Upload
shaliniyt
View
224
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
1/59
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
I feel happy in doing my vocational training in Doordarshan Kendra, Bareilly. I am great full to allthe staff members of the Doordarshan Kendra who helped me to get the practical knowledge of
the transmission ofDDNational (DD1) and DD News (DD2).
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. A.K. Pachauri, Mr. Dhruv Chatterrji, and Mr.A.K.
Awasthi, Mr. Gupta and to all the staff members of Doordarshan Kendra because, their combine
efforts help me out to learn something about the practical work done in the transmission for
broadcasting.
Here, I am submitting my report in which I have collected all the data which will represent what
I have learnt during my training session.
Any errors, suggestions for the improvement of the report, brought to my notice would be
gratefully and thankfully acknowledged.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
2/59
ABSTRACT
Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER in
DOORDARSHAN relay station. In this transmission of signals are possible
from cable TV and D.T.H service. Low power transmitter in Kakinada is of
two types. Very high frequency and ultra high frequency.
V.H.F (very high frequency) is used within channel 11 for DD1.
U.H.F (ultra high frequency) is used within channel 33 for DD NEWS.
And here we are studying about three sections respectively
Receiving section,
Transmission section and
Antenna section.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
3/59
INTRODUCTION
DOORDARSHAN:
The Director General, Doordarshan is responsible for the overall
administration of the Doordarshan network which consists of 60 Doordarshan Kendras /Production Centres, 126 Doordarshan Maintenance Centres, 194 High Power
Transmitters, 830 Low Power Transmitters and 379 very Low Power Transmitters as on31.12.2004. Doordarshan is presently operating 26 channels.
Doordarshan is divided into four wings: Programme, News, Engineering, and
Administration & Finance, Programme Wing deals with all aspects relating to
programme conception, production and procurement at the national, regional, and local
level. News Wing puts out news bulletins and other current affairs programmes at the
national and regional level. Engineering Wing deals with all the hardware requirements
of the entire network, including the space segment and the studios, transmitters etc.Administration & Finance Wing deals with the administrative and financial aspects
including general administration, personnel management, and budget and plan
coordination.
PRASAR BHARATHI:
PrasarBharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) is the public service
broadcaster in the country, with Akashwani (All India Radio) and Doordarshan as its two
constituents. It came into existence on 23rd November 1997, with a mandate to organize
and conduct public broadcasting services to inform, educate and entertain the public and
to ensure a balanced development of broadcasting on radio and television.
OBJECTIVES:
The major objectives of the PrasarBharati Corporation as laid out in the
PrasarBharati Act, 1990 are as follows:
(i) Upholding unity and integrity of the country and the values enshrined inthe Constitution.
(ii) Safeguarding citizens rights to be informed on all matters of publicinterest and presenting a fair and balanced flow of information.
(iii) Paying special attention to the fields of education and spread of literacy,agriculture, rural development, environment, health & family welfare and
science & technology.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
4/59
(iv) Creating awareness about womens issues and taking special steps toprotect the interests of children, aged and other vulnerable sections of the
society.(v) Providing adequate coverage to the diverse cultures, sports and games and
youth affairs.
(vi)
Promoting social justice, safeguarding the rights of working classes,minorities and tribal communities.(vii) Expanding broadcasting facilities and promoting research and
development in broadcast technology.
(viii) Promoting national integration
BEGINNING:
Doordarshan had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast starting in
Delhi on 15th September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. Theregular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television
service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Till 1975, seven
Indian cities had television service and Doordarshan remained the only television channel
in India. Television services were placed under the management of two separate Director
Generals in New Delhi. Finally, Doordarshan as a National Broadcaster came into
existence.
THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TELEVISION:The history of television technology can be divided along two lines: those
developments that depended upon both mechanical and electronic principles and those
which are purely electronic. From the latter descended all modern televisions, but these
would not have been possible without discoveries and insights from the mechanical
systems.
The word television is a hybrid word, created from both Greek and Latin. Tele- is Greek
for far, while Vision- is from the Latin Visio, meaning vision or sight. It is often
abbreviated as TV or the Telly.
1.2 Electromechanical television:
The origins of what would become todays television system can be traced back
to the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith
in 1873, and the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1874.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
5/59
The German student Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first
electromechanical television system in 1884. Nipkows spinning disk design is credited
with being the first television image rasterizier. Constantine Perskyi had coined the word
Television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International
World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900.
However, it wasnt until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology
made the design practical. The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of
still was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris 1909, using a rotating mirror drum
as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver.
In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Kosma Zworykin created a
television system that used a mechanical mirror drum scanner to transmit, in Zworykins
words, Very crude images over wires to the electronic Braun tube (Cathode ray tube) in
the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, The sensitivity
was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy.
In 1927 Baird transmitted a signal over 438 miles of telephone line between
London and Glasgoy. In 1928 Bairds company (Baird Television Development
Company / Cinema Television) broadcast the first transatlantic television signal, between
London and New York, and the fist shore to ship transmission. He also demonstrated an
electromechanical color, infrared (dubbed Noctovision), and stereoscopic television,
using additional lenses, disk and filters. In parallel he developed a video disk recording
system dubbed phonovision; a number of the Phonovision recordings, dating back to
1927, still exist. In 1929 he became involved in the first experiment electromechanical
television service in Germany. In 1931 he made the first live transmission, of the EpsomDerby. In 1932 he demonstrated ultra-short wave television. Bairds electromechanical
system reached a peak of 240 lines of resolution on BBC television broadcast in 1936,
before being discontinued in favor of 405 line all-electronic system.
1.3 Electronic television
In 1911, engineer Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton gave a speech in London,
reported in The Times, describing in great detail how distant electric vision could be
achieved by using cathode ray tubes at both the transmitting and receiving ends. Thespeech, expanded on a letter he wrote to the journal Nature in 1908, was the first iteration
of the electronic television method that is still used today. Others had already
experimented with a cathode ray tube as a receiver, but the concept of using one as a
transmitter was novel. By the late 1920selectromechanical television was still being
introduced, inventors Philo Farnsworth and Vladimir Zworykin were already working
separately on versions of all electronic transmitting tubes.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
6/59
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
7/59
Networks(SN), an International channel, a Sports Channel and two channels(DD-RS &
DD-LS) for live broadcast of parliamentary proceedings.
On DD National (DD-1), Regional programs and Local programmes are carried
on time-sharing basis. DD-News channel, launched on 3rd
November 2003, which
replaced the DD-Metro Entertainment channel, provides 24-hour news service.
DOORDARSHAN CHANNELS:
DD National
DD News
DD Sports
DD Bharati
DD Gyandarshan
DD Rajya Sabha
DD Lok Sabha
DD India
DD Bengali
DD Chandana (Kannada)
DD Gujarati
DD Kashir
DD Malayalam
DD North East
DD Oriya
DD Podhigai (Tamil)
DD Punjabi
DD Sahyadri (Marathi)
DD Saptagiri (Telugu)
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
8/59
STATE NETWORKS (8)
Rajasthan
Madhya Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Bihar
Jharkhand
Chattisgarh
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Information sheet on LPT (mainpuri)
GENERAL:1. Latitude (in deg/min/sec) : 162443
2. Longitude (in deg/min/sec) : 821450
3. Date of commissioning : DD-I on 07-12-1982
4. Name of the DMC : ETAH
5. District : mainpuri
6. Ownership of the building : govt. building
7. Complete postal address : K-105 near fire station
DM colony ,by pass road mainpuri(u.p)
Pin-205001
TECHNICAL:
(A)Power supply:
1. Maximum demand/capacity : 30KW
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
9/59
2. Monthly average consumption : 6,000 units
3. Monthly average expenditure : Rs. 30,000/- per month
4. Comment on stability : Stable, unless a special power cut
Imposed
(B) Transmitter: DD1 DD News
1. Make and type of transmitter: GCEL-121
2. Power and channel number : 100W CH=11
3. Year of installation : 07-02-1982(GCEL 121)
4. Satellite orientated to : INSAT 3A INSAT 3C INSAT 4B
(D) Antenna and tower: DD1 DD NEWS
1. Make and type of antenna : GCEL-V type SCALA-PARASLOT
2. Year of installation : 2001 2002
3. Make, type & length of cable : 70mtrs 70mtrs
4. Type of connection (N/Flange) : Flange Flange
(E) DG Set:
1. Make, type & capacity : KIRLOSKAR, 35KVA
2. Year of installation : 18-05-2003
3. Average hourly consumption : 3.5 Liters / hr
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONIn telecommunications, the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links
between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global
telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay
analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many
locations worldwide.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
10/59
Satellite communication has two main components: the ground segment, which consists
of fixed or mobile transmission, reception, and ancillary equipment, and the space
segment, which primarily is the satellite itself. A typical satellite link involves the
transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then
receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and
re-amplified by Earth stations and terminals. Satellite receivers on the ground include
direct-to-home (DTH) satellite equipment, mobile reception equipment in aircraft,
satellite telephones, and hand held devices.
