SUB Hamburg

A5572J2

IRTHE NEW WORLD OF

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Ninth Edition

Michael G. RoskinLYCOMING COLLEGE

Nicholas O. BerryFOREIGN POLICY FORUM

LongmanBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Brief Contents

Detailed Contents vii

Preface xx

PART I APPROACHES TO IR 1

Chapter 1 Power and Systems in Transformation 2

Chapter 2 IR Theories 20

PART II THE COLD WAR COME AND GONE 39

Chapter 3 America's Changing National Interests 40

Chapter 4 Vietnam and the Warping of National Interest 56

Chapter 5 Russia and Geopolitics 72

Chapter 6 Can the United States Lead the World? 94

PART III THE GLOBAL SOUTH 111

Chapter 7 From Colonialism to Decolonization 112

Chapter 8 Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land 126

Chapter 9 Oil and Turmoil in the Persian Gulf 142

Chapter 10 Trouble and Hope in Latin America 160

Chapter 11 Development in Rich and Poor Countries 176

vi Brief Contents

PART IV THE ETERNAL THREATS 193

Chapter 12 The Causes of Interstate Conflict 194

Chapter 13 The Pursuit of National Security 208

Chapter 14 The Politics of Nuclear Bombs 222

Chapter 15 The Challenge of Asymmetrical Conflict 238

PART V ECONOMIC BLOCS 253

Chapter 16 Europe Unifies 254

Chapter 17 Asia Awakes 270

Chapter 18 The United States and Globalization 286

PART VI THE POLITICS OF A NEW WORLD 301

Chapter 19 Diplomacy Is Still Alive 302

Chapter 20 The Uses of International Law 318

Chapter 21 The Reach of the United Nations 334

Chapter 22 Finite F.E.W. (Food/Energy/Water) 350

Detailed Contents

Preface xx

PART I APPROACHES TO IR 1

CHAPTER 1 Power and Systems in Transformation 2

• CONCEPTS: Power 4

The European Balance-of-Power System 5

• CONCEPTS: Systems 6

• TURNING POINT: Bismarck: System Changer 7

The Unstable Interwar System 8

The Bipolar Cold War System 9

What Kind of New System? 10

Are States Here to Stay? 16

• CONCEPTS: The State 16

Is Sovereignty Slipping? 17

• CONCEPTS: Sovereignty 17

• REFLECTIONS: Sovereignty and You 18

CHAPTER 2 IR Theories 20

The Oldest Theory: Realism 22

0 CLASSIC THOUGHT: E. H. Carr and Realism 22

a CLASSIC THOUGHT: Hans Morgenthau on National Interest 24

The Liberal Peace Seekers 26

• CONCEPTS: Liberal Internationalism 27vii

viii Detailed Contents

The Newest: Constructivism 29

Marxist Theories of IR 32

• CONCEPTS: Gramscian Marxism 34

IR Theories: An Evaluation 35

PART II THE COLD WAR COME AND GONE 39

CHAPTER 3 America's Changing NationalInterests 40

Independence 41

• CONCEPTS: National Interests 42

Manifest Destiny 43

D CLASSIC THOUGHT: Washington's Farewell Address 43

Imperialism 45

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Mahan's Sea Power Theory 45

World War I 47

Isolationism 47

World War II 48

n DIPLOMACY: The Atlantic Charter 48

The Cold War 49

• CONCEPTS: Cold War 49

• TURNING POINT: Spring 1947 50

• CONCEPTS: Mead's Four Schools of U.S. Foreign Policy 52

The Next Challenges 53

• REFLECTIONS: Kennan on History 53

CHAPTER 4 Vietnam and the Warping of NationalInterest 56

The Colonized Colonialists 58

• CONCEPTS: Political Generations 58

The First Indochina War 59

a GEOGRAPHY: Vietnam and China 59

The United States and the Geneva Accords 60

B TURNING POINT: HO Chi Minh 60

Detailed Contents ix

Kennedy's Commitment 61

o DIPLOMACY: The Geneva Accords 61

• CONCEPTS: Guerrilla Warfare 62

LBJ: Victim or Villain? 64

• TURNING POINT: The Tonkin Gulf Resolution 64

• CONCEPTS: What Is a Civil War? 65

Extrication Without Humiliation 66

• TURNING POINT: Te t 66

• REFLECTIONS: Iraq, Afghanistan, and Vietnam 67

Morality and Feasibility 68

a DIPLOMACY: The 1973 Paris Accords 68

• DIPLOMACY: Kissinger's "Decent Interval" 69

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: War and Peace 70

APTER 5 Russia and Geopolitics 72

War and Bolshevism 74

a GEOGRAPHY: Geopolitics 74

Spreading the Revolution 76

Q GEOGRAPHY: World War I: The Slavic Connection 76

Stalin's Policy Mistakes 77

• TURNING POINT: The North Russian Intervention 77

The Great Patriotic War 78

• CONCEPTS: Ideology and Foreign Policy 78

a DIPLOMACY: The Spanish Civil War 79

Yalta 80

The Cold War 80

o DIPLOMACY: The Yalta Agreement 80

The Decline of the Soviet Union 81

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Kissinger on Absolute Security 81

