Democracy in Africa:

Successes, Failures and the Struggle for Political Reform

Extended chapter bibliographies/ Democracy in Africa reading list

Nic Cheeseman, Democracy in Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Democracy-Africa-Successes-Political-

Approaches/dp/0521138426/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1427029687&sr=1-1

Introduction

Democratization against the odds

Ake, Claude. The feasibility of democracy in Africa. African Books Collective, 2000.

Anderson, Benedict. "Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism." Nationality and nationalism. London: IB Tauris (2004): 293-297.

Anderson, David, Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of the Empire (London, 2005).

Anderson, David M. "‘Yours in Struggle for Majimbo’. Nationalism and the Party Politics of Decolonization in Kenya, 1955-64." Journal of Contemporary History 40.3 (2005): 547-564.

Bayart, Jean-Francois, The State in Africa: Politics of the Belly, second edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Bayart, Jean-François. "Africa in the world: a history of extraversion." African Affairs 99.395 (2000): 217-267.

Beetham, David. "Conditions for democratic consolidation." Review of African political economy 21.60 (1994): 157-172.

Bratton, Michael, and Nicholas Van de Walle. Democratic experiments in Africa: Regime transitions in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Cheeseman, Nic, Anderson, David, and Andrea Scheibler, eds. Routledge handbook of African politics. Routledge, 2013.

Cheeseman, Nic, Democracy in Africa: Successes, failures and the struggle for political reform, Cambridge University Press, 2015.

Coleman, James S. "Nationalism in tropical Africa." American Political Science Review 48.02 (1954): 404-426.

Cooper, Frederick. Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Dahl, Robert Alan. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1971.

Dahl, Robert Alan. Democracy and its Critics. Yale University Press, 1991. Epstein, A. L. 1981. Urbanization and Kinship: The domestic domain on the

copperbelt of Zambia, 1950-1956. Erdmann, Gero. “Neopatrimonialism and Political Regimes” in Nic

Cheeseman, David Anderson and Andrea Scheibler (eds) The Routledge Handbook of African Politics. Oxford: Routledge, 2013.

Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Chichester: Princeton University Press, 2000.

Hodgkin, Thomas. Nationalism in colonial Africa. London: Muller, 1956. Hydén, Göran. African politics in comparative perspective. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2006. Iliffe, John, Africans: The History of a Continent, 2nded, Cambridge, 2007 Joseph, Richard (ed.) State, conflict, and democracy in Africa. Lynne Rienner,

1999. Mamdani, Mahmood. Citizen and subject: decentralized despotism and the

legacy of late colonialism. Oxford University Press, 1997.

Mazrui, Ali. "On Heroes and Uhuru-Worship." Transition (1963): 23-28. Mbembe, Achille. On the Postcolony, London & Berkeley, 2001. Médard, Jean-François. "The underdeveloped state in tropical Africa: Political

clientelism or neo-patrimonialism." In Christopher Clapham (ed.), Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State. London: Frances Pinter 162 (1982): 192.

Ndegwa, Stephen N. "Citizenship and ethnicity: An examination of two transition moments in Kenyan politics." American Political Science Review 91.03 (1997): 599-616.

Pitcher, Anne, Mary H. Moran, and Michael Johnston. "Rethinking patrimonialism and neopatrimonialism in Africa." African Studies Review 52.1 (2009): 125-156.

Posner, Daniel N. Institutions and ethnic politics in Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Przeworski, Adam, et al. "What makes democracies endure?." Journal of democracy 7 (1996): 39-55.

Ranger, Terence O. "Connexions between ‘Primary Resistance’ Movements and Modern Mass Nationalism In East and Central Africa. Part I." The Journal of African History 9.03 (1968): 437-453.

Riedl, Rachel Beatty. Authoritarian origins of democratic party systems in Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Schedler, Andreas. "What is democratic consolidation?." Journal of Democracy9.2 (1998): 91-107.

Sklar, Richard L. "Democracy in Africa." African Studies Review (1983): 11-24.

Sørensen, Georg. "Democracy and democratization." Handbook of Politics. Springer New York, 2010. 441-458.