Figure 3.1-Satellite Communication
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
11/59
3.1 Satellite communication
1. Started in 1960.2. Uses Geo Stationary Satellite.3. Operates in C-Band & Ku-Band.4. Started in India in 1975.5. First Indian Satellite INSAT launched in 1982.6. Gulf War brought satellite television to prominence.
Frequency band Up Link Down Link
C-band 6 GHz 4 GHz
X-band 8 GHz 7GHz
Ku-band 14 GHz 11 GHz
Ka-band 30 GHz 20 GHz
Satellite Transmission Frequency bands
TABLE-1
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
12/59
C-band Ku-band
Frequency band 4/6 GHz 11/14 GHz
Receive dish size 2 -3 meter 0.6 meter
No. of dishes Multiple since received from
different satellites
One
Rain attenuation Low High
Individual direct
reception
Not so easy Very easy
PROPAGATION MODES
4.1 Ground-wave propagation4.2 Sky-wave propagation4.3 Line-of-sight propagation
FIGURE-4.1 GROUNGD WAVW PROPAGATION
FIGURE-4.2 SKY WAVE PROPAGATION
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
13/59
FIGURE-4.3 LINE OF SIGHT PROPOGATION
THE EARTH STATION
5.1 EARTH STATION:Earth station is the main part which communicates with satellite in which up linking and
down linking the signal into/from the satellite.
Specifications of doordarshan earth station
Up link frequency - 5974.5MHz Down link frequency - 3749.5 MHz Symbol rate - 6.25MBPS Uplink polarization - horizontal Downlink polarization - vertical Satellite - insat-3A in geosynchronous orbit FEC - Compression format - 4:2:2 Coded standard - MPEG2
BASIC TELEVISION SYSTEMS
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
14/59
1. Cable transmission2. Direct to home (DTH)3. Transmitter service1. CABLE TRANSMISSION :
In addition to wireless transmission by broadcast
stations, the cable TV system provides a distribution system with co-
axial cables. It is similar to wired telephone system but it is used for
TV programs. The RF carrier signal are supplied so that a tuner can be
used to select the desired channel cable TV has become popular
because more channels are provided and strong signals can be
supplied for areas in which the antenna signal is not good enough
cable television started as a means by providing signals tocommunities that could not receive broadcast stations, either because
of distance or shadow areas in which the signals was too weak.
Today cable TV has developed far beyond that into huge
systems that covers huge areas even for locations having good
reception the reason is that cable TV does not have restrictions of
channel allocation for broadcasting. It offers up to 36 channels so
many programs that not available on broadcast television reach the
cable operator via satellite transmission.
Points to be discussed in cable channel are:
Block Diagram of Cable TV Transmission
Cable Channels
The Head End
Cable Distribution2. DIRECT TO HOME (DTH):Satellite TV a direct to home (DTH) from the signals we
can receive directly from the satellite through set-top box, that means there
is no middle man (cable operator).so DTH puts an end to all the problems
like unreasonable charges, cable operators strike, power outages, not
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
15/59
getting your favorite channels and channels shifting their channel number
positions.Points to be discussed in cable channel are:
What is D.T.H?
How It Works
Advantages of D.T.H
Block Diagram ofD.T.H
What is DTH?
Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television is becoming a buzzword
in the satellite broadcast industry due to the fact that DTH offers
immense opportunities to both broadcasters and viewers. Thanks to
the rapid development of digital technology, DTH broadcast
operators worldwide have been able to introduce a large number of
new interactive applications in the television market besides a
large number of entertainments programmed over a single delivery
platform.
In addition, since digital technology permits a highly efficient
exploitation of the frequency spectrum, the number of TV channelsthat can be broadcast using digital technology is significantly
higher than with analogue technology. The increased number of
television channels allows the operator to satisfy the demand of a
number of niche markets with dedicated transmissions.
In general, DTH service is the one in which a large number of
channels are digitally compressed, encrypted and beamed fromvery high power satellites. The programmed can be directly
received at homes. This mode of reception facilitates the use of
small receive dish antennas of 60 to 90 cm diameter installed at
convenient location in individual buildings without needing
elaborate foundation /space etc.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
16/59
Also, DTH transmission eliminates local cable operator
completely, since an individual user is directly connected to the
service providers. However, a digital receiver is needed to receive
the multiplexed signals and view them on a TV. DTH, in sharpcontrast to Cable TV, lends itself to easy monitoring and control.
Transmission in Ku band is most appropriate and widely used for
the purpose. As mentioned above, all the encoded transmission
signals are digital - thus providing higher resolution picture quality
and better audio than traditional analog signals. All the advantages
of the digital transmission, as applicable to the terrestrialtransmission are relevant in the satellite transmission also.
HOW IT WORKS:
In DTH you receive the signals from satellite to a small dish
antenna installed at the roof top of your house. This signal is decoded by a
set-top box, which is provided by the broadcaster and connects to the dishantenna directly with a cable. The set-top box in turn connects to your TV.
So you become the master of your entertainment and watch the channel you
wish and pay for only those channels which you wish to watch.
ADVANTAGES OF DTH TV:
Digital picture:
The picture quality in DTH is much better. The quality of
picture is uniform across all channels.
Digital audio:
You get the stereo phonic sound. So if you have got have got a
home theatre, connect it to your set-top box you will get better soundeffects.
Electronic program Guide (EPG):
Its an on-screen guide that shows the program schedule orlisting of all channels. So you can find out whats playing on any channel.
You can also set remainders for programs you wish to watch and getsynopses of the program.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
17/59
Payment modes:
You pay for only for what you watch. Payment is in advance.Recharge is easy with various sources like the internet, mobile phones,
vouchers from vendors etc.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DTH:
TRANSMITTERS:
Main and relay (repeater) transmitters
Transmitting stations are usually either classified as main stations or relay stations
(also known as repeaters or translators).
Main stations are defined as those that generate their own modulated output signalfrom a baseband (unmodulated) input. Usually main stations operate at high power and
large areas.
Relay stations take an already modulated input signal usually by direct reception
of a parent station (off-air) and simply shift (translate) its frequency before
rebroadcasting. Usually relay stations operate at medium or low power, and are used tofill in pockets of poor reception within, or at the fringe of, the service area of a parent
main station.
Note that a main station may also take its input signal directly off-air from another
station, however this signal would be fully demodulated to baseband first, processed, and
then remodulated for transmission.
in TV broadcast both the sound signal and the video signal are to be conveyed to the
viewer using radio frequency these two signals have very distinct features.the audio
signals is a symmetrical signal without continous current but the frequency does not
exceed 20Khz. The videosignal consist of a logical component, the sync and the field
sync and an analogue part according to the line picture scanning.the unsymmetrical signal
thus has a continous component. The frequency bandwidth also extend from 0 to
5Mhz.the two signal modulates the carrier waves frequencies and type of modulation are
as per established standards.these modulated carriers are further amplified and then
diplexed for transmission on the same line and antenna.this technique is used in high
power TV transmission on the same line and antenna.howevwr for LPTs i.e transmitter
operating at snyc peak power less than 1KW, both the signals are modulated separately
TV RECEIVVIDEORECEIVERLNBCFEEDDISH
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
18/59
but amplified jointly using common vision and aural mplifiers.both of these systems have
merits and demerits.