Restive East Europe 82

• CONCEPTS: Hegemony 82

Khrushchev and the Cuban Missiles 84

Brezhnev and Detente 85

Afghanistan: A Soviet Vietnam 85

• DIPLOMACY: Detente 85

Detailed Contents

Why the Soviet Collapse? 86

Gorbachev and Collapse 87

• CONCEPTS: Elites 87

Foreign Policy: Generated Internally or Externally? 88

• GEOGRAPHY: The Soviet Successor States 89

Restoring Russian Power 90

• DIPLOMACY: Geroge F. Kennan on Russia and the West 90

CHAPTER 6 Can the United States Leadthe World? 94

Alternation in U.S. Foreign Policy 95

• CONCEPTS: Interventionism 96

Are Americans Basically Isolationists? 97

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Spykman on Intervention 97

The Continuity Principle 98

• CONCEPTS: A Cyclical Theory of U.S. Foreign Policy 98

• REFLECTIONS: Ideals or Self-Interest? 99

a DIPLOMACY: Presidents and Their "Doctrines" 100

A Contrary Congress 101

• CONCEPTS: Congress and Foreign Policy 102

Is the Structure Defective? 103

Do Bureaucracies Make Foreign Policy? 104

• DIPLOMACY: National Security Council 104

• CONCEPTS: Bureaucratic Politics 105

The Unilateralist Temptation 106

• TURNING POINT: Obama and the Afghanistan Decision 107

To Lead or Not to Lead? 108

PART III THE GLOBAL SOUTH 111

CHAPTER 7 From Colonialism to Decolonization 112

Legacies of Colonialism 114

• GEOGRAPHY: Looking for a Name 115

• GEOGRAPHY: Colonialism 116

The Roots of Africa's Problems 117

Detailed Contents xi

The Strange Story of South Africa 117

• REFLECTIONS: Gold Coast into Ghana 118

India Splits in Two 119

Nigeria: The Oil Curse 121

• GEOGRAPHY: The Agony of Algeria 121

• GEOGRAPHY: Congo: Still the Heart of Darkness 122

n GEOGRAPHY: Bad Way in Zimbabwe 123

The Assertive Emerging Countries 124

CHAPTER 8 Eternal Warfare in the Holy Land 126

The Making of Jewish Nationalism 127

• CONCEPTS: Nationalism 128

The Making of Arab Nationalism 129

• DIPLOMACY: Promises, Promises 129

World War I and the Mandate 130

a GEOGRAPHY: Britain Invents Jordan 130

The 1948 War 132

The 1956 War 132

The Six Day War 133

The 1973 War 134

• DIPLOMACY: Logistics and Peace 135

The Rise of Palestinian Nationalism 136

The 1982 War 136

Is There Hope? 137

Q DIPLOMACY: Obama: Return to Even-Handedness? 137

n DIPLOMACY: Can Extremists Turn Pragmatic? 139

Lessons of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 140

CHAPTER 9 Oil and Turmoil in the Persian Gulf 142

Irascible Iran 143

D GEOGRAPHY: The Strait of Hormuz 146

The First Gulf War 147

• CONCEPTS: Huntington's "Civilizational" Theory 147

• GEOGRAPHY: The Shatt al Arab 148

xii Detailed Contents

The Second Gulf War 149

n DIPLOMACY: What Did the United States Know, and When Did ItKnow It? 149

• GEOGRAPHY: The Bab al Mandab 150

The Third Gulf War 151

u DIPLOMACY: A Green Light for Aggression 151

n DIPLOMACY: Status Quo Ante Bellum 152

An Arab Explosion? 153

The Afghan War 154

• GEOGRAPHY: The Misused, Angry Kurds 155

War with Iran? 156

Lessons of Four Gulf Wars 157

a DIPLOMACY: "The Enemy of My Enemy Is My Friend" 157

CHAPTER 10 Trouble and Hope in LatinAmerica 160

• ECONOMICS: Statism 162

Spain Colonizes the New World 163

