Study of Urban Heat Island in Bathinda City, Punjab/media/esri-india/files/pdfs/events/uc2015/...16th Esri India User Conference 2015 Page 1 of 14 “Study of Urban Heat Island in

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th Esri India User Conference 2015

Page 1 of 14

“Study of Urban Heat Island in Bathinda City, Punjab”

Nidhi Sharma 1, Puneeta Pandey2

1 Research Scholar, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

2 Assistant Professor, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Centre for Environmental Sciences and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India

Word Limit of the Paper should not be more than 3000 Words = 7/8 Pages)

Abstract:

The aim of the present study was to determine the

temperatures of Bathinda city and their surroundings

and the existence of urban heat island (UHI).

Temperatures were recorded using Mextech Digital

Thermometer at five rural areas (Kotshamir, Mehma

Swai, Nehian Wala, Bhucho Khurd, Multania), and 3

urban areas (Nacchatar Nagar, Matidas Nagar and

Kamla Nehru Colony) of Bathinda city biweekly, from

February to April, 2015. The temperature readings

observed at these sampling sites were interpolated

using ArcGIS 10.3 software to generate surface

temperature maps of Bathinda city. The results

indicated that an urban site (Matidas Nagar) exhibited

higher daytime temperatures compared to its rural

counterparts for most of the sampling duration. This

could be attributed to roads, paved pathways, vicinity

to over-bridge and high traffic load. Further, elevated

temperatures were observed at Kotshamir (a rural

site) which has been undergoing urbanization in the

last few years. Temperature studies at Kotshamir for

daytime and night-time revealed high temperatures

during noon; but no heat island was found to exist

during night-time. This could be due to location of

Bathinda in the vicinity of desert that allows for rapid

cooling at night.

Keywords

Urban Heat Island (UHI), Temperature, Urban, Rural,

Interpolation, Bathinda, ArcGIS

About the Author:

Dr. Puneeta Pandey

Dr. P. Pandey was born on December 21, 1981 in

Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. She completed her

graduation (B. Sc.) from the University of Allahabad in

2003 with Botany, Anthropology and Zoology. She

pursued her M.Sc., M.Phil and Ph.D. in Environmental

Sciences from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New

Delhi, India in the year, 2005, 2007 and 2012

respectively. Her M.Phil dissertation was on

‘‘Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide residues in

the Yamuna river sediment’. Her doctoral work was

on ‘Urban Heat Island Formation and its Relationship

with Aerosols in Atmospheric Environment of Delhi’.

She has been working as Assistant Professor in the

Centre for Environmental Sciences and Technology,

Central University of Punjab, Bathinda since March

2011. Her area of research interest comprises of

assessing urban heat island-aerosol interaction, land

use-land cover regime and water resources using

remote sensing and GIS. Besides, she is also actively

engaged in heavy metals and organochlorine

pesticides analysis in water and soil.

E mail ID: [email protected]

Contact No: +91 – 164- 2864132

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Introduction

An urban area is said to be an urban heat island (UHI) if it is found significantly warmer than its surrounding

rural areas. Luke Howard (1810s) was the first to investigate and describe this phenomenon of UHI. Over the

past decade, the presence of UHI has been studied and documented in several cities around the world

(Heidorn, 1999). According to Voogt (2005), UHI could be defined as ‘closed isotherms’ that indicated an area

of the surface that is relatively warm, i.e. towns and cities. According to Akbari (2005), a city with population

of 1 million or more can be 1–3°C warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

India, a predominantly rural country, is going through a slow but constant and broad transition towards

urbanization. The amount of cities and megacities has increased from 5,161 to 7,935 in 2011. As more people

move to the cities, the land cover and land use is subjected to change as a result of which UHI of a city may

increase rapidly. Various factors such as changing climate, urban sprawling, and lifestyle of people, geometry

and geography of the cities play an important role in the increasing of the urban heat island intensity. UHI

phenomenon has adverse effects on the climate and livable environment. In the Indian context, UHI has been

studied by Sarkar (2004), De and Rao (2004), Pandey et al. (2009, 2012), Devadas (2009), Khandelwal et al.

