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Successful Daylighting Successful Daylighting Techniques and Techniques and TechnologiesTechnologies
Russ Leslie, AIA FIES LCRuss Leslie, AIA FIES LC
Professor and Associate DirectorProfessor and Associate DirectorBetter Buildings Better Buildings
By DesignBy Design
2008 Conference2008 Conference
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
22
Portland, ORPortland, OR Architects, Engineers, DesignersArchitects, Engineers, Designers
New York, NYNew York, NY Architects, Engineers, DesignersArchitects, Engineers, Designers
Charlotte, NCCharlotte, NC Owners, Developers, ManagersOwners, Developers, Managers
Des Moines, IADes Moines, IA Owners, Developers, ManagersOwners, Developers, Managers
Orange County, CAOrange County, CADesigners, Owners, Developers, Designers, Owners, Developers, ManagersManagers
Daylight DividendsDaylight DividendsFocus GroupsFocus Groups
2
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Daylight DividendsDaylight DividendsFocus Group ResultsFocus Group Results
�� Top three perceived benefitsTop three perceived benefits
›› Occupants’ feeling of wellOccupants’ feeling of well--beingbeing•• ComfortComfort
•• Feel good about selfFeel good about self
•• Like being outdoorsLike being outdoors
•• ProductivityProductivity
›› Energy savingsEnergy savings
›› Improved aestheticsImproved aesthetics
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
44
Daylight DividendsDaylight DividendsFocus Group ResultsFocus Group Results
�� Primary barriersPrimary barriers
›› First cost and cost effectivenessFirst cost and cost effectiveness
›› Problems with technologiesProblems with technologies
›› Building’s site locationBuilding’s site location
›› Added design/financial riskAdded design/financial risk
›› Inconsistency in daylight availability across the Inconsistency in daylight availability across the building and during the course of the daybuilding and during the course of the day
3
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Building FormBuilding Form–– Letting the Light InLetting the Light In
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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�� Bring light in highBring light in high
�� Use light color surfacesUse light color surfaces
�� Diffuse the sunDiffuse the sun
�� Bring people to the lightBring people to the light
�� Switch off the electric lightsSwitch off the electric lights
4
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Side LightingSide Lighting
�� Rule of thumb:Rule of thumb:›› Effective daylight penetration (D) = 1.5x window height (H)Effective daylight penetration (D) = 1.5x window height (H)
Daylight penetration Daylight penetration increases with increases with window heightwindow height
5
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Side LightingSide Lighting
�� DELTA Portfolio: DeGraff St. Industrial DELTA Portfolio: DeGraff St. Industrial Center, Office and Small Manufacturing Center, Office and Small Manufacturing www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=141&cat=14www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=141&cat=14
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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�� DELTA Portfolio: SONY Disc Manufacturing, DELTA Portfolio: SONY Disc Manufacturing, Administration and Support Spaces Administration and Support Spaces www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=173&cat=12www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=173&cat=12
Clerestory LightingClerestory Lighting
6
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Side LightingSide Lighting
�� DELTA Portfolio: Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Office BuildingDELTA Portfolio: Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Office Buildingwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=139&cat=12www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=139&cat=12
›› High occupant satisfactionHigh occupant satisfaction
›› 8% savings by daylight8% savings by daylight
›› $56K yearly energy $56K yearly energy savingssavings
South WallSouth Wall
North WallNorth Wall
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1212
Top LightingTop Lighting
�� DELTA Portfolio: Sacramento Municipal DELTA Portfolio: Sacramento Municipal Utility District, Office BuildingUtility District, Office Buildingwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/delta/publications/publicationsDetails.asp?id=139&cat=12publicationsDetails.asp?id=139&cat=12
Splayed SkylightsSplayed Skylights
7
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Top LightingTop Lighting
�� Rule of thumb: Rule of thumb: ›› Skylight spacing (S) = 1 to 1.5 x ceiling height (H)Skylight spacing (S) = 1 to 1.5 x ceiling height (H)
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Electric Lighting ControlElectric Lighting Control
Harvesting the Energy Savings: Harvesting the Energy Savings: Switch or Dim the Electric LightsSwitch or Dim the Electric Lights
8
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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Daylighting and Energy SavingsDaylighting and Energy Savings
�� Market penetration Market penetration is poor is poor
�� Less than 1% of new Less than 1% of new construction uses construction uses photosensors photosensors
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1616
TomoTherapy, Inc.
