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A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE UNGUAL HISTORY OF URDU LANGUAGE ABSTRACT THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of IPfirto^opfip IN URDU BY MD. BAKAR. A. SIDDIQUI Under the Supervision of PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2008

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

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Page 1: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE UNGUAL HISTORY OF URDU LANGUAGE

ABSTRACT

THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of IPfirto^opfip IN

U R D U

BY

MD. BAKAR. A. SIDDIQUI

Under the Supervision of

PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI

DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2008

Page 2: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

,y[,iJj^^i^^UlA^6^i^d[^^^^ iijL$iili~iy.J^)

^ '/i^<iJ-jx.i^J^'»^^'^ r^^A

Page 3: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^

D>ir' 1 ^ > / J ^ c ^ t/C^>j^ uT/^Z. r^v/byi/J^<:^ \

©

7J

Page 4: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

©

Page 5: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

©

Page 6: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

c/yrlZl^/^iJyV^t/trL^trUl/ci£cip^

®

Page 7: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

©

Page 8: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

f - lA CJ- ii ( 4*1}^^ C^^LT' L^ (jv L/r::: D>L/''>-'' (30^6^ t-(/t;i L;

©

Page 9: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

• * *

®

Page 10: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^ ''An Outline of Indian Philology V^^lT/^'C^If i-O'^f ' i^^'^y^i-/

^<*2i'oBtt«t**-"'

Page 11: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

A CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF THE LINGUAL HISTORY OF URDU LANGUAGE

THESIS

SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Boctor of $l)ilos(opl)p IN

URDU

BY

MD. BAKAR. A. SIDDIQUI

Under the Supervision of

PROF. ABUL KALAM QASMI

DEPARTMENT OF URDU ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2008

Page 12: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

,y>J>^lLF^^U^>t-(3U^ji^i;i^v

(JJ-litll-UU-)

j^(m'/.K II

^r»*A

Page 13: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^4S -^'

071114

T8889

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Oepartmefit of Urdu ALIGARH lVlUSUlM.tMVEl<§ltY*^AisIGARH -202002 (INDIA)

Tel (0571)2700920.921

Ixtn. 1631

Dated: 20/ 9/.2008

Certificate

This is to certify that Mr. Md. Bakar Alam Siddiqui has

done his research work entitled "Urdu Zaban ki lesani tarikhon

ka tahqiqi-o-tanqidi jaizah", under the supervision of

Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not

been submitted for any other degree of this or any other

university.

It is now forwarded for the award of the Ph.D. degree in

Urdu language and literature.

Prof. Khursheed Ahmad (Chairman)

Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi (Supervisor)

Page 15: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 16: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^y

rL

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• I ^j^

•1 •.iji\^i

I vt

:r^t

-.CM^^i

: ^ ^

lA yi/i^^p

1^ cUlX

• • •

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nr

Page 17: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^>^;ji>i(^

Page 18: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^Udlo

Page 19: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

'c]/tVvuXu^jyijji:>^A>^£i^Xi^ic/'yZla^'i>^L;^

Page 20: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

' ^ ! /

<6^t*Lrdp-i ( i /if<6>t*jt^6>t*jD'p^^>'6A^(Oi (/'

• I **

Page 21: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 22: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

r

Page 23: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

Jji}/^iji^C''^^4f'c(,i{^/^"To Name a relationship is to kill it"

2?

{i

Page 24: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 25: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

J^i (Gestures)iL^J\J^^ {}Ir^lJ^^'J^ {JU"J}i(Vocal Sounds) ( /^ ' j

L (Vocal Sound)J

1

Page 26: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

1 4- j £ . l £ j / j ^ / / j4 :^ L/'(^ t"-^ ^c^

Page 27: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

"Language is the system of conventional spoken or written symbols by means

of which human beings, as memeber of a social group and participants in its

culture, comunicate." [^

"Language is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,

emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols" . [

• • • • • ' t V * '

Page 28: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

-<;::-ci > Ultimate (J c Uv/lf^^^ 1 l;fCJ^^ (3>? 6 V^

c^iL^j'f-i^iyy.j)i(j/jyj^^J'c^.'£^Cy'\f [/(Physiological Growth)

« • * • • • • • J »• " i

Page 29: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

"Language is a symbol system based on pure or arbitrary convention infmetly extendable and

modifiable acording to the changing needs and conditions of the speakers" ^

CJU(j^ " Language is the system of systems "^ / ^ j>L ' ' l ( J ( : ; l J4^ ( / 'L<^ t> fy

Page 30: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

<C [/'\JO^^~ U! ^^ f^yi S^^ Ji* lyM^U^yi/'iJ^^ (/(Speakers) ^ ' i

y'-j'(Denotative

Page 31: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

" A language is a set (finite or infinite) of sentences,each finite in iengtli and

constructed out of a finite set of elements." A

Page 32: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

J l^ ( / ^ ^ M l / i ^ ^ / ( ^ (( / i ;^y^/ j l^c. L i/^ 1 . Chomskey ^ , *^

"A language is system of arbitary vocal system by means of which a social

group cooprates."(Block and Trager) ^

"A language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human

communication"(wardaugh)J^

Page 33: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

"Language is undoubtedly kind of menas of communication among human

beings. It consist primarily of vocal sounds. It is articualtory, systematic,

symbolic or arbitary " (Derbyshrine, A .E)^

"Language is primarily made up of vocal sounds only produced by a

physiological articulatory mechanism in the human body. In the begining, it

must have appeared as vocal sounds only . J_f

«

(r

Page 34: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

'i^JiJJ?