(2010), Mohan et al. (2011), Vanum (2012), Khanduri et al.(2012), Singh et al.(2013) Goswamiet al.(2013);

Mohan and Kandya (2015). The present study was undertaken with the following objectives:

1. To determine the existence of urban heat island in the Bathinda city.

2. To determine urban-rural contrast for the city of Bathinda.

3. To generate surface temperature maps of Bathinda city.

Materials & Methods

Study Area: Bathinda is located in Malwa Region of Southern Punjab, India. It extends from 30˚4'30" N to

30˚21'20" N Latitude and 74˚47'50" E to 75˚10'00" E longitude. The population of Bathinda is 13,88,525

(Census, 2011); growing at a decadal growth rate of about 27% during 1991-2001. The average population

density of Bathinda City is 32.01 persons per hectare. Figure 1 represents the study area of Bathinda city along

with the sampling sites.

Fig 1: Study area - Bathinda

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Table 1 indicates the details of the sampling sites chosen for the present study in the city.

S. No. Sampling Stations Latitude Longitude Attributes

1 Kotshamir 30.1104 75.0069 Residential

2 Mehma Swai 30.3206 74.8339 Residential

3 Nacchatar Nagar 30.1831 74.9589 Residential

4 Kamla Nehru Colony 30.2239 74.9584 Residential

5 Bhucho Khurd 30.2221 75.0477 Residential

6 Multania 30.1998 74.9207 Residential

7 Matidas Nagar 30.1884 74.9567 Residential

8 Nehian Wala 30.2838 74.9251 Residential

Equipments

The equipments used in the present study are:

Mextech Digital Thermometer - This digital thermometer with a measurement range of -50°C to +

150°C has been used for measuring ambient air temperature at selected locations in Bathinda city.

Garmin eTrex 20 GPS (Global Positioning System) - Garmin GPS eTrex 20 was used for locating the

geographical coordinates of the sampling sites.

Arc GIS 10.3software - ArcGIS 10.3 software has been used in the present study for mapping the

sampling sites and creating surface maps. It is developed by ESRI (Environmental Systems Research

Institute) headquartered in U.S.A. ESRI India Technologies Pvt. Ltd.) is its authorized representative in

India.

Data used – The following data has been used in the present study:

Map of Bathinda district (from Office of Town Planning Bathinda).

Temperature data as recorded by Digital Thermometer

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Methodology

Figure 2: Flowchart of Methodology

Map of Bathinda district was procured from the Office of Town Planning of Bathinda. The map was

georeferenced using ArcGIS 10.3 and the boundary of the city was digitized. Then the sampling sites were

plotted on the digitized city map and attributes were added. Finally, the ambient air temperature recorded

using digital thermometer was added to the GIS environment to generate surface temperature maps for the

city of Bathinda using ‘Interpolation’ tool of Spatial Analyst module in ArcGIS software.

Results and Discussion

The present study was mainly divided into three sections: formation of UHI in Bathinda city, establishing

urban-rural contrast and generating surface temperature maps using ArcGIS software. For measuring UHI in

Bathinda city, temperatures were measured at Kamla Nehru Colony, Matidas Nagar and Nacchatar Nagar.

These sites were selected based on high traffic load and settlements; while, rural areas included Kotshamir,

Mehma Swai, Nehian Wala, Bhucho Khurd, Multania. The rural sites included Kotshamir, Mehma Swai,

Bhucho Khurd, Multania and Nehian Wala. The sampling was carried out during the month of February to

April, 2015 simultaneously at urban and rural sites (14thFebruary, 15thFebruary, 14th March, 15th March,

11th April and 12th April) from 9.00AM to 5:00PM at an interval of 2 hours.

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Temperature Readings in February, 2015

Table 2: Temperature records of urban and rural areas on 14th

February (C)

Figure 3: Rural and Urban temperature variations.

On 14th February, during the entire duration of sampling, a temperature difference of 2-5C was observed

between the urban and rural areas. However, the village Nehian Wala exhibited very high temperature

(29.9C) at 3.00 PM, which may be due to the local release of heat at the time of sampling. During rest of the

sampling duration; the temperatures were lower in the urban sites and comparable to rest of the rural areas.

As described by Akbari et al. (2003), the large quantity of built-up surfaces like concrete, asphalt etc. which

have larger heat capacity is one of the essential reasons for the development of UHI.