Madison, Wisconsin
�� TT--5 HO lamps in direct/indirect 5 HO lamps in direct/indirect lighting fixtures with dimming lighting fixtures with dimming electronic ballastselectronic ballasts
�� LPD = 1.0 watts/ft²LPD = 1.0 watts/ft²
�� Long payback of dimming Long payback of dimming ballast and daylighting ballast and daylighting controlscontrols
www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/TomoTherapyCaseStudy.pdfwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/TomoTherapyCaseStudy.pdf
9
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1717
Fluorescent Lamps Weren’t Designed for Fluorescent Lamps Weren’t Designed for Dimming Dimming
�� Compatibility issues Compatibility issues exist to dim without exist to dim without degradation to lamp degradation to lamp life?life?
2.42.6
2.83
3.23.43.6
3.84
4.2
4.44.6
4.85
5.2
5.45.6
5.86
100%
52%
100%
68%
33%
100%
79%
57%
45%
100%
86%
61%
47%
100%
74%
50%
41%
100%
82%
53%
45%
100%
78%
54%
45%
100%
95%
63%
50%
100%
73%
51%
42%
100%
82%
60%
48%
A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 C1 D3 D4 E1 F1
Ballast Designs and Dimming Conditions
Filament Heating Voltage (V)
Dummyload VF VF lamp A VF lamp B VF lamp C VF lamp Cxl
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1818
Dimming T8 Fluorescent Dimming T8 Fluorescent System ProblemsSystem Problems
�� Lamps (broken electrodes)Lamps (broken electrodes)
�� Luminaires (improper wiring, Luminaires (improper wiring, disconnected wires)disconnected wires)
�� Ballasts (failing, low input Ballasts (failing, low input voltage, lack of power)voltage, lack of power)
�� Installation (lamps not rotated Installation (lamps not rotated into place, discontinuity in into place, discontinuity in electrode heating circuit)electrode heating circuit)
�� Troubleshooting procedureTroubleshooting procedure
Sponsors
CEC. Iowa Energy
Center, NYSERDA,
US EPA
www.lrc.rpi.edu/nlpip/publicationDetails.asp?id=905&type=4www.lrc.rpi.edu/nlpip/publicationDetails.asp?id=905&type=4
10
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1919
Simplifying Daylight TechnologiesSimplifying Daylight Technologies
�� Automatic on/offAutomatic on/off�� Designed to retrofitDesigned to retrofit�� Low costLow cost
The DaySwitchThe DaySwitch
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2020
DaySwitch Energy Savings PotentialDaySwitch Energy Savings Potential
Energy savings comparision of systems in open office plans for different cities
15%12%
14%
17%
13%
24%
19%22%
28%
20%
37%35%
37%39%
34%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
Albany NY Sacramento CA Portland OR Charlotte NC Phoenix AZ
Energy savings over base case
Dayswitch DaySwitch and AutoBlinds Perfect dimming
11
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02Time
Cumulative energy use (kWh)
Without photosensor
With photosensor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Feb-02 Mar-02 Apr-02 May-02 Jun-02 Jul-02 Aug-02 Sep-02Time
Cumulative energy use (kWh)
Without photosensor
With photosensor
Test office
Daylight DimmingDaylight Dimming
� Wireless, remote sensor
� Self-commissioning
� Occupant preference adjustment Sponsor: Connecticut Light and PowerSponsor: Connecticut Light and Power
21© 2005 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
Commissioning time < 3 Commissioning time < 3 minutes in most casesminutes in most cases
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2222
Daylighting Controls: Making Them WorkDaylighting Controls: Making Them Work
›› Proper selection of the Proper selection of the correct controller for the correct controller for the design situationdesign situation
›› Proper location of the Proper location of the controlscontrols
›› Proper adjustment to Proper adjustment to ensure correct operationensure correct operation
12
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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�� Specifier Reports: PhotosensorsSpecifier Reports: Photosensors›› October 2007 October 2007 www.lrc.rpi.edu/nlpip/publicationDetails.asp?id=916&type=1www.lrc.rpi.edu/nlpip/publicationDetails.asp?id=916&type=1