In the first case special group delay equailisation circuit is needed because of errors
caused by diplexer while in the second case inter modulation products are more
prominent and special filters for suppressing them are required.hence ,techniques of jointamplification is suitable only for LPTs and not for HPTs. through frequency modulation
has certain advantage over amplitude modulation.its use for picture transmission is not
permitted due to large bandwidth requirement, which is not possible due to very limited
channel space available in VHF\UHF bands.secondly as the power of the carrier and side
band component go on varying with modulation in the case of FM,the signal with
frequency modulation after reflection from nearly structures at the recievings end will
variable multiple ghosts,which will we very disturbing.thus AM is invariably used for
picture transmission which frequency modulation is generally usedmin sound
transmission.
There are two types of modulation-
1) Positive modulation.2) Negative modulation.
In positine modulation the increase in picture brightness cuases increase in amplitude of
modulation envelope.while in negative modulation,the increase in picture brightness
causes reduction in carrier amplitude i.e the carrier amplitude will be maximum
corresponding to sync tip and minimum corresponding to peak white.negative
modulation are generally used.
Advantage of negative modulation:
1) Impulse noise peaks appearonly in black region in negative modulation. Thisblack noise is less objectionable compared to noise in white picture region.
2) Best linearity can be maintained for picture region and non-linearity aeffects canbe corrected easily.
3) The efficiency of transmitter is better as the peak power is radiated during syncduration only.
4) The peak level representing the blanking or sync level may be maintainedconstant,thereby providing a reference for AGC in the receiver.
5) In negative modulation ,the peak power is radiated during the sync-tip,as such incase f fringe area reception,picture locking is insured ,and deviation of inter
carrier is also ensured.
Vestigial sideband transmission:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
19/59
Another feature of present day TV transmitters is vestigial sideband transmission.if
normal amplitude modulation technology is used for picture transmission,the minimum
channel bandwidth should be around 11Mhz taking in the account the space for sound
carrier and a small guard band of around 0.25Mhz. using such large transmission BW
will limit the number in the spectrum allotted for TV transmission. Toaccomodate large
number of channel in the allotted spectrim reduction in transmission bandwidth was
considered necessary. The transmission BW could be reduced to around 5.75Khz by
using single side band AM technique,because in principle oneside band of the double
sideband (dsb)AM could be suppressed. Since the two sidebands have the same signal
content.
It was not considered fesible to suppress one complete side band due to difficulties in
ideal filter design in the case of TV signals as most of energy is contained in lower
frequencies contain the most important information of the picture. If these frequencies are
removed,it causes objectionable phase distortion at these frequencies which will effect
picture quality.thus as a compromise only a part of lower sideband is suppressed while
taking full advantage of the fact that-
a) Visual disturbance due to phase errors are severe and acceptable where larepictures areas are concerned.
b) Phase errors become difficult to see on small details in the picture.thus lowmodulating frequencies must minimize phase distortions as they are very difficult
to see.
c) The lower side bands contains frequencies upto 0.75Mhz with a slope of 0.5Mhzso that final cutoff is at1.25Mhz.
Reception of vestigial side band signals:
When the radiated signal is demodulated with an idealized detector the response is
not flat.the resulting signal amplitude during the double sideband portion of VSB is
exactly twice the amplitude during the SSB transmission.in order to equalize the
amplitude the receiver response is desined to have an attenuation characterstics over the
double sideband region appropriate to compensate for the two to one relationship.this
attenuation characterstics,called nyquist slope, is assumed to be in the form of a linear
slope over the 750Khz with the visual carrier located at the midpoint relative to SSB
portion of the band such a characterstics exactly compensates the amplitude response
non-symmetry due to VSB.TV receivers have nyquist characterstics for reception which
introducrs group delay errors in the low frequency region.notch filters are used in
receivers as aural traps in the vision IF and video amplifier stages.the group delay errors
are pre-corrected in the TV transmitters ,so that economical receiver filter design is
possible.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
20/59
Depth of modulation:
Care must be taken to avoid over modulation at peak-luminance signal values to avoid
picture distorsions and interruptions in vision carrier.the peak white levels when over-
modulated tends to reduce the vision carrier power and even cause interruptions of vision
carrier.the periodic interruptions due to accidental over modulation results in
interruptions of the sound carrier in in inter carrier receiver system which produces
undesired sound buzz in the receiver output.therefore to prevent this effect,the maximum
depth of modulation of the vision carrier by peak white ignal values is specified as being
87.5%.the 12.5% residual carrier is required because of the inter carrier sound methord
used in TV receiver.the depth of modulation is set by using a ramp signal or step signal as
given in the manual .it should be 87.5% for 100% modulation.
Inter carrier:
The TV receiver incorporate inter carrier principle.accorsing to or system,the intercarrier i.e the difference between the vision transmitter frequency is 5.5Mhz. hence, it is
to be ensured that even when the modulating video signal is at white peak,12.5% of
residual carrier is left so that sound can be extracted even at the peak white level,where
the carrier power is minimum.
Power output:
The peak power radiated during the sync tip or sometime the carrier powe
corresponding to black level in desiginated as the vision transmitter power.the power is
measured by using a thruline power meter after isolating the aural carrier.the power read
on thruline meter is multiplied by a factor 1.68 to get the peak power radiated.as
transmitter output is connected to an antenna,having a finite gain,the effective radiated
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
21/59
power is obtained by multiplying the peak power by the antenna gain.hence a 100W LPT
using transmitting antenna having a gain of 3db with respect to a half wave dipole will
have an ERP of 200W or 53db.
In TV broadcasting, the sound signal is transmitted by frequency modulating the RF
sound carrier in accordance with the standards.the sound carrier is 5.5Mhz above theassociated vision carrier. the maximum frequency deviation is +/-50Khz which is defined
as 100 percent modulation in PAL-Bsystem. In the case of NTSC, the maximum
deviation permissible is +/-25Khz .
1.TRANSMITTER:
High power TV Transmitters:
All the TV transmitter have the same basic design.they consist of an exicter
followed by power amplifier which boost the exicter power to the required level.
Exicter:
The exicter stage determines the quality of transmitter.it contains pre-corrector
units both at base band as well as at IF stage, so that after passing though all subsequent
transmitter stages, an acceptance signal is available.since,the number and type of
amplifier stages,may differ according to the requirement output power ,the characterstics
of pre-corrector circuits can be varied over a wide range.
Vision and sound signal amplification:
In HPTs the vision and sound carrier can be generated,modulated and amplified
separately and then combined in the diplexerat the transmitter output.in LPTs
sound,vision are modulated seperatly but amplified combinedly.this is known as common
vision and aural amplification.a special group delay equalization circuit is needed in the
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
22/59
first case because of error caused by TV diplexer.in the second case the intermodulation
products are more prominent and special filters for suppressing them is required.as it is
difficult to meet the intermodulation requirements particular at high power rating,saperate
amplification is used in HPTs through combined amplifications require fewer amplifier
stages.
If modulation:
It is used in correcting distortion:
Ease of correcting distortion Ease in vestigial sideband shaping. IF modulation is available easily and economically.
Video chain:The input video signal is fed to a video processor.in VHF transmitter
LPF,delay equalizer and receiver pre-correcor proceed the video process.
Low pass filter:it is used to limit incoming video signal to 5Mhz.
Delay equalizer:group delay introduced by LPF is corrected.it also pre-distorts the video
for compensate group delay errors introduced in the subsequent stages and diplexer.
VHL low power transmitter(VHF range-54 to 216 Mhz):
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
23/59
new generation transmitter have 1+1 redundant exciter unit.the transmitter design
is based on solid state techniques and employs modular construction. the video and audio
signals are processed in the exciter electronics and modulated at low level, at if frequency
of 38.9mhz respectively. Now ,this if signal are combined and passed though if corrector
and vsb filter saw filter is used for vestigial sideband shaping .this signal is upconverted
to desired channel frequency and amplified in linear power amplifier to obtain 100w
visual power and 10w aural power .rf is finally routed at antenna through channel filter
and directional coupler .