Spear, Thomas. "Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa." The Journal of African History 44.01 (2003): 3-27.

Tocqueville, Alexis de. "Democracy in America. 2 vols." New York: Vintage (1945).

Vail, Leroy, ed. The creation of tribalism in Southern Africa. Univ of California Press, 1989.

Wallerstein, Immanuel. "The construction of peoplehood: racism, nationalism, ethnicity." Sociological Forum. Vol. 2. No. 2. Springer Netherlands, 1987.

Whitehead, Laurence. Democratization: theory and experience. Oxford University Press, 2002.

Chapter One

Fragments of democracy: Participation & control in authoritarian Africa

Baregu, Mwesiga. "The rise and fall of the one-party state in Tanzania."

Economic change and political liberalization in sub-saharan Africa (1994): 158-81.

Barkan, J.D. & J. Okumu (1978) 'Semi-competitive elections', clientelism, and political recruitment in a no-party state: the Kenyan experience. In Elections without choice, edited by G. Hermet, R. Rose and A. Rouquiâe. London: Macmillan

Barkan, Joel D., and John Okumu, eds. Politics and public policy in Kenya and Tanzania. New York: Praeger, 1979.

Barkan, Joel D., ed. Beyond capitalism vs. socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.

Bienen, Henry. "The ruling party in the African one-party state: TANU in Tanzania 1." Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 5.3 (1967): 214-230.

Bienen, Henry. Kenya: The Politics of Participation and Control. Princeton, NJ.: Princeton University Press, 1977.

Bienen, Henry. "Military rule and political process: Nigerian examples." Comparative politics (1978): 205-225.

Bienen, Henry. Armies and parties in Africa. Holmes & Meier Pub, 1978. Bienen, Henry. "Populist military regimes in West Africa." Armed Forces &

Society 11.3 (1985): 357-377. Branch, Daniel, and Nicholas Cheeseman. "The politics of control in Kenya:

Understanding the bureaucratic-executive state, 1952–78." Review of African Political Economy 33.107 (2006): 11-31.

Branch, Daniel, Nic Cheeseman, and Leigh Gardner. Our turn to eat: politics in Kenya since 1950. Lit Verlag, 2010.

Carter, G., ed. (1964) African one-party states. New York: Cornell University Press.

Collins, Carole JL. "The Cold War Comes to Africa: Cordier and the 1960 Congo Crisis." Journal of International Affairs 47.1 (1993): 243.

Crocker, Chester A. "Military dependence: The colonial legacy in Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies 12.02 (1974): 265-286.

Diamond, Larry, Anthony, Kirk-Green, and Oyeleye Oyediran (eds). Transition Without End: Nigerian Politics and Civil Society under Babangida. Boulder, CO. & London: Lynne Rienner, 1997.

Englebert, Pierre. Africa: Unity, sovereignty, and sorrow. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2009.

First, Ruth. The Barrel of a Gun: Political Power in Africa and the Coup d'état. Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1970.

Gertzel, C. 1970. The Politics of Independent Kenya. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.

Gertzel, Cherry J., and Morris Szeftel, eds. The dynamics of the one-party state in Zambia. Manchester University Press, 1984.

Gibbs, David N. The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and US Policy in the Congo Crisis. University of Chicago Press, 1991.

Gibbs, David N. "Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations, and the Congo Crisis of 1960–1: a Reinterpretation." The Journal of Modern African Studies 31.01 (1993): 163-174.

Good, Kenneth. “Enduring Elite Democracy in Botswana”. Democratization 6, 1 (1999), pp. 50-66.

Holm, John D. "Botswana: A paternalistic democracy." World Affairs (1987): 21-30.

Hope, Kempe Ronald. "Growth, unemployment and poverty in Botswana."Journal of Contemporary African Studies 14.1 (1996): 53-67.

Huntington, Samuel P., and Clement Henry Moore. Authoritarian politics in modern society: the dynamics of established one-party systems. Basic Books (AZ), 1970.

Ihonvbere, Julius O. "Are things falling apart? The military and the crisis of democratisation in Nigeria." The Journal of Modern African Studies 34.02 (1996): 193-225.

