Subhalophilous and halophilous geopermaseries and ...International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 6. 2016. pp. 9-26 Corresponding author: D. Pauline. EA 2219 Géoarchitecture,

International Journal of Geobotanical Research, Vol. nº 6. 2016. pp. 9-26

Corresponding author: D. Pauline. EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut de Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 bd. Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France. e-mail: [email protected] ISSN: 2253-6302 (print)/ISSN: 2253-6515 (on line) ©Editaefa DOI: 10.5616/ijgr 160002

Subhalophilous and halophilous geopermaseries and minoriseries of sandy and sandy gravel systems of Corsica: typology, bionomy and sequential analysis vegetation

Pauline DELBOSC (1,2), Frédéric BIORET

(1) & Christophe PANAÏOTIS(1)

(1) EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut de Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 6 bd. Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France (2) Conservatoire botanique national de Corse, 14 avenue Jean Nicoli 20250 Corte, France

Abstract: The coast of Corsica arouses for more than half a century, botanists and phytosociologists interest, revealing the diversity and the originality of its terrestrial vegetations. Sandy and sandy-gravelly systems punctuate the coast of Corsica, mostly over the eastern plain, between Bastia and Porto-Vecchio. Moreover, these systems can be found in sandy bays, offshore bars and mouth of coastal rivers. From a bioclimatic point of view, geopermaseries of sandy coastal systems are located within the limits of the inframediterranean belt (Thermicity index IT> 470). Due to their location on the coast and wind exposure, sandy systems, are distributed according to two climatic patterns: the west coast pattern, cooler and the east coast pattern, drier. Sandy vegetation systems are characaterized by the granulometry of the substrate: ● sandy beach dunes (coastal or continental geomorphological formations, constituted by wind accumulations); ● river-marine terraces (extent of aeolian sands, heterometric sediment, with a dominance of gravel (grain diameter greater than 2

mm); ● shingle beaches (beaches and beads pebbles deposited by marine currents). Geosymphytosociological investigations were conducted in 2013 and 2014 on sandy systems of Corsica, over 33 sites representing 175 hectares. A phytosociological and geosymphytosociological typology have been proposed according to dynamico-catenal phyto-sociological method, illustrated by schemes representing profiles of the natural vegetations succession (not influenced by human factors). The analysis of the geosynrelevés, combined with the geomorphological analysis of sandy coastal landscape, allow to identify four geopermaseries, according to a chorological [1 and 2] and to a granulometry substrate [3 and 4] determinism:

[1] sandy beaches dune geopermaserie of the east coast [Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophileto arundinaceae geopermasigmetum]; [2] sandy beaches dune geopermaserie of the west coast [Sileno corsicae-Ammophileto arundinaceae geopermasigmetum]; [3] sandy-gravelly terraces geopermaserie [Salsolo kali-Euphorbieto peplis geopermasigmetum]; [4] pebble beaches geopermaserie [Glaucio flavi-Crithmeto maritimi geopermasigmetum].

These results will be integrated within the future catalog of vegetation series and geoseries of Corsica.

Key Words: Bioclimatology, Biogeography, Endemism, Iberian, Phytosociology Introduction

For more than a half of a century, numerous botany and phytosociology publications highligted the diversity and the originality of Corsican terrestrial vegetations (Paradis & Piazza 1988a, 1988b, 1989, 1991, 1992a, 1992b, 1999a, 1999b, 2003, Piazza & Paradis 1988, 1995, Paradis & Géhu 1990, Paradis & Orsini 1992, Gamisans & Piazza 1992, Gamisans & Paradis 1992, Lorenzoni et al. 1994, Paradis & Pozzo di Borgo 1998, Lorenzoni & Paradis 2000a, 2000b, Géhu & Biondi 1994).

Sandy and sandy-gravelly systems punctuate much of the coastline of Corsica (Géhu & Biondi 1994), repre-senting approximately 39% of the coastline of the island (Piazza 1994). Because of their accessibility and tourist frequentation, these vegetation systems are subject to frequentation and increasing urbanization. Within the objective of improving the phytocoenotic knowledge, a

synthesis work was conducted between 2013 and 2014 on psammophilous vegetations. According to the phyto-sociological dynamico-catenal methodology, a typology of geopermaseries and minoriseries is proposed.

This paper highlights the typological outcomes and presents a structural, causal and phenomenological des-cription of geopermaseries, minoriseries and series. Ve-getation sequences are directly dependant to the substrate nature (sand, dune, sand-gravel, gravel).

Study area

Corsica has 802 km of coastlinegeomorphologically diversified (Castelnau 1920, Piazza 1994 Paradis 2014Gauthier et al. 2002, Palmieri 2004). Geomorpho-logical landforms are characterized by steep reliefs often interspersed with valleys, and a Quaternary accumulation zone corresponding the Eastern Plain. Two main categories are distinguished: ablation coast (rocky

P. Delbosc, F. Bioret & C. Panaïotis

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coasts) and accumulation coast (sandy-gravelly shores). Our study focused on accumulation forms which are represented by sandy beaches, dune beaches, sandy-gravelly terraces, and cobble beaches (Figure 1).

The bioclimate of Corsica is characterized by two rainfall sets: on the west coast, the annual rainfall varies between 690 and 840 mm (Bastia, Aleria and Sisco), while on the east coast, the average annual rainfall is below 600 mm per year (Ajaccio Airport and Parata, Bonifacio Saint-Florent). The east winds (Grecale, Siro-cco and Levante) provide a significant moisture that flows across the eastern coast (Simi 1964). However on the east coast, cold and dry winds like Libecciu and Ponente, provide a smaller amount of rain. Temperatu-res, meanwhile, are uniform throughout the coast and are characterized by sea influence that softens temperatures (15-16 °C). According to Del Río Gonzáles (2005), ombrotype varies from dry to sub-humid and thermotype varies from thermo to inframediterranean. Methods

Symphytosociological conceptual approach

The methodology follows the sigmatist phytosocio-logical and the symphytosociological methods (Braun-Blanquet 1928, Guinochet 1973, Géhu & Rivas-Martínez 1981), in order to characterize dynamic trajectories and phenomenological processes of vegetation series.

Landscape phytosociology or dynamico-catenal phytosociology, relies on many concepts, distinguished by levels of organization of the landscape: the serial

level (permaserie, minoriserie and serie) and geoserial level (geopermaserie, geominoriserie and geoserie).

«Vegetation series or sigmetum is the basic typologi-cal unit of dynamic phytosociology. This geobotanical notion attempts to express all the plant communities, or collection of stages that can be found in similarteselar places as a result of their succession processes. There-fore, it includes not only the representative vegetation type of the mature stage, or head series, but also the initial or subserial communities replacing it. The vege-tation series is the fundamental unit of dynamic phytoso-ciology (science of vegetation series and of sigmataxa that it encompasses) » (Rivas-Martínez 2005).