1v peak to peak input video signal is limited to 5mhz in LPF and is compensated
for group delay in delay equalizer and receiver pre-corrector unit.the resulted is subjected
to dc restoration by clamping at back porch amplified and inverted in video processor.the
output of video processor is fed to visual modulater where the same is amplitude
modulated with negative polarity at 38.9mhz IF and amplified.in new generation
exicter,the lpf deq and video processosor is intregated resuting into a single and compact
video processing unit.the modulator used is a ring modulater instead of double diode
balance modulator .the video signal polaity is reversd and modulates the if frequency .the
audio signal is frequency modulated at if of 33.4 Mhz in a varactor VCO modulator.the
output signal is passed through balanced to unbalanced transformer and pre-emphasised
in a 50micro second network.the information contained in the amplitude variation of
audio is converted into frequency variation in the VCO.the centre frequency of VCO is
maintained at 33.4Mhz by the means of PLL.
a).Functioning of PLL :
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
24/59
output fom VCO 33.4Mhz is mixed with vision IF of 38.9Mhz using a
transistorized mixer.the resultin difference signalof 5.5 Mhz is shaped for square pulse
and using suitable dividers the frequency is reduced to a low value.genrerally,dividers are
5,16,128.thus the 5.5Mhz is reduced to 537Hz.a crystal oscillator of suitable frequency
1.1Mhz is used as standard oscillato is also divided by 16 and 128 to make it similar to
above value i.e.537Hz.the above two signal are fed to comparator ckt. So the error signal
is generated when there is a drift of centre frequency. The error signal is used to kept
VCO frequency under control.
b).IF cominer ,IF corrector and up-converter :
the modulated aural IF and vision IF are combined in a wide band amplifier and
passed through if corrector for pre-correcting DP/DG and response error.the correcting
signal is fed to VSBF and mixer unit for up-conversion by mixing the same with local
oscillator signal.the VSBF and mixer network contains a SAW filter for VSB shaping and
ALC amplifier for automatic level control.
c).local oscillator:
local oscillator frequency required for up-conversion is given by Fo=Fc+Fvif.the
LO signal corresponding to a particular channel in old exicters is obtained by generating
a Fo/4 signal in Tcxo, multiplying the same by 4 in a harmonic multiplier and then
mixing the resulting signal siin a mixer with avision IF sample.the mixer output is passed
through a high pass filter and amplified.
d).10 watt driver amplifier:
the RF output from exicter is raised to 10W in driver amplifier.the power
amplification is achieved in 3 class A stages. Transistor biasing is used for operating the
RF device on constant current and constant voltage.the drive is capable of giving 25w
power output.step attenuator is used at the input to set the output level. Circulator is used
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
25/59
at the output for protection against mismatch.the driver is protected against over
temperature by mounting a thermal switch on heat sink of RF transistor.switch cuts off
the bais supply in case the heat sink and hence the transistor temperature is beyond state
limit p/s is also cut off in case the heat sink temperature of BEL 100w PA is beyond sae
limit.
e).100 watt power amplifier:
splitting and combining technique using 3db,90degree hybrid coupler/coxial
transformer is employed on power amplifier as the amplifying capacity of single RF
device is limited at VF frequencies.these signals are amplified into two separate 50W
amplifier modules and then combined by a3db hybrid coupler to obtain 100W power.
In BEL power amplifier two dual pushpull balanced RF devices each capable ofgiving 50W RF power are mounted on a common PCB.the combined output is routed
through a circulator and direction coupler.circulator provides protection against
accidental short protected against over temperature by thermal switchmounted on heat
sink.
In GCEL power amplifier uses two separate 50W modules,each employing four
RF transistor.each 50W unit is protected for over driver/mismatch and over
temperature.this is accomplished by sensing forward reflected power and heat sink
temperature and deriving corres ponding voltages.if any of the parameter is out of
operating limit,the corresponding LED glows and a relay switch off the bias supply.
LNBC(low noise block convertor):
The synthesized TVRO system signal in the range of 2.5 to 2.7 Ghz and convert
them into 1150 to 950Mhz in the S-band low noise block convertor,mounted inside the
LNBC unit .the down converted signal is then fed to the satellite system unit ,where it get
the signal and further down convert and demodulates the signal to provide two video
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
26/59
separate balanced audio output the low noise block converter receiver the RF signals of
the range of 2.5 to2.7Ghz from the feed and down converts the signal into RF range of
1150Mhz to 950 MHZ which is then fed to satellite system unit through a 75 m length RF
cable .the same RF cable provides the required DC voltage to (LNBC) from satellite
system unit .
AUDIO OSCILLATOR:
RADART type (opt.01) low distortion audio oscillator is a solid state portable
audio source with 0.5W output power at a very low distortion of 0.1% this is highly
stable and very accurate with digit display. It has multi impedance balanced output with
excellent frequency response.the 600 ohm unbalanced position ohas an attenuation to
obtain signals down to 62 ohms.
APPLICATIONS:
This is extreamly usefull in high quality acoustics and Hifi technology and
broadcasting .they are use to drive impedance bridge, acoustic transducer etc.they are
widely used in developed production, research and training of AF ,medical process
control processes.
AUDIO-VIDEO SWITCHER:
A audio video switcher is used inany video system to receive the video signal and
audio signals from different sources,selects any of them for transmission, further
processing with minimum distortion in the characterstics of the signal.for video
UHF low power transmitter(UHF band-479 to 890Mhz):
TV transmitter supplied by BEL differ from those working at VHF frequencies.in
a number of aspects like generation of video and sound.IF frequencies generation of local
oscillator frequencies,circuitary aspects for protection,control and monitoring and finl
power amplification.PARA SLOT ANTENNAS are used.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
27/59
Modulator module:
It is aIF modulator which receives the video and audio signal and generates a
modulated IF signal containing an amplitude modulated video carrier of 38.9Mhz and
frequency modulated audio carrier of 33.4Mhz.inputs are processed and carrier are
generated. AGC and muting control is introduced.modulation depth is determined offset
is programmed.vision carrier is produced by aVcxo which is phase locked to the 500Khz
reference signal from LO of up-converter module.
Up-converter module:
The up-converter module comprises of local oscillator module and IF\RF
converters to generate RF at channel frequency.in this unit IF gain and slope is set.group
delay equalization and amplitude precorrection of done,IF output level is set. Local
oscillator is mixed with IF to produce RF.this unit also provides 500Khz reference signal
to modulator unit.
Half watt amplifier:
RF is amplified to 500mv at three stages. It contains logic circuitary to provide
AGC/limiter output to modulator and drive to meter and LED.
Power supply and metering module:
This has 28v,4Amps switched mode power supply unit with a regulator to provide
DC power requirement of all the above modules and metering facilities for the above
unit.
Power amplifier:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
28/59
Power amplifier are used to amplify the power, so that the system is able to drive
the load connected to the system.following power amplifier are used :
B amplifier(linearity precorrector):
This unit generates over all distortion products of low power level of correct
phase and amplitude to cancel out those produced by the subsequent power amplifier
stages control PCB protects RF transistors against over voltage and over temperature.
Q amplifier:
This unit serve as a driver amplifier to S amplifier. This has a typical gain of
8db and can provide 15w into a 50 ohms load. RF transistors are protected against over
voltages and over temperature b control PCB.
S amplifier:
This has a typical gain of 16-18db. This unit can be used alone ar in parallel with
similar units of form a higher powered amplifier.the RF circuit of this amplifier uses two
dual transistor in first stage, driving a further four in the second stage eachRF transistor
are protected against over voltage and over temperature by control PCB.
Control and logic unit:
This unit provides automatic start-up an shut-down with manual control for test
purpose. The operational state is monitored by 8 LEDs mounted on front panel.it alsocontrols a output meter to indicate output power of the transmitter two sockets for
monitoring forward and reverse RF power are also provided.a resetswitch demotes the
amplifier by reseting the over tempraturelatch in the respective amplifier control circuit in
case any one of the same has operated and switched off the amplifier.if the power
deviates from the normal rated power(+/-3db aprox.) power alarm LEDglows after 1 to 2
minute delay and a sound alarm is alarm is also switched on.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
29/59
RECEVING SECTIONReceiving section of doordarshan relay center consists of:
1. Programme Amplifier2. 8W Monitoring Amplifier
3. Insat 3A
4. JVR, JVC5. DTH
6. 6X2 Audio video switcher7. IF Oscillator
8. Driver Combiner Unit
9. Power Amplifier 100W
10. Driver Unit
11. Exciter Unit12. DC Power Supply
1) PROGRAMME AMPLIFIER:
Programme Amplifier is 19 rack mounting equipment with one input andtwo independent outputs with presentable gain controls. A level indicator
(VU Meter) to show the output level is also provided. It consists of fourstages:
Input stage
Line output stageVU Meter stage
Power supply
The equipment is self contained and works on 230V, 50Hz mains supply.
