StudyGroup1WavesofDistanceEducation (Waves 1 and 2)

Marcia Applewhite; Michele Bodine; Justine Cramsey; Shaneek Griffith; Adrianne Kennard; Cathy Miller; Veronica Seward

Evolution of Distance EducationOMDE 601 Section 9040

Fall 2015

WAVE 1: Correspondence/Independent Study

Context Theories Developments & Systems

Methods of Teaching/Learning

Technologies Key Authors

The history of Distance Education can be traced back to early cultures who used pictures and epistles to deliver knowledge.

1728-The first documented correspondence by Caleb Phillipps

1862, 1890- Morrill Land Grant Acts-promotes education for all

1856-Germany offers self teaching courses

1873- First correspondence schools in the U.S.

1906-The Calvert School in Baltimore established

The beginnings of education where instructor and student are separated by time and space.

New delivery systems result as a need for a skilled workforce as a result of the Industrial Revolution.

Mass production of educational materials

Independent learning with instructions and exercises allows student to learn on their own

DE offers correspondence courses to military and agricultural

Postal system leads to development of correspondence schools

Correspondence Universities

Printing presses allow for the mass printing of educational materials

Courses offer students ability to learn on their own

Teachers distributed learning materials via postal mail.

Mailing students recordings, printed material

University courses being instructed by a self-taught person

Printed materials

Printed materials

1840’s-Sir Isaac Pittman-Pittman’s Correspondence Colleges taught shorthand courses by mail (postcards)

1908-H.S. Hermod wrote Hermods Prospectus of

1908-correspondence mail courses

Margaret Haughey

Otto Peters

Börje Holmberg

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1920’s-rise of radio broadcasting and another way to deliver education

1930’s-U.S. universities offer correspondence courses

1953-First televised DE courses

Impact of Industrial Revolution and the need to educate a growing workforce.

populations

Independence Theory-learner are autonomous

One to one relationship possible

Empathy (guided didactic conversation)

Behaviorist & Constructivist

Provide educational opportunities to women

Alan Tough’s Self-directed learning

International Correspondence Schools (ICS)

The Benton Harbor Plan

US Postal Service Michael G. Moore and Greg Kearsley

Use of radio for educational purposes supported farmers furthering their education

Educational Radio Federal Communications Commission

The U. S. Department of Agriculture developed a network of extension education activities for the farmers through state agricultural colleges. Radio became a natural medium for agricultural extension

Radio Shows and programming

Laine

References

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Haughey, M. (2010). Teaching and learning in distance education before the digital age. In M. F. Cleveland Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction

to distance education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era. (pp. 4666). New York and London: Routledge

Holmberg, B. (2005). The evolution, principles, and practices of distance education. Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky

Universitat Oldenburg

Laine, E. (1939). Motion pictures and radio: Report of the Regent’s inquiry. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning.

Peters, O. (2001). Learning and teaching in distance education. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing Inc.

Post University. (2015). The Evolution of Distance Education in Higher Learning. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from http://www.evolution-of-distance-learning.com/

Saba, F. (2015). Distance Education: An Introduction to the Discipline and the Practice. Distance-Educator.com. Retrieved on October 7, 2015 from http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Distance_Education__An_Introduction_to_the_Discip.pdf?paperid=2021499

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WAVE 2: Systems Approach to Education (1960’s)




1960’s-Open Universities expanding the reach of education for everyone-a new age of DE

In 1962 “the Federal Educational Television Facilities Act funded the construction of educational television stations (Peters, 2010)

In 1964-1968 AIM project test delivery different technologies through budget wise and high quality education off campus(Peters, 2010)

In 1969 correspondence educational institutions of higher education became independent study

Otto Peters-Industrialization Theory

Michael Moore-TransactionalDistance Theory

Constructivism Theory

Distinguish from homes schools and secondary education

Systems Approach

1969-The Internet

Formed associations and allegiancesThe Independent Study Division of the National University Extension Association

Formed variety of communications for the students including counseling, support services, tutoring etc.