Jackson, Robert H., and Carl Gustav Rosberg. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982.

Kirk-Greene, Anthony Hamilton Millard. "The genesis of the Nigerian civil war and the theory of fear." Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1975.

Luckham, Robin. "The military, militarization and democratization in Africa: A survey of literature and issues." African Studies Review 37.02 (1994): 13-75.

McGowan, Patrick J. "African military coups d'état, 1956–2001: frequency, trends and distribution." The journal of modern African studies 41.03 (2003): 339-370.

Molutsi, Patrick P., and John D. Holm. "Developing democracy when civil society is weak: the case of Botswana." African Affairs (1990): 323-340.

Mueller, Susanne D. "Government and Opposition in Kenya, 1966–9." The Journal of Modern African Studies 22.03 (1984): 399-427.

Nkrumah, Kwame. Ghana: the autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah. Edinburgh: Nelson, 1957.

Nkrumah, Kwame. I speak of freedom. Panafrican Publishers 1973. Nyamnjoh, Francis B. "Chieftaincy and the negotiation of might and right in

Botswana democracy." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 21.2 (2003): 233-250

Nyerere, Julius. “One Party Government”. Transition 2 (1961), pp. 9-11. Oyediran, Oyeleye. Nigerian government and politics under military rule,

1966-79. Macmillan, 1979. Stremlau, John J. The international politics of the Nigerian civil war, 1967-

1970. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1977. Westad, Odd Arne. The global Cold War: third world interventions and the

making of our times. Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Chapter Two:

Cultures of resistance: Civil society & the limits of power

Adelman, Kenneth Lee. "The Church-State Conflict in Zaire: 1969–1974."

African Studies Review 18.01 (1975): 102-116. Ake, Claude. Development and Democracy in Africa (Washington, 1996)

Bratton, Michael. "Beyond the state: Civil society and associational life in Africa." World Politics 41.03 (1989): 407-430.

Akwetey, Emmanuel Obliteifio. Trade unions and democratisation: a comparative study of Zambia and Ghana. Vol. 50. University of Stockholm Dept. of Political Science, 1994.

Ashforth, Adam. Witchcraft, violence, and democracy in South Africa. University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Bates, Robert H. Unions, parties and political development: A study of mineworkers in Zambia. Yale University Press, 1971.

Bates, Robert H., and Paul Collier. "The politics and economics of policy reform in Zambia." Journal of African Economies 4.1 (1995): 115-143.

Bratton, Michael. "Beyond the state: Civil society and associational life in Africa." World Politics 41.03 (1989): 407-430.

Boyle, Patrick M. "Beyond self-protection to prophecy: the Catholic Church and political change in Zaire." Africa Today (1992): 49-66.

Burnet, Jennie E. "Gender balance and the meanings of women in governance in post-genocide Rwanda." African Affairs 107.428 (2008): 361-386.

Chabal, Patrick & Jean-Pascal Deloz. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument, Oxford. James Currey, 1999.

Chabal, Patrick. Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

De Jong, Joop T., and Ria Reis. "Kiyang-yang, a West-African postwar idiom of distress." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 34.2 (2010): 301-321.

Ellis, Stephen, and Gerrie ter Haar. Worlds of Power: Religious Thought and Political Practice in Africa. London: C. Hurst, 2004.

Englund, Harri. "Pentecostalism beyond belief: Trust and democracy in a Malawian township." Africa 77.04 (2007): 477-499.

Fatton, Robert. "Africa in the age of democratization: The civic limitations of civil society." African Studies Review 38.02 (1995): 67-99.

Ferguson, James Expectations of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999

Geschiere, Peter, and Francis Nyamnjoh. "Witchcraft as an issue in the “politics of belonging”: democratization and urban migrants' involvement with the home village." African Studies Review 41.03 (1998): 69-91.

Gifford, Paul, ed. The Christian churches and the democratisation of Africa. Vol. 12. Brill, 1995.

Gifford, Paul. "Some recent developments in African Christianity." African Affairs (1994): 513-534.

Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds. Civil society

and the state in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. Harnischfeger, Johannes. "Sharia and control over territory: conflicts between

‘settlers’ and ‘indigenes’ in Nigeria." African Affairs 103.412 (2004): 431-452.

Haynes, Jeffrey. Religion and Politics in Africa. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers, 1996.

Haynes, Jeff. "Religion and democratization in Africa." Democratization 11.4 (2004): 66-89.

Hyden, Goran, and Colin Leys. "Elections and politics in single-party systems: the case of Kenya and Tanzania." British Journal of Political Science 2.04 (1972): 389-420.

Kalu, Ogbu U. "Safiyya and Adamah: Punishing adultery with sharia stones in twenty-first-century Nigeria." African Affairs 102.408 (2003): 389-408.

Kohnert, Dirk. "Magic and witchcraft: Implications for democratization and poverty-alleviating aid in Africa." World Development 24.8 (1996): 1347-1355.

Larmer, Miles. Mineworkers in Zambia: Labour and political change in post-colonial Africa. IB Tauris & Company, 2007.

LeBas, Adrienne. From protest to parties: party-building and democratization in Africa. Oxford University Press, 2011.

Lonsdale, John. "The moral economy of Mau Mau: wealth, poverty and civic virtue in Kikuyu political thought." In Bruce Berman and John Londsale, Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa. London: James Currey (1992): 315-505.

Lonsdale, John. "Moral ethnicity and political tribalism." International Development Studies Occasional Paper 11 (2014): 131-150.

Mama, Amina. "Feminism or femocracy? State feminism and democratisation in Nigeria." Africa Development 20.1 (1995): 37-58.

Nafziger, E. Wayne. Inequality in Africa: political elites, proletariat, peasants and the poor. CUP Archive, 1988.

Nmehielle, Vincent Obisienunwo Orlu. "Sharia law in the northern states of Nigeria: To implement or not to implement, the constitutionality is the question."Human Rights Quarterly 26.3 (2004): 730-759

Putnam, Robert. 1993. Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Tripp, Aili Mari. "Expanding ‘civil society’: Women and political space in contemporary Uganda." Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 36.2 (1998): 84-107.

Tripp, Aili. “Women’s Movements and Challenges to Neopatrimonial Rule: Preliminary Observations from Africa”. Development and Change 32, 1 (2001), pp. 33-54.

Tripp, Aili Mari. Women and politics in Uganda. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2012.

Tripp, Aili Mari, and Alice Kang. "The global impact of quotas on the fast track to increased female legislative representation." Comparative Political Studies 41.3 (2008): 338-361.

Widner, Jennifer A. The rise of a party-state in Kenya: From" Harambee!" to" Nyayo!". Univ of California Press, 1992.

Young, Crawford, and Thomas Edwin Turner. The rise and decline of the Zairian state. University of Wisconsin Pres, 2013.

Chapter Three

The second liberation: Economic decline, the Cold War & the struggle for democracy

Bracking, Sarah. "Structural adjustment: why it wasn't necessary & why it did

work." Review of African Political Economy 26.80 (1999): 207-226. Beinart, William. Twentieth-Century South Africa. Oxford University Press,

2001. Beinart, William, and Saul Dubow, eds. Segregation and apartheid in

twentieth-century South Africa. Psychology Press, 1995. Berg, Elliot. Accelerated Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Agenda For

Action Washington, DC.: World Bank, 1981. Borstelmann, Thomas. Apartheid's Reluctant Uncle: The United States and

Southern Africa in the Early Cold War. Oxford University Press, 1993. Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas Van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in

Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Butler, Anthony. Contemporary South Africa. Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Collier, David, and Steven Levitsky. "Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual

Innovation in Comparative Research." World Politics, 49 (1997). Diamond, Larry, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. Democracy in

Developing Countries: Africa. Vol. 2. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Reinner, 1988

Diamond, Larry, and Marc Plattner, eds. Democratization in Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.

Gibson, Clark C. "Of waves and ripples: Democracy and political change in Africa in the 1990s." Annual Review of Political Science 5.1 (2002): 201-221.

Gisselquist, Rachel M. "Democratic transition and democratic survival in Benin." Democratization 15.4 (2008): 789-814.