Page 35: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 36: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^ y l "An outline of Indian Philology''^2>^l//-C^(f ^(^^(>(^4_(^Ci'<=-« '>^

\L

Page 37: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

lA

Page 38: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 39: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 40: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

n

Page 41: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

rr

Page 42: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

(3t l 'f (/ ^ >4 l/u>^t;'' 'f^ c ^ J ^ l f e (j^t (

^^

Page 43: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

rr

Page 44: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

ra

Page 45: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

• - t * •

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>i

Page 46: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

Contact Theoiy^L^Uc^v/ ' ( /b^l irc/ t ; i^(G. Reversz)>y^ciL;y:l

/i^CiU/LJl^(/j^;iiT(J/^*i^(OttoJesperson)c/;<tc.t;^^

rz.

Page 47: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

(]/i Jj^J^ik cfju J^ UJ: (J- ut ivCL u i-jt-zi iS' jt Oij\!lx^\^<u

i • • • • • •

Page 48: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

'Language is vocal reaction to natural and physical condition"

Page 49: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

Page 50: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

ri

Page 51: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^^

Page 52: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

ff>b~ L C ^ U ^ £ ( / L ^ t-U U^ ><f ^ c . t ; l ^ ^ C^U^l^^-^

• t • ' •

rr

Page 53: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

(Discriptive c^UU^tJ^y<::; '(Analytical Linguistuics):c:^Ul^(Jl;^

J : > U t / j i ^ ^ > p ((Morphological) (3y^-«i^ Ir if U ^ (i

^(iz/ ^liOl (/^irfc^i; (/c^I;(/(Historical Linguistics): c^UU^iivtr

f-P'

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B JI J c ^ 3 J13^ J t:J U L? (j* wXi w ^ ( Comparative Linguistics): c^ U (^ 0

(/d U cr!j^ (}^<^ (3T(j:t/JA i/cTt

2 L (Typological Linguistics)c^

rc)

Page 55: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

• • •

n

Page 56: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university
Page 57: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

- ^ ir If I Jy^yV*:^(Language Family)^'c^Ul^

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anguage family) >^'

^ / ' ( / L ^ ^ y ^ ^(Genealogical Classification)^^;^^^^ U1^ {jjAj^^^^ l}j^

rA

Page 59: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

n

Page 60: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

^ i i ^i;l^i >? l .k i /J> ^ i;Ui(£ c./^t)^i^;^(/c^Oi(X i -ff ^^

* •

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ybvlrjl^-^L/(i^^4>^/t^Ui;£uyUl.ol;(^c/yr

Page 62: SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Boctor of … · Prof. Abul Kalam Qasmi. This is his original work and has not been submitted for any other degree of this or any other university

(iU -I

(X'^(Winfred P. Lehmann)

(3 (JAv (j'i i-lf (j-?! (J^ i -J LX "Historical Linguistics : An Introduction"s-^i/

(Indo-European) Q -jlf ^ - '

(Afro-Asiatic) jL<! ' t | / ' ^^

rr

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(Sino-Tibetan) 0'\SJ - ^

(Altaic) Jl^( >r

(Dravadian) [jXih) ^d

(Astro-Asiatic) 0 t<i ' i ' / ' ' ^ "

(Finno-Ugric)

^^y i ' ^0Jc . l i c^U^(dUl^ i^A.R .Lo t to^ l ; l ^yTU/y i (4 'G^

(/U-Jii^yij:!;(Historical Linguistics : An Introduction)^J>^(X'i-'(/'-^(3(Jti

Language Families of Europe and the Middle East : iiJ ^\JL-.\S^iO/Ji^^J!n^

(Indo European Family) ^'c^Ui^^l^yA -I

iLiiz/t3t^-^i:^f'i;*(jLi/a;(jyu(;^ir£L;>c/'>*i^ci^y^

(j:tc/i;>j>^^jic/'/'^u/^w^yJr^(/t;(/(/L^c^(^(/^ T * It

>^4'/u/ii^c3/^^di:^^>^>f^^C^M(j^u^Jvy(j:!:/uV'i^

:^t(i>^c^P'(/ Vc i:^^>^-(^6'vJk^4f i'(/t;( /ui;(/(t/J^^yy^^ • V *

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(Hemito-Semitic) Jl^iJl^L (Semitic) J U -^

Zl(/Lw^Ujlc^Hemito Semitic/(Semitic) JU^L(Jyi^JU^'W.P.Lehmannvj'

