, 45, 161, 164, 260, 288, 293 Carboxylic acids, 242-247

aconitate, 245 citrate, 245 gluconate, 242, 243 glycolate, 242, 243 iminodiacetate, 245 lactate, 245, 246 malonate, 246 mandelate, 242, 243 oxalate, 245 propionate, 243, 245 salycylate, 245 tartrate, 245

Cationic surfactants, 91 Cesium, Cs, 21, 23, 60, 205 Chelators, 82, 283-299

natural, 283 synthetic, 283 see a/so, Compounds, Complexes

Chemical analysis, 14, 75-133 atomic absorption spectrometry, AAS,

96, 98, 99, 116 atomic emission spectrometry, AES, 98,

106, 108, 109, 116

315

Chemical analysis (cont.)

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, AFS, 98,100,106

automation and data analysis, 119, 120 biological materials, 102, 114 chromatographic methods, 82, 87 comparison of methods, 113 decomposition methods, 76 electrophoresis, 81-84 environmental materials, 109, 114, 121 flow injection analysis, FIA, 76, 81, 119 fluorimetric methods, 90, 91 fluorescence spectrometry, 96 gas chromatography, GC, 82, 83 group separation, 81 high-pressure, or high-performance

liquid chromatography, HPLC, 81, 82, 83, 86, 109, 121, 266

inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, ICP, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 109, 113, 116, 314

instrumental neutrons thermal nondestructive form activation analysis, INAA, 109, 121

ion chromatography, IC, 81, 84 ion microprobe mass analysis, 19 isotope dilution mass spectrometry,

IDMS, 103 laser microanalysis, LAMA, 103, 104 laser resonance ionization mass

spectrometry, RIMS, 105 mass spectrometry, MS, 102, 105, 106, 107 Mossbauer spectrometry, 113 photon activation analysis, PAA, 110 proton-induced X-ray emission

technique, PIXE, 93, 94, 102 pseudocyclic activation analysis, 110 quality control, 119 radiochemical NAA, RNAA, SO, 84, 109-112 scanning transmission ion microscopy,

STIM, 93, 95 selectively excited probe ion

luminescence, SEPIC, 91 spark source mass spectrometry, SSMS,

101,102 spectrophotometric methods, 90 stabilized temperature platform furnace,

STPF,96 standard reference materials, SRM, 109,

113,117

316

Chemical analysis (cont.) thin layer chromatography, TLC, 82, 83 titrimetric methods, 87-89 total reflexion XRF, TXRF, 93, 84 trace matrix separation, TMS, 84 X-ray ion microprobe, XRM, 94

Chemical elements allotropic modification, 44 biogenic, 135 biophile, 215 biophobe, 215 borderline, 30 class A, 30 class B, 30 essential, 15 "incidental", 15 periodic system of, 7, 8 "seeking elements", 206 "sordid sixteen", 167 symbols, 4 transition elements, 29 valence, 7, 10

Chemical properties, 32-51 activity coefficient, 44 aqua-complex formation, 44 aqueous potential, 39 atomic mass, 39 atomic number, 10, 39, 62, 63, 65 atomic volume, 65 atomic weight, 62, 63 electrochemical, 44 electronegativy (Pauling) coefficient, 39 electronic configuration, 30-32 enthalpy of hydration, 39 entropy of sublimation, 39 hardness, HN 43 hydrolytic reactions, 30, 50, 51, 57 hydrolysis equilibrium constant, 39, 43 ionic index, 30 ionization energies, IE, 36 ionization potential, IP, 35, 36 molar enthalpy, 47 molar entropy, 47 osmotic coefficient, 44, 57 oxidation-reduction potential, 39 oxidation state, 31 polymerization reactions, 50 quantum number, 39 stability constants, SC, 56, 145 standard partial entropy, 39

Chemical properties (cont.) standard potential, 44

Index

steric and specific solvation, D N 43 valence, 39 valence electron potential, 39 see a/so, Bonding and coordination and