Block Diagram of Programme Amplifier:
Circuit Description:At the input the 600 balanced signal input is converted into
unbalanced signal by IC U1. This unbalanced signal is distributed to two
amplifiers U2A and U3A. P1 and P2 acts as gain control. This amplifier
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
30/59
unbalanced signal is again converted into balanced signal output. This
conversion is done by IC U2B, U4A, U5A, and U3B.
IC U4B, U5B are used to drive the voltmeter.
Zero in vu meter corresponds to +9dbm which is the normal input level tothe transmitter for 30 kHz deviation at 400Hz modulation frequency.
PROGRAM AMPLIFIER:
Output impedance : 600Nominal input level : +9dbm
Frequency response : |1db| from 30Hz to 15 KHz
Distortion :
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
31/59
output of this LP filter and feeds the controlled audio signal to the power
amplifier stage.
ii) POWER AMPLIFIER STAGE:
This part of circuit uses all discrete components and semiconductors. Thepower amplifier employees a quassi complementary output stage driven by
class A driver stage and differential input stage. Q18, Q19 form inputdifferential amplifier. Q17 is class A driver power transistors Q1 and Q6.
R29 provides a feedback from output to the base of Q18.The ratio of R 29 toR 44 decides the gain of the power amplifier. Q7 is used to set the bias
current in output transistors to drive them into class AB operation. It can be
set by preset RT4. A short circuit protection is provided by transistors Q8and Q9 and associated components.
Diodes D7 and D11 are connected across collector-emitter of Q1 and Q6
respectively for surge current protection R1, C4 provide high frequencystability.
iii. POWER SUPPLY SECTION:A centre tapped secondary of mains transformer TX1 and a bridge
rectifier comprising of D1 to D4 along with capacitors C2 and C3 from a
dual raw DC supply. A auxiliary 15V regulator along with its bridge rectifierSmoothing capacitor is located on this PCB No: 960202 the secondary 2
from the mains transformer is connected to the bridge D5-D8. The raw DC
is then coupled to 3pin regulator IC Z3 which gives + 15V output on TB 1through fuse F2. It is rated for 1A max.
3)6x2 AUDIO- VIDEO SOLID STATE SWITCHER AVS 6X2 SL
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:6x2 audio video switcher unit is multipurpose solid state switcher
designed and developed by ARRVI enterprises.
This switcher has 6 independent video inputs and 6 audio inputs. Theyare located on rear panel of the unit. Two 75 video outputs and two 600
outputs are available. This unit can be fitted into 19 standard rack.SPECIFICATIONS:
MECHANICLE:
1. Horizontal mounting module2. Height : 88.1MM
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
32/59
3 .width : 482.6MM
4. Depth : 425.0MM5. Weight : 5.00Kgs
ELECTRICAL:Power supply : 230V10% 50Hz
Input (video) : input (audio)Impedance: 75 :600
Video return loss: : better than 36dbDifferential gain : better than 0.5%
Differential phase : 0.34 degrees
Audio cross talk : better than 70db
OPERATION:
Power on the unit after ensuring the physical and electrical readinessof the unit. Connect the various input sources to the VIDEO INPUT with75 terminations and the AUDIO INPUT connectors located on the rear
panel of the unit. Output connectors are to be accordingly connected. When
any 1 channel selector push button switch is pressed, the correspondingvideo and audio output are available on the output sockets. The selected
input channel is well defined by particular LED of the push button switch.
When the function of the switch is interrupted due to the power failure ALLCLEAR CONDITION appears on the switcher. On restoration of power the
interrupted channel is to be reselected. A RESET MODE is also provided to
facilitate ALL CLEAR CONDITION of the switcher.
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:The main unit consists of Logic Circuits PCB. Video switching and
amplifier PCB (Audio PCB) and Power supply PCB.
LOGIC CIRCUIT:
Logic circuit enables selection of required channel using Flip-Flop
and TTL Gates from U2 to U8. The selected channel from Switches S1 to S6are inverted and fed to the gates U3 and U4 which in turn enables flip-flop
U7 and U8. The selected flip-flop also lights up selected indicator through
drivers U1.
AUDIO SWITCHING AND AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
33/59
Audio switching is done by solid state switches U7 to U9. The
balanced input is converted as unbalanced by U1 to U6 and this unbalancedsignals are fed to solid state switches U7 to U9. The selected unbalanced
signal is split into two outputs by U10. These two unbalanced signals are
converted into two balanced signals and amplified by U11 to U12 in AudioPCB.
VIDEO SWITCHING AND AMPLIFIER CIRCUITS:
Video signals are pre amplified by video amplifier circuit consistingof transistors Q1 to Q6. These signals are fed to solid state switches U1 to
U3. The selected channel gain can be adjusted through presetPR1 and
voltage offset can be adjusted through PR2.The switching process takes place as follows:
On selection of a particular channel, when the button1 is pressed the selected
signal command goes to U3 through the inverter U2. Then U 3 will enablethe flip-flop U7 in logic PCB. The enabled flip-flop will in turn select therespective audio and video inputs through audio and video PCB respectively.
The selected audio input is amplified and then balanced by ICs U10 to U12
in audio PCB. The selected video input is amplified through transistors Q7to Q11. The selected channel is indicated by LED provided on the switch.
The parabolic dish antenna is metal structure with a shape of half circle, and
a part from that at a distance a feed arm is held with support, in air. To
which a low noise amplifier in addition to the low noise block convertor and
the internal relay station there is a digital broadcast receiver in for
monitoring and later on re-transmission of the signal is done in the
transmitting section.
RECEIVING SECTION BLOCK DIAGRAM
Parabolic
dish antenna
Low noise
amplifier
Low noise block
converter
Digital video
broadcast receive
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
34/59
The parabolic dish antenna is metal structure with a shape of half circle, and
apart from that at a distance a feed arm is held with support, in air to which a
low noise amplifier in addition to the low noise block convertor and the
internal relay station there is a digital broadcast receiver in for monitoring
and later on re-transmission of the signal is done in the transmitting section.
1.1.1 COMPONENTS:1. PDA(parabolic dish antenna).2. IRD(Integrator receiver decoder).3. LNA(Low noise amplifier)/ LNBC(low noise block converter).4. Multiplexer.5. Encoder.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
35/59
FIGURE 5.1-EARTH STATION
5.2 Antennas:
Antenna(oraerial) is atransducerthattransmitsorreceiveselectromagnetic waves. In other
words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electrical current, or vice versa.
Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception ofradio waves.
FIGURE-5.2 ANTENNA
Types of antenna:
Isotropic antenna (idealized) Radiates power equally in all directions
Dipole antennas Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna) Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)
Parabolic Reflective Antenna
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_(radio)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
36/59
5.3 AParabolic AntennaPDA is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data
communications, and also for radiolocation (radar), on theUHFandSHFparts of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively short wavelength of electromagnetic radiation at
these frequencies allows reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the desired highly
directional response for both receiving and transmitting.
A typical parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic reflectorwith a small feed
antenna at its focus. To find the focus, reflect the light of a flashlight off of the dish.
When the reflected beam is parallel, the flashlight is at the focus.
The reflector is a metallic surface formed into a paraboloid of revolution and
(usually) truncated in a circular rim that forms the diameter of the antenna. This
paraboloid possesses a distinct focal pointby virtue of having the reflective property of
parabolas in that a point light source at this focus produces a parallel light beam aligned
with the axis of revolution.
