STYLE GUIDELINES FOR PARC/CIMMYT REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS

March, 1986

PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-11

Research Reports in this Series

Byerlee, D., and S.S. Hussain. 1986. Maize production in NWFP: A review of technological issues in relation to farmers' circumstances. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-1.

Stevens, E.J., M.Q. Chatha, M. Salim, and D. Byerlee. 1986. Farmer oriented research and the transfer of maize technology for NWFP and the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-2.

Fischer, K., and H.I. Javed. 1986. Production of maize grain and fodder in the Northwest Frontier Province and Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-3.

Amir, P. 1986. Maize marketing and utilization in Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-4.

Stevens, E.J., M. Aslam, D. Byerlee, and M.Q. Chatha. 1986. Report of an onfarm maize travelling workshop. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-5.

Hussain, S.S., M. Ahmed, M. Haq Nawaz, and S. Hayat. 1986. Maize in the irrigated farming systems of Mardan District: Implications for research and extension. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-6.

Byerlee, D., P.R. Hobbs, B.R. Khan, A. Majid, M.R. Akhtar and N.I. Hashmi. 1986. Increasing wheat productivity in the context of Pakistan's irrigated cropping systems: a view from the farmer's field. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-7.

Akhtar, M.R., D. Byerlee, A. Qayyum, A. Majid and P.R. Hobbs. 1986. Wheat in the cotton-wheat farming systems of the Punjab: implications for research and extension. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-8.

Hobbs, P.R., B.R. Khan, A. Razzaq, B.M. Khan, M. Aslam, N.I. Hashmi, A. Majid. 1986. Results from agronomic on-farm trials on barani wheat in the high and medium rainfall areas of northern Punjab for 1983 to 1985. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-9.

.ii

Report of wheat travelling seminar, 1986. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-10.

Style guidelines for PARC/CIMMYT reports and publications. 1986. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-11.

Eskridge, K.M. 1986.-Report on the biometrical capabilities of the agricultural research centres and agricultural universities of Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-1 •

Single copies of these reports may be obtained by writing to The Publications Office, PARC, Islamabad

or to CIMMYT, PO Box 1237, Islamabad

Published by the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Collaborative Programme with funding from USAID Contract 391-0489

iii

Report of wheat travelling seminar, 1986. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-10.

Style guidelines for PARC/CIMMYT reports and publications. 1986. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-11.

Single copies of these reports may be obtained by writing to Dr Qasim Chatha, Maize Coordinator, NARC, Islamabad,

or to CIMMYT, PO Box 1237, Islamabad

Published by the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Collaborative Programme with funding from USAID Contract 391-0489

iv

Table of Contents

Introduction ...................................... General ........................................... Hard Cover ........................................ Title Page ........................................ List of Publications .............................. Table of Contents

List of Tables, Figures and Appendix Tables

Introduction

Layout

References •••.•.••.•...•••.• Standard Journal Article Book Chapter in Book Article With No Identifiable Technical Report

Author

Conference, Symposium, or Workshop Proceedings

Dissertation

Abbreviations ..................................... Tables and Figures

Captions Capitalization of Headings Within

A Table Fodtnotes In Tables Numbers In Tables

Appendix Tables ................................... Miscellaneous Points ..............................

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Page

1

1

2

2

6

6

6

6

6

10 12 12 12 12 12

13 13

13

15 15

15 15 16

16

16

List of Tables

Table Page

1. Requirements for Subsistence Diets of Mice .............................. 15

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List of Figures

Figure Page,

1. Layout for the Hard Cover Page ............. 3

2. Layout for A Title Page With A Reference to A Workshop .................... 4

3. Layout for A Title Page Without A Reference to A Workshop .................... 5

4. Layout for A List of Publications Page 7

5. Layout for A Table of Contents Page ........ 8

6. Layout for A List of Tables, Figures or Appendix Tables Page • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • 9

7. An Example of Page Layout ······~··········· 11

8. An Example of Literature Citation •••••••••• 14

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Introduction

Previously, PARC/CIMMYT reports and publications have been both inconsistent in their styles and inconsistent with international standards for scientific reporting. This report has been prepared1 in an attempt to standardize formats and layout, and is intended to serve as a guide for ~uthors, typists, and editors preparing text for publication by the PARC/CIMMYT collaborative programme.