Central America and the Caribbean 163

Economic Dependency 164

• CONCEPTS: Intervention 165

a DIPLOMACY: From Monroe Doctrine to Roosevelt Corollary 166

The Pattern of U.S. Intervention 167

• TURNING POINT: Guatemala: The Worst Case 167

• REFLECTIONS: The Taking of Swan Island 168

Cuba Leaves the U.S. Sphere 169

• TURNING POINT: The Bay of Pigs, 1961 170

a DIPLOMACY: The Cuba Problem 170

• CONCEPTS: "Torn" Countries 171

Mexico: Drugs and Democracy 171

• CONCEPTS: Sphere of Influence 171

• CONCEPTS: Free and Fair Elections 172

What Can We Do? 173

• REFLECTIONS: We Build a House in Honduras 173

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Poor Mexico! 174

Detailed Contents xiii

91 Development in Rich and PoorCountries 176

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Protestant Ethic 179

Why Did the West Rise? 180

• CONCEPTS: Per-Capita GDP 180

• CONCEPTS: Modernization Theory 181

The Population Explosion 182

• CONCEPTS: Neocolonialism 182

• REFLECTIONS: The Psychology of Backwardness 183

The Great Migration 184

• ECONOMICS: The Rule of 70 184

• ECONOMICS: Uneven Population Growth 186

Socialist Versus Market Paths 187

• ECONOMICS: Is My Job Safe? 187

• ECONOMICS: Does Foreign Aid Work? 188

D CLASSIC THOUGHT: Socialism When You're Young 188

• ECONOMICS: The Burmese Way to Catastrophe 189

• ECONOMICS: The Black Market as Model 190

PART IV THE ETERNAL THREATS 193

CHAPTER 12 The Causes of InterstateConflict 194

Micro Theories of War 195

State-Level Theories of War 196

• CONCEPTS: Waltz's Three Levels of Analysis 197

Macro Theories of War 198

• CONCEPTS: Islamic Wars ? 198

a CLASSIC THOUGHT: The Crux of Clausewitz 199

Power Asymmetries 200

Misperception 201

• CONCEPTS: Misperception 201

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Thucydides on Fear 202

xiv Detailed Contents

The Power Dilemma 203

• CONCEPTS: The Previous-War Theory 203

• CONCEPTS: DO Rising Powers Cause Wars? 204

The Danger of Analogies 205

a DIPLOMACY: "NO More Munichs" 205

• CONCEPTS: The Pacifist Fallacy 206

CHAPTER 13 The Pursuit of National Security 208

Technology and Security 210

• CONCEPTS: Security 210

Defense 211

• TURNING POINT: The Fall of Constantinople 211

• CONCEPTS: Illusory Weapons 212

Deterrence 213

a TURNING POINT: The Maginot Line 214

• CONCEPTS: Deterrence 215

Detente Diplomacy 216

• CONCEPTS: DO WMD Deter or Provoke? 216

Disarmament 218

a DIPLOMACY: Appeasing Hitler 218

A Combination 219

CHAPTER 14 The Politics of Nuclear Bombs 222

Weapon of War 223

Nuclear Deterrence 224

• REFLECTIONS: Hiroshima 225

Alliance Building 226

• CONCEPTS: Nuclear and Thermonuclear Weapons 226

International Prestige 227

• CONCEPTS: Nuclear Strategies 227

Deterrence Transformed 228

Nuclear Proliferation 228

• CONCEPTS: Access 228

• CONCEPTS: Prestige 229

Detailed Contents xv

Arms Control 230

• CONCEPTS: Arms Control 230

• CONCEPTS: An Islamic Bomb 231

The Nuclear Proliferators 232

a DIPLOMACY: The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 232

What Would Happen if Nukes Were Used? 233

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Clausewitz on Escalation 234