�� TrendsTrends›› Photosensors part of lighting control or whole building Photosensors part of lighting control or whole building control systemcontrol system
›› Interface with load shedding or Interface with load shedding or occupancy sensingoccupancy sensing
›› Added features (such as remote Added features (such as remote controls or remote interfaces) for controls or remote interfaces) for simpler adjustments and simpler adjustments and commissioning procedurescommissioning procedures
Spatial response graphicSpatial response graphic
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2424
�� No one product satisfied all requirements or was fully No one product satisfied all requirements or was fully adaptable to different installationsadaptable to different installations
�� Complex products perform no Complex products perform no better than simple productsbetter than simple products
�� Products tested perform no Products tested perform no better than those tested ten better than those tested ten years ago at meeting the years ago at meeting the design criteria: constant design criteria: constant workplane illuminanceworkplane illuminance
Spectral response graphSpectral response graph
13
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2525
Control Characteristics and Features Control Characteristics and Features MatrixMatrix
Key:
MH = Must Have HD = Highly Desirable O = OptionalThe matrix below indicates when a characteristic is
important to consider with a particular product type. .
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsOpen Loop Open Loop Switching Switching SystemsSystems
Open Loop Open Loop Dimming Dimming SystemsSystems
Closed Loop Closed Loop Switching Switching SystemsSystems
Closed Loop Closed Loop Dimming Dimming SystemsSystems
Range of responseRange of response MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
Spectral responseSpectral response HDHD HDHD HDHD HDHD
Spatial responseSpatial response MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
DeadbandDeadband MHMH —— MHMH ——
Compatibility with applicable temperature and Compatibility with applicable temperature and humidity conditionshumidity conditions
MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
Ballast and component compatibility Ballast and component compatibility –– manufacturer manufacturer should list compatible ballasts and the components should list compatible ballasts and the components necessary to make a complete operating systemnecessary to make a complete operating system
MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
Power requirements Power requirements -- operating voltage, input and operating voltage, input and output current must be clearly indicatedoutput current must be clearly indicated
MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
Number of ballasts the device is able to controlNumber of ballasts the device is able to control MHMH MHMH MHMH MHMH
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2626
Sun ControlSun Control
14
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
2828
15
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
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© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3030
Visual DiscomfortVisual Discomfort
�� People will take action to People will take action to reduce or eliminate daylight if reduce or eliminate daylight if it causes discomfort or it causes discomfort or increases task difficultyincreases task difficulty
--Maniccia et al., 1999Maniccia et al., 1999
16
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3131
Auto Blind ConceptsAuto Blind Concepts
�� Manual anytimeManual anytime
�� Auto open once per dayAuto open once per day›› East facade: East facade: afternoonafternoon
›› West and south West and south facades: eveningfacades: evening
�� PV or mechanical PV or mechanical device: no wiring device: no wiring requiredrequired
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3232
Auto Blind Energy Savings PotentialAuto Blind Energy Savings Potential
Leslie et al., Lighting Research and Leslie et al., Lighting Research and Technology 37,1 (2005) pp. 21Technology 37,1 (2005) pp. 21--40.40.