Table 3: Temperature records of urban and rural areas on 15

th February (C)

TIME Kotshamir Nehian Wala Multania

Bhucho Khurd

Mehma Swai

Nacchatar Nagar

Kamla Nehru colony

Matidas Nagar

9:00AM 18.1 15.7 17.8 16.2 18.2 20.8 18.2 17.5

11:00AM 27.1 22.4 20.2 23.2 25.4 25 23.9 30

1:00PM 30 28 21.1 27.5 27.7 27.1 24.1 32.5

05

101520253035

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

de

gre

e C

els

ius

Rural areas surrounding Bathinda city and Areas of Bathinda city

Rural and Urban temperature variations-14th February

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

TIME Kotshamir

Nehian

Wala Multania

Bhucho

Khurd

Mehma

Swai

Nacchatar

Nagar

Kamla

Nehru

colony

Matidas

Nagar

9:00AM 20.4 15.2 17.3 20.1 21 20.1 17.6 20.2

11:00AM 24.9 21.8 20.1 24 25.1 23.9 24.7 25.5

1:00PM 26.1 26.3 21.5 27 28 26.9 24.9 29.5

3:00PM 27.9 29.9 23.3 25 28.3 29 27.7 28.2

5:00PM 24.8 24.1 23.6 23.9 27.6 23.2 25.2 24.8

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3:00PM 26.5 27.2 21.3 25.5 27.9 26 26.9 30.7

5:00PM 23.7 23.8 21.6 23.1 24.2 24.3 24.3 26.2


Table 3 and Figure 4 represent the temperature records at urban and rural areas on 15th February, 2015. The

highest temperature was recorded at Matidas Nagar at 1:00 PM (i.e., 32.5C) which may be attributed to

paved area, increased traffic and anthropogenic heat (Table 12, Figure 15). According to Grimmond and Oke

(1999), UHI is a phenomenon which varies with the built-up areas and geographical conditions of a

metropolitan area. Bonan (2002) described that the urban areas are around 2°C hotter than rural areas which

is in agreement with the present study.

Temperature Readings in March, 2015

For the month of March, 2015; ambient air temperatures were recorded on 14th and 15th March respectively.

Table 4 and Figure 5 represent the temperatures recorded on 14th March, 2015.

Table 4: Temperature records of urban and rural areas of 14

th March (C)

TIME Kotshamir

Nehian

Wala Multania

Bhucho

Khurd

Mehma

Swai

Nacchata

r Nagar

Kamla

Nehru

colony

Matida

s Nagar

9:00AM 21.3 19.3 19.8 19.8 20.4 21 18.2 20.5

11:00AM 29.3 21.5 24.6 21.2 26.4 22.9 24.7 25.3

1:00PM 29.6 28.6 25.2 24.5 27.7 26.2 28.3 27.8

3:00PM 30.9 25.2 25.3 22.2 27.3 26.8 24.1 28.5

5:00PM 19.2 25.1 25 19.2 20.1 22.1 19.2 23.3

05

101520253035

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

de

gre

e C

els

ius

Rural areas surrrounding Bathinda city Areas of Bathinda city

Rural and Urban temperature variations-15th February

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

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Figure 5: Rural and Urban temperature variations

On 14th March, an urban-rural contrast of 2-3C was observed in temperature during daytime. The highest

temperature was observed at Kotshamir (30.9C) at 3.00 PM. This temperature increase occurred due to

paved areas, more sky view factor and high population density; an indication that rural areas are shifting

towards urbanization. As described by Oke (1982) and Quattrochi et al. (2006), when a large area of natural

land is changed by artificial built surface that soaks up incoming solar radiation or heat, then, UHI is formed.

Lower temperatures were observed in the city areas because of cloudy weather on 14th March.