(jyivJc'Ul^l/l ^r,^(ijC.^j^l^|^t2lAfro-Asiatic«LGreenberg ojiii

C/ 'l> i I J i / l c ^ .r^(/(Hemito-Semitic)(/ Ui J U J^ L ^ ^ ^ C/y^ ->/i (

^(r).(Egyptian)(i/^(r)^(Barber)(i>iyL(l)-^J'LP^(/(Semitic)L;i(/^L/i'

Ji|/L^trT/5l5'(Semitic)6L^(//L9iiJl^2^C^Oi((CusIiitic)cJL^I^(r).(Chad)

JPc^U(Barber)J><vl-^ ClU (Jy^>i ( J y V u ^ 7 ^ ^ i h J / ( j / - ^

'^Lo^.C/^,J^,C^, :^ , / (c /( :^/ j^>AJ' /^ '^c/ /c /^^

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( /11^ (Chad) >i^-^ c^ 61^ (/'C^I^C^ IV (Galla) ilifviI (Somali) (j I r (Bogo)

f^>3(^*U(/(Egyptian)(i/^>jl(^Jlf(J^(j:l:jyiJl^c3>^v^^

(Altaic) Jl^l >r

(r)yi((Mangolian)c/^/(r)(Turkish)(/y(0(/ 'U^'(/( /( /Lt{J '( j lfJ^

(Sumerian) C^>c - ^

(Fino-Ugric)

j>( (F inn i sh ) ( / ' ^ (Hunga r i an )c^y^o f t - ' f ^ ' l f t / ' ^ ^L^S^^e^ t - '

-(^(Stonian)t>rfA(

(Language Families of Asia) c ^ U l ^ ^ j y U j l ? / tV

(Sino-Tibetan) (5 1 ! -^

r

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(Dravidian) {SXih) ^^

*

(Maly-Polynesian) jL>*(jy<Ll -A

i^Lru/^)(Ploynesian)J!^*jy7iKMalayan)Ji)U^^C^U(^(/lJ^i^jyL;-^

L Jljii c ^ . L ^ - ^ ^ 6t^ CT' (/j^i^(Bhasha Indonesia)t>*i>t-( L l

j/^^(/L;/ui;(/L^^6t^Ji^t(/i(/j^VuyLj^J(ii^U(jy(j^

t^yi/i^ (J;^ 'Ujy2£ J^i/ ufl: (/(//^ Ji^(PoIynesian)c^Jy 6L^

(Language Families of Africa) {J^jCl^'Jl.jh^JlX/^ ^

^jyu(;zlcJ0i((jyUui^>i(^5iii^£(ji;i^yi(Jiii(j:t(j (^'4;(Khoisan)c/I^^^^KNiger-Congo)i¥jl^tc^'Ui;^j>(j:tc:iL^^^^

n

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(language Families of America) {Ji^\^iL^iJ^iJiX/^ K

^ W.P.Lehmannyil A.R. Lotto /jt /jj-i^ijl j ^ (Jlj/ J ^ c ^

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i/(jyt;crdUi;^£l;Vii ' (J>!^ '(j:^-(i ^

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Indo-Iranian «

Greek (jtV -^

Germanic

Albanic ((/l^l) JUl - r

Armenian (j l^v' -

Baltic Jj^l -^ *

Slavic {ji)^ ^^

Italic (jf iJ -A

Celtic ^ - ^

-c;J '2£'(/(^^l^)^( Anatolian JU^tl -I*

Tocharian [jj^ - "

r

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** i •* •* *f •*

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Bibliography

A. R. Lotto, Historical Linguistics : An Introduction

Bernard Bloch and George L.Trager: Outline of Linguistic Analysis, New

Delhi, 1972

Bloom Field : Language, Botilal Banarsidas.1963

Bridget and Raymond Allchin : Ttie Rise of Civilization in India and Pakistan,

Cambridge University Press, London. 1983

Chonmsky Noam : Syntactic Stnjcture, New Delhi, 1972

Christopher King : One Language Two Scripts, Oxford University Press,

Bombay, 1994

D. P. Agrawal : Indus Civilization : An Interdisciplinary Perspective, Aryan

Books, New Delhi, 2007

Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. VII. Chicago University.

G. A. Grierson : Linguistic Sun/ay of India Vol. iX Part 11968

Irfan Habib and Vijay Kumar Thakur: A People History oflndia,'Vo\ III Aligarh

Historian Society 2003.

Pushender Syal , D.V. Jindal : An Introduction To Linguistics, Prentice, New

Delhi, 1998.

Robins, R.H. : General Linguistics : An Introductry Survay.Longman London

,1980

Hr

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Romila Thapar: A History of India, Vol I Penguine Piblication 1990.

Sapir,Edward. Language : Harvest Book, New Delhi, 1949

Sharma, Ram Sharan : Advent of Aryans in India, Manohar Publication New

Delhi 1999.

Wardaugh Wardaugh. R : An Introuduction To Linguistics, New York 1972

Winfred. P. Lehman : Historical Linguistics : An Introduction, Oxford and IBH

Publishing New Delhi 1976.

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