Three types of vegetation series can be distinguished (Lazare (2009) and Rivas-Martínez et al. (2011): ● climatophilous series, developed on mature soils

according to the mesoclimate and receiving only rain-water ;

● edaphoxerophilous series, developed on xerophytic soils (leptosoils, arenosoils, gyptosoils, serpentinite soils ...) such as dunes, lithosols, rocky slopes, ridges, cliffs ... ;

● edaphohygrophilous series, occupying the hydromor-phic soils as fluviosoils, halosoils, histosoils. They de-velop in the river beds, shores of lakes and ponds, marshes, salt steppes, bogs...

Minoriserie and permaserie

Minoriserie is defined by Rivas-Martínez (2007) as truncated dynamic serie under ecological stress linked to climatic constraints so that dynamic vegetation is blocked at the shrub stage without allowing forest implantation.

In some sectors, main ecological constraints (halophilous gradient, substrate, wind exposure…), block the natural dynamics of vegetation: plant communities, stabilized at one stage represent permanent series or permaseries.

Methodological choice

Studying these permaseries equals to a classical phytosociological study. All the permaseries present within an homogeneous geomoprhological unit are gatered into a geopermaserie (Fig. 2).

Geopermasynrelevés could answer to a double requirement of homogeneity and representativeness. The delimitation of an individu of geopermasigmetum depends on homogeneous orotopographic, geological and geomorphological context Rocky coasts are present over several kilometers on the west coast, while on the east coast, they are present on small areas and are regularly interspersed by other geomorphological systems (dunes, pebble beaches, sandy beaches, salt marsh).

Numerous typological and geomorphological synthe-sis (Piazza 1994, Paradis & Piazza 1996, Piazza & Para-dis 1997, 1998, 2002, Paradis et al. 1999, Paradis 2014) combined with ecological data collected in the field between 2013 and 2014, allowed to establish the vegeta-tion zonation according to the geomorphological system and the halophilous gradient.

Figure 1. Location of coastal dunes and sandy gravel studied sites

Subhalophilous and halophilous geopermaseries and minoriseries of Corsica

11

The individualization and the delimitation of geo-morphological features based on a first mapping work carried out upstream of the field phase.

Besides the consideration of orthophotography (true and infrared color) and of National Geographic Institute maps, ecological information is collected:

● ecological data: geology, geomorphology, soil, topo-graphy... (Dupias et al. 1965, Rossi & Rouire 1980a, 1980b, Demartini & Favreau 2011);

● vegetation data (Gamisans & Grüber 1979, Gamisans et al. 1981a, 1981b, Paradis & Tomasi 1991, Gamisans & Paradis 1992, Paradis 1992, Lorenzoni et al. 1993, Lorenzoni & Paradis 1996, Paradis & Piazza 1996, Pa-radis et al. 1999).

Each geomorphological unit, can then be divided into one or more subentities, in order to distinguish geoper-maseries, geominoriseries and possible geoseries (Fig. 3).

Geosymphytosociological nomenclature

The geoserie is named with the name of the most dominant syntaxon of the serie’s head ; the ending indi-cating the rank is added to the end of the second taxon (-geosigmetea, -geosigmetalia, -geosigmion, -geosigme-tum) ; a connecting vowel is added to the end of the first taxon (Lousã et al. 2001, Bacchetta et al. 2009, Blasi 2010, Loidi et al. 2011).

The connecting vowel, in most cases like phytoso-ciology is an "o"; the connection vowel is the "i" for the third declination latin words (Weber et al. 2000).

Citer Izco 2014

Example for coastal geopermaserie nomenclature

Geopermaseries - geoseries type - geomorphology - geography-names of the two characteristics of the dominant species permasigmassociation [latin name géopermasigmetum]

Figure 2. Typical spatial sequence of sandy coastal dune vegetation

Geopermaserie: Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geopermasigmetum [(1) Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae; (2) Sporoboletum arenarii; (3) Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti; (4) Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti; (5) Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti otanthetosum maritimi; (6) Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae; (7) Pycnocomo rutifolii-Crucianelletum maritimae]. Géominorisérie: Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae geominorisigmetum [(8) Helichryso italici-Cistetum salviifolii; (9) Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum

Geopermaserie

Figure 3. Delimitation of a geomorphological unit (sandy dune beach) according to the type of serie (geopermaserie and minoriserie).


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Example: topographic geopermaserie dune sandy beaches of the east coast of Corsica to Echinophora spinosa and Ammophila arundinacea: Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geopermasigmetum.

Results:

Syntaxonomic synopsis

The syntaxonomic synopsis is presented following the alphabetical order of phytosociological classes:

CAKILETEA MARITIMAE Tüxen & Preising in Tüxen 1950 ● EUPHORBIETALIA PEPLIS Tüxen 1950 ♦ Euphorbion peplis Tüxen 1950

Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae Costa & Mans. 1981 corr. Rivas Mart. et al. 1992

euphorbietosum peplis Paradis et al. 2004 Salsolo kali-Euphorbietum peplis Géhu et al. 1984 Atriplicetum hastato-tornabeni O. Bolòs 1962

CISTO LADANIFERI-LAVANDULETEA STOECHADIS Braun-Blanq. in Braun-Blanq., Re. Molinier & He. Wagner 1940 ● STAURACANTHO GENISTOIDIS-HALIMIETALIA COMMUTATI Rivas

Mart., Lousã, T. E. Díaz, Fernández-González & J. C. Costa 1990 ♦ Stauracantho genistoidis-Halimion halimifolii Rivas

Mart. 1979 Cisto salviifolii-Halimietum halimifolii Géhu & Biondi 1994

EUPHORBIO PARALIAE-AMMOPHILETEA AUSTRALIS Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1988 corr. Géhu 2004 ● AMMOPHILETALIA AUSTRALIS Braun-Blanq. 1933 ♦ Ammophilion australis Braun-Blanq. 1921 corr. Rivas

Mart., M. J. Costa & Izco in Rivas Mart., Lousã, T. E. Diáz, Fern.-Gonz. & J. C. Costa 1990

♦♦ Sporobolenion arenarii Géhu 1988 Sporoboletum arenarii (Arènes 1924) Géhu & Biondi 1994

♦♦ Sporobolo arenarii-Elymenion farcti Géhu 1988 Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti (Braun-Blanq. 1933) Géhu et al. 1984 Echinophoro spinosae-Elymetum farcti Géhu 1988

typicum Géhu 1988 othanthetosum maritimi Géhu & Biondi 1994

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti (Malcuit 1926) Bartolo et al. 1992

typicum Géhu & Biondi 1994 otanthetosum maritimi Bartolo et al. 1992 medicaginetosum marinae Géhu & Géhu-Franck 1993

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti Géhu 1986 (race corso-sarde)

typicum otanthetosum maritimi Piazza & Paradis 1997

Inulo crithmoidis-Elymetum farcti Piazza & Paradis 1994 Plantagino humilis-Lotetum cytisoidis Paradis & Piazza 1993

♦♦ Ammophilenion australis Rivas Mart. & Géhu in Rivas Mart., M. J. Costa, Castrov. & Valdés Berm. 1980 corr. Rivas Mart., Lousã, T. E. Diáz, Fern.-Gonz. & J. C. Costa 1990

Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Géhu & Biondi 1994 Sileno corsicae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae Géhu & Biondi 1994 Glaucio flavi-Crithmetum maritimi Paradis & Piazza 2011 Elytrigio juncei-Crithmetum maritimi Paradis & Piazza 2011

● CRUCIANELLETALIA MARITIMAE G. Sissingh 1974 ♦ Crucianellion maritimae Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart.