Physical properties Chemistry

antiphlogistic, 2 gas phases inorganic, 30 organometallic, 291 radiochemistry, 30 stereochemistry, 284

China, 154, 157, 161 Chlorine, Cl, 141, 209 Chromium, Cr, 27, 168, 170, 205, 209, 260,

299 Classification

bioinorganic, 183 biologically and chemically significant, 30 chemical, 30 chemotaxonomy, 24, 163, 183 geochemical, 161 Rydberg series, 35

Cleve, 4, 10 Cobalt, Co, 29, 106, 170, 188, 195, 205, 210 Colchicine, 291 Complexes

8-anilinonaphtalene sulfonic acid, ANS, 259

N-benzylphenylhydroxylarnine, 20 carboxylmethylated polyethyleneimine­

polymethylenepolyphenylene isocyanate, CPPI, 82

cyclic polyazaphosphonic acids, 293, 294 cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diaminetetraacetic

acid, CDTA, 253, 254 1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N' -

tetraacetic acid, DCTA, 246, 284 diethylenetriamine-N,N,N',N',N" -

pentaacetic acid, DTPA, 23, 253, 254, 283-286

N,N, ethylenediaminediacetic acid, EDDA,287

ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid, EDTA, 87, 88, 250, 270, 282, 283

ethylenedi(o-hydroxYPhenyl)acetate, EDDHA, 253, 254, 255

ethyleneglycol bis(2-aminoethylene)­N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid, GEDTA, 287

Index

Complexes (cont.) N( -o-hydroxybenzyl)iminodiacetic acid,

HBIDA,290 N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid,

HIMDA,290 N' -hydroxyethylethylenediamine­

N,N,N'-triacetic acid, HEDTA, 86, 250, 284,287

iminodiacetic acid, IMDA, 270, 287 nitrilotriaceric acid, NTA, 250, 254, 270,

282, 284, 287 poly(dithiocarbamate), PDTC, 82 8-quinolinol, 25 salicylaldehyde carbohydrazone, 92 2-thenoyltrifluoro acetoneisonicotyoyl

hydrazone, 82 trans-1,2-cyclohexilenedinitrilotetraacetic

acid, CyDTA, 287 trioctyl-phosphineoxide, Tapa, 79 1,4,7,-tris( carbamoylmethyl)-1,4,7-

triazacyclononane, TCMT, 274 see a/so, Chelators

Complexes, categories and properties anionic hydroxyl, 43 bidentade type, 284 bioinorganic, 36 cationic, 39, 43 cryptands, 291 high polymeric chains, 289 ligands, 282 macro cycling ligands, 291 mixed ligands, 250, 251, 265 multidentate ligands, 283 noncationic, 277 organic, 145 polyelectrolytes, 279 polymers, 80 simple monodentate ligands, 282 ternary, 269, 288 tridentate Schiff ligands, 288

Compounds acyclic, 247 binary alloys, 19 inorganic, 51-51 see a/so, Complexes

Copper, Cu, 106, 291 Correlation ships, 138, 164, 165, 186, 210,

220 allelochemical, 219 antagonistic, 211

Correlation ships (cont.) clustering, 211

317

correlation coefficient, CC, 65, 164, 165 cross-correlation coefficient, 215 log-log linearity, 215 multiple correlation coefficient, MCC, 212 synergistic, 211

Cowgill, 190, 191, 196, 197, 198, 214, 219, 224 Cronstedt, 2 Crookes, 1, 11, 12, 14, 20, 22 Crystal structure, 24, 26, 39, 48, 49, SO, 55, 56

body centered, bcc, 49 crystal radius, 282

Cycling, 164-167, 209-221 natural cycles, 164 recycling, 143 scavenging, 143

Cyclotron, 15 Cytidine, 269, 270 Cytotoxin, 260 Czech Republic, 206, 209

Dalton, 1 Davy, 2 Density functional theory, 31 Deoxycholic acid, 280 Dissertations, 13, 30, 62 DNA, Deoxynucleic acid, 102, 183, 213, 255,