Heilbrunn, John R. "Social origins of national conferences in Benin and Togo."The Journal of Modern African Studies 31.02 (1993): 277-299.

Helleiner, Gerald K. "The IMF and Africa in the 1980s." Canadian Journal of African Studies/La Revue canadienne des études africaines 17.1 (1983): 17-33.

Herbst, Jeffrey. "Review: Political Liberalization in Africa after 10 Years." Comparative Politics 33 no. 3 (2001).

Huntington, Samuel. The Third Wave of Democratisation. Norman; London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.

Hyden, Göran. "Top-down democratization in Tanzania." Journal of Democracy10.4 (1999): 142-155.

Kelsall, Tim. "Governance, democracy and recent political struggles in Mainland Tanzania." Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 41.2 (2003): 55-82.

Joseph, Richard. "Democratization in Africa after 1989: Comparative and theoretical perspectives." Comparative politics (1997): 363-382.

Joseph, Richard A. "Africa, 1990-1997: from Abertura to closure." Journal of Democracy 9.2 (1998): 3-17.

Larmer, Miles. "Zambia since 1990: Paradoxes of democratic transition." Turning points in African democracy (2009): 114-133.

Lemon, Anthony. The geography of change in South Africa. John Wiley & Sons, 1995.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. "The rise of competitive authoritarianism." Journal of democracy 13.2 (2002): 51-65.

Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. Competitive authoritarianism: Hybrid regimes after the cold war. Cambridge University Press, 2010.

Lodge, Tom. Black politics in South Africa since 1945. London: Longman, 1983.

Mandela, Nelson. Long walk to freedom: The autobiography of Nelson Mandela. Little, Brown, 2008.

Marais, Hein. South Africa: Limits to change: The political economy of transition. Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.

Nwajiaku, Kathryn. "The national conferences in Benin and Togo revisited." The Journal of Modern African Studies 32.03 (1994): 429-447.

Nzouankeu, Jacques Mariel. "The role of the National Conference in the Transition to Democracy in Africa: The cases of Benin and Mali." Issue: a journal of opinion (1993): 44-50.

O'Donnell, G.A., P.C. Schmitter& L. Whitehead (1986) Transitions from authoritarian rule. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Rakner, Lise. Political and economic liberalisation in Zambia 1991-2001. Nordic Africa Institute, 2003.

Sandbrook, Richard. "Transitions without Consolidation: Democratization in Six African Cases." Third World Quarterly 17, no. 1 (1996).

Shubin, Vladimir Gennadʹevich. The Hot" Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press, 2008.

Throup, David. "Elections and political legitimacy in Kenya." Africa 63.03 (1993): 371-396.

Throup, David, and Charles Hornsby. Multi-party politics in Kenya. Ohio University Press, 1997.

van de Walle, N. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

van de Walle, Nicolas "Africa's Range of Regimes." Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002).

Webster, Edward, and Glenn Adler. "Toward a class compromise in South Africa's “double transition”: Bargained liberalization and the consolidation of democracy." Politics & Society 27.3 (1999): 347-385.

Westad, Odd Arne. The Global Cold War (Cambridge, 2005) chs 3, 6, 7. Widner, J., ed. (1994a) Economic change and political liberalization in Sub-

Saharan Africa. London: John Hopkins University Press Williams, Gavin. "Why structural adjustment is necessary and why it doesn't

work." (1994): 214-225.

Chapter Four:

Exporting elections: International donors & the era of democratic dependency

Alden, Chris, Daniel Large, and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira (eds). China

Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and a Continent Embrace. London: Hurst and Co., 2008.

Barber, James. "The new South Africa's foreign policy: principles and practice." International Affairs 81.5 (2005): 1079-1096.

Bayart, Jean-François. "Africa in the world: a history of extraversion." African Affairs 99, no. 395 (2000): 217-267.

Bräutigam, Deborah A., and Stephen Knack. "Foreign Aid, Institutions, and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa." Economic development and cultural change 52.2 (2004): 255-285.

Carothers, Thomas. Critical Mission: Essays on Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2004.