Gathering professionals in Higher Education who share similar interest

Improving Distance Education processes and approach to teaching at a distance

Otto Peters

Tony Bates

Börje Holmberg

Alan Tait

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Another large influx of students-primarily baby boomers born after WW II

Access to education was limited for many which led to open universities

In 1951, the City Colleges of Chicago pioneered the first large-scale instructional television programs for credit

Disabled war veterans (WW 2 and Vietnam) utilized the availability of telecourses

Moore expressed concern about the progress of distance education being hindered by lack of attention to what he called the 'macro factors' (Moore, n/a).

Distance education is not just simply a geographical separation of learners and teacher, but more importantly, a pedagogical concept (Moore, n/a).

Tele-courses Open Universities were available - eliminates the boundary of nations and nationalities (Nassehn, 1997).

television broadcasting companies

Michael G. Moore and Greg Kearsley

Universities offering courses to outside organizations

Systems approach; collaboration between organizations

Teleconferencing Access is more restricted; usually takes place in real-time

Telephone, Video-conferencing, satellite

Gary E. Miller

1972 Michael Moore presented to ICCE(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

General Theory of Pedagogy in Distance Education(Moore, Kearsley,

Independent study at University of Wisconsin Madison(Moore, Kearsley,

Contiguous teachingDistance teaching(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Print/ElectronicMechanicalOther devices(Moore, Kearsley,

Michael Moore(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

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2012) 2012) 2012)

Work by researchers at University of Tubingen(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Fernstudium(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Hermod’s Correspondence School in Sweden(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Distance education(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Print/ElectronicMechanicalOther devices(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Borje Holmberg(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

1967 Industrial Technological Age(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Distance Teaching and Industrial Production

Organizational Theory(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

University of Tubingen(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Courses distributed to a large number of students(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Systematic planning

Specialization of work force

“Mass production of materials, automation standardization, quality control, full range of modern communication technologies” (Moore, 208)

Otto Peters(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Learner independence and control, global, humanistic psychology, self-directed learning,macro factors(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Peter’s Organizational Theory which led to Knowles’ andragogy, which led to the Pedagogical Theory, which led to . . .(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

All forms of distance education(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Teaching behaviors executed apart from learning behaviors(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Highly structured industrial system(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Otto PetersMichael MooreCharles WedemeyerMalcolm KnowlesAlan Tough(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

EnvironmentalIndividualsBehavior1980(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

. . .Transactional Distance(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Instructors and learners separate from one another(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

“Pedagogical Phenomenon”(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

Highly structured industrial system(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

John DeweyBoyd & Apps(Moore, Kearsley, 2012)

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Student Self-Improvement / Students who left school would benefit from higher education

Creating a one on one atmosphere for the student in writings and interactions

Team Approach

Conversation Model

Open Universities (United Kingdom), Pedagogic Principles with Systems Approach, Structured Courses, Dialogue

Student centered with Teacher Dialogue

Writings and readings geared toward a conversation in tone

Mainly printed material, some radio, television, media conferencing

Literature and study material

Tony Bates (2011)

Barbara Hodgson (1993)

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References

Bates, A. W. (2011). Tony Bates: The second wave of DE and History of the Open University, UK. [Video]. Available from https://vimeo.com/32292234

Hodgson, B (1993) Key Terms and Issues in Open and Distance Learning. London: Kogan Page.

Miller, G. E. (2010). Organization and technology of distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison, D.R. (Eds.), An introduction to distance

education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 26-45). New York & London: Routledge.

Moore, M. G., & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. USA: Wadsworth-Cengage Learning

Moore, M. (n/a). Theory of transactional distance. Retrieved from http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/support/readings/moore93.pdf

Nassehn, B. (1997). A brief history of distance education. Retrieved from http://www.seniornet.org/edu/art/history.html

Peters, O. (2010). The greatest achievement of industrialized education: Open universities. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments

and issues (5th edition), (pp. 5781). Oldenburg, Germany: BISVerlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg. Available from

http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct

Simonson, M., Schlosser, C., & Hanson, D. (1999) Theory and Distance Education: A new Discussion. Retrieved from

http://www.c3l.uni-oldenburg.de/cde/found/simons99.htm

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WAVE 3: Internet/Web - Based Communication




References

FUTURE WAVE : New Possibilities




References

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Documents

StudyGroup1WavesofDistanceEducation (Waves 1 and 2)