1958 Helichryso italici-Scrophularietum ramosissimae Géhu et al. 1987 Crucianello maritimae-Armerietum pungentis Zevaco 1969 Pycnocomo rutifolii-Crucianelletum maritimae Géhu et al. 1987

● HELICHRYSETALIA ITALICI Géhu & Biondi 1994 ♦ Euphorbion pithuysae Géhu & Biondi 1994

Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genistetum salzmannii (Mal-cuit 1926) Géhu & Biondi 1994 Helichryso italici-Cistetum salviifolii Paradis & Piazza 1998

HELIANTHEMETEA GUTTATI (Braun-Blanq. ex Rivas Goday 1958) Rivas Goday & Rivas Mart. 1963 ● TRACHYNIETALIA DISTACHYAE Rivas Mart. 1978 ♦ Trachynion distachyae Rivas-Martínez 1978 ● MALCOLMIETALIA RAMOSISSIMAE Rivas Goday 1958 ♦ Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae (Rivas Mart.

1978) Rivas Mart., Costa & Loidi 1992 Ononidetum variegatae Piazza & Paradis 2002 Cutandietum maritimae Piazza & Paradis 1994 Sileno gallicae-Corynephoretum articulati Géhu & Biondi 1994 Sileno sericeae-Matthioletum tricuspidatae Paradis & Piazza 1992 Corrigiolo telephifoliae-Corynephoretum articulati Géhu et al. 1987 Laguro ovati-Vulpion fasciculatae Géhu & Biondi 1994 Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae Paradis & Piazza 1992

NERIO OLEANDRI-TAMARICETEA AFRICANAE Braun-Blanq. & O. Bolòs 1958 ● TAMARICETALIA AFRICANAE Braun-Blanq. & O. Bolòs 1958 ♦ Tamaricion africanae Braun-Blanq. & O. Bolòs 1958

QUERCETEA ILICIS Braun-Blanq. in Braun-Blanq., Roussine & Nègre 1952 ● PISTACIO LENTISCI-RHAMNETALIA ALATERNI Rivas Mart. 1975 ♦ Juniperion turbinatae Rivas Mart. 1975 corr. 1987

Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum macrocarpae Caneva et al. 1981

SAGINETEA MARITIMAE V. Westh., C. Leeuwen & Adriani 1962 ● SAGINETALIA MARITIMAE V. Westh., C. Leeuwen & Adriani

1962 ♦ Saginion maritimae V. Westh., C. Leeuwen & Adriani 1962 Catapodio marini-Parapholisetum incurvae Géhu & B. Foucault 1978 race méditerranéenne Catapodio marini-Evacetum rotundatae Géhu et al. 1989

frankenietosum intermediae Géhu et al. 1989 Galio halophili-Senecietum transientis Paradis & Piazza 1992 Catapodio marini-Mesembryanthemetum nodiflori Paradis, Panaïotis & Piazza 2014 Catapodio marini-Senecietum transientis Paradis, Panaïo-tis & Piazza 2014

SISYMBRIETEA OFFICINALIS Gutte & Hilbig 1975 ● BROMETALIA RUBENTI-TECTORUM Rivas Mart. & Izco 1977

♦ Laguro ovati-Bromion rigidi Géhu & Géhu-Franck ex Géhu 2004 Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei Géhu & Biondi 1994


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Symphytosociological and geosymphytosociological outcomes

► Corsican psammophilous and edaphoxerophilous minoriserie, thermomediterranean dry to subhu-mid of Pistacia lentiscus and Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa [Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minorisig-metum]

Sigmaecology The Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minor-

isigmetum forms the last coastal stripe of sandy dune systems (Cap Corse, Bonifacio). It develops on sandy beaches and is very haloresistant. Ombrotype: dry-sub-humid below. Thermotype: thermo-inframediterranean.

This minoseries appearing occasionally (Tizzano, Barcaggio, Roccapina, Palombaggia...) is most frequent on the eastern side between Bastia and Porto-Vecchio. The most representative units are located on Ostriconi, Saleccia and Roccapina sites. This minoriserie develops at the back of psammophilous geopermaseries of Corsi-can coastal dunes and at the lower contact of Galio-scabri Querco ilicis sigmetum.

Regarding to the distribution of Pistacio lentisci-Ju-niperetum macrocarpae, it is highly likely that the dis-tribution area of this minoriserie extends across the Ty-rrhenian and Adriatic area. Complementary surveys could allow to refine its chorology.

Sigmastructure (Tab. I)

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 6 du Tab. II]

PISTACIO LENTISCI-JUNIPERO MACROCARPAE

MINORISIGMETUM.

When the Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minorisigmetum is submitted to regular fires, it is re-placed by Cisto salviifolii-Halimietum halimifolii [Tab. II-B]. This shrubland usually develops on sandy gravel substrates but is also found on fixed dune, at the contact of Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minorisig-metum.

Conservation issues This minoriserie presents a major heritage value: ● presence of a Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macro-

carpa protected at the regional level; ● presence of two habitats of Community interest

(HCI) among which one is prioritary (*) (2250 * - Juniper thickets on dunes -Pistacio lentisci-Juni-peretum macrocarpae ; 2260 -Dunes to scle-rophyllous vegetation Cisto-Lavanduletalia - Cisto salviifolii-Halimietum halimifolii) ;

● only a few dunes beaches have this minoriserie ● presence of the most spectacular dune systems on

Ostriconi and Roccapina. The main threats are fires that may lead to a total

destructuration of the minoriserie. In Corsica, cutting represents a historical reason of disappearance of Juni-perus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa (Paradis 1991, Para-dis Piazza & 1995).