270, 271, 273, 274 D6bereiner, 6 Donne, 183 Drugs, 173, 284

aspirin, 166 fenikaberan, 279 guanoxabenz, 284 ionophore, A23187, 295, 296 isoniazid, 278 methamphetamine, 167 morphine, 166 naproxen, 288 thiosemicarbazones, 288

Egypt, 166, 204 Eh-pH diagram, 154, 156, 173 Ekeberg,2 England, 160, 206 Enterochelin, 292 Environment, 167

contamination, 167-172 contamination coefficient, 148

318

Environment (cont.) interference factor, IF, 164 materials, 115, 166 pollution, 167 reference materials, 115

Enzymes adenylate cyclase, 270 a-amylase, 255 ATPase, 256 enzyme conformation, 183 esterase, 292 hexokinase, 267,269 laccase,53 lipase, 27 malate dehydrogenase, 255 phospholipase, 277 polyphosphatase, 115 proteinase, 241

Evans, C. H., 1, 15, 18, 22, 30, 301 Evolution

chemical, 135 of life, 135

Finland, 158,160, 194 Fish, Osteichtyes, 24

Alhumus, 199 Auxis, 201 Cololabis, 199

Cyprinus, carp, 199, 202, 219 Myctophum, 201 salmon, 213 Scardinus, 199 Tilapia, 201 whale, 114

France, 16, 170 Fucosterol, 186 Fungi,187

Ascomycota, 187 Aspergillus, 19, 26, 187 Cetraria, 187, 214 Deuteromycota, 187 Mycophycophyta, lichens, 187 Parmelia, 187 Saccharomyces, brewers' yeast, 187 Tilletia, 187 see also, Microorganisms

Gadolin, 2, 3, 4, 22, 23 Gallium, Ga, 188, 243, 260, 263, 284, 288,

293,295

Geiger counter, 15 Genetics

chromosome damage, 271 chromosome replication, 292 inborn errors, 209 variability, 195

Geochemistry, 14, 21, 22, 135, 154 Clarke value, 214 Cretaceous-tertiary boundary, 156

Geological materials anthracite, 157 coals, 157, 158 oils, 157 mummy, 161 peat, 157, 160 phosphorite, 157

Geological thermometer, 14 Georgia (Gruzia), 206 Germany, 16, 149, 160, 161

Elbe River, 149 Rhine River, 149

Gmelin,6 Goethe, 6 Gold, Au, 42, 210 Goldschmidt, 13, 22, 154, 175 Greece, 157, 166, 168, 186 Greenland, 158

Index

Gschneidner, Jr., 19, 23, 30, 34, 43, 44, 70, 175

Hard and Soft Bases, HSAB, 59 Hartree-Fock multi configuration theory, 31 Hevesy, 15, 23 Hisinger,4 Histone, 255 Hormones

adrenal steroids, 274 adrenaline, 274 cortisone, 274

Horovitz, 19, 23, 75, 99, 118, 125, 176, 188, 218,227

Human organs, tissues, organelles and fluids amniotic fluid, 206 aqueous humor, 240 blood, 81, 206, 210, 211, 284 bone, 19, 206 brain, 204, 210, 213 breast, 204 cerebrospinal fluid, 206 eye, 204, 206, 214

Index

Human organs, tissues, organelles and fluids (cont.)

hair, 102, 110, 114, 118, 209 heart, 204, 207 kidney, 204 liver, 118, 204, 207, 214 lung, 102, 131, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 214 microsomes, 213 milk, 106, 206 mitochondria, 213 nails, 204, 210 ovaries, 204, 214 placenta, 202, 204 saliva, 206, 218 serum, 112, 117, 118, 210 skin, 204, 207 spleen, 204 teeth, 204, 206 urinary and gall stones, 213 urine, 206, 209, 211