Table 5: Temperature records of urban and rural areas of 15th

March (C)


Bhucho Khurd

Mehma Swai

Nacchatar Nagar

Kamla Nehru colony

Matidas Nagar

9:00AM 21.5 18.2 19.5 21.4 20.7 19.9 17.4 20.9

11:00AM 27.8 23.3 24 23.7 26.3 23.1 23.5 24.8

1:00PM 25.9 26.3 23.5 26 27.9 24.8 25.8 26.7

3:00PM 28.3 27.2 23.2 24.7 25.2 24.1 24.6 28

5:00PM 23.1 22.1 22.4 23.2 22.4 22.4 21.1 24.5


05

101520253035

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

de

gre

e C

els

ius


Rural and Urban Temperature Variations-14th March

9:00AM11:00AM1:00PM3:00PM5:00PM

05

1015202530

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

de

gre

e

Ce

lsiu

s


Rural and Urban Temperature Variations- 15th March

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

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On 15th March, 2015 again highest temperature was observed at Kotshamir, i.e., 30.9C (Table 5, Figure 6)

and 28.3C at 3:00 PM (on 15th Sunday) and this increase occurred as explained above.

Temperature Readings in April, 2015

For the month of April, temperatures were recorded on 11th and 12th April, 2015 on respective urban and

rural sampling sites. The following Table 6 and Figure 7 represent the temperature measurements of 11th

April, 2015.

Table 6: Temperature records of urban and rural areas on 11th

April (C)


Bhucho Khurd

Mehma Swai

Nacchatar Nagar

Kamla Nehru colony

Matidas Nagar

9:00AM 32.5 29.5 32.8 30.2 29.6 30.1 25.6 31.1

11:00AM 34.9 39.5 36.5 34.1 34.9 32.8 32.9 37.1

1:00PM 36.5 46.6 36.8 35.5 38.7 34.5 35.6 39.1

3:00PM 37.7 37.2 31.2 35.1 39.2 35.3 38.2 36.7

5:00PM 33.9 32.4 28.6 32.1 33.6 34.6 32.2 33.3

Figure 7: Rural and Urban Temperature Variations on 11th April

On 11th April, 2015 peak temperatures were observed at Nehian Wala, i.e., 46.6C (Table 6, Figure 7), and this

increase in temperature may be attributed to sampling carried out in the vicinity of main road and

anthropogenic heat released thereby. Kotshamir exhibited higher temperatures compared to urban areas

during entire duration except at 3.00 PM. According to Hawkins and Braun (2012), the UHI might raise by as

much as 1.0°C in the excessive case of full change of rural land cover types to urban in the UHI.

Table 16 and Figure 19 represent the temperature recorded on 12th April, 2015.

Table 7: Temperature records of urban and rural on 12th

April (C)

TIME Kotshamir

Nehian

Wala Multania

Bhucho

Khurd

Mehm

a Swai

Nacchatar

Nagar

Kamla

Nehru

Matidas

Nagar

01020304050

Tem

pe

ratu

re in

de

gre

e

Ce

lsiu

s


Rural and Urban Temperature Variations-11th April

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

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colony

9:00AM 24.5 25.8 25.2 24.5 28.3 25.8 24.8 25.7

11:00AM 28.5 30.1 26.9 27.4 29.1 27.8 27.6 28.2

1:00PM 32.2 41.2 28 28.5 34.7 28.8 30.3 29.3

3:00PM 32 39.2 29.3 29.1 36.6 29.8 32.2 30.9

5:00PM 30.2 33.2 30 29.4 35.1 30.1 33.8 29.1

Figure 8: Rural and Urban Temperature Variations

Again, on 12th April, 2015, the highest temperature was observed at Nehian Wala, i.e., 41.2C (Table 7, Figure

8) and this temperature increase may be attributed to the reasons explained above. Lower temperatures were

observed in the city areas because of cloudy weather at some areas of the city on 11th and 12th April

respectively.

Generation of temperature maps

Temperature maps for the study area were generated in ArcGIS 10.3 software using Inverse-distance weighted

(IDW) algorithm of Spatial Analyst tool. In the present study, the data points were the temperature measured

at the sampling sites using Mextech Digital thermometer. Interpolation was carried out to estimate the value

of temperature for an intermediate value by curve fitting or regression analysis. Interpolation errors were

present to some extent since a simple function was used to estimate data points from the original; however,

the gain in simplicity to represent air temperature was of greater value than the resultant loss in precision. The

maps were generated both for urban –rural sampling sites as well as sampling points within the city.

Interpolated maps for urban –rural contrast

From the temperature maps (Figure 9), it can be observed that on 14th February, 2015; except for 9:00AM

where lowest temperature was observed at Nehian Wala, the lowest temperatures were recorded at

Multania; and highest at Bhucho Khurd, Kotshamir and Mehma Swai at all the sampling sites.