17
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3333
Integrated Skylight Luminaire (ISL)Integrated Skylight Luminaire (ISL)
�� High bay applicationsHigh bay applications
›› “Big box” retail“Big box” retail
›› WarehousesWarehouses
›› Light industrialLight industrial
�� Demo in Norwich, CTDemo in Norwich, CT
Sponsored by:Sponsored by:
New York State Energy Research and Development AuthorityNew York State Energy Research and Development AuthorityConnecticut Light & PowerConnecticut Light & Power
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3434
ISL Design CriteriaISL Design Criteria
�� Meet manufacturers’ and owners’ concernsMeet manufacturers’ and owners’ concerns
�� Automatically capture energy savingsAutomatically capture energy savings
�� Glare control; no harsh shadowsGlare control; no harsh shadows
�� Know it is daylightKnow it is daylight
�� Work under clear and overcast skiesWork under clear and overcast skies
�� Easy to install, commission, and maintainEasy to install, commission, and maintain
�� Use simple, low cost technologyUse simple, low cost technology
�� Applicable to many buildingsApplicable to many buildings
18
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3535
Integrated Integrated Skylight Skylight LuminaireLuminaire
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3636
Step Step Switching:Switching:
Rings of lamps are turned off; balance lamp life of Rings of lamps are turned off; balance lamp life of each ringeach ring
All lamps are dimmed at same time until they turn offAll lamps are dimmed at same time until they turn off
Continuous Continuous Dimming:Dimming:
Lighting Controls OptionsLighting Controls Options
19
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3737
Commissioning ProcedureCommissioning Procedure
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3838
Integrated Skylight LuminaireIntegrated Skylight Luminaire
Before installing ISLsBefore installing ISLs After installing ISLs (daytime)After installing ISLs (daytime)
After installing After installing ISLs (nighttime)ISLs (nighttime)
20
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
3939
Energy Savings from Three*
Integrated Skylight Luminaires
Spring, Summer, Fall 2002
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
kWh (8 months)
Previous metal
halide
ISL without
dimming control
ISL with
dimming control
(actual)
4 0 %
Saving s2 8 %
Saving s
*Note: Data were available for three of the four units, including
both step dimming and continuous dimming operation.
Energy SavingsEnergy Savings
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4040
Benefits Beyond EnergyBenefits Beyond Energy
21
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4141
Daylighting Benefits Beyond EnergyDaylighting Benefits Beyond Energy
�� Report reviewed by blue ribbon panelReport reviewed by blue ribbon panel
›› Enhancing Enhancing ProductivityProductivity
›› Daylight & HealthDaylight & Health
›› Daylight & FinanceDaylight & Finance
›› MisunderstandingsMisunderstandings
Boyce, P. et al. 2003. The Benefits of Daylight Boyce, P. et al. 2003. The Benefits of Daylight through Windowsthrough Windows
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4242
The Biophilia HypothesisThe Biophilia Hypothesis
�� Innate need to be in Innate need to be in contact with nature?contact with nature?
�� The one reason why The one reason why windows are inherently windows are inherently superior to electric superior to electric lightinglighting
22
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4343
Preference for WindowsPreference for Windows
“90% of people say it is important or very important to have windows in their office.”Puleo and Leslie, “Some Effects of the Sequential Experience of Windows on Human Response.” JIES, Winter 1991.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4444
Preference for WindowsPreference for Windows
�� As long as people are As long as people are thermally comfortable thermally comfortable and do not lose privacyand do not lose privacy
23
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4545
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4646
FinanceFinance
�� A wall containing windows costs more to A wall containing windows costs more to construct and maintain than one withoutconstruct and maintain than one without
�� Windows have a positive effect on the Windows have a positive effect on the rental value of a spacerental value of a space
›› Office space with windows = $15Office space with windows = $15--$20/ft²$20/ft²
›› Office space without windows = $12Office space without windows = $12--$17/ft²$17/ft²
Boyce, P. et al. 2003.Boyce, P. et al. 2003. The Benefits of Daylight through WindowsThe Benefits of Daylight through Windows
24
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4747
Is View a Factor in Price Structure?Is View a Factor in Price Structure?
% “yes”% “yes”
Hotels Hotels (n=21)(n=21) 48%48%
$15$15--70/night for those that 70/night for those that price by viewprice by view
Apartments/CondosApartments/Condos(n=15)(n=15) 87%87%
One condo reported $15,000One condo reported $15,000--25,000 increase with view25,000 increase with view
OfficesOffices(n=22)(n=22) 73%73%
From Daylight Dividends Seed Research Report: From Daylight Dividends Seed Research Report: Are Windows and Views Really Better? A Are Windows and Views Really Better? A Quantitative Analysis of the Economic and Psychological Value of ViewsQuantitative Analysis of the Economic and Psychological Value of Views, Dr. Jong, Dr. Jong--Jin Kim, Jin Kim, University of Michigan, 2005.University of Michigan, 2005.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4848
Task Performance/ProductivityTask Performance/Productivity
�� More light gives better task More light gives better task performanceperformance
�� Better vision for Better vision for seniors/people with low seniors/people with low visionvision
�� Good color characteristicsGood color characteristics
25
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
4949
The Circadian ConnectionThe Circadian Connection
�� Physiologically, daylight Physiologically, daylight is an effective stimulant is an effective stimulant to the circadian systemto the circadian system
�� The impact of daylight The impact of daylight on task performance on task performance and health operating and health operating through the human through the human circadian system?circadian system?