Clapham, Christopher. Africa and the international system: the politics of state survival. Vol. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1996.

DeRoche, Andrew. Black, white, and chrome: The United States and Zimbabwe, 1953 to 1998. Africa World Press, 2001.

Dunning, Thad. "Conditioning the effects of aid: Cold War politics, donor credibility, and democracy in Africa." International Organization 58.02 (2004): 409-423.

Easterly, William, and William Russell Easterly. The white man's burden: why the West's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good. Penguin, 2006.

Hauser, Ellen. "Ugandan relations with Western donors in the 1990s: what impact on democratisation?." The Journal of Modern African Studies 37.04 (1999): 621-641.

Krishna Kumar (ed.). Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance. London: Lynne Rienner, 1998.

Fisher, Jonathan. "Managing donor perceptions: Contextualizing Uganda's 2007 intervention in Somalia." African Affairs 111.444 (2012): 404-423.

Geisler, Gisela. "Fair? What has fairness got to do with it? Vagaries of election observations and democratic standards." The Journal of Modern African Studies 31.04 (1993): 613-637.

Kandeh, Jimmy D. "Rogue incumbents, donor assistance and Sierra Leone's second post-conflict elections of 2007." The Journal of Modern African Studies, 46.04 (2008): 603-635.

Kroslak, Daniela. The role of France in the Rwandan genocide. Hurst & Co., 2007.

Landsberg, Chris. "Promoting democracy: the Mandela-Mbeki doctrine." Journal of Democracy 11.3 (2000): 107-121.

Large, Daniel. "Beyond ‘dragon in the bush’: the study of China–Africa relations." African Affairs 107.426 (2008): 45-61.

Lyons, Terrence. "Post-conflict elections and the process of demilitarizing politics: the role of electoral administration." Democratization 11.3

(2004): 36-62. Mandela, Nelson. "South Africa's future foreign policy." Foreign Affairs (1993):

86-97. Manning, Carrie. "Constructing opposition in Mozambique: RENAMO as

political party." Journal of Southern African Studies 24.1 (1998): 161-189.

Manning, Carrie L. The politics of peace in Mozambique: post-conflict democratization, 1992-2000. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002.

Manning, Carrie. "Armed opposition groups into political parties: comparing Bosnia, Kosovo, and Mozambique." Studies in Comparative International Development 39.1 (2004): 54-76.

Marcum, John A. "Angola: war again." Current History 92.574 (1993): 218-223.

Matti, Stephanie A. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo? Corruption, patronage, and competitive authoritarianism in the DRC." Africa Today 56.4 (2010): 42-61.

McKinley, Dale T. "South African foreign policy towards Zimbabwe under Mbeki." Review of African Political Economy (2004): 357-364.

Michel, Serge, Michel Beuret, and Paolo Woods. "China safari: on the trail of Beijing's expansion in Africa." New York (2009).

Mohan, Giles, and Marcus Power. "New African choices? The politics of Chinese engagement." Review of African Political Economy 35.115 (2008): 23-42.

Moyo, Dambisa. Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa. Macmillan, 2009.

Ottaway, Marina, and Thomas Carothers (eds). Funding Virtue: Civil Society Aid and Democracy Promotion. Washington, DC.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2000.

Peiffer, Caryn, and Pierre Englebert. "Extraversion, vulnerability to donors, and political liberalization in Africa." African Affairs 111, no. 444 (2012): 355-378.

Phimister, Ian, and Brian Raftopoulos. "Mugabe, Mbeki & the politics of anti-imperialism." Review of African Political Economy 31.101 (2004): 385-400.

Szeftel, Morris. "Misunderstanding African politics: Corruption & the governance agenda." Review of African political economy 25, no. 76 (1998): 221-240.

Tangri, Roger, and Andrew M. Mwenda. "Politics, donors and the ineffectiveness of anti-corruption institutions in Uganda." The Journal of Modern African Studies 44.01 (2006): 101-124.

Tansey, Oisín. "Democratization without a state: Democratic regime-building in Kosovo." Democratisation 14.1 (2007): 129-150.

