SUCCESS OR FAILURE?SUCCESS OR FAILURE?

• At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost.

• This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays…

• …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs.

• At the moment there is no doubt that the battle against malaria is being lost.

• This is mainly due to the ability of mosquitoes to develop immunity to pesticide sprays…

• …and to the Plasmodium’s ability to develop resistance to drugs.

5. KEY REVISION POINTS5. KEY REVISION POINTS

• Anopheles Mosquito;• Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum);• Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall;• Vegetation for shade;• Areas of still or stagnant water;• Humans to act as blood reservoir.

• Anopheles Mosquito;• Plasmodium (e.g. Plasmodium Falciparum);• Humid climate; 16-40ºC, abundant rainfall;• Vegetation for shade;• Areas of still or stagnant water;• Humans to act as blood reservoir.

(i) – THE PROBLEM(i) – THE PROBLEM

5. KEY REVISION POINTS5. KEY REVISION POINTS

• 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children;• Lost education through bouts of illness;• Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and

harvest time – less food, lower income;• Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control

malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services;

• Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism.

• 1-3 million deaths each year, mostly children;• Lost education through bouts of illness;• Lost productivity by adults, especially at planting and

harvest time – less food, lower income;• Huge amount spent on trying to prevent or control

malaria - $2 Billion in Africa each year, maybe $100 Billion damage to Africa’s GDP; up to 25% of family income; huge burden on health services;

• Negative impact on foreign investment and tourism.

(ii) THE EFFECTS (ii) THE EFFECTS

5. KEY REVISION POINTS5. KEY REVISION POINTS

• DDT, Malathion;• Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes;• ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets;• Draining and flushing breeding sites;• Larvicide sprays to kill larvae;• Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds;• Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees;• Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia;• No effective vaccines yet - several on trial;• World Health Organisation campaign – Roll

Back Malaria.

• DDT, Malathion;• Genetic engineering – sterile male mosquitoes;• ITNs – Insecticide Treated Bed nets;• Draining and flushing breeding sites;• Larvicide sprays to kill larvae;• Oil, egg whites and mustard seeds;• Bti, Fish (Muddy Loach), Eucalyptus trees;• Quinine, Chloroquine, Artemisia;• No effective vaccines yet - several on trial;• World Health Organisation campaign – Roll

Back Malaria.

(iii) – THE SOLUTIONS(iii) – THE SOLUTIONS

Exam AdviceExam Advice

• Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year.

• Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease.

• You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote.

• Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc.

• Practice this topic using past papers – the questions don’t vary that much from year to year.

• Concentrate more on the Risk Factors, Costs and the Solutions, less on the cycle of infection and medical symptoms of the disease.

• You must be able to comment on the effectiveness of your chosen solutions, but don’t just say “very effective” for them all and hope to get marks – the markers will be looking for detailed knowledge of the effectiveness of each solution you quote.

• Try to learn a few (four or five) solutions in detail and be able to quote names of pesticides, drugs, etc.

Revision Task

• In groups you have been given two pieces of flipchart paper

• Your task is to produce a biography of a mosquito and tell me why it is so well suited to spreading malaria.

• Then design a box which you would give to a primary health care worker which would enable them to treat people in their village.