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5050
Building Design/Building Design/Case StudiesCase Studies
26
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5151
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5252
Building section: roof monitor, Building section: roof monitor, skylights, flower diffusersskylights, flower diffusers
27
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5353
35 Skylights 35 Skylights 2 Roof Monitors2 Roof Monitors
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5454
28
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5555
Higher light levels to draw people into these areas: produce, back of store
Diffuse solution: no direct sunlight below monitor
Baffles for visual interest as daylight pattern progresses across them
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5656
1212--month Progression…month Progression…
29
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5757
December 21December 21 June 21June 21 March/September 21March/September 21
09:00
09:00
12:00
12:00
15:00
15:00
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5858
January March June
January 1 vs August 112:00 Noon
30
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
5959
InspirationInspiration
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6060
Design EvolutionDesign Evolution
31
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6161
Leaf from customer’s logo/identity Leaf from customer’s logo/identity used as a branding toolused as a branding tool
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6262
North ElevationNorth Elevation
Loading dockLoading dock
Proposed window height: 18’Proposed window height: 18’--10”10”
32
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6363
West ElevationWest Elevation
Proposed window height: 11’Proposed window height: 11’--10”10”
Proposed window height: 18’Proposed window height: 18’--10”10”
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6464
Natural light brightens the hallway Natural light brightens the hallway while small light shelves eliminate direct sun glare.while small light shelves eliminate direct sun glare.
West Corridor Daylight StudyWest Corridor Daylight Study
33
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6565
CaféCafé
Rest roomsRest rooms
East ElevationEast ElevationProposed window height: 11’Proposed window height: 11’--10”10”
Proposed window height: 18’Proposed window height: 18’--10”10”
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6666
8am September morning8am September morning 8am December morning8am December morning
CaféCafé
East ElevationEast Elevation
Proposed window height: 18’Proposed window height: 18’--10”10”
34
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6767
Daylight Daylight transmits transmits through to through to men’s roommen’s room
Rest roomsRest rooms
East ElevationEast ElevationProposed window height: 11’Proposed window height: 11’--10”10”
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6868
Base Case 1Base Case 1
�� No skylightsNo skylights
�� Developer’s sidelightingDeveloper’s sidelighting
�� Energy cost: $527,366/yrEnergy cost: $527,366/yr
›› Base Case 1 meets ASHRAE Base Case 1 meets ASHRAE 90.190.1--2004 requirements2004 requirements
›› WholeWhole--building method used for building method used for lightinglighting
›› For retail store, 1.5 watts/ft² for For retail store, 1.5 watts/ft² for general overhead lightinggeneral overhead lighting
›› Additional 1.6 watts/ft² for task Additional 1.6 watts/ft² for task lighting in retail arealighting in retail area
Base Case 1Base Case 1
Developer’s windows, no skylightsDeveloper’s windows, no skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
35
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
6969
Base Case 2Base Case 2
�� 35 skylights35 skylights
�� Efficient electric lightingEfficient electric lighting
›› Base 1 Energy Cost: Base 1 Energy Cost: $527,366$527,366
›› Base 2 Energy Cost: Base 2 Energy Cost: 444,215444,215
›› Savings:Savings: $ 83,151$ 83,151
Base Case 2Base Case 2
Developer’s windows, developer’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, developer’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7070
LRC Alternate 1LRC Alternate 1
�� 53 skylights53 skylights
›› Base 1 Energy Cost:Base 1 Energy Cost: $527,366$527,366
›› LRC Alt 1 Energy Cost:LRC Alt 1 Energy Cost: 442,497442,497
›› Savings:Savings: $ 84,869$ 84,869
LRC Alternate 1LRC Alternate 1
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
36
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7171