General

PARC/CIMMYT reports being prepared for publication should usually be arranged in the following order:

1. Hard cover 2. Title 3. List of Publications 4. Preface 5. Acknowledgements 6. Table of Contents 7. List of Tables 8. List of Figures 9. List of Appendix Tables 10. Executive Summary 11. Introduction 12. Main body of the report 13. References 14. Appendix Tables

Each of the items one to 11 inclusive, and 13 and 14 begins on a new page.

Items one to nine inclusive, and 13 and 14 should be typed on single spacing. The remaining items, that is, the executive summary, introduction, and main body of the report, should be typed on double spacing.

Commands to number pages should not be entered into the report. Page numbering starts automatically from the title page. Final page numbering will be determined when the report is in final draft. At this stage, items two to 10 inclusive will be numbered using Roman numerals. Although the title will be page i, the number will not be typed onto the page, so that numbering will actually begin on the list of publications page, page 11. The remainder of the report, i.e. introduction to end, will be numbered using Arabic numerals.

1 Prepared for the PARC/CIMMYT Collaborative Programme by J.W. Pilgrim Associates (Private} Ltd.

1

Each report should be typed onto a disk containing nothing else, and a back-up disk must be maintained. Indicate on the disk label which word processing language, for example, Word Star, Apple WQrks, etc, the report has been typed under.

Do not make the file on the disk too long. If the report exceeds 12 pages, begin a new file on the same disk. Give each file the same name followed by sequential numbers, for example, "Fischer!, Fischer2". Always leave plenty of space on a disk so that more pages or typing may be added as necessary during the editing of a report. If the report is very long, type it on more than one disk, and keep a back-up disk of each disk.

Reports must be typed on left-justified text, that is, with an even left margin and a ragged right margin as per these guidelines. To turn off the center-justification on Word Star, type the following set of commands: ~JH, 3, ~a, J. ·The center­justification must be turned off each time the Word Star programme is loaded.

The left and right hand margins on Word Star are too wide for publishing reports, and they must therefore be adjusted each time the Word Star programme is loaded. Final copies of reports will usually be printed using elite (12 pitch) type on the Radio Shack daisy wheel 510 printer. The left and right margins of Word Star should be adjusted accordingly as follows: ~OL 9, -oR 71. Each paragraph should begin at column 14.

All agronomy reports should be written in the past tense. Further specific details regarding style are outlined below.

Hard Cover

This page will be the outside cardboard cover of the finished report. It should be typed according to the layout in Fig. 1. Note that only the title of the report is in capital letters.

Title Page

The title page should be arranged as per the attached example (Fig. 2). This page contains the affiliation of the report's author(s). Only the title of the report is typed in capital letters. If the report is not from a workshop, then the paragraph explaining this can be omitted, and the layout should be arranged as shown in Fig. 3.

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REPORT OF AN ONFARM MAIZE TRAVELLING WORKSHOP

E. John Stevens

Mohammad Aslam

Derek Byerlee

M. Qasim Chatha

PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-5

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council/ International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Collaborative Programme

1986

Figure 1. Layout for the hard cover page.

REPORT OF AN ONFARM ~IAIZE TRAVELLING WORKSHOP

1 E. John Stevens

2 Mohammad Aslam

1 Derek Byerlee

Q . .2

M. as1m Chatha

PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-5

Report of a workshop held in the Northwest Frontier Province JOd

the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan September 14-19, 1985

1Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and the

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

2 Collaborative Programme

National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad

1986

Figure 2. Layout for a title page with a refer~~ce to a workshop.

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MAIZE MARKETING AND UTILIZATION

IN PAKISTAN

P . . 1 erva1z Am1r

PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-4

1Agricultural Economist, Winrock International, Arkansas, USA

1986

Figure 3. Layout for a title page without a reference to a workshop.

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List of Publications

This page contains a list of research reports available to date, and should be arranged as shown in Fig. 4. Take careful note of how punctuation iri these references should be arranged. This page is available on disk up to publication number 86-12.

Table of Contents

The table of contents should be arranged as per the attached example (Fig. 5), except do not enter page numbers. These will be entered during the final draft stage. Note that the table of contents is typed on single spacing and begins on a new page. Leave two spaces between the end of a word and beginning full stops - full stops do not begin immediately after a word.

List of Tables, Figures and Appendix Tables

The list of tables, figures and appendix tables should be arranged as shown in Fig. 6. Page numbers are not entered, and each list begin on a new page. Leave two spaces between the end of a word and beginning full stops. Although the lists are typed on single spacing, an extra line is left between the title for each figure, table or appendix.

Introduction

The introduction begins on a new page, and 1s typed on double spacing, as are the executive summary, and the main body of the report.