► Corsican psammophilous geopermaseries of coastal dunes

Sigmaecology Sandy systems are present in the funds of bay, off-

shore bars, clogging coves and estuaries of coastal rivers. Bioclimatically, sandy systems depends on their position on the coast and wind exposure: a cooler regime of the west coast and a drier regime of the east coast. Geomor-phologically, sandy vegetation systems are distinguished according to the substrate granulometry:

● dune beach (coastal or continental geomorphologi-cal formation, formed by the accumulation of sand transported by wind) [1, 2]

● river-marine terrace (extent of aeolian sand, very heterometric sediments, with a gravel dominance (grain size greater than 2 mm). [3]

Ombrotype: dry upper, lower dry to lower sub-humid. Thermotype: thermo and inframediterranean.

Sigmachorology Sandy and sandy-gravelly systems punctuate much of

the coast (Géhu & Biondi 1994, Piazza 1994, Paradis 2014) of the Eastern Plain, between Bastia and Porto-Vecchio.

Sigmastructure Sandy gravel geopermaseries are composed by open

grassland vegetations. Vegetation sequence is expressed in general over a length of 15 to 25 m. The transect may be truncated due to urbanization or geomorphological context fixed dune (rocky cliffs, coastal wetlands...).

Physiognomy of végétation Plant community Bioindicator species

Shrub thickets Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum

macrocarpae Juniperus oxycedrus subsp.

macrocarpa, Pistacia lentiscus

Schrubland Helichryso italici-Cistetum salviifolii Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum, Cistus salviifolius, Genista corsica

Therophytic grass Maresio nanae-Malcolmion

ramosissimae

Cutandia maritima, Vulpia fasciculata,

Lolium rigidum subsp. rigidum, Medicago littoralis

Table I. Bioindicator species of Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minorisigmetum

P. D

elbo

sc, F

. Bio

ret &

C. P

anaï

otis

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Table II. Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae minorisigmetum

A B C

Synrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Surface (ha) 0.19 0.56 2 2.67 0.85 0.26 0.07 0.16 0.61 1.07 2.09 0.24 5.4 5.4 1.89 1.09 3.04 1.39

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 95 95 95 100 95 100 90 80 100 90 95 80 100 100 100 70 100 95

Average altitude (m) 2 1-2 1-2 2 2 2-3 2 2 1-2 1-2.5 1-2 2 3-5 3-5 1 1 1 1

Dominant exposition E SE SE SW N SE E E SE S SW - E E E SE - E

Number of syntaxa 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6

Characteristics syntaxa of the progressive dynamic Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum macrocarpae O5 O5 O5 O5 O5 O5 O2 O4 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O5 - - - -

Helichryso italici-Cistetum salvifolii - - - - - O2 O4 - - - - - - - - - - -

Therophytic grass of Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae - - - - - …+ …1 …1 …+ …+ …+ - …1 …2 - O2 …1-

Characteristics syntaxa of the regressive dynamic Cisto salvifolii-Halimietum halimifolii - - - - - - - - O4 O4 O4 O2 O4 - O5 O4 O5 O5

Localities: 1, 7 y 18 Prunete-Canniccia. 2,6 y 9 Palombaggia. 3, 4 y 10 Roccapina. 5. Campomoro. 8 Pinarellu. 11 Traolicetu. 12 Benedettu. 13, 14 y 17. Mucchiatana. 15 Biguglia y 16 Lavu Santu

15S

ubhalophilous and halophilous geopermaseries and m

inoriseries of Corsica

Table III A. Sileno corsicae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geopermasigmetum

Geopermasynrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Surface (ha) 0.8 1.5 0.7 2 3.7 1.2 4.8 0.4 0.1 1.05 6.2 2.03 1.6 2.3 5.3 2.6 0.4 6.4 1.6 12.8 0.9

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 60 70 60 70 45 70 70 65 90 90 80 80 90 100 70 95 70 90 80 80 60

Number of permasigmataxa 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Characteristics permasigmataxa

Sileno corsicae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae O2 O4 O2 O3 …1 .+ o1 o1 O1 O2 R O1 .+ .+ .+ O3 o1 O3 /2 O3 O2

Permasigmataxa of sandy beaches

Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae O2 o1 o+ o1 …1 O3 O1 O2 O1 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O3 O2 O3 O2 O+ O2 O2

Sporoboletum arenarii - - O2 O2 - o1 O2 O3 O1 - O2 O1 O1 - - r - o1 r - -

Permasigmataxa of embryonic dunes

Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti o1 - - - - - - - O+ O2 O2 - O4 O2 - - - O2 - - o1

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti typicum - O2 O2 - - - O2 O2 O4 - - - - - - - - O2- - - -

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti totanthetosum maritimi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - O3 -

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti medicaginetosum marinae - - - - - - - - - - - O2 - O3 - - - - - - -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) - O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 - - - O2 O3 O2 O2 O2 O3 O2 O3 O2 - O2 -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) otanthetosum maritimi - - - - - - - - O2 - - O2 - .1 - O1 - - - - -

Permasigmataxa of fixed dune

Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - -

Cutandietum maritimae …1 - - - - O2 - - - o1 o1 o1 - - - - - - - - …+

Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae - - - - - O1 - - O2 O3 O2 O2 O2 O2 - O2 O2 …1 O4 O1 -

Another permasigmataxa

Sileno sericeae-Matthioletum tricuspidatae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o+ O3 - - -

Plantagini humilis-Lotettum cytisoidis - - - - - - O2 - - O2 - - - - - - - - - - -

Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .+ o1 …1 - - -

Sileno gallicae-Corynephoretum articulatae - - - - - o+- - - - - - - - - - - .+ - - - .+

Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae race méditerranénne - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -

Catapodio marinae-Evacetum rotundatae frankenietosum intermediae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Corrigiolo telephiifoliae-Corynephoretum articulati - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o1 O2 - - -

Elytrigio juncei-Crithmetum maritimi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Groupement of Carpobrotus edulis - - - - - + - - - - - - .+ - - O2 - - - -

Ononidetum variegatae - - - - - - - - - O3 - - - - - - - - - - -

Localities: 1.Plage d’Argenta. 2,3,4 , 5,7 y 8. Cap Corse . 6 Benedettu. 9 Baie de Satgnolu. 10 y 20 Roccapina. 11 y 21 Plage de Tralicetu. 12 y 13 Tizzano. 14 Verghia. 15 San Giusseppe.16 Anse de Minaccia.17 Golfe de Lava. 18. Plage de Liamone.. 19 Campomoro.