LRC Alternate 2LRC Alternate 2
�� 35 skylights35 skylights
�� 2 roof monitors2 roof monitors
›› Base 1 Energy Cost:Base 1 Energy Cost: $527,366$527,366
›› LRC Alt 2 Energy Cost:LRC Alt 2 Energy Cost: 442,180442,180
›› Savings:Savings: $85,186$85,186
LRC Alternate 2LRC Alternate 2
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7272
LRC Alternate 3LRC Alternate 3
�� Improved sidelightingImproved sidelighting
›› Base 1 Energy Cost:Base 1 Energy Cost: $527,366$527,366
›› LRC Alt 3 Energy Cost:LRC Alt 3 Energy Cost: 443,135443,135
›› Savings:Savings: $ 84,231$ 84,231
LRC Alternate 3LRC Alternate 3
Developer’s skylights, LRC’s windowsDeveloper’s skylights, LRC’s windows
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
37
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7373
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
�� 35 skylights35 skylights
�� 2 roof monitors2 roof monitors
�� Improved sidelightingImproved sidelighting›› Base 1 Energy Cost:Base 1 Energy Cost: $527,366$527,366
›› LRC Alt 4 Energy Cost:LRC Alt 4 Energy Cost: 441,133441,133
›› Savings:Savings: $ 86,233$ 86,233
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
LRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsLRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7474
More light, less energy!More light, less energy!
LRC Alternate 2LRC Alternate 2
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 1LRC Alternate 1
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
Base Case 2Base Case 2
Developer’s windows, developer’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, developer’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
Base Case 1Base Case 1
Developer’s windows, no skylightsDeveloper’s windows, no skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
LRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsLRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 3LRC Alternate 3
Developer’s skylights, LRC’s windowsDeveloper’s skylights, LRC’s windows
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
38
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7575
LRC Alternate 2LRC Alternate 2
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 1LRC Alternate 1
Developer’s windows, LRC’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, LRC’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
Base Case 2Base Case 2
Developer’s windows, developer’s skylightsDeveloper’s windows, developer’s skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
Base Case 1Base Case 1
Developer’s windows, no skylightsDeveloper’s windows, no skylights
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
LRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsLRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 3LRC Alternate 3
Developer’s skylights, LRC’s windowsDeveloper’s skylights, LRC’s windows
Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.Partly cloudy, Sept. 22, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
LRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsLRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Cloudy, Dec. 21, 11 a.m.Cloudy, Dec. 21, 11 a.m.
LRC Alternate 4LRC Alternate 4
LRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitorsLRC’s windows, LRC’s skylights/monitors
Sunny, clear, Jun. 21, 11 a.m.Sunny, clear, Jun. 21, 11 a.m.
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7676
Smith Middle SchoolSmith Middle School
Chapel Hill, North CarolinaChapel Hill, North Carolina
www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/SmithCaseStudyFinal.pdfwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/SmithCaseStudyFinal.pdf
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© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7777
Smith Middle SchoolSmith Middle School
�� Built in 2001Built in 2001›› 637 students637 students›› 135,764 ft² 135,764 ft² ›› 54% daylit54% daylit
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7878
Daylighting StrategyDaylighting Strategy
�� Integrate daylighting into Integrate daylighting into the building’s designthe building’s design
›› SouthSouth--facing wall windowsfacing wall windowsemploy light shelvesemploy light shelves
›› Minimize eastMinimize east-- and and westwest--facing windowsfacing windows
40
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
7979
Daylighting StrategyDaylighting Strategy
�� Integrate the daylighting strategy into the Integrate the daylighting strategy into the building’s designbuilding’s design
›› Utilize southUtilize south--facing roof facing roof monitorsmonitors