01020304050

Te

mp

era

ture

in d

egr

ee

Ce

lsiu

s

Rural areas surrounding Bathinda city and areas of Bathinda city

Rural and Urban Temperature Variations-12th April

9:00AM

11:00AM

1:00PM

3:00PM

5:00PM

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Figure 9: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on February 14, 2015

Figure 10: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on February 15, 2015

According to Figure 10, the lowest temperature was observed at Multania and the highest at Matidas Nagar

during the sampling duration of 11 AM-5 PM. At 9 AM, the lowest temperature was observed at Bhucho Khurd

and Nehian Wala, and highest at Nacchatar Nagar. Overall on 15th February, highest temperature was found

at Matidas Nagar at 1:00 PM i.e. 32.5C (an urban locality).

Figure 11: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on March 14, 2015

From the temperature maps generated for 14th March (Figure 11), it can be concluded that at 9:00AM, the

lowest temperature was observed at Kamla Nehru Colony and highest at Kotshamir and Nacchatar Nagar. At

11:00AM, lowest temperature was observed at Bhucho Khurd and Nehian Wala, and highest at Kotshamir. At

1:00PM, the trend was reversed for Nehian Wala. The lowest temperature was observed at Bhucho Khurd and

Multania and highest at Kotshamir and Nehian Wala. At 3:00PM, the lowest temperature was observed at

Bhucho Khurd ranging from 22.20C -23.94C and highest was observed at Kotshamir, i.e., 29.17C-30.90C. At

5:00PM, lowest temperature was observed at Kotshamir, Kamla Nehru Colony, Bhucho Khurd and Mehma

Swai, and highest was observed at Nehian Wala and Multania. Overall on 14th March, 2015; Bhucho Khurd

exhibited lowest temperature and peak temperature was observed at Kotshamir, i.e., 30.9C at 3:00PM.

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Figure 12: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on March 15, 2015

From the temperature maps generated in ArcGIS software for 15th March, 2015 (Figure 12); the lowest

temperature was observed at Kamla Nehru Colony and Nehian Wala in the morning (9-11 AM) and Multania in

the afternoon. The highest temperature was observed at Kotshamir during the entire duration of sampling and

at Matidas during the afternoon from 3.00PM-5.00 PM. The peak temperature was observed at Kotshamir

(28.3C) at 3:00PM.

Figure 13: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on April 11, 2015

From the surface temperature maps (Figure 13), it can be concluded that on 11th April, 2015, the lowest

temperature was observed at Kamla Nehru Colony and highest at Kotshamir and Multania for the entire

duration of sampling. The intermediate temperatures were observed at Matidas Nagar, Nacchatar Nagar,

Bhucho Khurd, Nehian Wala and Mehma Swai.

Figure 14: Urban-Rural Daytime temperature on April 12, 2015

On 12th April, 2015 (Figure 14), the lowest temperature was observed at Bhucho Khurd, Kamla Nehru Colony

and Multania, while the highest at Nehian Wala.

Conclusion The present study was carried out in three phases: studying the temperature variations within the city,

estimating the urban-rural contrast in temperature and preparing surface temperature maps. The main

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findings of the study reveal a heterogeneous pattern of temperature distribution. In the urban areas, Matidas

Nagar was observed to exhibit highest temperatures which could be attributed to roads, paved pathways,

vicinity to over-bridge and high traffic load. Among rural sites, Kotshamir and Nehian Wala exhibited high

temperatures which were comparable to urban temperatures. Overall, it was observed that city temperatures

were 2-5C higher than its surroundings due to cemented pavements and increased vehicular exhaust; except

for Kotshamir and Nehian Wala, where, very high temperature was observed. Further, elevated temperatures

at rural sites of Kotshamir and Nehian Wala, could be due to the fact that these sites have been undergoing

urbanization in the last few years. No heat island was found to exist during night-time. This could be due to

location of Bathinda in the vicinity of desert that allows for rapid cooling at night.

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Central University of Punjab for providing the necessary facilities and

infrastructure to carry out the present study. Financial assistance in the form of Research Seed Money Grant

(RSM-GP25) is duly acknowledged.

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27. India Environment Portal (2013) http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in.

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http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/

http://bathinda.nic.in/

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