P. D

elbo

sc, F

. Bio

ret &

C. P

anaï

otis

16

Table III B. Sileno corsicae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geopermasigmetum

Geopermasynrelevé number 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

Surface (ha) 0.58 1 5.43 0.9 2.2 0.4 1.9 3.8 1.1 1.1 13.6

0.2 1.4 0.21 0.4 2.02

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 30 70 80 70 40 50 10 50 40 40 80 20 20 15 15 60

Number of permasigmataxa 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30


Sileno corsicae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae O2 O1 O3 /2 O2 O2 o2 O2 O2 …r o1 - O2 O2 O2 -

Sporoboletum arenarii o1 o2 o1 - O2 - O2 - - - - - - - - -


Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti O2 - O2 - - - - - - - - - - - - O1

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti typicum - O2 O1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti totanthetosum maritimi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti medicaginetosum marinae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti typicum(race corso-sarde) - - O2 O3 O2 O2 - - - - - - - - - -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) otanthetosum maritimi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -


Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei - - - - O2 - - O3 O3 O2 - - - - - -

Cutandietum maritimae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae - - O2 - - - - - - - - - - - - -


Sileno sericeae-Matthioletum tricuspidatae - O3 - - - o2 - - - - O4 - - - - -

Plantagini humilis-Lotettum cytisoidis - - O1 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae - - o1 - - - - - - - - O2- - - - -

Sileno gallicae-Corynephoretum articulatae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae race méditerranénne - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Catapodio marinae-Evacetum rotundatae frankenietosum intermediae - - - - o1 - - - - - - - - - - -

Corrigiolo telephiifoliae-Corynephoretum articulati - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Elytrigio juncei-Crithmetum maritimi - - O1 - - - - - - - O1 - - - - O3

Groupement of Carpobrotus edulis - - o+ - - - - o+ -

Ononidetum variegatae - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Localities: 22.St-Florent. 23, 25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,y 36. Cap Corse. 24. Chiumi. 37. Plage d’Argent

17S

ubhalophilous and halophilous geopermaseries and m

inoriseries of Corsica

Table IV. Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geopermasigmetum

A B Geopermasynrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Surface (ha) 6.95 1.43 5.4 4.3 6 6 1.71 1.86 6.05 1.8 2.05 8 6.09 0.44 Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 90 95 80 90 80 70 85 70 100 20 90 70 90 95 Number of permasigmataxa 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 Characteristics permasigmataxa Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae O1 O2 O1 r O2 O2 o1 r - - - - - - Permasigmataxa of sandy beaches Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae O2 O2 O2 O3 r /+ o2 O4 O3 O2 O3 - o1 o…1 Sporoboletum arenarii + r O1 - - /1 …1 O2 O1 O1 - /+ O2 o+ Permasigmataxa of embryonic dunes Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti - + - - - - - - O3 - - - - - Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti - - - - - - - - O2 - O2 - O5 O2 Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) O1 O2 O2 O2 - - O2 …+ o1 - O2 O2 - - Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) otanthetosum maritimi O2 - - - - - O2 - r - - - - - Permasigmataxa of fixed dune Pycnomonio rutifolii-Crucianelletum maritimae O3 O2 O3 O2 O2 O3 O3 - O/1 - - - - - Echinophoro spinosae-Elymetum farcti typicum O2 - - - O1 OI2 - - o1 O3 - - - - Echinophoro spinosae-Elymetum farcti t) otanthetosum maritimi O2 O3 O3 O2 - - - - - - O2 - - - Sileno nicaensis-Vulpietum fasciculatum typicum O2 + - - - - O4 - o1 - o1 - - - Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei - - - - - - - - - - - - … o1 - Cutandietum maritimae o/2 O2 - O2 - Another permasigmataxa Groupement à Carpobrotus edulis - O2 - - - - O2 - - O2 - - - r Plantagini humilis-Lotettum cytisoidis - - - - - - - - - - - - o1 - Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae race méditerranénne - - - - - - …2 - - - - - - - Ononidetum variegatae - - - - - - - - O2 - O2 - - - Localities: 1. Mucchiatana. 2,3,4 y 9. Prunete-Cannicia . 5 y 6 ëtang de Palo. 7. Palombaggia. 8 Pinarellu. 10. Fium’Alto. 11. Biguglia. 12. Santa-Giulia. 13 y 14. Bonifacio


18

Sigmasystematic Analysis of geopermasynrelevés combinated with the

sandy system geomorphological analysis helped to hig-hlight three geopermaseries according to a chorological determinism [1 and 2] and size [3].

[1] west coast of Corsica dunes beaches geoperma-series, thermomediterranean subhumid to dry of the Sileno corsicae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geoperma-sigmetum [holotypus: rel. 2; tab. III]

This endemic corsican psammophilous geoperma-serie, heliophilous and salt-tolerant, , grows on the west coast of the island and is characterized by the Sileno corsicae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae. It is composed of foreshore vegetations (Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae, Sporoboletum arenarii, Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti, Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti). Vegetation sequence grows about twenty meters but may exceptio-nally develop over a hundred meters, for example on the Roccapina site. Tables analysis shows that the geoper-maserie presents an impoverished facies (B. Tab. III) characterized by the absence of Sileno corsicae-Ammo-philetum arundinaceae and a higher frequency of Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei (zoo-anthropogenic grass-land). This geopermaserie is often located on the lower contact to Pistacio lentisci-Junipero macrocarpae mi-norisigmetum.

[2] East coast of Corsica dune beach geopermaserie, thermomediterranean subhumid to dry of the Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophilo arundinaceae geo-permasigmetum [holotypus: rel. 1; tab. IV]

This psammophilous, heliophilous and halophilous geopermaserie is endemic of Corsica. It is common on the east coast of the island and is characterized by the Echinophoro spinosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae. Ammophila vegetation constitute an almost continuous fringe on all sites. Vegetation sequence is present over twenty meters and is replaced by Clematido cirrhosae-Pistacietum lentisci smilacetosum asperae. On the subs-trates of fixed dune, it is located at the lower contact of Cisto salviifolii-Halimietum halimifolii. The tables ana-lysis shows an impoverished facies (B. Tab. IV) marked by the absence of the Echinophoro spinosae-Ammo-philetum arundinaceae and a lower frequency of fixed dune vegetation including the Pycnocomo rutifolii-Cru-cianelletum maritimae.

[3] South of Corsica dune beache geopermaserie, thermomediterranean dry Crucianello maritimae-Armerio pungentis geoperma-sigmetum [holotypus: rel. 3 tab. V]

This heliophilous and halophilous geopermaserie, endemic to Corsica, is characterized by the Crucianello maritimae-Armerietum pungentis, pioneer low shrubland dominated by Armeria pungens which distribution is strictly limited to Bonifacio and the island of Piana (Lavezzi). Geopermaserie expresses on a small width (less than 10 meters). This geopermaserie is at the lower contact of rocky coast on which develops Euphorbio pithyusae-Helichryso microphylli minorisigmetum or of Juniperion turbinatae bushes on the island of Piana (Lavezzi) (Paradis et al .

1994). In table 5, some relevés characterize impove-rished facies of this geopermaserie in trampled areas (A. Tab. V).