Layout

(1). All headings should be in boldface. Except for the hard cover and the title page, the first letter of each word in a heading should be capitalized, and all remaining letters should be in lower case. The first letters of words such as "th.e", "of", and "and" are not capitalized.

(2). All main headings should be centered on the page. Secondary headings should begin on the left-hand margin of the page.

(3). Two lines are left before each main and secondary heading. One line is left after main and secondary headings.

(4). The first paragraph of text immediately following a

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Research Reports in this Series

Byerlee, D., and S.S. Hussain. 1986. Maize production in NWFP: A review of technological issues in rel~tion· t~ farmers' circumstances. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86~1:

Stevens, E.J., M.Q. Chatha, M. Salim, and D. Byerle·e.~l986. Farmer oriented research and the transfer of maize technology for NWFP and the Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-2.

Fischer, K., and H.I. Javed. 1986. Production of maize grain and fodder in the Northwest Frontier Province and Islamabad Capital Territory of Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-3.

Amir, P. 1986. Maize marketing and utilization in Pakistan. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-4.

Stevens, E.J., M. Aslam, D. Byerlee, and M.Q. Chatha. 1986. Report of an onfarm maize travelling workshop. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-5.

Hussain, S.S., M. Ahmed, M. Haq Nawaz, and S. Hayat. 1986. Maize in the irrigated farming systems of Mardan District: Implications for research and extension. PARC/CIMMYT Paper No. 86-6.

Single copies of these reports may be obtained by writing to The Publications Office, PARC, Islamabad

or to CIMMYT, PO Box 1237, Islamabad

Published by the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council and the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

Coll~borative Programme with funding from USAID Contract 391-0489

Figure 4. Layout for a list of publications page.

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Table of Contents

Page Acknowledgements

Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Farm Level Surveys .•...........•••••••••••••••.•• 2

Recommendation Domains ••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 An Inadequate Seed Industry and Acute

Shortage of Maize Seed ••••••••••••••••••••• 4 An Increasing Market Stability for Maize 4 Maturity and Colour Preferences

for Varieties ·~····························· 4 Maize as a Lower Priority Crop in

Irrigated Areas .••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Fodder/Forage Production ••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Increased Use of Tractors and A Decline

. In Animal Draft Power •••••••••••••••••••••• 9 Shortage of Labour • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 Line Planting Versus Broadcast

Sowing and the Need for Planting Equipment ••••••••••••••• 9

Soil Compaction and Deep Tillage •••••• 9 Phosphate Deficiencies ••••••••••••••••••••••• 10 Seeding Rates, Thinning Practices, and

Recommended Plant Population Densities 10

Production Systems and Constraints: An Overview of Survey Information .•••.•••••••••••••.•••••.• ll

The Irrigated Upper Swat Valley •.•••••••••••• 11 Summary of Survey Information

for 1983-84 ••••••••.•••.•••••••••••• ll

Figure 5. Layout for a table of contents page.

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List of Appendix Tables

Table Page

1. List of Workshop Participants 6

2. Summary of the Workshop Programme 7

3. Reevaluation of Issues Addressed During the September Travelling Workshop •••.••••••• 10

Figure 6. Layout for a list of tables, figures or appendix tables page.

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ma1n or secondary heading is not indented, but begins on the left hand margin. Subsequent paragraphs are inden~ed.

(5). Any.further headings begin on the left-hand margain as for secondary headings, but are followed by a colon(:). The text then follows immediately after the colon, not as a new paragraph.

(6). Blank lines are not left between paragraphs within a heading.

(7). The left hand margin on the Word Star programme should begin at column nine, as previously explained.

(8). Footnotes should be typed on single spacing on one page at the end of the report. When the report reaches final draft stage, footnotes should be incorporated into the text at an appropriate place.

(9). Footnotes in the text of a report are referred to with a superscripted number, for example 1 Footnotes 1n tables are referred to with a superscripted lower case letter,

a for example • An example of the above layout requirements is shown in

Fig. 7.

References

Within the text of a report, a reference is cited using the author's surnames followed by the year of publication.

Where there are two or less authors, the citation is made as follows:

" •• farmers were reluctant to adopt recommended technology packages (Billings and Worchestire, 1985)."