The feed antenna at the reflectors focus is typically a low-gain type such as a half-wave dipole or
a small waveguide horn.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Reflective_Property_of_Parabolashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Reflective_Property_of_Parabolashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-gain_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipole_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-gain_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Reflective_Property_of_Parabolashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabola#Reflective_Property_of_Parabolashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraboloidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_reflectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
37/59
FIGURE 5.3 PDA
5.4 LNBC(Low Noise Block Convertor):
A signal form satellite is a very low power signal. The satellite reception dish does
a first amplification by reflecting and concentrating the signal received into one focus
point. The LNB, mounted exactly at this point in front of the parabolic dish, further
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
38/59
amplifies this signal because this is still weak. The amplified satellite signal cant be send
directly through a coax cable. Due to still very high frequency(10 to 13 Ghz)sending this
signal directly in to coax cable would result in very high signal loss.
This is why the LNB also converts the signal into a lower frequency. The LNB frequency
determines over how many Mhz the signal is converted downwards.
FIGURE 5.4- LNBC
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
39/59
5.5 IRD (INTEGRATED RECEIVER DECODER):
An IRD is generally used for the reception of contribution feeds that are intended
for re-broadcasting. The IRD is the interface between a receiving satellite dish networks
and a broadcasting facility video/audio infrastructure.
5.5.1 FEATURES OF IRD:
1. Satellite distribution.2. Radio reception.3. Audio & video decoding.4. Frame synchronizationof digital video output to analogue input.5. Videotest patterngenerator.
FIGURE 5.5 IRD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_synchronizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_synchronizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_synchronization7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
40/59
6.14 DETAILED CIRCUIT THEORY
The composition of transmitter is as follows:
1.
Base Band Corrector2. Exciter consists of
a. IF unitb. Upconverter Unit
3. Linearity corrector unit4. 6-way splitter5. 150 W power amplifier6. Control unit7. 2-way combiner8. Output filter9. Dual direction coupler10.26V/33V SMPS Power supply units11.28V linear Power supply units12.Fan unit
Now we will analyze each part of the Transmitter in detail:
6.14.1 Base Band Corrector Unit
The unit accepts the video signal and introduces the required pre correction in the
differential phase, differential gain and luminance non linearity encountered in the power
amplifiers without introducing any frequency response group delay. Base Band Corrector
Unit consists of 2 PCBs. The video input is fed to corrector unit directly and enters to a
boot strap circuit to meet the input return loss specification. The video input is also fed to
a clamping stage which comprises of a sync separator and clamping transistor
6.14.2 (a) TV EXCITER (IF UNIT)
The IF unit comprises of the following PCBs:
1. video processor2. VSB modulator3. IF synthesizer4. ICPM corrector
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
41/59
5. Rectifier and regulator board6.14.2.1 VIDEOPROCESSOR:
The video processor consists of four main sectionsinput buffer, peak white
limiter , transmitter delay equalizer and receiver pre- corrector. The video signal to the
video processor board first enters the input buffer for good input return loss and then
passes through a variable video amplifier. The video signal then enters the peak white
limiter section where it is split into 2 paths viz, the main signal path and the limiting
signal generator path. The limiting signal path takes the video through a gain stage where
in video is amplified. In case of absence of input e video, the sync separator will not
function.
6.14.2.2 VSB MODULATOR
The VSB modulator generates the amplitude modulated vision signal at the
IF of 38.9 MHz the IF synthesizer output is also fed to this video processor PCB as the
IF carrier. The video signal is first fed to the boot strap buffer circuit. The input video
signal is also fed to 1 MHz active low pass filter stage. The filtered video signal is fed to
a sync separator stage. The separated sync pulses are passed through a shaping circuit.
The IF signal at 38.9 MHz is fed from the the IF synthesizer PCB to the first section.
This stage acts as an amplitude limiter and maintains a constant output even with
variations in IF synthesizer output level. Following is a buffer amplifier. The balanced
modulator has the clamped video signal and the buffered IF carrier signal at its inputs.
The video signal is applied in parallel to the modulator while the IF carrier is applied in
push-pull
6.14.2.3 IF SYNTHESIZER
The IF Synthesizer is a multifunction PCB. It consists of the following
two sections:
a) 38.9 MHz IF synthesizer
b) 5.5 MHz sound inter-carrier Synthesizer and FM Modulator
6.14.2.3.1 MHz IF SYNTHESIZER
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
42/59
It is locked to a 500 kHz signal derived from the upconverter unit. The IF
output can be changed by +/- 2/3 line frequency offset to provide channel frequency.
The PLL circuit consists of a voltage controlled oscillator, 38.9 MHz tuned amplifier,
frequency pre-scalar , PLL IC and low pass filter.
6.14.2.3.2 MHz SOUND INTERCARRIER FM MODULATOR
5.5 MHz FM modulator is based around a 5.5 MHz PLL. The 38.9 MHz
signal from IF synthesizer is also fed to the mixer.
6.14.2.4 ICPM CORRECTOR BOARD
This PCB pre-corrects the phase of the vision IF signal depending on the
video signal. It consists of following blocks:
a) Input video amplifierb) Sync separatorc) Slicer circuit-Sync leveld) Slicer circuit-white levele) Slicer circuit-black levelf) Video adder and phased modulator
The video signal before reaching The input video signal is amplified by the video
amplifier. The output of the video amplifier is split into 2 paths, one to the slicing circuit
white and the other to the slicing circuit black and slicing circuit sync. Slicing circuits
consist of an active reference voltage generator, a diode for clipping and a differential
amplifier for amplifying the sliced signal. The reference voltage generator provides for
variable reference voltage generation. It is an NPN transistor with variables bias, for
getting the variable reference voltage. The reference voltage determines the level at
which video slicing takes place and hence the type of correction. The gain of the
differential amplifier determines the level of video fed to the phase modulator and hence
the amount of correction. The sync and black slice circuit is inverted and then buffered.
The 3 sliced signals are added in the video adder and fed to the phase modulator. The
phase modulator consists of a 90 degree splitter. The video IF signal from IF signal from
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
43/59
IF synthesizer is phase modulated here and then amplified to the required level of +13
dBi.
6.14.2 (b) UPCONVERTER UNIT
The up converter unit combines modulated vision IF(V.IF) and aural
IF(A.IF) signals and translates to respective channel frequencies suitable for
transmission. The unit has inbuilt power supply. The status and fault information are
displayed on front panel of the unit. The up converter consists of following:
(a) LO synthesizer PCB(b) Mixer PCB(c) Band Pass filter(d) Amplifier and coupler PCB(e) AGC PCB(f) Regulator PCB(g) Display PCB-1(h) Display PCB-2(i) +5 V regulator PCB(j) 28 V SMPS supply
The VIF & AIF signals are fed to up converter unit. The VIF & AIF are fed to a mixer
PCB. The VIF & AIF signals at output PIN switches are combined & are mixed with LO
signal fed from LO PCB. The LO synthesizer, VCO, divider loop filter & OCXO of 16
MHz . With the above circuitry PCB generates a stable LO signal required for upconversion. The frequency of this signal can be programmed by setting switches provided
on PCB. The generated signal is fed to mixer PCB. LO sample is brought to front panel
of unit for monitoring purpose. The mixer circuit is built with dual mixer IC to form a
balanced mixer. Its output is fed to channel filter. The mixer PCB sends out DC voltages
corresponding to VIF & AIF signals to front panel metering circuit. The mixer output
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
44/59
which is fed to channel filter is rejected for its image frequency. The output filter is fed
to amplifier & coupler PCB. The sample of final RF signal is brought to front panel up
converter unit for monitoring purpose. The amplifier & coupler PCB also houses a strip
line coupler which couples a sample of RF & this sample is detected by the diode. The
detected DC is fed to AGC PCB. The AGC PCB compares this voltage with the
reference. AGC voltage is set by AGC potentiometer. The difference voltage is fed to
window comparator circuit whose upper & lower limits are set by potentiometer. If the
difference voltage is in the set limit, the comparator output is AGC control voltage. The
control voltage is applied to AGC/MGC switch. On front panel PCB, when this switch is
put in AGC position, the AGC control voltage is applied to PIN attenuator circuit of amplifier &
coupler. PCB which in turn controls the RF output of the upconverter in AGC mode. The AGC
PCB gives out AGC unlock signal when AGC voltage goes out of range. The AGC PCB gives
out metering signal corresponding to the RF output of the upconverter.