›› Use unevenly spaced clothUse unevenly spaced clothbaffles to eliminate glarebaffles to eliminate glare
41
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8181
Daylighting StrategyDaylighting Strategy
�� WallWall--mounted luminaires mounted luminaires are used where the roof are used where the roof monitor meets the monitor meets the ceilingceiling
�� DropDrop--in, threein, three--lamp, lamp, parabolic troffers are parabolic troffers are used in the drop ceilingused in the drop ceiling
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8282
Main hallwayMain hallway
Gymnasium uses Gymnasium uses
daylighting daylighting
Daylighting awareness Daylighting awareness
programprogram
42
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8383
Lighting ControlsLighting Controls
�� All fixtures use dimming ballasts; each class All fixtures use dimming ballasts; each class room uses closedroom uses closed--loop photosensors and loop photosensors and control panelscontrol panels
�� Motion sensing is through Motion sensing is through a dual technology a dual technology (ultrasonic and infrared) (ultrasonic and infrared) controllercontroller
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8484
Control SchemeControl Scheme
43
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8585
Lighting Controls InstallationLighting Controls Installation
MonitorMonitorlightinglighting
Wall switchWall switch
Motion sensorMotion sensor
Light level Light level
sensorsensor
Dimming Dimming
ballastsballasts
Lighting controllerLighting controller
PhotosensorPhotosensor
WindowWindowparabolicsparabolics
InteriorInteriorparabolicsparabolics
Zone1
Zone2
Zone3
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8686
Commissioning the SystemCommissioning the System
�� Too many parts and controlsToo many parts and controls
�� Quote from the maintenance supervisor: Quote from the maintenance supervisor: “Commissioning was a pain in the @$%&!”“Commissioning was a pain in the @$%&!”
�� Expensive to replace dimming ballastsExpensive to replace dimming ballasts
›› $90 vs. $20 for standard ballast $90 vs. $20 for standard ballast
44
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8787
Building CostsBuilding Costs
�� Total incremental daylighting cost: $158,098Total incremental daylighting cost: $158,098
›› $1.23/ft² over entire building (about half is $1.23/ft² over entire building (about half is daylit)daylit)
›› Includes roof monitors, light shelves, lighting Includes roof monitors, light shelves, lighting controls, cloth baffles, etc.controls, cloth baffles, etc.
�� Reductions in peak cooling load (78 tons) Reductions in peak cooling load (78 tons) and lighting needs reduce the daylighting and lighting needs reduce the daylighting incremental costincremental cost
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8888
Energy SavingsEnergy Savings
�� Reduction in annual lighting energy of Reduction in annual lighting energy of daylit spaces: 70% daylit spaces: 70%
�� Reduction in annual cooling energy: 19%Reduction in annual cooling energy: 19%
�� Increase in annual heating energy due Increase in annual heating energy due to reduced internal heat from lighting: 20% to reduced internal heat from lighting: 20%
45
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
8989
Paying for DaylightingPaying for Daylighting
�� Incremental cost: $1.23/ft²Incremental cost: $1.23/ft²
�� Annual lighting & cooling savings: $0.33/ft²Annual lighting & cooling savings: $0.33/ft²
�� Annual heating cost increase: $0.04/ft²Annual heating cost increase: $0.04/ft²
�� Total annual energy savings: $0.29/ft²Total annual energy savings: $0.29/ft²
�� Simple payback: 4.2 yearsSimple payback: 4.2 years
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9090
Building Occupant SatisfactionBuilding Occupant Satisfaction
�� “They like it.”“They like it.”
�� Teachers love the amount and Teachers love the amount and quality of lightquality of light
�� There is a feeling of spaciousnessThere is a feeling of spaciousness
�� Principal uses the daylighting Principal uses the daylighting design as a selling point to attract design as a selling point to attract teachers to work at the schoolteachers to work at the school
�� Students and teachers find the Students and teachers find the lighting better here than at other schoolslighting better here than at other schools
�� One teacher said, “I thought I died and went to heaven One teacher said, “I thought I died and went to heaven when I came to work here.”when I came to work here.”