Humans adult, 201 age differences, 202 chemical composition, 201, 204-209 diet, 102, 114, 211 inborn errors, 209 individual variation, 201, 205 nutrition, 201 reference adult man, 118 sex differences, 202 soil ingestion, 171 see a/so, Human organs, tissues,

organelles and fluids Humic substances, 277

fulvic acid, 277 humic acid, 150, 272, 277, 278 humins, 277 yellow organic acids, 277

Hydrogen, 45,240,288 Hyaluronic acid, 241

India, 139, 157, 187, 204, 206, 218 Indium,In,7,35,243,260,284 Iodine, I, 27 Interactions

binary, 237 intermolecular, 237 ternary, 237

Iridium, Ir, 209 tton, Fe, 29,43,154,169,215,238,260,275,284

Israel, 149, 150, 152, 166, 212 Huleh Reserve, 149,152 Jordan River, 149

Italy, 166, 206, 209

319

Japan, 139, 142, 146, 149, 157, 161, 186, 189 Yarushima River, 149

Kenya, 168 Kirchhoff, 6 Kojic acid, 251 Komissarova, 30, 71, 48, 67, 154, 303

Lanthanides, Ln cerium, Ce, 4, 5, 24, 27, 85, 168, 215, 247,

249, 250, 251, 252, 266, 270, 272, 273, 284,289

dysprosium, Dy, 8, 85, 103, 257, 266, 270, 289

erbium, Er, 7, 9, 85, 103, 252, 266, 270 europium, Eu, 24, 49, 79, 85, 244, 252,

266, 270, 280, 289 gadolinium, Gd, 8, 30, 77, 85, 252, 266,

270,289 holmium, Ho, 8, 85,236, 239,270 lanthanide contraction, 65 lanthanum, La,S, 21, 22, 24, 36, 77, 79,

150,153, 160, 168, 198, 236, 239, 240, 244, 245, 247, 250, 263, 264, 266, 269, 270,271,272,275,286,289,294

lutetium, Lu, 30, 49, 77, 79, 85, 103, 244, 252, 263, 270

neodymium, Nd, 5, 8, 49, 77, 85,151, 247, 250, 266, 270, 289

praseodymium, Pr, 8, 85, 118, 247, 250, 251, 252, 266, 270, 284, 289

promethium, Pm, 10 samarium, Sm, 8, 49, 252, 266, 270, 289 terbium, lb, 30, 79, 85, 266, 270, 289 thulium, Tm, 8, 49, 118, 252, 266, 270, 272 ytterbium, Yb, 5, 8, 85,188, 252, 209, 270

Lavoisier, 1, 2 Lead, Pb, 24, 140, 263, 291 Lecytin, 297 Ligands, see Complexes Linnaeus,6 Lipidol, 279 Lithium, Li, 76, 238 Lithuania, 191

320

~agnesiurnn,~g,238,256,257,264,267

~ammals, 199, 201-208 Bas, bovine, 20, 203, 219, 220 Lepus, rabbit, 23, 25, 201, 260 Microtus, vole, 199 Mus, mice, 195 Rattus, rat, 22, 201

~anganese,~,24, 148,209,260,267 Olanganesenodules,143, 145, 146, 164

~anhattan Project, 26 Marignac,5 ~elanin, 277, 279 ~endeleev, 7, 8, 19 Mercury, Hg, 140, 218, 291 ~etabolisOl, see Biochennistry ~etallothioneins, 291 ~etal species

absorbed on colloids, 39 free ions, 39 highly disperse colloids, 39 inorganic coOlplexes, 39 Oletal organic coOlplex, 39 organic coOlplex, 39

~eyer, Julius Lothar, 6 ~eyer, R. J., 13, 24 WcroorganisOls

Asterionella, 185 Fragillaria, 185 Meganyctiphanes, 185 nekton, 185 plankton, 115,143,185,214,215,217 zooplankton, 185 see a/so, Bacteria and Fungi