For PCBs Upconverter Unit:
The audio IF input is passed through AURAL level control PCB for its level adjustment.
The audio IF output is applied at connector of mixer PCB and the mixer PCB combines
the V.IF and A.IF signals aimed signals with and then mixes the combined signals with
local oscillator signals. The mixed RF is fed to filter and is rejected for its image
frequency. The amplifier and coupler PCB consisting of strip line coupler which samples
RF and detects it. The detected DC is fed to AGC PCB. This PCB compares the detected
DC voltages with reference voltage set. The difference voltage is compared in window
comparator circuit. The AGC PCB also sends out final power metering signal to front
panel. Local oscillator PCB gives KHz signals which is fed to IF unit as reference signal
to IF synthesizer PCB. The upconverter works with 230 V AC (single phase) which is fed
to connector.
Local Oscillator PCB-1
The Local Oscillator module is a fractional N Type synthesizer which is phase locked to
a 16 MHz crystal Oscillator
MIXER PCB
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
45/59
The function of this PCB is to combine Vision IF and Aural IF signal, received from IF
unit. The combined signal is amplified and mixed with LO signal received from LO
PCB(suitable required channel) in a balanced mixer. The output of balanced mixer
consists of two side bands. Finally, this RF is made available. This PCB also provides
metering signals to front panel to indicate video IF and audio IF levels by selection of
switch. The Video IF and Audio IF input to this PCB can be selected independently by a
front panel vision carrier ON/OFF and aural carrier ON/OFF switch.
Aural Level Control PCB
The audio IF signal input is fed to upconverter unit is passed through this PCB. The A.IF
signal is passed through aural level control PCB.
AMPLIFIER & COUPLER PCB:
This PCB is housed with pin attenuator circuit & two low gain hybrid amplifier amplifies
the low level RF, received from band pass filter in upconverter. The amplified signal is
made available at the output of upconverter. This PCB also has a directional coupler &
detector circuit at the output circuitry. The RF signal is coupled by coupler & detected by
detector circuit. The detected dc voltage is fed to AGC PCB which in turn feeds back the
AGC control voltage onto pin attenuator circuit to have AGC control action for the gain
stages of this PCB.
AGC PCB:
It has an inbuilt AGC circuit which is interfaced with amplifier coupler PCB to keep the
upconverter power output constant. The PCB takes in detected dc voltages from amplifier
& coupler PCB & compares with reference. The difference voltage is fed to control the
PIN attenuator circuit on the amplifier coupler PCB. This in turn controls the input RF
level to gain stages in amplifier & coupler PCB & maintains the RF output of
upconverter constant. The detected dc voltage is also fed to window comparator circuit.
The comparator circuit gives the power normal high signal when the detected dc is within
the set limits. The AGC control voltage is applied to amplifier & coupler PCB, when
AGC switch on front panel of unit is in AGC position. When this switch is in MGC
position, the MGC control voltage is directly fed from front panel PCB to amplifier &
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
46/59
coupler PCB. The +28 V dc is fed to this PCB from SMPS which in turn get converted to
+24 V required by circuitry. The detected dc from amplifier & coupler PCB is fed to
AGC PCB at E1 & is amplified using OPAMP U3/A. The output of this amplifier is split
into 3 paths.
POWER SUPPLY UNIT:
It consists of variable voltage regulator circuit which converts +28 V fed to this PCB
from SMPS into +18 V dc required by local oscillator PCB.
BAND PASS FILTER:
It is a tunable four element combination line filter, featuring additional trap resonators to
provide greater than 30dB rejection at Fv-5.5MHz & Fv+11MHz. Any 8MHz TV
channel within the UHF band, the combined frequency range (channels 21 to 68) can be
selected.
Cooling of final stages
Low-power transmitters do not require special cooling equipment. Modern
transmitters can be incredibly efficient, with efficiencies exceeding 98 percent. However,
a broadcast transmitter with a megawatt power stage transferring 98% of that into the
antenna can also be viewed as a 20 kilowatt electric heater.
For medium-power transmitter, up to a few hundred watts, air cooling with fans is
used. At power levels over a few kilowatts, the output stage is cooled by a forced liquid
cooling system analogous to an automobile cooling system. Since the coolant directly
touches the high-voltage anodes of the tubes, only distilled, deionised water or a special
dielectric coolant can also be used in the cooling circuit. This high purity coolant is in
turn cooled by a heat exchanger, where the second cooling circuit can use water of
ordinary quality because it not in contact with energized parts. Very high power tubes of
small physical size may use evaporative cooling by water in contact with anode. The
production of steam allows a high heat flow in a small space
TV demodulator:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
47/59
Tv demodulators is a precision monitoring equipment for cheching the quality of a TV
transmitter in VHF and UHF bands.it is similar to a precision TV receiver in manyrespects.the function of the TVDM is to recover the picture and sound signals from the
carrier output.
Salient features:
Selection of envelope or synchronous detector. Automatic and manual level control Zero reference pulse for checking depth of modulation. Indication of input voltage and sound deviation.
General applications:
Deviation measurement. Monitoring picture and sound quanlity. Signal to noise ratio measurement. Depth of modulation. Group delay.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
48/59
Envelope detector:
This is simplest type of envelope detector consisting of a rectifying diode driving
a parallel RC network.this circuit has a significant insertion loss there must be driven by
an addition amplifier with signal levels of several volts peak to peak in order to recover
1v of video.the inherent non-linearity of this circuit along with its large input signal leads
to several design problems and receiver performance deficiencies as shown below-
1).with full bandwidth signal present (33.4 to 38.9 Mhz) undesirable beat products can be
generated during the process(33.4 to 38.9Mhz) undesirable beat products can be
generated during the process of demodulation.one of the common spurious products is
produced by the combination of 33.4Mhz sound IF signal and the 34.47Mhz chroma sub
carrier,resulting in a 12 Mhz picture beat interference and sound buzz.in
monochrome,receiver the sound carrier is attenuated by more than 20db and and the color
sub-carrier is attenuated from 10 to 15db to alleviate these effects.
2).quadrature distortion caused by VSB nature of the signal and receiver nyquist slope
can cause a luminance shift towards black of up to 10% as well as asymmetric transient
response.this situation can also be helped by attenuating the sub-carrier by 6db or more
with respect to the top of the response.with all these deficiencies the diode envelope
detector has been used in a great many monochrome and color receivers.
Synchronous detector:
the synchronous demodulator in which the modulated carrier is sampled by a pure
unmodulated carrier generated by a VCO at 38.9Mhz.this approach gives the idealreference waveform,hence the most accurate recovery of the original modulating
waveform.major advantages of synchronous detectors are-
1. Higher gain than diode detector.2. Low level input considerably reduce undesired bea generation.3. Reduces IF harmonics by greater 20db.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
49/59
4. Less or no quadrature distortion depending upon the purity of the referencecarrier.an improved form of diode demodulator uses a balanced full wave
configuration with a like element in a feedback loop.excellent linearity and low
beat product equivalent to the synchronous demodulator tpes have been achieved.
ANTENNA SECTION
For the propagation the electrical energy is converted into electro-magnetic
wave. Where the VHF and UHF transmissions are different
Here the antennas are of two types where are propagation of the signal isdone. And the word mast means that a supporting structure.
1. Self Supporting Mast:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
50/59
It is general broadcasting purpose antenna here the antenna is held at
height so that the transmission of the signals would be without any
obstacles it is generally almost used in all media using sectors.
2. Guided Wire Mast:The mast here is suspended from the ground and it is supported by
some wires so that it would withstand to the climatic conditions.