Bacchetta et al. (2010) identified a unique psammo-philous halophilous and dunegeosigmetum. The geomor-phological approach of the authors is based on the con-sideration of plant units which grow on the dune sys-tems, without taking into account the dynamic type of each unit.

The shape and space occupied by sandy systems de-pends primarily on the geomorphological configuration of the coastline. When systems are interspersed with sandy rocky coast or located in front of a rocky coast, vegetation sequence may be truncated. In this case, it matches the concept of fractogeosigmetum (Géhu 2006).

Conservation issues Although frequent along the coastal zone of Corsica,

dune geopermaseries appear ponctually. They are regu-larly subjected to human pressures: human use and tram-pling of sandy gravel sites have change the vegetation sequence and favorr the development of secondary veg-etation. Refering to the European Habitats Directive, these geopermaseries include many HCI:

● (1210) annual vegetation foreshore (Salsola kali-Cakiletum aegyptiacae)

● (2110) embryonic dunes (Sporoboletum arenarii, Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti, Echinopho-ro spinosae-Elymetum farcti, Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti, Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti, Inulo crithmoidis-Elymetum farcti, Plantagino-Lotetum cytisoidis humilis)

● (2120) mobile dunes along the shoreline with Am-mophila arenaria (white dunes) (Echinophoro spi-nosae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae, Sileno corsi-cae-Ammophiletum arundinaceae)

Bacchetta et al. (2007, 2010) described a Sardinian halophilous pasmmophilous geosigmetum whose catenal arrangement is similar to those identified in Corsica (Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae, Atriplicetum hastato-tornabaeni, Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti, Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti, Sileno corsicae-Ammophile-tum arundinacea, Crucianellion maritimae, Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae, Pistacio lentisci-Juni-peretum macrocarpae).

Symphytosociological and geosymphytosociological results of sandy-gravel terraces

► Corsican edaphoxerophilous, thermomediterra-nean dry of gravel terraces of Pinus pinaster

Sigmaecology This acidiphilous series grows on fixed sand and

gravel dune in adlittoral position. It is the last fringe of the sequence of vegetation sandy-gravelly systems. Om-brotype: lower dry Thermotype: thermo inframediterra-nean.

Sigmachorology It appears in several places of Corsica (Lavu Santu,

Bay of Calvi, Palombaggia) but still on small areas (less than 2 hectares).


19

15

Table V. Crucianello maritimae-Armerio pungentis geopermasigmetum

A B

Geopermasynrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5

Surface (ha) 1.89 6.3 0.5 0.58 0.27

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 70 70 70 60 100

Number of permasigmataxa 20 20 20 20 20


Crucianello maritimae-Armerietum pungentis O4 O4 O4 O2 O2


Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae /2 - O2 O1 O2

Sporoboletum arenarii O2 O3 o+ .+ .1


Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti - - O1 - -

Inulo crithmoidis-Elymetum farcti - o1 - .+ -

Sileno corsicae-Elymetum farcti - - O3 - -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti (race corso-sarde) - - - - .+


Echinophoro spinosae-Elymetum farcti o/2 O2 - O2 -

Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae - - - - O3


Groupement à Carpobrotus edulis - - - .1 -

Tamaricion africanae - - - O2 O3

Plantagini humilis-Lotetum cytisoidis - - O2 - O2

Localities: Bonifacio This series is located at the upper contact of the Heli-

chryso italici-Scrophulario ramosissimae minorisigme-tum and lower contact of the Galio-scabri Querco sube-ris sigmetum.

Sigmatructure It is characterized by scarce and clear groves of Pinus

pinaster subsp. hamiltonii which some individuals may be sculpted by wind and salt spray. The undergrowth is the Cistus salviifolius and Halimium halimifolium shrubland whose height may reach 2 m and has important recovery (about 95%). The herbaceous layer is sporadic and its floristic composition is very diversified: Brachy-podium retusum, Jasione montana subsp. montana, Sixalix atropurpurea subsp. maritima.

Natural dynamic progressive stages have not been identified yet. The shrubland of Cisto salviifolii-Hali-mietum halimifolii is part of a secondary dynamic, as it is favorised by frequent fires. Complementary surveys could allow to better typify the dynamic trajectories Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 1 du tab. VI]

Conservation issues This series is rare in Corsica where it is present on

small areas (1 to 2 hectares). Situated on the fringe of sandy and sandy-gravelly systems, it is the subject to a regression due to increasing urbanization. The head of serie represents a priority HCI: (2270-2) "dunales forests maritime pine (Pinus pinaster subsp hamiltonii)" which is of major interest in landscape of the Corsican coast.


20

Table VI. Edaphoxerophilous corsican series, thermomediterranean dry, coastal gravel terres of Pinus pinaster

Synrelevé number 1 2

Surface (ha) 12.71 14.37

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 85 80

Average altitude (m) - 0-2

Slope (%) - 4

Dominant exposition - E

Number of syntaxa 3 3

Characteristics syntaxa of the progressive dynamic

Wood of Pinus pinaster subsp. hamiltonii O2 O2

Therophytic grass of Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae …1 …+

Characteristics syntaxa of the regressive dynamic

Cisto salvifolii-Halimietum halimifolii O5 O5

Localities: 1 Lavusantu y 2 Pinarellu

Table VII. Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genisto salzmanii minorisigmetum

Synrelevé number 1

Surface (ha) 3.21

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 100

Average altitude (m) 4

Number of syntaxa 4


Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genistetum salzmanii O5

Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae O2


Catapodio marini-Evacetum rotundatae …o+

Localities: 1 Plage du Ricanto

Table VIII. Helichryso italici-Scrophulario ramosissimae minorisigmetum

Synrelevé number 1 2 3

Surface (ha) 1.27 1.09 3.02

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 100 100 80

Average altitude (m) - 1-3 4

Dominant exposition - E -

Number of syntaxa 4 4 4


Helichryso italici-Scrophularietum ramosissimae O5 O5 o4

Therophytic grass of Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae …2 …1 …2


Corrigiolo telephifoliae-Corynephoretum articulati - - o1

Localities: 1 y 2 Lavusantu. 3 Plage du Ricanto


21

15

► Corsican edaphoxerophilous minoriserie, medite-rranean dry to heat, coastal gravel terraces [Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genisto salzmannii mi-norisigmetum]

Sigmaecology This minoriserie grows on gravel terraces in the su-

pralittoral fringe. The substrate, semi-stabilized, consists of gravel and coarse sand. Ombrotype: lower dry. Ther-motype: thermo inframediterranean.

Sigmachorology This minoriserie is present in two locations: Ajaccio

and Ostriconi. Due to the endemic nature of the head serie, the minoriserie is also endemic to Corsica.

Sigmastructure This minoriserie is a shrubland dominated by Genista

salzmannii var. salzmannii and Scrophularia ramosissi-ma, which height varies from 30 to 60 cm. The grassland stage is represented by the Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae, disparately expressed and characterized by Jasione montana subsp. montana, Reichardia picroides and Carlina corymbosa subsp. corymbosa.