~eralogy, 21 ~erals, 2, 4, 157, 158

bastnasite, 158 bazzite, 21, 157, 158 beryl,157 biotite, 14, 25, 157 classification, 2 euxenite, 10, 19 gadolinite, 2, 9, 10, 19, 21 kolbeickite, 157, 158 silicate, 167 thortveitite, 13, 19, 25, 158, 159, 175 tungsten, 2 ytterbite, 2, 20 yttrotantalite, 2 xenotiOle, 158, 159 wolframite, 24, 157

~es, 15, 20, 24 ~olybdenuOl, ~o, 159 ~ongolia, 166

Index

~onoclonal antibodies, MAb, 19, 290 ~orin, 278 ~osander, 4, 5 ~oseley, 10 ~ycobactin,~B,292-294

~yricetin, 279

The Netherlands, 160, 161, 169 Newlands,6 New Zealand, 166 Nickel, Ni, 29, 210, 211, 278 Nigeria, 161, 164, 166, 204 Nilson, 8, 9, 10, 11, 25 Norway, 29, 168, 173 Nuclear Olagnetic resonance, NMR, 44-

46,61,255-257,260-262,267-269,288, 311 chemical shifts, 45, 269 coupling constant, 269 ionization energy, 45 Knightshift,45 Olagnetic Olonnent, 45 nuclear spin, 45 parannagnetic relaxation, 44 pulsed-Fourier signal, 246 relative sensitivity, 45 resonant frequency, 45 quaqrupolar central transition, QCT-N~R, 262

quadrupole Olonnent, 45, 68 relaxation tiOles, 45 work function, 45

Nucleic acids, 271 see also, DNA, RNA

Nuclide generators, 17

Oftedal,14 Organic Olatter

cow Olanure, 166 fossil bones, 24, 113, 132 lake Olud, 166 sewage sludge, 166 see also, Humic substances

Oxygen, 0, 164, 201, 235, 245

Pauling, 30, 72, Patents, 75

Index

Pathology and disease allergy, 220 Alzheimer disease, 213 asthma, 220 neural tube defect, NTD, 171, 172 see also, Cancer and Drugs

Peptides albumin, 213, 252, 253 dipeptides, 251, 258 globulin, 252 glycil-L-proline, 251 glycerophosphoric acid, 251 L-leucylglycylglucose, 251 peptidoglycan, 240 polypeptides, 251 tripeptides, 251, 256 tripsine, 259

Periodic table, 7, 8, 10 Pharmacology, 20-22, 26 Phosphorus, 1', 164, 210 Phosphorus containing compounds

phosphatidylinositol, 265, 266 phospholipids, 264, 265 phytate, 15, 21, 265 pyrophosphate, 21, 265 tributyl phosphate, 80 tripolyphosphate, TP1', 265, 266 see also, ADP, ATP

Physical properties, 32-51 boiling point, 39 coefficient of expansion, 39 color centers, 313 covalent radius, 39 electrical resistivity, 39 electronic configuration, 30, 31, 32 enthalphy of fusion, 39 fluorescence, 283, 284 heat capacity, 39 lattice constants, 26, 39 magnetic, 31, 39 melting point, 39, 61 metal density, 39 polarizability, 39 specific gravity, 39 superconductivity, 19, 20, 27, 44 thermal conductivity, 39 see also, Chemical properties, Crystal

structure Physiology, 20, 23

muscle contractibility, 23

Plant organs and tissues bark,196 buds, 196, 198 cambium, 192 flowers, 191, 196 leaves, 198 needles, 212 ovary, 191 pollen, 196 rhizome, 197 root nodules, 197 roots, 192, 197 seeds, 196, 198 stem, 197 stigma, 191 tuber, 197 wood,196