TYPES OF ANTENNAE:
Based on these there are different types of antennae. But basically
used types of antennae are as follows:
Dipole antenna
Folded dipole antenna
Helical antenna
Parabolic antenna
Satellite dish antenna
Yagi-uda antenna
Horn antenna
DIPOLE ANTENNA:
A dipole antenna is an antenna that can be made by a simple wire,
with a center-fed driven element for transmitting or receiving radio
frequency energy. This antenna, also called a doublet. These antennae are
the simplest practical antennae from a theoretical point of view; the current
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
51/59
amplitude on such an antenna decreases uniformly from maximum at the
center to zero at the ends. It is a straight electrical conductor measuring 1/2
wavelength from end to end and connected at the center to a radio-frequency
(RF) feed line. The dipole is inherently a balanced antenna, because it is
bilaterally symmetrical.
Ideally, a dipole antenna is fed with a balanced, parallel-wire
RF transmission line. However, this type of line is not common. An
unbalanced feed line, such as coaxial cable, can be used, but to ensure
optimum RF current distribution on the antenna element and in the feed line,
an RF transformer called a balun (contraction of the words "balanced" and
"unbalanced") should be inserted in the system at the point where the feed
line joins the antenna.
FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA:
A variation of the dipole can be a solution to the problems caused
due to dipoles, offering a wider bandwidth and a considerable increase in
feed impedance. The folded dipole is formed by taking a standard dipole and
then taking a second conductor and joining the two ends. In this way a
complete loop is made as shown. If the conductors in the main dipole and
the second or "fold" conductor are the same diameter, then it is found that
there is a fourfold increase in the feed impedance. In free space, this gives a
feed impedance of around 300 ohms. Additionally the RF antenna has a
wider bandwidth.
HELICAL ANTENNA:
A helical antenna is an antenna consisting of a conducting wire
wound in the form of a helix. It is a simple way of obtaining high-gain and a
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
52/59
broad band of frequency characteristics. A helical antenna radiates when the
circumference of the helix is of the order of one wavelength and radiation
along the axis of the helix is found to be the strongest. This antenna is
mainly directional. The radiation from a helical antenna is circularly
polarized, that is to say that the Electromagnetic field rotates about the axis
of the helix in the direction of the helix turn. Therefore, the radiation is
either circularly polarized clockwise or counter-clockwise. If one were to
explore the field from a helical antenna in the direction of maximum
radiation with a simple monopole or dipole antenna, one should find that the
strength of the signal will remain the same as long as the dipole is
perpendicular to the axis of the Helix. On the side of a helical antenna, the
field is elliptically polarized. Therefore, the horizontal and vertical portions
of the signal will not be of equal proportions. When using Helical Antennae
it is very important to make sure that both antennae have the same thread
orientation (i.e. both clockwise) otherwise the received signal will be
significantly decreased.
PARABOLIC ANTENNA:
A parabolic antenna is a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio,
television and data communications, and also for radiolocation (radar), on
the UHF and SHF parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The relatively
short wavelength of electromagnetic (radio) energy at these frequencies
allows reasonably sized reflectors to exhibit the very desirable highly
directional response for both receiving and transmitting.
SATELLITE DISH ANTENNA:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
53/59
A satellite dish is a type of parabolic antenna designed to receive
microwaves from communications satellites, which transmit data
transmissions or broadcasts, such as satellite television.
YAGI-UDA ANTENNA:
A Yagi-Uda Antenna, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna or
Yagi, is a directional antenna system consisting of an array of a dipole and
additional closely coupled parasitic elements (usually a reflector and one or
more directors). The dipole in the array is driven, and another element, 10%
longer, operates as a reflector. Other shorter parasitic elements are typically
added in front of the dipole as directors. This arrangement gives the antenna
directionality that a single dipole lacks. Yagis are directional along the axis
perpendicular to the dipole in the plane of the elements, from the reflector
through the driven element and out via the director(s). Directional
antennas, such as the Yagi-Uda, are also commonly referred to as beam
antennas or high-gain antennas.
HORN ANTENNA:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
54/59
A wave guide is capable of radiating radiation into open space
provided the same is excited at one end and opened at other end. The
radiation through this feared out wave guide is more than through that of a
transmission line.
Basic Horn Concept:
When a wave guide is terminated by a horn the abrupt discontinuity
that existed is replaced by a gradual transformation. All the energy
travelling forward in the wave guide will now be radiated, provided
impedance matching is correct
VHF TV LPT antenna:
Following types of LPT antenna are being used in doordarshan network:
a) Band3 BEL make, half wave dipole V antenna.b) Crossed folded dipole halios make band-3 antenna.c) Folded dipole scala make band-1 antenna.
Antenna panels are stacked vertically and mounted on a tower having some 30 meter
height.the transmitter power is first taken to a power is first taken to a power divider
through a low low loss feeder cabls. Branch feeder cables from driver feed te antenna
panels.the crossed folded dipoles in scala and halios antenna are required to be fed in
quardaturre as explained earlier for an omni-direction pattern in horizontal plane.this
maybe obtained b increasing the electrical lengh of on set of the branch feeder cable
with respect to that of other set by quarter wavelength.the BHEL V antenna consist of
four quadrant dipole arranged vertically in two stacks.a stack contains two quadrant
dipole spaced at half wave length on a common balance feeder line made by aluminium
tubes.the tubes are exended a quater wavelength beyond each stack and short circuited
resulting in a quaer wave stub appearing as high impedance at the eed points. Both the
stack are fed with equal amplitude and phase current by connecting the branch feeder
cable at the center of the stack.the resultant radiation pattern in horizontal plane is almostomni-directional as claimed by the manufacturer.the feed arrangement including branch
feeder cables is entirely concealed to prevent entry of moisture.
UHF LPT antennas:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
55/59
Slot antenna elements ,cut in metal sheet are used as electromagnetic waves
radiator at UHF frequencies. Asimilar half wavelength slot cut in a flat metal sheet,fed atcentre.the long side of the slot carry current of opposite phase and because current are not
only confined to the edges of slot but spread out over the sheet.power is radiated equally
from both sides of the sheet,if the slot is horizontal.the radiation is normal to the sheet
and vertically polarized.the slot antenna can be easily with a coaxial transmission line by
connecting the outer conductor to the sheet.inner conductor is connected to the centre of
the slot. The feed point impedance of such a antenna element is of the order of 50ohms.
UHF LPT paraslot antenna:
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
56/59
the UHF LPT paraslot antenna manufactured by SCALA is an array of slot
antenna.slot windows are cut in a cylindrical,heavy make aluminium pipe and the same
from 24 feet to 30 feet which is mounted on a mast of 30m height.symmetrical parallel
feed system completely oused within the centre of the antenna is employed for feeding
the slots.the radiation pattern in horizontal plane is off set omni directional.maximum
radiation occurs in the direction that faces the slot area .
thruline power meter:
the thruline power meter is the most powerful meter for measuring RF powers in
doordarshan and AIR.the heart of the thruline meter is the directional coupler
transmission line assembly.it is connected in series with the measure both forward and
reserve power levels. A sample loop and diode element are contained within each plug in
element. The main RF barrel is actually a special coaxial line segment with a 50 ohms
characteristic impedance. The thruline sensor works due to the mutual inductance
between the sampling loop and the centre conductor of the coaxial elements.
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
57/59
As it is using a special taking power measurement of TV signal the RF input to the
thruline power should be power during normal transmission will vary with video signal
and the meter indication not be taken as the real output power .it may also be noted that
audio drive is also present during normal transmission .to get the peak power value in
case of TV signals that is block power is to be multiplied by a factor of 1.674 the output
value from the sample(E)r is the sum of the two voltages Er andEm.voltage Er created by
the voltage divider action of R and C on transmission line voltage E.
CONCLUSION
We would like to conclude this training as a very great and enriching the
experience to learn about the LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER.
The transmitter service involves great equipment that deals with
monitoring section exciting system and we learn about the equipment of the
doordarshan relay center and its working.
We also learned about the procedure of transmission, reception and
strengthening of the signal and retransmitting the signal into space for thebroadcast around the range of propagation.
THANK
YOU
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
58/59
CONCLUSION
Doordarshan, the national television service of India, is devoted to public service broadcasting. It
is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. In my Industrial training at Doordarshan
Kendra, Aligarh, I have gained useful knowledge which will surely be of great help in future. This
training gave me an opportunity to learn the practical aspects of the knowledge of my field of
interest
7/27/2019 Studying LOW POWER TV TRANSMITTER
59/59