If there are more than two authors, cite only the major author, followed by "et al." and the date of publication, as follows:

" •• maize prices increased (Schutz et al., 1980)." Sometimes an author is quoted directly as part of a

sentence. In this case, the citation is made with only the year of publication in parenthesis, as follows:

"Carther (1942) reported that •• " The entire citation of a reference is not incorporated

into the text. An exception can be made if there is only one reference for a report, in which case it may be included as a footnote. Otherwise, references are cited in alphabetical order by author's surnames on a separate page after the main body of the report. References should be typed on single spacing.

Various types of literature are cited in different ways as explained below. Punctuation should be consistent with that indicated below under standard journal article.

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Status of the Maize Crop

Climatic conditions were less than optimal for ma1ze production throughout Pakistan during the kharif season of 1985, when drought and heat stress were severe.

In many areas, heat stress resulted in high seedling mortality. Butcher (1982) reported that this season was the hottest since climate data were first recorded.

Irrigation Water

A shortage of canal and tubewell irrigation water resulted in low plant population densities and considerable barrenness 1•

Excessive rain created severe flooding and weed problems in barani areas of the Hazara Division and Islamabad Districts (Hickles and Water, 1981).

Abnormal Practices

In some areas, such as NWFP, maize was sown on r1ce paddy land, where the available water was sufficient to germinate maize, but was not sufficient to sustain a rice crop.

In barani areas, many maize fields were planted late and subsequently harvested either before physiological maturity and/or at high grain moisture levels.

Farmer Practices: Significantly, in many areas, improved maize varieties grown under both improved and farmer cultural practices were superior to local varieties when subjected to heat stress.

In the Bagh District, local material was barren while -1 yields of between two and four t ha were projected from

improved varieties grown under farmer conditions.

1 Other factors may also have been involved.

Figure 7. An example of page layout.

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Standard Journal Article

Pussyfoot, I.B., and I.R. Wetbucket. 1990. The relationship between cats and humans over the past two centuries. Journal of Feline Psychophysiology 14:112-114;

Wolfgang, C.U., William, A.R., and Woderstop, E. 1841. On the impacts of modern science on society dinner parties. Journal of Society 21:101-1226.

Note 'that the surname of the major author is typed first, followed by his initials separated by full stops. Subsequently, the authors' initials are typed first, followed by their surnames. The year of publication follows. The title of the report is then typed without quotation marks, and 1n lower case letters. follows, and should unfamiliar with the

The source of the publication then be complete enough to allow a person publication to locate it. Each line of

text following the first line is indented one tab setting.

Book

Donahue, R.L., and J.C. Shickluna. 1983. Soils: An introduction to soils and plant growth. 5th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Chapter in Book

Moss, J.P., and I.R. Stirling. 1981. Utilization of wild Arachis species as a potential carcinogen. p. 673-677. In G.K. Manna and U. Sinhu (ed.) Perspectives in cytology and genetics, Vol. 3. Farooqi Publishers, Lahore, Pakistan.

Article With No Identifiable Author

Anonymous. 1984. Computer programmes from your radio? Agri­Marketing 22(6):66.

Technical Report

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1981. Process manual for land treatment. USEPA Rep. 625/1-77. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

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Conference, Symposium, or Workshop Proceedings

Wittmess, D.D., G.B. Triplett, and D.R. Grebb. 1973. Concepts of conservation tillage for rabbit farmers. p. 5-12. In Conservation Tillage. Proc. Natl. Conserv. Tillage Conf., Des Moines, IA. 28-30 March 1973. Soil Conservation Society of America. Ankeny, IA.

Dissertation

Student, I.S. 1290. The use of earthworms in flooded fields. Ph.D. diss. Mardan Agricultural Univ., Mardan.

An example of literature citation is shown in Fig. 8.

Abbreviations

A list of commonly used abbreviations l.S given below:

hectare(s) ha kilogram(s) kg

. -1 kilograms per hectare kg ha or kg/ha

hectare -1 t/ha tonnes per t ha or

Nitrogen N Phosphorus p

Potassium K

meter m square meter 2 m gram(s) g C oe f f i c i e n t of variation cv liter L

meters above sea level masl

"Figure" may be abbreviated to "Fig." in the text of a r·eport, for example, "Fig. 10". However, when used in the heading of an actual figure, it should not be abbreviated and should be followed by a full stop rather than a colon, for example, "Figure 10. Maize in irrigated areas of Mardan.".