Tansey, Oisín. "Kosovo: Independence and tutelage." Journal of Democracy 20.2 (2009): 153-166.

Tripp, Aili Mari. Museveni's Uganda: paradoxes of power in a hybrid regime. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010.

Vale, Peter, and Sipho Maseko. "South Africa and the African renaissance." International Affairs 74.2 (1998): 271-287.

Weiss, Herbert F. "Voting for Change in the DRC." Journal of Democracy 18.2 (2007): 138-151.

Chapter Five

Subverting democracy: The advantages of incumbency & the politics of violence

Anderson, David. “Vigilantes, Violence and the Politics of Public Order in

Kenya.” African Affairs 101 (2002), 531-55. Arriola, Leonardo R. Multi-ethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business financing of

opposition election campaigns. Cambridge University Press, 2012. Bah, Abu Bakarr. "Democracy and civil war: Citizenship and peacemaking in

Côte d’Ivoire." African Affairs 109.437 (2010): 597-615. Barkan, Joel. ‘Lessons from a flawed election’. Journal of Democracy 4.3

(1993): 85-99. Berman, Bruce, D. Eyoh& W. Kymlicka, eds. Ethnicity and Democracy in

Africa (Oxford, 2003) Branch, Daniel and Nic Cheeseman. ‘Democratization, sequencing, and state

failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya’ African Affairs (2009) 108(430): 1-26.

Carothers, Thomas. “The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy.” Journal of Democracy 18, 1 (2007), 12-27 and the debate with Mansfield, Edward D., and Jack L. Snyder. “The Sequencing ‘Fallacy’.” Journal of Democracy 18, 3 (2007), 5-10.

Chandra, K. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and ethnic head counts in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cheeseman, Nic. 2008. ‘The Kenyan elections of 2007: An introduction’. Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2: 166−84.

Cheeseman, Nic, Gabrielle Lynch, and Justin Willis. "Democracy and its discontents: understanding Kenya's 2013 elections." Journal of Eastern African Studies 8.1 (2014): 2-24.

Chirot, Daniel. "The debacle in Côte d'Ivoire." Journal of Democracy 17.2 (2006): 63-77.

Collier, Paul. 2007. The Bottom Billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Cowen, M. & L. Laakso, eds. (2001) Multiparty elections in Africa. Oxford: James Currey.

Crook, Richard C. "Winning coalitions and ethno-regional politics: The failure of the opposition in the 1990 and 1995 elections in Côte d'Ivoire." African Affairs96.383 (1997): 215-242.

Des Forges, Alison. “Leave None To Tell Their Story”: Genocide in Rwanda. New York & London: Human Rights Watch Paris, 1999.

Ellis, Stephen, The Mask of Anarchy: the destruction of Liberia and the religious dimension of an African civil war, 2nd edition, New York: NYU Press, 2007.

Evans, P. 2005. Embedded Autonomy: States and industrial transformations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Geschiere, P. & S. Jackson 'Autochthony and the Crisis of Citizenship: Democratization, Decentralization, and the Politics of Belonging', African Studies Review 49(2), 2006, pp. 1-14.

Geschiere, Peter L. & Francis Nyamnjoh (1998) “Witchcraft as an issue in the ‘politics of belonging: democratization and urban migrants’ involvement with the home village” in African Studies Review, 41 (3): 69-91.

Hawker, Geoffrey. "Zimbabwe, AIDS & President Mbeki." AQ: Journal of Contemporary Analysis (2002): 21-40.

Herskovits, Jean. "Nigeria's rigged democracy." Foreign Affairs (2007): 115-130.

Higazi, Adam. "Social mobilization and collective violence: Vigilantes and militias in the lowlands of Plateau State, Central Nigeria." Africa 78.01 (2008): 107-135.

Hoffmann, Leena. "Fairy godfathers and magical elections: understanding the 2003 electoral crisis in Anambra State, Nigeria." The Journal of Modern African Studies 48.02 (2010): 285-310.

Langer, Arnim. "Horizontal inequalities and violent group mobilization in Côte d'Ivoire." Oxford Development Studies 33.1 (2005): 25-45.

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