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 1 tab. VII]

Conservation issues The remarkable character of this minoriserie lies in

the floristic combination of Scrophularia ramosissima and Genista salzmannii var. salzmannii. This minorise-rie, endemic to Corsica, represents a HCI (2210) “Medi-terranean coast dunes of Crucianellion maritimae” (Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genistetum salzmannii).

► Corsican edaphoxerophilous minoriserie, thermo-mediterranean dry, of Scrophularia ramosissima and Helichrysum italicum subsp. Italicum [Helichryso italici-Scrophulario ramosissimae mino-risigmetum]

Sigmaecology This minoriserie grows back of sandy gravel bars. It

is strictly linked to the substrates of coarse-grained. Om-brotype: lower dry. Thermotype: thermo inframediterra-nean.

Sigmachorology This minoriserie is located on several sites (Lavu

Santu, Benedettu, Golfo di Sagno (Porto-Vecchio), Verghia Campo del Oro, Galeria, Ostriconi). This mino-riserie is at the upper contact of the Salsolo kali-Euphor-bio peplis geopermasigmetumand lower contact of the maritime pine serie.

Sigmastructure This minoriserie includes two dynamic stages: ● a chamephytic stage dominated Scrophularia ra-

mosissima and Helichrysum italicum subsp. itali-cum (Helichryso italici-Scrophularietum ramo-sissimae)

● a therophytic grassland stage: Maresio nanae-Mal-colmion ramosissimae which appears punctually and regularly, imbricated in the previous stage

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 3 tab. VIII]

Conservation issues The minoriserie originality is linked to the singularity

of ecological conditions (sandy-gravelly terrace) and its distribution limited in some points of Corsica. Its floris-

tic interest is linked to the presence of Scrophularia ramosissima, rare in Corsica. The characteristic associa-tion of this minoriserie is related to the HCI (2210) "fixed dunes mediterranean coastal Crucianellion mari-timae". Frequentation and trampling are the major an-thropogenic pressures.

► Corsican geopermaserie, thermomediterranean dry-subhumid of sablo-gravelly terraces [Salsolo kali-Euphorbio peplis geopermasigmetum]

Sigmaecology This geopermaserie differs from the previous one by

its coarser substrate and geomorphology terrace. When the influence of the salt spray decreases, this geoperma-serie is replaced by Helichryso italici-Scrophularietum ramosissimae or Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genistetum salzmannii). Ombrotype: dry sub-humid. Thermotype: below thermo inframediterraneen.

Sigmachorology Salsolo kali-Euphorbio peplis geopermasigmetum

remains punctual (Lavu Santu, Baraci, Ajaccio, Ricanto, Lava, Liamone, Stagnoli SE, Lozari). Due to the presen-ce of Salsolo kali-Euphorbietum peplis in the Eastern Mediterranean (Cyprus, Turkey and Greece) (Gehu et al. 1984, Bioret & Géhu 2015), this geopermasigmetum seems to be present in other mediterranean areas.

Sigmastructure The sandy-gravelly terraces geopermaserie is compo-

sed of low and open grassland vegetation. Vegetation sequence is expressed in general over a length of 10 to 20 m. The transect may be truncated due to urbanization (Ajaccio, Ricanto) or geormophological context fixed dune (coastal wetlands such as on Ovu Santu site).

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 1 du tab. IX] Two geopermasynreleves (B) are characterized by

the absence of Salsola kali-Euphorbietum peplis, they constitute an impoverished facies.

Conservation issues This geopermaserie is characterized by the associa-

tion of Salsola kali-Euphorbietum peplis Gehu et al. 1984 ; its originality is based on the presence of protec-ted species Euphorbia peplis. The geopermaserie inclu-des a significant number of the HCI:

● (1210) annual vegetation foreshore (Salsolo kali-Cakiletum aegyptiacae- kali- Salsolo kali- Euphor-bietum peplis, Galio halophili-Senecietum tran-sientis)

● (2110) embryonic dunes (Sporoboletum arenarii, Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti, Sileno cor-sicae-Elymetum farcti, Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti)

● (2210) fixed dunes Crucianellion maritimae (Pyc-nocomo rutifolii-Crucianelletum maritimae)

● (1310-4) annual subhalophilous garssland (Cata-podio marini-Senecionetum transientis)

● (2230) dunes with Malcolmietalia (Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae, Sileno sericeae-Matthio-letum tricuspidatae)

The limited distribution of geomorphological context (sandy-gravelly terraces) reinforces the heritage value of this unit.


22

Table IX. Salsolo kali-Euphorbio peplis geopermasigmetum

A B

Geopermasynrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5

Surface (ha) 4.55 8.98 1.68 4.55 4.12

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 70 90 30 50 60

Number of permasigmataxa 26 26 26 4 26


Salsolo kali-Euphorbietum peplis O2 O2 O2 - -


Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae euphorbietosum peplis O2 O2 - O2 .1

Sporoboletum arenarii …+ - - …+ -

Permasigmataxa of ressaut terraces

Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti - - O2 - -

Galio halophili-Senecietum trasientis - or- …1 - …2

Glaucio flavi-Crithmetum maritimi - - .1 o2 O3

Catapodio marini-Senecietum trasientis - .+ - - -

Eryngio maritimi-Elymetum farcti O2 O3 - …1 -

Pycnocomo rutifolii-Crucianelletum maritimae O3 - - - -

Permasigmataxa of the top of terraces

Elytrigio juncei-Crithmetum maritimi - - .+ - -

Cutandietum maritimi o1 .o2 - - -

Sileno sericeae-Vulpietum fasciculatae O2 o1 - - -

Sileno sericeae-Matthioletum tricuspidatae - o2 - - -

Sileno gallicae-Corynephoretum articulatae …+ - - - -


Catapodio marini-Parapholietum incurvae race méditerranénne - o+ - - -

Corrigiolo telephiifoliae-Corynephoretum articulati - O” - - -

Catapodio marini-Mesembryanthemetum nodiflori - .+ - - --

Localities: 1 y 4 Lavu-Santu. 2 Plage de Ricanto. 3 y 5 Baracci

Figure 5. Typical spatial sequence of sandy-gravel terrace vegetation.

(1) Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae Costa & Mans. 1981 corr. Rivas Mart. et al. 1992; (2) Salsolo kali-Euphorbietum peplis Géhu et al. 1984; (3) Galio halophili-Senecietum transientis Paradis & Piazza 1992; (4) Helichryso italici-Scrophularietum ramosissimae Géhu et al. 1987; (5) Groupement à Pinus Pinaster.