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REFERENCES Boerboom, B. W.J. 1978. A model of dry matter distribution in cas­

sava (Manihot escult•nta Crantz). Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 6:267-277. Centro lntemataonal de Agricultura Tropical (CIA T). 1976. Cassa\·a

production sy"ems. CIA T Annual Report, Cali, Colombaa. --. 1979. Cassava production system). CIA T Annual Report,

Cali, Colombia. Cock., J.ij., D. Franklin. G. Sandoval, and P. Juri. 1979. The ideal

cassava plant for muimum yield. Crop Sci. 19:271-279. Cordero. A., and R.E. McCollum. 1979. Yidd potential of inter­

planted annual food cro~ in the southea~tem U.S. Agron. J. 71:834-1142.

Enyi, B.A.C. 1973. Effects ofintercropping maize or sofihum with cowpcas, pigeon peas and beans. bp. Agric. 9:83-90.

lrikura, V., J.H. Cock, and K. Kawano. 1979. The physiological basis ~f genotype temperature interactions in cassava. Field Crops Res. 2.227-239.

uihncr, D.E. 1983. Mana~ement and evaluation of intercropping systems with cassava. CIAT. Cali, Colombia.

Mason, S.C., D.E. uihncr, and J.J. Vorsf. 1986. Cassava-cowpea and ca)saV~·pcanut intercropping.l. Yield and land use efficient)". Agron. J. 78:43-46.

Na&arajan, M .• and R.W. Willey. 1980a. Sorghum/pigeon pea in­tercropping and effects of plant population density. l. Growth and yield. J. Agric. Sci. 9~(4):51-58.

Natarajan, M .• and R.W. Willey. 1980b. Sorghum/pigeon pea in­tercroppin~ and .effects of plant population density. II. Resource usc. J. Agnc. Sea. 95(4):59-tr.S.

Radford, PJ. 1967. Growth analysis fonnulac-tbeir usc and abuse. Crop Sci. 7:171--175.

Reddy, M.S., and R. W. Willey. 1981. Growth and resc•.Hte u~ stud­ies in an intercrop of pearl millct/groundnut. Field Crops Res. 4:13-24.

Sivakumar, M.V.K., and S.M. Vinnani. 1980. Growth and resource usc of maaze. pigeon pea intc:rcrop in an operation research wa­tershed. Ellp. Agnc. 16:377-386.

Figure 8. An example of literature citation.

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Tables and Fiaaree

In general, the present table and figure •~"Ylt!IJ~~ ..... 1»7 PAKC/­CIMMYT are good. All tables should initially te .~~ ~ the end of a report, and may be incorporated into ~be ~ewt a~ aa appropriate place when the report is in final draf~ staee. Further improvements are suggested below.

Captions

Captions (or titles) should always be placed at the hea4 ~.~ tables and at the foot of figures. Only the first letter of·~ the first word is capitalized, and a line 1s left folloviac ~~ caption. For example:

"Table 15. Annual food requirements of zebras."

Capitalization of Headings Within A Table

Only the first letter of the table should be capitalized. within a table followed by a in Table 1.

first word of headings within a Where possible, use subheadings

list of indented items, as shown

Table 1. Requirements for subsistence diets of m1ce.

Diet one Diet two

General average age of m1ce (years) 62a 2

Percent of mice who: died 21 14 developed cancer 96 4 developed anaem1a 23 64

An age by diet interaction effect was suspected .in this exper iiuen~ ._

Footnotes In Tables '

Two types of footnotes are used with tables: those to show statistical significance and those to give supplementary

15

information. The * and ** are used only to show statistical significance~ and cannot be used for other footnotes. Letters ln a superscript, for example a, are used.to indicate supplementary information (Table 1).

Numbers In Tables

Numbers 1n tables should be centered under their heading. A consistent number of decimal places should be used within each column or row of numbers. For example, do not use two decimal places (0.09) in one part of a column or row and three decimal places (0.098) in another part. In this case, 0.09 should be changed to 0.090.

Similarly, a number should always be included before the decimal point. For example, if the author has put .78 in a table, it should be typed as 0.78.

Appendix Tables·

Appendix tables are entered at the end of the report, and are typed on single spacing. They are referred to as "Appendix 1", "Appendix 2" etc. in the text of the report. In the capt ion of the actual appendix they are headed up as "Table A-1", "Table A-2", etc. as shown:

"Table A-1. List of participants."

Miscellaneous Points

1. Use words for numbers below 10. 2. Leave two spaces after a full stop and before the beginning of the next sentence. 3. "et al." has a full stop only after the "al". 4. "Northwest" is one word. 5. "etc." has a full stop after it. 6. Underlining should not normally be used anywhere in a report. 7. "Personal communication" may be abbreviated to "pers. comm.".

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