321

Plant species, Dicotyledons, Magnoliopsida Camellia, 189 Carya, hickory tree, 25 Ceratophylum, 190, 217 Chenopodium, 190, 196 Citrus, 114, 190, 196 Cuscuta, 190 Euphorbia,190 Fagales, 150, 196, 214 Labiatae, 218 Malus, apple, 114 Mentha,190 Phytolaca, 190, 195, 218 Poligonales, 190, 196 Quercus, 190, 214 Rosales, 190 Solanales, 189, 190, 197 Urticales, 190

Plant species, Monocotyledons, Liliopsida Lemna, 191 Lilium, 191 ()ryza, 191, 192, 194 Potamogeton, 191, 217 Triticum, wheat, 196, 271 Zea, corn, 191, 196 Zostera, 191

Plants, lower species Athyrium, 188, 189 Bryophyta, 188 Conipherophyta, 188 Filicinophyta, ferns, 188, 189 Ginkophyta, 188 Gnetophyta, 188

322

Plants, lower species (cont.) Lycopodophyta, 188 Marchantiales, 188 Picea, 188, 191, 193, 196, 212, 214 Pinus, 188, 191, 214 Sphenophyta, 188 Sphagnum, 188, 217

Poland, 157, 161, 166 Polydeoxinucleotide, 271 Potassium, K, 191, 238, 264, 292 Proteins, 251-264

actin,257 apotransferrin, 261 calmodulin,259 CheY, 295 ferritin, 255 flavoproteins, 275 interferron, 293 lactalbumin, 262 lactoferritin, 292 myosin,257 ovotransferrin, OT£, 260, 261, 262 sialoprotein, 255, 256 siderophillins, 259 transferrin,255,259,26O see also, Peptides and Enzymes

Proust, 15, 25

Quercetin, 278

Radicals free, FR, 279 oxygen, 279 primary, 36 secondary, 36

Radioisotopes decay mode, 62, 63 environmental applications, 19 half-life, 62, 63 isomers, 62, 63 medical applications, 19,20 organ accumulation, 17, 169 particle energy, 62, 63 spin, 62, 63

Radium, Ra, 201 Rare earth elements, REE

classification, 7 history, 1, 26 high purity, 119 see also, Lanthanides

Index

Rhenium, Re, 29 RNA, ribonucleic acid, 23, 215, 271, 273

fast hydrolysis, 19, 20 Rocks and geological materials, 109, 153-

158 andesite, 115 argillaceous, 155 basalt, 57, 115 clay, 115 granite, 115, 157 kaoline, 137 lunar, 164 limestone, 157 mafic, 155 metamorphic, 155 quartz, 115 sandstone, 115 silicate, 167 silicate melts, KREEP, 137

Rosoff and Spencer, 17, 19, 20, 25 Rubidium, Rb, 60, 66, 170, 238 Rutin,278 Russia (former Soviet Union), 14, 16, 17,

154, 161, 164, 165, 168, 191, 206 Hybini Mountains, 188 Ural Mountains, 191

Scandinavia, 10, 12 Biistnas, 2, 12 Stockholm, 2 Uppsala,9 Ytterby, 2, 9, 10, 12

Scandium, Sc aqua ion, 43, 50 chemical and physical properties, 29-74 comparison with other elements, 62, 65-

67 chlorides, 34, 43, 51, 86 diatomic molecules, 42 discovery, 6-12 eka-boron, 6, 8, 19 halides, 59, 60 high purity, 19 history, 1-27 inorganic compounds, 51-61 methods of analysis, 75-133 oxide, scandia, 54, 60 single crystals, 19, 25 SeD,34 Sc+,31

Index

Scandium, Sc (cont.) Sc-,31 Sc2+, 31, 34

Scandium radioisotopes, 61, 62, 64, 65 43Sc, 15, 62, 79,112 44Sc, 15, 17, 62, 112 46Sc, 18, 19, 61, 62, 80 47Sc, 62, 77, 80, 81, 110 4BSc, 62,79 49Sc, 22, 62, 77 51Sc, 19, 62

