Pragmatics: Final exam - Revision Points

1. Define and illustrate the concept of implicature.2. Define the cooperative principle of conversation as defined by Paul Grice.3. The maxims of quality.4. The maxims of quantity.5. The maxim of relation.6. The maxims of manner.7. Define and exemplify: hedges.8. Define and exemplify: violating the maxims9. Define and exemplify: opting out of a maxim10. Define and exemplify: clash11. Define and exemplify: flouting12. Define and exemplify: infringement13. Define and exemplify: suspending a maxim14. What is the difference between conventional and conversational implicatures? Illustrate each type of implicature.15. Discuss the difference between generalized and particularized conversational implicatures. Illustrate each type of implicature with one example.16. Define the notion of face17. Why is face mutually vulnerable?18. What is the difference between positive and negative face?19. Define linguistic politeness.20. Why is politeness based on rationality?21. What are the social factors that affect politeness? How do they influence politeness?22. Define: speech acts that threaten the negative face. Give 4 examples of different speech acts that threaten the negative face. Illustrate them with utterances.23. Define: speech acts that threaten the positive face. Give 4 examples of different speech acts that threaten the negative face. Illustrate them with your own utterances.24. Distinguish between face-threatening and face-saving acts.25. Discuss the strategy: doing face threatening acts off-record26. Discuss the strategy: doing face threatening acts on-record without redress26. Define positive politeness. Mention and exemplify 4 positive politeness strategies 27. Define negative politeness. Mention and exemplify 4 negative politeness strategies 28. Define the notion of conceptual metaphor.29. Explain: "the human conceptual system is metaphorical"30. How does cognition benefit from conceptual metaphors? 31. Define and illustrate: structural metaphors32. Define and illustrate: orientational metaphors.33. Define and illustrate: ontological metaphors. Types of Practical Activities:

Identify the hedge and state the maxim that is related to it.State whether the following exchanges are instances of: coping with a clash/suspending/infringement/ flouting/opting out/violationGive the implicature and state the maxim that is flouted in the following exchanges.Give the implicature generated by the exchanges below and state whether it is conversational or conventionalGive the implicature generated by the exchanges below and state whether it is generalized or particularized.Identify the politeness strategy used below and state whether it is related to negative or positive politenessIdentify the conceptual metaphor in the sentences below and state whether it is structural/orientational or ontological