46
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9191
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
�� Daylighting must be integrated into total building Daylighting must be integrated into total building design from the beginningdesign from the beginning
�� Teachers believe there are less behavioral Teachers believe there are less behavioral problems and there is more motivation to learn problems and there is more motivation to learn due to daylightingdue to daylighting
�� The cost of replacement dimming ballasts must be The cost of replacement dimming ballasts must be factored into any economic analysis of daylightingfactored into any economic analysis of daylighting
�� Awareness and management support is critical to Awareness and management support is critical to energy savingsenergy savings
Harmony Library
Fort Collins, Colorado
Plan view
www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/daylighting/pdf/daylighting/pdf/HarmonyLibraryCaseStudy.pdfHarmonyLibraryCaseStudy.pdf
47
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9393
Design StrategyDesign Strategy
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9494
Design StrategyDesign Strategy
�� Clerestory glazingClerestory glazing
›› Overhanging roof eavesOverhanging roof eaves
›› NeutrallyNeutrally--tinted glasstinted glass•• 22% visible transmittance22% visible transmittance
48
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9595
Design StrategyDesign Strategy
�� General lightingGeneral lighting
›› Low ambient luminanceLow ambient luminance
›› Augment with task lighting as necessaryAugment with task lighting as necessary
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9696
Design StrategyDesign Strategy
�� Initial control schemeInitial control scheme
›› Did not meet design intentDid not meet design intent
›› Complex for usersComplex for users
›› Upgraded after one yearUpgraded after one year
�� New control systemNew control system
›› Two main componentsTwo main components•• RelayRelay--based automatic switching system based automatic switching system
•• Lighting scene moduleLighting scene module
49
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9797
Lighting ScenesLighting Scenes
�� PrePre--programmed scenesprogrammed scenes
›› OpeningOpening
›› PublicPublic
›› PrePre--shutdownshutdown
›› NightNight
�� Scenes automatically switched according to Scenes automatically switched according to programmed scheduleprogrammed schedule
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9898
OpenOpen--loop Switchingloop Switching
�� RoofRoof--mounted photosensormounted photosensor
�� Operates nonOperates non--dimming ballastsdimming ballasts
›› Minimizes hardware costsMinimizes hardware costs
50
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
9999
Photosensor OperationPhotosensor Operation
�� Photosensor Photosensor kept lights off kept lights off most days, April most days, April 20042004›› Intermittent Intermittent on/off cycling on/off cycling on overcast days on overcast days (5 of 31 days)(5 of 31 days)
›› Few complaints Few complaints about cyclingabout cycling
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
100100
Energy SavingsEnergy Savings
�� Roof photosensor controls nearly 50% of Roof photosensor controls nearly 50% of lighting watts in main areaslighting watts in main areas
51
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
101101
Occupant SatisfactionOccupant Satisfaction
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
102102
Occupant SatisfactionOccupant Satisfaction
52
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
103103
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
�� WellWell--designed buildings reduce reliance on designed buildings reduce reliance on blinds for sun shadingblinds for sun shading
�� Task lighting helps low ambient lighting Task lighting helps low ambient lighting design conditiondesign condition
�� Dark tinting on windows is not objectionable Dark tinting on windows is not objectionable on sunny dayson sunny days
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
104104
Lessons LearnedLessons Learned
�� Switching is noticeable, but not offensiveSwitching is noticeable, but not offensive
›› Sometimes confusing (Is it closing time?)Sometimes confusing (Is it closing time?)
�� Switching can save energy costs and avoid Switching can save energy costs and avoid initial expense of dimming ballastsinitial expense of dimming ballasts
�� Public facilities need simple lighting scenes Public facilities need simple lighting scenes that can also be automatically switched off that can also be automatically switched off on scheduleon schedule
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© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
105105
Online ResourcesOnline Resources
�� Available at Available at www.daylightdividends.org www.daylightdividends.org and and www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.aspwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.asp
�� Available at Available at www.daylightdividends.org www.daylightdividends.org and and www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.aspwww.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/NLPIP/index.asp
Smith Middle SchoolSmith Middle School
Guide for Guide for Daylighting SchoolsDaylighting Schools
TomoTherapy, Inc.TomoTherapy, Inc.
Harmony LibraryHarmony Library Lighting Lighting Diagnostics: Diagnostics: Dimming T8sDimming T8s Specifier Reports: Specifier Reports:
PhotosensorsPhotosensors
© 2008 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
106106
Thank you.Thank you.