Scotland, 157, 206 Sea, 109, 141-146

Atlantic Ocean, 144-146 Indian Ocean, 145 Pacific Ocean, 142, 144, 145

Selenium, Se, 159, 170, 195, 218 Silicon, Si, 191, 214 Silver, Ag, 170, 271, 291 Sodium, Na, 209, 210, 238, 239,264,275 Soils, 109-115

accessory minerals in, 189 black,161 brown, 115, 161 chemozem, 161 contaminated, 161 cultivated, 159 depletion factor, 189 diffusion coefficient, 169 element mobility in, 160 forest, 161 glacial, 161 Hollandale, 280 horizons, 163 humus reach, 161 insoluble minerals in, 189 lunar, 111 loess, 115 organic matter in, 280 plant/ soil ratios, 189 red,161 sandy, 161 topsoil, 161 virgin,161 yellow, 115, 161

Speciation, 42, 43, 61, 166 Spectral lines, 31, 40, 108, 118

atomic, 31 ionic, 31

Strontium, Sr, 21, 23, 26, 168, 209, 263, 265

South Africa, 157 Sulfur, S, 24, 161, 164 Switzerland, 114, 139, 149, 219

Taiwan, 204 Tantalum, Ta, 2, 170, 211 Thalen, 10, 26 Thallium, Tl, 27 Therapy

knee effusions, 25 teletherapy, 18, 23

Thromboplastic effect, 19, 21 Titanium, Ti, 30, 34, 189 Toxicology, 15, 17, 20, 21

detoxification, 291 Trace elements, TE

essential, 15, 183, 201 incompatible, ITE, 136 potentially toxic, 201 probably essential, 201 reference values, 114, 115

Tungsten, W, 76, 192 Turkey, 114

Uganda, 161 Ukraine, 169 Urbain, 11, 14, 36 Uridine, 269, 270 USA, 154, 161, 162, 168, 171, 206, 215

Ames, 16,17 American cities, 171 Argonne, 16 Berkeley, 15, 16, 41 Colorado, 156 Columbia River, 185 Illinois, 150, 171 Los Alamos, 16 Manhattan Engineer District, 16 Mount St. Helens, 140 New Mexico, 156 Oak Ridge, 17 Rocky Mountains, 164 Wisconsin, 163

Uzbekistan, 206

Vanadium, V, 34,141, 189, 195, 205 Venoms, 280 Vemadsky, 14, 26 Vinogradov, 14, 26 Vitamins, 273

323

324

Vitamins (cont.) B6,275 riboflavin,274

V5EPR, Valence shell electron pair repulsion, 29

Water acid rain, 164, 168 disolved species in, 147 continental, 146-153 drinking, 171 ground,150 lake, 109 molecule, 237 particulate matter in, 147 "pure", 172 sea, 141-146 snow, 148

Williams, R. J. P., 167, 181, 237, 264 Winkler, 2 Wohler, 4,20

Yttrium, Y carbonates, 51 chemical and physical properties, 29-74 chlorides, 43, 52 colloidal, 44

Index

Yttrium (cont.) comparison with other elements, 62, 65,

66,67 diatomic molecules, 42 discovery, 1-6 halides, 59, 60 high purity, 119 history, 1-27 hydroxide, 67 inorganic compounds, 51-61 methods of analysiS, 75-133 nitrate, 48, 52, 53, 239 oxide, yttria, 2, 54, 119 single crystals, 21 YO,135 yo, 34 )'2+,34 86Y, 63, 84 87'(,63,86 88y, 63, 296, 317 'lOY, 16-18, 20, 45, 63, 86, 171, 289 91y, 15-17, 20, 63, 171, 252

Yugoslavia, 148

Zeeman effect, 40, 41, 71, 99 Zinc, Zn, 77, 106, 141, 170, 191, 195, 210 Zirconium, Zr, 189, 289