Nuclear Doom? 235

• CONCEPTS: Invasion Insurance 235

• CONCEPTS: The Rationality Problem 236

CHAPTER 15 The Challenge of AsymmetricalConflict 238

• CONCEPTS: Asymmetrical Conflict 240

The Background of an Asymmetrical Conflict 241

Modernization and Asymmetrical Conflict 241

• CONCEPTS: What Is Terrorism? 242

• CONCEPTS: Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? 243

• CONCEPTS: Blowback 244

Which Way for U.S. Policy? 246

• CONCEPTS: IS Islam the Cause? 246

• CONCEPTS: Salafiyya 247

• CONCEPTS: Terrorism Plus WMD 248

• CONCEPTS: Homegrown Terrorists 249

Lessons of Asymmetrical Conflict 250

• CONCEPTS: Cyberwarfare 250 - -

PART V ECONOMIC BLOCS 253

CHAPTER 16 Europe Unifies 254

Europe's Two Tracks 256

• GEOGRAPHY: Labeling Europe 256

The Lesson of Ex-Yugoslavia 257

xvi Detailed Contents

The Crumbling of NATO 258

• CONCEPTS: Alliances 258

Europe Gropes for Unity 260

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: NOW Make Europeans 261

• GEOGRAPHY: Growth of the Common Market 262

Europe on Its Own? 263

• GEOGRAPHY: Four Stages of Integration 263

• ECONOMICS: Trouble in Euroland 264

The Challenge of Trade Blocs 265

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Comparative Advantage 266

• ECONOMICS: The Retired Continent 267

CHAPTER 17 Asia Awakes 270

• ECONOMICS: China's New Model 274

A History of Exaggerations 275

• GEOGRAPHY: China's Stormy Seas 276

Which Way for China? 277

a GEOGRAPHY: China, India, and the Indian Ocean 277

u DIPLOMACY: War over Taiwan? 278

Japan Encounters the West 279

The Road to Pearl Harbor and Hiroshima 280

• TURNING POINT: The First Pearl Harbor 280

• TURNING POINT: The U.S.-Japan War 281

From Rubble to Riches 282

• CONCEPTS: The Unforeseen Consequences of North Korea 282

• ECONOMICS: Yuan Get Flexible? 283

CHAPTER i 3 The United States and Globalization 286

The Great Depression and Great Recession 287

A Strong Dollar? 288

• ECONOMICS: Bretton Woods Agreement 288

What to Use for World Trade ? 289

• ECONOMICS: International Monetary Fund 289

Globalization and Its Enemies 290

Detailed Contents xvii

• ECONOMICS: Who Is Rich? 292

• ECONOMICS: The 2008 Financial Meltdown 293

• ECONOMICS: From GATT to WTO 294

The Coming of NAFTA 295

• ECONOMICS: Protectionism 296

Trade Wars? 297

• ECONOMICS: Currency Wars? . 298

PART VI THE POLITICS OF A NEW WORLD 301

CHAPTER 19 Diplomacy Is Still Alive 302

• CONCEPTS: Diplomacy and Foreign Policy 304

The Rise and Decline of Diplomacy 305

• CONCEPTS: Diplomacy 305

The Uses of an Anachronism 306

n CLASSIC THOUGHT: "Surtout, Messieurs, Point de Zele" 306

Diplomats 307

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Balance-of-Power Diplomacy 307

u DIPLOMACY: The Use of Signals 308

Inside an Embassy 310

• REFLECTIONS: HOW to Join the Foreign Service 310

c DIPLOMACY: Purge of the "Old China Hands" 311

Diplomacy and War 312

a DIPLOMACY: Third-Party Diplomacy 313

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: War by Other Means 313

n CLASSIC THOUGHT: Music Without Instruments - 314• DIPLOMACY: Morgenthau's Nine Rules 315

CHAPTER 20 The Uses of International Law 318

Consistency and Reciprocity 320

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Frederick the Great and IL 320

Origins of International Law 321

• TURNING POINT: Legalistic Europe 321

• CONCEPTS: HOW to Make a Treaty 322

Commands 323

xviii Detailed Contents

• CONCEPTS: Successor States 323

Sanctions 324

o DIPLOMACY: Law of the Sea 324

• CONCEPTS: International Sanctions 325

Self-Help 326

Recognition 326

Territory 327

• REFLECTIONS: Eichmann and Piracy 327

War 328

• TURNING POINT: Hole in the Ozone 328

IL and Human Rights 329

The Future of IL 331

CHAPTER 21 The Reach of the UnitedNations 334

Theory of World Government 336

The Short, Sad League of Nations 336

• CLASSIC THOUGHT: Le Reve de Reves 336

• CONCEPTS: Collective Security 338

The Rise of the UN 339

The UN: Early Idealism 340

• TURNING POINT: The Four Policemen 340

Disillusion with the UN 341

• DIPLOMACY: Ralph Bunche: UN Hero 341

• TURNING POINT: Great and Not-So-Great Secretaries General 342

The Uses of the UN 343

• TURNING POINT: The United States and the UN 343

• REFLECTIONS: Paying Attention to the Deep Seabed 344

Functionalism 344

• CONCEPTS: Functionalism 344

Giving Peace a Chance 346

• CONCEPTS: The Democratic Peace 346

Humankind's Last, Best Hope? 347

• REFLECTIONS: Nongovernmental Organizations 347

Detailed Contents xix

CHAPTER 22 Finite F.E.W. (Food/Energy/Water) 350

Finite F.E.W. 351

• ECONOMICS: The Father of the Green Revolution 352

Has Oil Peaked? 353

• ECONOMICS: Oil and Us 353

• ECONOMICS: Was Malthus Wrong or Just Premature? 354

• ECONOMICS: The 2010 Gulf Oil Spill 355

Technological Fixes? 356

• ECONOMICS: Addicted to Oil 356

a DIPLOMACY: The Great U.S.-Saudi Bargain 357

Water Crises 358

• ECONOMICS: What Is Cap and Trade? 358

• CONCEPTS: The Global Warming Dispute 360

F.E.W. and Human Security 361

• CONCEPTS: Cyclical or Secular Change? 362

o GEOGRAPHY: Pipeline Politics 363