23

Symphytosociological and geosymphytosociological resultats of pebble beaches

► Corsican edaphoxerophilous minoriserie, thermo-mediterranean subhumid of pebbles beaches [Helichryso italici-Cisto salviifolii minorisigmetum]

Sigmaecology This heliophilous minoriserie grows on a pebble

beaches which sandy interstitial matrix and regularly accompanied by organic debris. Ombrotype: lower sub-humid. Thermotype: thermo inframediterraneen.

Sigmachorology Helichryso italici-Cisto salviifolii minorisigmetum

has a very limited distribution but is common in some parts of the west coast between Calvi and Propriano. On catenal point of view, this minoriserie develops at the upper contact of Glaucio flavi-Crithmo maritimi geo-permasigmetum and at the lower contact of Galio scabri-Querco ilicis sigmetum.

Sigmastructure This minoriserie has a physiognomy of a low shrub-

land (0,3 to 0,6 m) and is structurally dominated by Genista corsica. This shrubland is accompanied by Heli-chrysum italicum subsp. italicum, Cistus salviifolius, Cistus monspeliensis. Grassland elements appear spora-dically and are composed of species Euphorbio paraliae-Ammophiletea australis (Ammophila arenaria, Elymus farctus, Eryngium maritimum).

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 1 tab. X]

Conservation issues The limited distribution of this minoriserie and the

presence of Genista corsica, endemic corso-Sardinian, confers it a major heritage value. The minoriserie head corresponds to fixed dunes Crucianellion maritimae (2210). No major threat seems to weigh on this minorise-rie.

► Corsican geopermaserie, thermomediterranean subhumid of pebble ridges [Glaucio flavi-Crithmo maritimi geopermasigme-tum]

Sigmaecology This heliophilous and hyperhalophilous geoperma-

serie grows on pebble beaches. The substrate is regularly removed by the sea and has a unstable character. It is necessary to distinguish the pebble beaches by their geomorphological origin: Fango and Porto beaches are natural ; those of Cap Corse, Nonza and Farinole, are linked to anthropogenic releases of a former asbestos quarry. Ombrotype: lower subhumid. Thermotype: Thermo inframediterranean.

Sigmachorology This geopermaserie is limited to some areas of Corsi-

ca (Fango Crovani, Porto, Cap Corse). At the island scale, it grows on beaches including some pebbles from the adjacent rivers. Vegetation sequence is expressed on a wide strip of ten meters. In the Fango, this geopermase-rie is located on the lower contact of Helichryso italici-Genistetum corsicae.

Sigmastructure This unit is composed of foreschore vegetation very

sparse vegetation where recovery rarely exceeds 30%.

Sigmasystematic [holotypus: rel. 1 tab. XI] This geopermaserie contains only three syntaxa. It is

characterized by the Glaucio flavi-Crithmetum maritimi Paradis & Piazza 2011. The geopermasynrelevé realized on Porto's pebble beach is an impoverished facies (B) due to anthropic pressure.

Conservation issues This geopermaserie has no plant species or groups of

high heritage value.

Discussion and conclusion:

This work allows to present the conceptual, metho-dological and typological principles of landscape phyto-sociology while adapting the methodological approach to the Mediterranean coastal vegetations. This method requires a good knowledge of the mechanisms governing the progressive or regressive dynamic trajectories of vegetations. It provides a better understanding of cœnoti-cal diversity and naturalness of a landscape, according to a pluristructural approach from the plant communitis to the vegetation geoseries (Beguin et al. 1979; Biondi, 2011).

This study contributes to improve ecological knowledge, structural and phenomenological of geoper-maseries, minoriseries of sandy gravel coast of Corsica. Future investigations will complete the proposed typolo-gy. The confrontation of our typological results with other areas of the Mediterranean basin would be useful in order to refine the typology of sigmetal or geosigmetal units (chorology, syntaxa differentials, syntaxonomical depletion of sigmataxons in range limits).

Future research will be oriented on two main direc-tions:

● characterization of coastal soils. On dune systems, soils factors are predominant in the zonation of vegetation (Fenu et al. 2012) as wind influence seems to be a secondary factor, The project to establish a soil referential in Corsica by ODARC (Office of Agricultural and Rural De-velopment of Corsica) is an important issue that will facilitate the characterization of vegetation se-ries and geoseries ;

● patrimonial assessment of serial and geoserial units. Some sectors could be selected based on their ecological and anthropogenic originalities, in order to achieve a vegetation monitoring at a finer scale. This could contribute to a better understanding of human impacts and spatial and temporal scales of plant succession based on disturbance degrees.

Acknowledgments:

The authors thank the scientific team of the Botanical Conservatory of Corsica, especially Carole Piazza, Lae-titia Hugot, Alain Delage, Kevin O'Deye-Guizien, Julie Reymann, Paula Spinosi and Caroline Favier Vittori ; thanks to Guilhan Paradis for his help to interpret the ecology of vegetation.


24

Table X. Helichryso italici-Cistetum salvifolii minorisigmetum

Synrelevé number 1 2

Surface (ha) 7.89 4.35

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 70 95

Average altitude (m) 6 2

Dominant exposition - SW

Number of syntaxa 3 2


Helichryso italici-Cistetum salvifolii O4 O5

Therophytic grass of Maresio nanae-Malcolmion ramosissimae …2 …2


Groupement à Brachypodium retusum …2 -

Localities: 1 Fango y 2 Liamone

Table XI. Glaucio flavi-Crithmo maritimi geopermasigmatum

A B

Geopermasynrelevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Surface (ha) 7.89 1.4 V 1.8 0.6 21.6 3.8 0.5 1.6 8.04 2.02 3.22

Phanerogamic total recovery (%) 40 20 15 60 30 40 50 50 80 80 60 80

Number of permasigmataxa 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13


Glaucio flavi-Chritmetum maritimi O2 O1 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O1 o1 O3 O3 -

Permasigmataxa of pebbles beaches

Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 o2 O3 O2 O2 - O2

Sporobolo pungentis-Elymetum farcti - - - - - - - - - - O1 -

Eryngio maritimae-Elymetum farcti - - - O2 - - - - - .+ - -

Galio halophili-Senecientum trasientis - - - - - - - - - - …+ -


Sileno gallicae-Brometum gussonei - - - - o2 O2 O2 O2 - - - -

Cutandietum maritimae - - - - - - - - - - - O4

Groupement à Carpobrotus edulis - - - - o+ - o1 - - O2 - O2

Tamaricion africanae - - - - - - - - O4 O2 - O2

Localities: 1-11 Cap Corse. 12 Porto

Figure 6. Typical spatial sequence of pebble beaches vegetation.

(1) Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae; (2) Sporoboletum arenarii; (3) Glaucio flavi-Crithmetum maritimi; (4) Scrophulario ramosissimae-Genistetum salzmanii; (5) Galio scabri-Quercetum ilicis.


25

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